1
|
He K, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Li D, Wang S, Liu Q. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38842175 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Cholesterol plays a crucial role in the brain, where it is highly concentrated and tightly regulated to support normal brain functions. It serves as a vital component of cell membranes, ensuring their integrity, and acts as a key regulator of various brain processes. Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain has been linked to impaired brain function and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Recent Advances: A significant advancement has been the identification of astrocyte-derived apoliprotein E as a key regulator of de novo cholesterol biosynthesis in neurons, providing insights into how extracellular signals influence neuronal cholesterol levels. In addition, the development of antibody-based therapies, particularly for AD, presents promising opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Critical Issues: Despite significant research, the association between cholesterol and neurodegenerative diseases remains inconclusive. It is crucial to distinguish between plasma cholesterol and brain cholesterol, as these pools are relatively independent. This differentiation should be considered when evaluating statin-based treatment approaches. Furthermore, assessing not only the total cholesterol content in the brain but also its distribution among different types of brain cells is essential. Future Direction: Establishing a causal link between changes in brain/plasma cholesterol levels and the onset of brain dysfunction/neurodegenerative diseases remains a key objective. In addition, conducting cell-specific analyses of cholesterol homeostasis in various types of brain cells under pathological conditions will enhance our understanding of cholesterol metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases. Manipulating cholesterol levels to restore homeostasis may represent a novel approach for alleviating neurological symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dingfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim HY, Jang HJ, Muthamil S, Shin UC, Lyu JH, Kim SW, Go Y, Park SH, Lee HG, Park JH. Novel insights into regulators and functional modulators of adipogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117073. [PMID: 38981239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is a process that differentiates new adipocytes from precursor cells and is tightly regulated by several factors, including many transcription factors and various post-translational modifications. Recently, new roles of adipogenesis have been suggested in various diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms and functional modulation of these adipogenic genes remain poorly understood. This review summarizes the regulatory factors and modulators of adipogenesis and discusses future research directions to identify novel mechanisms regulating adipogenesis and the effects of adipogenic regulators in pathological conditions. The master adipogenic transcriptional factors PPARγ and C/EBPα were identified along with other crucial regulatory factors such as SREBP, Kroxs, STAT5, Wnt, FOXO1, SWI/SNF, KLFs, and PARPs. These transcriptional factors regulate adipogenesis through specific mechanisms, depending on the adipogenic stage. However, further studies related to the in vivo role of newly discovered adipogenic regulators and their function in various diseases are needed to develop new potent therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yong Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea; New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123, Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea; Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subramanian Muthamil
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ung Cheol Shin
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyo Lyu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon-Wook Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine (KM)-application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), KIOM campus, Korean Convergence Medicine Major, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kozlova A, Zhang S, Sudwarts A, Zhang H, Smirnou S, Sun X, Stephenson K, Zhao X, Jamison B, Ponnusamy M, He X, Pang ZP, Sanders AR, Bellen HJ, Thinakaran G, Duan J. Alzheimer's disease risk allele of PICALM causes detrimental lipid droplets in microglia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4407146. [PMID: 38826437 PMCID: PMC11142308 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4407146/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite genome-wide association studies of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) having identified many genetic risk loci1-6, the underlying disease mechanisms remain largely unknown. Determining causal disease variants and their LOAD-relevant cellular phenotypes has been a challenge. Leveraging our approach for identifying functional GWAS risk variants showing allele-specific open chromatin (ASoC)7, we systematically identified putative causal LOAD risk variants in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived neurons, astrocytes, and microglia (MG) and linked PICALM risk allele to a previously unappreciated MG-specific role of PICALM in lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. ASoC mapping uncovered functional risk variants for 26 LOAD risk loci, mostly MG-specific. At the MG-specific PICALM locus, the LOAD risk allele of rs10792832 reduced transcription factor (PU.1) binding and PICALM expression, impairing the uptake of amyloid beta (Aβ) and myelin debris. Interestingly, MG with PICALM risk allele showed transcriptional enrichment of pathways for cholesterol synthesis and LD formation. Genetic and pharmacological perturbations of MG further established a causal link between the reduced PICALM expression, LD accumulation, and phagocytosis deficits. Our work elucidates the selective LOAD vulnerability in microglia for the PICALM locus through detrimental LD accumulation, providing a neurobiological basis that can be exploited for developing novel clinical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kozlova
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ari Sudwarts
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Stanislau Smirnou
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kimberly Stephenson
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Xiaojie Zhao
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Brendan Jamison
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Moorthi Ponnusamy
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo J, Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Jiang L, Hu L, Yao K, Yu Y, Chen X. Cholesterol metabolism: physiological regulation and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e476. [PMID: 38405060 PMCID: PMC10893558 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is crucial for cellular and systemic function. The disorder of cholesterol metabolism not only accelerates the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but is also the fundamental cause of other ailments. The regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the human is an extremely complex process. Due to the dynamic balance between cholesterol synthesis, intake, efflux and storage, cholesterol metabolism generally remains secure. Disruption of any of these links is likely to have adverse effects on the body. At present, increasing evidence suggests that abnormal cholesterol metabolism is closely related to various systemic diseases. However, the exact mechanism by which cholesterol metabolism contributes to disease pathogenesis remains unclear, and there are still unknown factors. In this review, we outline the metabolic process of cholesterol in the human body, especially reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Then, we discuss separately the impact of abnormal cholesterol metabolism on common diseases and potential therapeutic targets for each disease, including CVD, tumors, neurological diseases, and immune system diseases. At the end of this review, we focus on the effect of cholesterol metabolism on eye diseases. In short, we hope to provide more new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases from the perspective of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Guo
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Silong Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Luyang Jiang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Lidan Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthThe Children's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Yibo Yu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Navyasree KV, Ramesh ST, Umasankar PK. Cholesterol regulates insulin-induced mTORC1 signaling. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261402. [PMID: 37921368 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid activation of the crucial kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) by insulin is key to cell growth in mammals, but the regulatory factors remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that cholesterol plays a crucial role in the regulation of insulin-stimulated mTORC1 signaling. The rapid progression of insulin-induced mTORC1 signaling declines in sterol-depleted cells and restores in cholesterol-repleted cells. In insulin-stimulated cells, cholesterol promotes recruitment of mTORC1 onto lysosomes without affecting insulin-induced dissociation of the TSC complex from lysosomes, thereby enabling complete activation of mTORC1. We also show that under prolonged starvation conditions, cholesterol coordinates with autophagy to support mTORC1 reactivation on lysosomes thereby restoring insulin-responsive mTORC1 signaling. Furthermore, we identify that fibroblasts from individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS) and model HeLa-SLOS cells, which are deficient in cholesterol biosynthesis, exhibit defects in the insulin-mTORC1 growth axis. These defects are rescued by supplementation of exogenous cholesterol or by expression of constitutively active Rag GTPase, a downstream activator of mTORC1. Overall, our findings propose novel signal integration mechanisms to achieve spatial and temporal control of mTORC1-dependent growth signaling and their aberrations in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolaparamba V Navyasree
- Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Transdisciplinary Biology Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
- PhD Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shikha T Ramesh
- Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Transdisciplinary Biology Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
- PhD Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Perunthottathu K Umasankar
- Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Transdisciplinary Biology Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sebastião MJ, Hoffman M, Escandell J, Tousi F, Zhang J, Figueroa B, DeMaria C, Gomes-Alves P. Identification of Mispairing Omic Signatures in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells Producing a Tri-Specific Antibody. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2890. [PMID: 38001891 PMCID: PMC10669571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has shown efficacy against cancer, autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Multispecific antibodies (MsAbs), including trispecifics (tsAbs), offer enhanced therapeutic potential by targeting different epitopes. However, when co-expressed from three or more different polypeptide chains, MsAb production can lead to incorrect chain assembly and co-production of mispaired species with impaired biological activity. Moreover, mispairing carries significant challenges for downstream purification, decreasing yields and increasing the cost of bioprocess development. In this study, quantitative transcriptomics and proteomics analyses were employed to investigate which signaling pathways correlated with low and high mispairing clone signatures. Gene and protein expression profiles of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones producing an tsAb were analyzed in the exponential growth and stationary (tsAb production) phase of fed-batch culture. Functional analysis revealed activated endoplasmic reticulum stress in high mispairing clones in both culture phases, while low mispairing clones exhibited expression profiles indicative of activated protein translation, as well as higher endocytosis and target protein degradation, suggesting the clearance of unfolded proteins through ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms. In addition, through transcriptomic profiling, we identified a group of genes that have the potential to be used as a biomarker panel tool for identifying high mispairing levels in the early stages of bioprocess development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Sebastião
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Michael Hoffman
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - José Escandell
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fatemeh Tousi
- Sanofi Bioanalytics Development, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Christine DeMaria
- Sanofi Cell Line and Cell Bank Development, Mammalian Platform, Global CMC Development, Framingham, MA 01701, USA (B.F.)
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.J.S.)
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garfa Traoré M, Roccio F, Miceli C, Ferri G, Parisot M, Cagnard N, Lhomme M, Dupont N, Benmerah A, Saunier S, Delous M. Fluid shear stress triggers cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake in inner medullary collecting duct cells, independently of nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1254691. [PMID: 37916190 PMCID: PMC10616263 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1254691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal epithelial cells are subjected to fluid shear stress of urine flow. Several cellular structures act as mechanosensors-the primary cilium, microvilli and cell adhesion complexes-that directly relay signals to the cytoskeleton to regulate various processes including cell differentiation and renal cell functions. Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive tubulointerstitial nephropathy leading to end-stage kidney failure before adulthood. NPHP1 and NPHP4 are the major genes which code for proteins that form a complex at the transition zone of the primary cilium, a crucial region required for the maintenance of the ciliary composition integrity. These two proteins also interact with signaling components and proteins associated with the actin cytoskeleton at cell junctions. Due to their specific subcellular localization, we wondered whether NPHP1 and NPHP4 could ensure mechanosensory functions. Using a microfluidic set up, we showed that murine inner medullary collecting ductal cells invalidated for Nphp1 or Nphp4 are more responsive to immediate shear exposure with a fast calcium influx, and upon a prolonged shear condition, an inability to properly regulate cilium length and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Following a transcriptomic study highlighting shear stress-induced gene expression changes, we showed that prolonged shear triggers both cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and uptake, processes that do not seem to involve neither NPHP1 nor NPHP4. To conclude, our study allowed us to determine a moderate role of NPHP1 and NPHP4 in flow sensation, and to highlight a new signaling pathway induced by shear stress, the cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake pathways, which would allow cells to cope with mechanical stress by strengthening their plasma membrane through the supply of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Garfa Traoré
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Cell Imaging Platform, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Federica Roccio
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Miceli
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Ferri
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Parisot
- Genomics Core Facility, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Bioinformatic Platform, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lhomme
- ICAN Omics, IHU ICAN Foundation for Innovation in Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marion Delous
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Disease, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hendrix S, Zelcer N. A new SPRING in lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:201-207. [PMID: 37548386 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The SREBP transcription factors are master regulators of lipid homeostasis owing to their role in controlling cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. The core machinery required to promote their trafficking and proteolytic activation has been established close to 20 years ago. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of a newly identified regulator of SREBP signaling, SPRING (formerly C12ORF49), its proposed mechanism of action, and its role in lipid metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Using whole-genome functional genetic screens we, and others, have recently identified SPRING as a novel regulator of SREBP signaling. SPRING is a Golgi-resident single-pass transmembrane protein that is required for proteolytic activation of SREBPs in this compartment. Mechanistic studies identified regulation of S1P, the protease that cleaves SREBPs, and control of retrograde trafficking of the SREBP chaperone SCAP from the Golgi to the ER as processes requiring SPRING. Emerging studies suggest an important role for SPRING in regulating circulating and hepatic lipid levels in mice and potentially in humans. SUMMARY Current studies support the notion that SPRING is a novel component of the core SREBP-activating machinery. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate its role in cellular and systemic lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hendrix
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng HY, Wang YX, Zhou K, Xie HL, Ren Z, Liu HT, Ou YS, Zhou ZX, Jiang ZS. Biological functions of CRTC2 and its role in metabolism-related diseases. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:495-506. [PMID: 36856929 PMCID: PMC10409973 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CREB-regulated transcription coactivator2 (CRTC2 or TORC2) is a transcriptional coactivator of CREB(cAMP response element binding protein), which affects human energy metabolism through cyclic adenosine phosphate pathway, Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1), Sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and other substances Current studies on CRTC2 mainly focus on glucose and lipid metabolism, relevant studies show that CRTC2 can participate in the occurrence and development of related diseases by affecting metabolic homeostasis. It has been found that Crtc2 acts as a signaling regulator for cAMP and Ca2 + signaling pathways in many cell types, and phosphorylation at ser171 and ser275 can regulate downstream biological functions by controlling CRTC2 shuttling between cytoplasm and nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hai-Lin Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hui-Ting Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yang-Shao Ou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hendrix S, Kingma J, Ottenhoff R, Valiloo M, Svecla M, Zijlstra LF, Sachdev V, Kovac K, Levels JHM, Jongejan A, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, Rimbert A, Norata GD, Loregger A, Zelcer N. Hepatic SREBP signaling requires SPRING to govern systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5181. [PMID: 37626055 PMCID: PMC10457316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors that govern cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. We recently identified SPRING as a post-transcriptional regulator of SREBP activation. Constitutive or inducible global ablation of Spring in mice is not tolerated, and we therefore develop liver-specific Spring knockout mice (LKO). Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis reveal attenuated SREBP signaling in livers and hepatocytes of LKO mice. Total plasma cholesterol is reduced in male and female LKO mice in both the low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein fractions, while triglycerides are unaffected. Loss of Spring decreases hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride content due to diminished biosynthesis, which coincides with reduced very-low-density lipoprotein secretion. Accordingly, LKO mice are protected from fructose diet-induced hepatosteatosis. In humans, we find common genetic SPRING variants that associate with circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ApoA1 levels. This study positions SPRING as a core component of hepatic SREBP signaling and systemic lipid metabolism in mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hendrix
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenina Kingma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masoud Valiloo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Svecla
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lobke F Zijlstra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vinay Sachdev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Kovac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Levels
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Bioinformatics Laboratory, of Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- l'institut du thorax, Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anke Loregger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Myllia Biotechnology GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110, Vienna, Austria
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Makokha GN, Chayama K, Hayes CN, Abe-Chayama H, Abuduwaili M, Hijikata M. Deficiency of SCAP inhibits HBV pathogenesis via activation of the interferon signaling pathway. Virology 2023; 585:248-258. [PMID: 37437369 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver and is a major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approaches for an effective cure are thwarted by limited knowledge of virus-host interactions. Herein, we identified SCAP as a novel host factor that regulates HBV gene expression. SCAP, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein, is an integral membrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum. The protein plays a central role in controlling lipid synthesis and uptake by cells. We found that gene silencing of SCAP significantly inhibited HBV replication; furthermore, knockdown of SREBP2 but not SREBP1, the downstream effectors of SCAP, reduced HBs antigen production from HBV infected primary hepatocytes. We also demonstrated that knockdown of SCAP resulted in activation of interferons (IFNs) and IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Conversely, ectopic expression of SREBP2 in SCAP-deficient cells restored expression of IFNs and ISGs. Importantly, expression of SREBP2 restored HBV production in SCAP knockdown cells, suggesting that SCAP participates in HBV replication through an effect on IFN production via its downstream effector SREBP2. This observation was further confirmed by blocking IFN signaling by an anti-IFN antibody, which restored HBV infection in SCAP-deficient cells. This led to the conclusion that SCAP regulates the IFN pathway through SREBP, thereby affecting the HBV lifecycle. This is the first study to reveal the involvement of SCAP in regulation of HBV infection. These results may facilitate development of new antiviral strategies against HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Naswa Makokha
- Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Department of Collaborative Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Department of Collaborative Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maidina Abuduwaili
- Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Department of Collaborative Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Medical Innovation, Department of Collaborative Research, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kennewick KT, Bensinger SJ. Decoding the crosstalk between mevalonate metabolism and T cell function. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:71-94. [PMID: 36999733 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is an essential metabolic pathway in T cells regulating development, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and effector functions. The mevalonate pathway is a complex, branched pathway composed of many enzymes that ultimately generate cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. T cells must tightly control metabolic flux through the branches of the mevalonate pathway to ensure sufficient isoprenoids and cholesterol are available to meet cellular demands. Unbalanced metabolite flux through the sterol or the nonsterol isoprenoid branch is metabolically inefficient and can have deleterious consequences for T cell fate and function. Accordingly, there is tight regulatory control over metabolic flux through the branches of this essential lipid synthetic pathway. In this review we provide an overview of how the branches of the mevalonate pathway are regulated in T cells and discuss our current understanding of the relationship between mevalonate metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis and T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T Kennewick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li T, Jin Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Beyond energy provider: multifunction of lipid droplets in embryonic development. Biol Res 2023; 56:38. [PMID: 37438836 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery, lipid droplets (LDs) have been recognized to be sites of cellular energy reserves, providing energy when necessary to sustain cellular life activities. Many studies have reported large numbers of LDs in eggs and early embryos from insects to mammals. The questions of how LDs are formed, what role they play, and what their significance is for embryonic development have been attracting the attention of researchers. Studies in recent years have revealed that in addition to providing energy for embryonic development, LDs in eggs and embryos also function to resist lipotoxicity, resist oxidative stress, inhibit bacterial infection, and provide lipid and membrane components for embryonic development. Removal of LDs from fertilized eggs or early embryos artificially leads to embryonic developmental arrest and defects. This paper reviews recent studies to explain the role and effect mechanisms of LDs in the embryonic development of several species and the genes involved in the regulation. The review contributes to understanding the embryonic development mechanism and provides new insight for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to embryonic developmental abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai Li
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han S, Wang Q, Song Y, Pang M, Ren C, Wang J, Guan D, Xu W, Li F, Wang F, Zhou X, Fernández-Hernando C, Zhang H, Wu D, Ye Z. Lithium ameliorates Niemann-Pick C1 disease phenotypes by impeding STING/SREBP2 activation. iScience 2023; 26:106613. [PMID: 37128603 PMCID: PMC10148154 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a genetic lysosomal disorder associated with progressive neurodegenerative phenotypes. Its therapeutic options are very limited. Here, we show that lithium treatment improves ataxia and feeding phenotypes, attenuates cerebellar inflammation and degeneration, and extends survival in Npc1 mouse models. In addition, lithium suppresses STING activation, SREBP2 processing to its mature form and the expression of the target genes in the Npc1 mice and in Npc1-deficient fibroblasts. Lithium impedes STING/SREBP2 transport from the ER to the Golgi, a step required for STING activation and SREBP2 processing, probably by lowering cytosolic calcium concentrations. This effect of lithium on STING/SREBP2 transport provides a mechanistic explanation for lithium's effects on Npc1 mice. Thus, this study reveals a potential therapeutic option for NP-C patients as well as a strategy to reduce active STING/SREBP2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Han
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qijun Wang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
| | - Mao Pang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dongwei Guan
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fangyong Li
- Biostatistics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Fengchao Wang
- Institute of Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
- Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06520, USA
| | - Zhijia Ye
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Chongqing University School of Medicine, Chongqing 400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choo M, Mai VH, Kim HS, Kim DH, Ku JL, Lee SK, Park CK, An YJ, Park S. Involvement of cell shape and lipid metabolism in glioblastoma resistance to temozolomide. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:670-679. [PMID: 36100765 PMCID: PMC9958008 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) has been used as standard-of-care for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), but the resistance to TMZ develops quickly and frequently. Thus, more studies are needed to elucidate the resistance mechanisms. In the current study, we investigated the relationship among the three important phenotypes, namely TMZ-resistance, cell shape and lipid metabolism, in GBM cells. We first observed the distinct difference in cell shapes between TMZ-sensitive (U87) and resistant (U87R) GBM cells. We then conducted NMR-based lipid metabolomics, which revealed a significant increase in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis as well as lower lipid unsaturation in U87R cells. Consistent with the lipid changes, U87R cells exhibited significantly lower membrane fluidity. The transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that lipid synthesis pathways through SREBP were upregulated in U87R cells, which was confirmed at the protein level. Fatostatin, an SREBP inhibitor, and other lipid pathway inhibitors (C75, TOFA) exhibited similar or more potent inhibition on U87R cells compared to sensitive U87 cells. The lower lipid unsaturation ratio, membrane fluidity and higher fatostatin sensitivity were all recapitulated in patient-derived TMZ-resistant primary cells. The observed ternary relationship among cell shape, lipid composition, and TMZ-resistance may be applicable to other drug-resistance cases. SREBP and fatostatin are suggested as a promising target-therapeutic agent pair for drug-resistant glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munki Choo
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Van-Hieu Mai
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Han Sun Kim
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Kim
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ja-Lok Ku
- Korean Cell Line Bank, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Yong Jin An
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Sunghyouk Park
- Natural Product Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That SREBP Modulates a Large Repertoire of Genes Involved in Key Cellular Functions in Penaeus vannamei, although the Majority of the Dysregulated Genes Are Unannotated. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112057. [PMID: 36360293 PMCID: PMC9690432 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) play vital roles in fatty acid metabolism and other metabolic processes in mammals. However, in penaeid shrimp, the repertoire of genes modulated by SREBP is unknown. Here, RNA interference-mediated knockdown followed by transcriptome sequencing on the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform was used to explore the genes modulated by SREBP in Penaeus vannamei hepatopancreas. A total of 706 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, out of which 282 were upregulated and 424 downregulated. Although gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that most of the downregulated DEGs were involved in physiological processes related to immunity, metabolism, and cellular signaling pathways, many of the dysregulated genes have uncharacterized functions. While most of the dysregulated genes were annotated in metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, and immune system, a large number (42.21%) are uncharacterized. Collectively, our current data revealed that SREBP modulates many genes involved in crucial physiological processes, such as energy metabolism, immune response, and cellular signaling pathways, as well as numerous genes with unannotated functions, in penaeid shrimp. These findings indicated that our knowledge of the repertoire of genes modulated by SREBP in shrimp lags behind that of mammals, probably due to limited research or because the complete genome of P. vannamei has just been sequenced.
Collapse
|
17
|
García-García AB, Martínez-Hervás S, Vernia S, Ivorra C, Pulido I, Martín-Escudero JC, Casado M, Carretero J, Real JT, Chaves FJ. A Very Rare Variant in SREBF2, a Possible Cause of Hypercholesterolemia and Increased Glycemic Levels. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051178. [PMID: 35625914 PMCID: PMC9138625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with high cholesterol and glucose levels are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein (SREBP) system regulates genes involved in lipid, cholesterol and glucose pathways. Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemias (ADHs) are a group of diseases with increased cholesterol levels. They affect 1 out of every 500 individuals. About 20–30% of patients do not present any mutation in the known genes (LDLR, APOB and PCSK9). ADHs constitute a good model to identify the genes involved in the alteration of lipid levels or possible therapeutic targets. In this paper, we studied whether a mutation in the SREBP system could be responsible for ADH and other metabolic alterations present in these patients. Forty-one ADH patients without mutations in the main responsible genes were screened by direct sequencing of SREBP system genes. A luciferase reporter assay of the found mutation and an oral glucose tolerance test in carriers and non-carriers were performed. We found a novel mutation in the SREBF2 gene that increases transcription levels and cosegregates with hypercholesterolemia, and we found increased glucose levels in one family. SREBP2 is known to be involved in cholesterol synthesis, plasma levels and glucose metabolism in humans. The found mutation may involve the SREBF2 gene in hypercholesterolemia combined with hyperglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Bárbara García-García
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.-B.G.-G.); (S.M.-H.); (J.T.R.)
- Genomic and Diabetes Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.-B.G.-G.); (S.M.-H.); (J.T.R.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Vernia
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Carmen Ivorra
- Genomic and Diabetes Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Inés Pulido
- University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | | | - Marta Casado
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.V.); (M.C.)
- CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José T. Real
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.-B.G.-G.); (S.M.-H.); (J.T.R.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Javier Chaves
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.-B.G.-G.); (S.M.-H.); (J.T.R.)
- Genomic and Diabetes Unit, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-38-64100 (ext. 51905)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Menendez JA, Lupu R. Fatty acid synthase: A druggable driver of breast cancer brain metastasis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:427-444. [PMID: 35545806 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2077189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain metastasis (BrM) is a key contributor to morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients, especially among high-risk epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) and triple-negative/basal-like molecular subtypes. Optimal management of BrM is focused on characterizing a "BrM dependency map" to prioritize targetable therapeutic vulnerabilities. AREAS COVERED We review recent studies addressing the targeting of BrM in the lipid-deprived brain environment, which selects for brain-tropic breast cancer cells capable of cell-autonomously generating fatty acids by upregulating de novo lipogenesis via fatty acid synthase (FASN). Disruption of FASN activity impairs breast cancer growth in the brain, but not extracranially, and mapping of the molecular causes of organ-specific patterns of metastasis has uncovered an enrichment of lipid metabolism signatures in brain metastasizing cells. Targeting SREBP1-the master regulator of lipogenic gene transcription-curtails the ability of breast cancer cells to survive in the brain microenvironment. EXPERT OPINION Targeting FASN represents a new therapeutic opportunity for patients with breast cancer and BrM. Delivery of brain-permeable FASN inhibitors and identifying strategies to target metabolic plasticity that might compensate for impaired brain FASN activity are two potential roadblocks that may hinder FASN-centered strategies against BrM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain.,Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Evolutionary Dance between Innate Host Antiviral Pathways and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050538. [PMID: 35631059 PMCID: PMC9147806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to what we knew at the start of the SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic, our understanding of the interplay between the interferon signaling pathway and SARS-CoV-2 infection has dramatically increased. Innate antiviral strategies range from the direct inhibition of viral components to reprograming the host’s own metabolic pathways to block viral infection. SARS-CoV-2 has also evolved to exploit diverse tactics to overcome immune barriers and successfully infect host cells. Herein, we review the current knowledge of the innate immune signaling pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the type I interferon response, as well as the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 impairs those defenses.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu F, Gajendran B, Wang N, Sample KM, Liu W, Wang C, Hu A, Zacksenhaus E, Hao X, Ben-David Y. ERK activation via A1542/3 limonoids attenuates erythroleukemia through transcriptional stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:680. [PMID: 34107900 PMCID: PMC8191108 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol plays vital roles in human physiology; abnormal levels have deleterious pathological consequences. In cancer, elevated or reduced expression of cholesterol biosynthesis is associated with good or poor prognosis, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The limonoid compounds A1542 and A1543 stimulate ERK/MAPK by direct binding, leading to leukemic cell death and suppression of leukemia in mouse models. In this study, we investigated the downstream consequences of these ERK/MAPK agonists in leukemic cells. Methods We employed RNAseq analysis combined with Q-RT-PCR, western blot and bioinformatics to identify and confirm genes whose expression was altered by A1542 and A1543 in leukemic cells. ShRNA lentiviruses were used to silence gene expression. Cell culture and an animal model (BALB/c) of erythroleukemia induced by Friend virus were utilized to validate effects of cholesterol on leukemia progression. Results RNAseq analysis of A1542-treated cells revealed the induction of all 18 genes implicated in cholesterol biosynthesis. Expression of these cholesterol genes was blocked by cedrelone, an ERK inhibitor. The cholesterol inhibitor lovastatin diminished ERK/MAPK activation by A1542, thereby reducing leukemic cell death induced by this ERK1/2 agonist. Growth inhibition by cholesterol was observed both at the intracellular level, and when orally administrated into a leukemic mouse model. Both HDL and LDL also suppressed leukemogenesis, implicating these lipids as important prognostic markers for leukemia progression. Mechanistically, knockdown experiments revealed that the activation of SREBP1/2 by A1542-A1543 was responsible for induction of only a sub-set of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. Induction of other regulatory factors by A1542-A1543 including EGR1, AP1 (FOS + JUN) LDLR, IER2 and others may cooperate with SREBP1/2 to induce cholesterol genes. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of AP1 significantly inhibited cholesterol gene expression induced by A1542. In addition to leukemia, high expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes was found to correlate with better prognosis in renal cancer. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ERK1/2 agonists suppress leukemia and possibly other types of cancer through transcriptional stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08402-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Babu Gajendran
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Klarke M Sample
- The National Health Commission's Key Laboratory of Immunological Pulmonary Disease, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Anling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yaacov Ben-David
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Province Science City, High Tech Zone, Baiyun District, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China. .,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ricciardello A, Tomaiuolo P, Persico AM. Genotype-phenotype correlation in Phelan-McDermid syndrome: A comprehensive review of chromosome 22q13 deleted genes. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2211-2233. [PMID: 33949759 PMCID: PMC8251815 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phelan‐McDermid syndrome (PMS, OMIM #606232), also known as chromosome 22q13 deletion syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, delayed or absent speech, motor impairment, autism spectrum disorder, behavioral anomalies, and minor aspecific dysmorphic features. Haploinsufficiency of SHANK3, due to intragenic deletions or point mutations, is sufficient to cause many neurobehavioral features of PMS. However, several additional genes located within larger 22q13 deletions can contribute to the great interindividual variability observed in the PMS phenotype. This review summarizes the phenotypic contributions predicted for 213 genes distributed along the largest 22q13.2‐q13.33 terminal deletion detected in our sample of 63 PMS patients by array‐CGH analysis, spanning 9.08 Mb. Genes have been grouped into four categories: (1) genes causing human diseases with an autosomal dominant mechanism, or (2) with an autosomal recessive mechanism; (3) morphogenetically relevant genes, either involved in human diseases with additive co‐dominant, polygenic, and/or multifactorial mechanisms, or implicated in animal models but not yet documented in human pathology; (4) protein coding genes either functionally nonrelevant, with unknown function, or pathogenic through mechanisms other than haploinsufficiency; piRNAs, noncoding RNAs, miRNAs, novel transcripts and pseudogenes. Our aim is to understand genotype–phenotype correlations in PMS patients and to provide clinicians with a conceptual framework to promote evidence‐based genetic work‐ups, clinical assessments, and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Ricciardello
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Tomaiuolo
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Interdepartmental Program "Autism 0-90", "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Price NL, Goedeke L, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. miR-33 in cardiometabolic diseases: lessons learned from novel animal models and approaches. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12606. [PMID: 33938628 PMCID: PMC8103095 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of nearly all biologic processes and important therapeutic targets for numerous diseases. However, despite the tremendous progress that has been made in this field, many misconceptions remain among much of the broader scientific community about the manner in which miRNAs function. In this review, we focus on miR‐33, one of the most extensively studied miRNAs, as an example, to highlight many of the advances that have been made in the miRNA field and the hurdles that must be cleared to promote the development of miRNA‐based therapies. We discuss how the generation of novel animal models and newly developed experimental techniques helped to elucidate the specialized roles of miR‐33 within different tissues and begin to define the specific mechanisms by which miR‐33 contributes to cardiometabolic diseases including obesity and atherosclerosis. This review will summarize what is known about miR‐33 and highlight common obstacles in the miRNA field and then describe recent advances and approaches that have allowed researchers to provide a more complete picture of the specific functions of this miRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dave AM, Peeples ES. Cholesterol metabolism and brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:37-44. [PMID: 33106607 PMCID: PMC8511855 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) results from impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain. The pathophysiology of NE is complex and our understanding of its underlying pathways continues to evolve. There is considerable evidence that cholesterol dysregulation is involved in several adult diseases, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the research is less robust in pediatrics, there is emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may also be involved in the pathophysiology of neonatal NE. This narrative review provides an overview of cholesterol metabolism in the brain along with several examples from the adult literature where pathologic alterations in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with inflammatory and ischemic brain injury. Using those data as a background, the review then discusses the current preclinical data supporting the involvement of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of NE as well as how brain-specific cholesterol metabolites may serve as serum biomarkers for brain injury. Lastly, we review the potential for using the cholesterol metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets. Further investigation of the shifts in cholesterol synthesis and metabolism after hypoxia-ischemia may prove vital in understanding NE pathophysiology as well as providing opportunities for rapid diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: This review summarizes emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of NE. Using data from NE as well as analogous adult disease states, this article reviews the potential for using cholesterol pathways as targets for developing novel therapeutic interventions and using cholesterol metabolites as biomarkers for injury. When possible, gaps in the current literature were identified to aid in the development of future studies to further investigate the interactions between cholesterol pathways and NE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mukherjee V, Ramakrishna P, Bora S, Kotteazeth S. Phytosteroid 28-homobrassinolide targets cholesterol and glucose homeostasis implicating ABCA1 and SREBP role in regulation. Steroids 2021; 165:108756. [PMID: 33171131 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are natural ligands of certain nuclear receptors known as liver X receptors (LXR). LXRs are regulators of fatty acid, cholesterol, and glucose homeostasis. Dietary phyto-oxysterol 28-homobrassinolide (28-HB) has been demonstrated to transactivate rat LXR α and β. In this study we assessed the potential of 28-HB to effect such changes in - (1) human HepG2 cancer cell line, (2) isolated perfused goat liver, and (3) high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Serum and perfusate marker levels along with hexokinase activity were determined through enzyme assays. Fat deposition was studied by Oil Red O staining, ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1), and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 2 (SREBP2) protein expression by Western blot and their mRNA expression through real-time PCR. In HepG2 cells, 28-HB (5-20 μM) treatment indicated a 2-fold increase in glucose utilization and ABCA1 and SREBP2 protein expression within 12 h. Tissue glucose and cholesterol levels decreased in 28-HB perfused goat liver within 2 h, whereas cholesterol level increased 54% in the perfusate (p < 0.05) and tissue hexokinase activity increased 23% (p < 0.05). Glucokinase, ABCA1, and SREBF1 gene expression increased 2.6, 5.37, and 2.85 fold respectively in the perfused tissue after 4 h. High-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice when treated with 28-HB (1-20 µg/day) for 6 weeks exhibited a marked decrease in aortic fat deposit and serum marker levels. Our study suggests that 28-HB modulates cholesterol and glucose homeostasis in animal cells through activation of LXR involving ABCA1 and SREBP-1 and 2 augmentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India; Interdisciplinary Program in Life Sciences (DBT-BUILDER) School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Premalatha Ramakrishna
- Division of Biosciences, Pondicherry University Community College, Lawspet, Pondicherry 605008, India
| | - Sushmita Bora
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Srikumar Kotteazeth
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cai Z, Ishibashi T, Kozai M, Mita H, Wang S, Takada K, Inaba M. ROR agonist hampers the proliferation and survival of postactivated CD8 + T cells through the downregulation of cholesterol synthesis-related genes. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 99:288-298. [PMID: 32940916 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major component of the lipid bilayers of cellular membranes. The synthesis of cholesterol is acutely elevated during T-cell activation to support T-cell growth and proliferation. There is a limited understanding of cholesterol metabolism reprogramming during T-cell activation. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of target genes. In this study, we demonstrated that the activation of RORs by a synthetic agonist (SR1078) impairs the proliferation and survival of postactivated CD8+ T cells. The inhibitory effects of SR1078 on CD8+ T-cell proliferation and survival were attributed to cholesterol depletion and downregulated expression of cholesterol metabolism-related genes. The overexpression of RORα or RORγt promoted apoptosis in the postactivated CD8+ T cells in vitro. The expression of RORα (but not that of RORγt) was markedly upregulated in the CD8+ T cells upon stimulation with an antigen in vivo. The functional deficiency of RORα enhanced CD8+ T-cell expansion during the response to bacterial infection. These results suggest that RORs are involved in the regulation of CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response through the regulation of cholesterol metabolism, which can be modulated by a synthetic ROR agonist. The findings of this study can aid in the development of immunotherapeutic methods that target nuclear receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Cai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taishin Ishibashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Kozai
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Mita
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shangyi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takada
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Inaba
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Srebf2 Locus Overexpression Reduces Body Weight, Total Cholesterol and Glucose Levels in Mice Fed with Two Different Diets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103130. [PMID: 33066385 PMCID: PMC7602228 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macronutrients represent risk factors for hyperlipidemia or diabetes. Lipid alterations and type 2 diabetes mellitus are global health problems. Overexpression of sterol regulatory element-binding factor (Srebf2) in transgenic animals is linked to elevated cholesterol levels and diabetes development. We investigated the impact of increased Srebf2 locus expression and the effects of control and high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets on body weight, glucose and lipid metabolisms in transgenic mice (S-mice). Wild type (WT) and S-mice were fed with both diets for 16 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin and lipids were assessed (n = 25). Immunostainings were performed in liver, pancreas and fat (N = 10). Expression of Ldlr and Hmgcr in liver was performed by RT-PCR (N = 8). Control diet: S-mice showed reduced weight, insulin, total and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). HFHS diet widened differences in weight, total and HDL cholesterol, insulin and HOMA index but increased TG in S-mice. In S-mice, adipocyte size was lower while HFHS diet produced lower increase, pancreatic β-cell mass was lower with both diets and Srebf2, Ldlr and Hmgcr mRNA levels were higher while HFHS diet produced a rise in Srebf2 and Hmgcr levels. Srebf2 complete gene overexpression seems to have beneficial effects on metabolic parameters and to protect against HFHS diet effects.
Collapse
|
27
|
Loregger A, Raaben M, Nieuwenhuis J, Tan JME, Jae LT, van den Hengel LG, Hendrix S, van den Berg M, Scheij S, Song JY, Huijbers IJ, Kroese LJ, Ottenhoff R, van Weeghel M, van de Sluis B, Brummelkamp T, Zelcer N. Haploid genetic screens identify SPRING/C12ORF49 as a determinant of SREBP signaling and cholesterol metabolism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1128. [PMID: 32111832 PMCID: PMC7048761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) are central transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism. Using haploid genetic screens we identify the SREBP Regulating Gene (SPRING/C12ORF49) as a determinant of the SREBP pathway. SPRING is a glycosylated Golgi-resident membrane protein and its ablation in Hap1 cells, Hepa1-6 hepatoma cells, and primary murine hepatocytes reduces SREBP signaling. In mice, Spring deletion is embryonic lethal yet silencing of hepatic Spring expression also attenuates the SREBP response. Mechanistically, attenuated SREBP signaling in SPRINGKO cells results from reduced SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and its mislocalization to the Golgi irrespective of the cellular sterol status. Consistent with limited functional SCAP in SPRINGKO cells, reintroducing SCAP restores SREBP-dependent signaling and function. Moreover, in line with the role of SREBP in tumor growth, a wide range of tumor cell lines display dependency on SPRING expression. In conclusion, we identify SPRING as a previously unrecognized modulator of SREBP signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Loregger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Raaben
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe Nieuwenhuis
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine M E Tan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas T Jae
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa G van den Hengel
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Hendrix
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Scheij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo J Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lona J Kroese
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases and Core Facility Metabolomics, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,iPSC/CRISPR Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijn Brummelkamp
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Gastroenterology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Snaebjornsson MT, Janaki-Raman S, Schulze A. Greasing the Wheels of the Cancer Machine: The Role of Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cell Metab 2020; 31:62-76. [PMID: 31813823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism is among the most prominent metabolic alterations in cancer. Enhanced synthesis or uptake of lipids contributes to rapid cancer cell growth and tumor formation. Lipids are a highly complex group of biomolecules that not only constitute the structural basis of biological membranes but also function as signaling molecules and an energy source. Here, we summarize recent evidence implicating altered lipid metabolism in different aspects of the cancer phenotype and discuss potential strategies by which targeting lipid metabolism could provide a therapeutic window for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marteinn Thor Snaebjornsson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sudha Janaki-Raman
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Almut Schulze
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Division of Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 21:225-245. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
Qian Y, Li M, Wang W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Hu Q, Zhao X, Suo H. Effects of
Lactobacillus Casei
YBJ02 on Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipidemic Mice. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3793-3803. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food and College of Biological and Chemical EngineeringChongqing Univ. of Education Chongqing 400067 China
| | - Mingyue Li
- College of Food ScienceSouthwest Univ. Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary MedicineQinghai Univ. Xining 810016 Qinghai China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Food ScienceSouthwest Univ. Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food ScienceSouthwest Univ. Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Leshan 614000 Sichuan China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Food ScienceSouthwest Univ. Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Huayi Suo
- College of Food ScienceSouthwest Univ. Chongqing 400715 China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
SREBP1-dependent de novo fatty acid synthesis gene expression is elevated in malignant melanoma and represents a cellular survival trait. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10369. [PMID: 31316083 PMCID: PMC6637239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
de novo fatty acid biosynthesis (DNFA) is a hallmark adaptation of many cancers that supports survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Here we elucidate previously unexplored aspects of transcription regulation and clinical relevance of DNFA in cancers. We show that elevated expression of DNFA genes is characteristic of many tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis, especially in melanomas. Elevated DNFA gene expression depends on the SREBP1 transcription factor in multiple melanoma cell lines. SREBP1 predominantly binds to the transcription start sites of DNFA genes, regulating their expression by recruiting RNA polymerase II to promoters for productive transcription elongation. We find that SREBP1-regulated DNFA represents a survival trait in melanoma cells, regardless of proliferative state and oncogenic mutation status. Indeed, malignant melanoma cells exhibit elevated DNFA gene expression after the BRAF/MEK signaling pathway is blocked (e.g. by BRAF inhibitors), and DNFA expression remains higher in melanoma cells resistant to vemurafenib treatment than in untreated cells. Accordingly, DNFA pathway inhibition, whether by direct targeting of SREBP1 with antisense oligonucleotides, or through combinatorial effects of multiple DNFA enzyme inhibitors, exerts potent cytotoxic effects on both BRAFi-sensitive and -resistant melanoma cells. Altogether, these results implicate SREBP1 and DNFA enzymes as enticing therapeutic targets in melanomas.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tracz-Gaszewska Z, Dobrzyn P. Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 as a Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070948. [PMID: 31284458 PMCID: PMC6678606 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinctive feature of cancer cells of various origins involves alterations of the composition of lipids, with significant enrichment in monounsaturated fatty acids. These molecules, in addition to being structural components of newly formed cell membranes of intensely proliferating cancer cells, support tumorigenic signaling. An increase in the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), the enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids to ∆9-monounsaturated fatty acids, has been observed in a wide range of cancer cells, and this increase is correlated with cancer aggressiveness and poor outcomes for patients. Studies have demonstrated the involvement of SCD1 in the promotion of cancer cell proliferation, migration, metastasis, and tumor growth. Many studies have reported a role for this lipogenic factor in maintaining the characteristics of cancer stem cells (i.e., the population of cells that contributes to cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy). Importantly, both the products of SCD1 activity and its direct impact on tumorigenic pathways have been demonstrated. Based on these findings, SCD1 appears to be a significant player in the development of malignant disease and may be a promising target for anticancer therapy. Numerous chemical compounds that exert inhibitory effects on SCD1 have been developed and preclinically tested. The present review summarizes our current knowledge of the ways in which SCD1 contributes to the progression of cancer and discusses opportunities and challenges of using SCD1 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Tracz-Gaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Dobrzyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
An actionable sterol-regulated feedback loop modulates statin sensitivity in prostate cancer. Mol Metab 2019; 25:119-130. [PMID: 31023626 PMCID: PMC6600047 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The statin family of cholesterol-lowering drugs has been shown to induce tumor-specific apoptosis by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Accumulating evidence suggests that statin use may delay prostate cancer (PCa) progression in a subset of patients; however, the determinants of statin drug sensitivity in PCa remain unclear. Our goal was to identify molecular features of statin-sensitive PCa and opportunities to potentiate statin-induced PCa cell death. METHODS Deregulation of HMGCR expression in PCa was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The response of PCa cell lines to fluvastatin-mediated HMGCR inhibition was assessed using cell viability and apoptosis assays. Activation of the sterol-regulated feedback loop of the MVA pathway, which was hypothesized to modulate statin sensitivity in PCa, was also evaluated. Inhibition of this statin-induced feedback loop was performed using RNA interference or small molecule inhibitors. The achievable levels of fluvastatin in mouse prostate tissue were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS High HMGCR expression in PCa was associated with poor prognosis; however, not all PCa cell lines underwent apoptosis in response to treatment with physiologically-achievable concentrations of fluvastatin. Rather, most cell lines initiated a feedback response mediated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), which led to the further upregulation of HMGCR and other lipid metabolism genes. Overcoming this feedback mechanism by knocking down or inhibiting SREBP2 potentiated fluvastatin-induced PCa cell death. Notably, we demonstrated that this feedback loop is pharmacologically-actionable, as the drug dipyridamole can be used to block fluvastatin-induced SREBP activation and augment apoptosis in statin-insensitive PCa cells. CONCLUSION Our study implicates statin-induced SREBP2 activation as a PCa vulnerability that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes using clinically-approved agents.
Collapse
|
34
|
Rincón JAA, Pradieé J, Remião MH, Collares TV, Mion B, Gasperin BG, Tomazele Rovani M, Corrêa MN, Pegoraro LMC, Schneider A. Effect of high-density lipoprotein on oocyte maturation and bovine embryo development in vitro. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 54:445-455. [PMID: 30417448 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the main lipoprotein in the follicular fluid, and it has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cryoprotectant properties. The anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant potential are derived from its lipid composition, especially the apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HDL during in vitro maturation (IVM) on oocyte maturation and early bovine embryo development. For this, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from bovine ovaries collected at a local slaughterhouse. COCs (n = 2,250) were allocated into three groups (n = 50 COCs/group) according to the addition of HDL protein (HDL-P) during IVM for 22 hr: 0 (control), 50 and 150 mg/dl. After IVM, COCs were inseminated (in vitro fertilization) and cultivated for 7 days. Total cholesterol concentration, total protein, triglycerides and ApoAI concentrations on IVM medium increased proportionally to HDL-P addition. However, PON1 activity was not detected in any treatment. The addition of HDL-P did not affect nuclear maturation rate, endogenous reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels in COCs (p > 0.05). The highest HDL-P concentration (150 mg/dl) decreased cleavage and blastocyst rate (p < 0.05). Moreover, the HDL-P 150 mg/dl group had lower cellular count/blastocyst than the 50 mg/dl group (p < 0.05). However, the addition of HDL-P did not affect relative gene expression of evaluated genes. In conclusion, the complex HDL/ApoAI obtained from human plasma, in the absence of PON1 activity during in vitro oocyte maturation, decreased initial embryo development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruna Mion
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Protective Effects of Yinchenhao Decoction on Cholesterol Gallstone in Mice Fed a Lithogenic Diet by Regulating LXR, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, and HMGCR Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8134918. [PMID: 30310412 PMCID: PMC6166389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8134918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study attempted to elucidate whether lipid genes are closely associated with lipid metabolic abnormalities during the lithogenic time and how Yinchenhao Decoction (YCHD) works on the transcriptions of lipid genes against cholesterol gallstone model. C57BL/6J mice fed on lithogenic diet (LD) were used for model establishment and randomized into 5 groups. All groups received LD for different weeks with isometrically intragastric administration of YCHD or NS. Biochemical tests were measured and liver tissues were harvested for histological and genetic detection. It was found that all groups with increasing LD showed a following tendency of gallstone incidence, bile cholesterol, phospholipids, total bile acid, and cholesterol saturation index (CSI). Conversely, YCHD could significantly normalize the levels of gallstone incidence, bile lipids, and CSI (CSI<1). As lithogenic time progressed, ABCG5, ABCG8, PPAR-α, and ABCB4 were upregulated, and SREBP2, CYP7A1, and CYP7B1 were downregulated, while CYP7A1, CYP7B1, LXR, and HMGCR mRNA were increased 3-fold under the administration of YCHD. It was concluded that abnormal expressions of the mentioned genes may eventually progress to cholesterol gallstone. CYP7A1, CYP7B1, LXR, and HMGCR mRNA may be efficient targets of YCHD, which may be a preventive drug to reverse liver injury, normalize bile lipids, facilitate gallstone dissolution, and attenuate gallstone formation.
Collapse
|
36
|
Chan JP, Wong BH, Chin CF, Galam DLA, Foo JC, Wong LC, Ghosh S, Wenk MR, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Silver DL. The lysolipid transporter Mfsd2a regulates lipogenesis in the developing brain. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006443. [PMID: 30074985 PMCID: PMC6093704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development requires a massive increase in brain lipogenesis and accretion of the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Brain acquisition of DHA is primarily mediated by the transporter Major Facilitator Superfamily Domain containing 2a (Mfsd2a) expressed in the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and other abundant cell types within the brain. Mfsd2a transports DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) esterified to lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC-DHA). However, the function of Mfsd2a and DHA in brain development is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate, using vascular endothelial-specific and inducible vascular endothelial-specific deletion of Mfsd2a in mice, that Mfsd2a is uniquely required postnatally at the BBB for normal brain growth and DHA accretion, with DHA deficiency preceding the onset of microcephaly. In Mfsd2a-deficient mouse models, a lipidomic signature was identified that is indicative of increased de novo lipogenesis of PUFAs. Gene expression profiling analysis of these DHA-deficient brains indicated that sterol regulatory-element binding protein (Srebp)-1 and Srebp-2 pathways were highly elevated. Mechanistically, LPC-DHA treatment of primary neural stem cells down-regulated Srebp processing and activation in a Mfsd2a-dependent fashion, resulting in profound effects on phospholipid membrane saturation. In addition, Srebp regulated the expression of Mfsd2a. These data identify LPC-DHA transported by Mfsd2a as a physiological regulator of membrane phospholipid saturation acting in a feedback loop on Srebp activity during brain development. The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body. Brain development involves a tremendous increase in the synthesis and accretion of fatty acids. De novo synthesis of fatty acids is mediated by Srebp transcription factors, whereas acquisition of essential fatty acids via uptake of plasma-derived lysophosphatidylcholine containing the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA) is mediated by the transporter Mfsd2a in the cells that line the blood vessels in the brain. The function of Mfsd2a and DHA in brain development is incompletely understood. Our study determined that Mfsd2a is required at the blood-brain barrier for brain development and accretion of DHA after birth in mice. Moreover, we determined that a major function of DHA in the brain is to negatively regulate Srebp activation, resulting in profound effects on membrane phospholipid composition. These findings reveal that LPC-DHA transported by Mfsd2a plays a physiological role in both brain growth and in maintaining plasma membrane phospholipid composition during brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Pei Chan
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernice H. Wong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheen Fei Chin
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dwight L. A. Galam
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Loo Chin Wong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David L. Silver
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Golic M, Stojanovska V, Bendix I, Wehner A, Herse F, Haase N, Kräker K, Fischer C, Alenina N, Bader M, Schütte T, Schuchardt M, van der Giet M, Henrich W, Muller DN, Felderhoff-Müser U, Scherjon S, Plösch T, Dechend R. Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy Leads to Growth Restriction and Epigenetic Modification of the
Srebf2
Gene in Rat Fetuses. Hypertension 2018; 71:911-920. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic pregnancy is correlated with increased risk of metabolic and neurological disorders in the offspring putatively mediated epigenetically. Little is known about epigenetic changes already present in fetuses of diabetic pregnancies. We aimed at characterizing the perinatal environment after preexisting maternal diabetes mellitus and at identifying relevant epigenetic changes in the fetus. We focused on the transcription factor
Srebf2
(sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2), a master gene in regulation of cholesterol metabolism. We tested whether diabetic pregnancy induces epigenetic changes in the
Srebf2
promoter and if they become manifest in altered
Srebf2
gene expression. We worked with a transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Tet29) in which the insulin receptor is knocked down by doxycycline-induced RNA interference. Doxycycline was administered preconceptionally to Tet29 and wild-type control rats. Only Tet29 doxycycline dams were hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, and hyperlipidemic. Gene expression was analyzed with quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and CpG promoter methylation with pyrosequencing. Immunohistochemistry was performed on fetal brains. Fetuses from diabetic Tet29 dams were hyperglycemic and growth restricted at the end of pregnancy. They further displayed decreased liver and brain weight with concomitant decreased microglial activation in the hippocampus in comparison to fetuses of normoglycemic mothers. Importantly, diabetic pregnancy induced CpG hypermethylation of the
Srebf2
promoter in the fetal liver and brain, which was associated with decreased
Srebf2
gene expression. In conclusion, diabetic and hyperlipidemic pregnancy induces neurological, metabolic, and epigenetic alterations in the rat fetus.
Srebf2
is a potential candidate mediating intrauterine environment-driven epigenetic changes and later diabetic offspring health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Golic
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Violeta Stojanovska
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Ivo Bendix
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Anika Wehner
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Florian Herse
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Nadine Haase
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Kristin Kräker
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Caroline Fischer
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Natalia Alenina
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Michael Bader
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Till Schütte
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Markus van der Giet
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Dominik N. Muller
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Sicco Scherjon
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Torsten Plösch
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Obstetrics, Germany (M.G., W.H.); Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Gynecology with Breast Center, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany (M.G.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fatima SS, Khalid E, Ladak AA, Ali SA. Colostrum and mature breast milk analysis of serum irisin and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1c in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2993-2999. [PMID: 29609490 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1454422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: We aimed to evaluate irisin and SREBP-1c levels in serum, colostrum and mature breast milk in women with and without gestational diabetes (GDM); and to relate them with maternal glucose, lipid profile and weight status of babies. Methods: GDM positive women (n = 33) and normal glucose tolerant women (NGT) (n = 33) were recruited. Maternal blood samples were collected at 28th week of gestation and later at 6-week post-partum while breast milk samples of the lactating mothers were collected within 72 hours of birth (colostrum) and at 6 weeks post-partum (mature milk). Irisin and SREBP-1c levels were analyzed by commercially available ELISA kits for all maternal samples. Results: Lower levels of irisin were seen in serum, colostrum and mature breast milk of GDM females (p < .01). SREBP-1c profile showed a similar trend of low serum levels in GDM, however, they were undetectable in colostrum and mature breast milk. Weak to moderate correlations of serum irisin with BMI (r = 0.439; p < .001), GTT 0 hours (r = 0.403; p = .01), HbA1c (r = -0.312; p = .011), Fasting blood glucose (r = 0.992; p = .008), and baby weight at birth (r = 0.486; p < .001). Colostrum and mature breast milk irisin showed positive associations with baby weight at 6 weeks (r = 0.325; p = .017; r = 0.296; p = .022, respectively). Serum SREBP-1c at 6 weeks correlated with random blood glucose (r = 0.318; p = .009), and HbA1c (r= -0.292; p = .011). All correlations were lost once we adjusted for maternal BMI. Conclusions: Low irisin and SREBP1-c levels may favor development of GDM in pregnant subjects. Further, low mature breast milk levels may act as a continued stressor from fetal to infant life as long as breast-feeding is continued. Further studies are required to identify the mechanistic relationship between these biomarkers and GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Sadia Fatima
- a Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences , Aga Khan University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Erum Khalid
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hamdard University , Karachi , Pakistan
| | | | - Syed Adnan Ali
- d Department of Statistics , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lehmann M. Endocrine and physiological regulation of neutral fat storage in Drosophila. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:165-177. [PMID: 28893568 PMCID: PMC5756521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After having revolutionized our understanding of the mechanisms of animal development, Drosophila melanogaster has more recently emerged as an equally valid genetic model in the field of animal metabolism. An increasing number of studies have revealed that many signaling pathways that control metabolism in mammals, including pathways controlled by nutrients (insulin, TOR), steroid hormone, glucagon, and hedgehog, are functionally conserved between mammals and Drosophila. In fact, genetic screens and analyses in Drosophila have identified new players and filled in gaps in the signaling networks that control metabolism. This review focuses on data that show how these networks control the formation and breakdown of triacylglycerol energy stores in the fat tissue of Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lehmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, SCEN 601, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Linden AG, Li S, Choi HY, Fang F, Fukasawa M, Uyeda K, Hammer RE, Horton JD, Engelking LJ, Liang G. Interplay between ChREBP and SREBP-1c coordinates postprandial glycolysis and lipogenesis in livers of mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:475-487. [PMID: 29335275 PMCID: PMC5832931 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipogenesis in liver is highest in the postprandial state; insulin activates SREBP-1c, which transcriptionally activates genes involved in FA synthesis, whereas glucose activates carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP), which activates both glycolysis and FA synthesis. Whether SREBP-1c and ChREBP act independently of one another is unknown. Here, we characterized mice with liver-specific deletion of ChREBP (L-Chrebp−/− mice). Hepatic ChREBP deficiency resulted in reduced mRNA levels of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes, particularly in response to sucrose refeeding following fasting, a dietary regimen that elicits maximal lipogenesis. mRNA and protein levels of SREBP-1c, a master transcriptional regulator of lipogenesis, were also reduced in L-Chrebp−/− livers. Adeno-associated virus-mediated restoration of nuclear SREBP-1c in L-Chrebp−/− mice normalized expression of a subset of lipogenic genes, while not affecting glycolytic genes. Conversely, ChREBP overexpression alone failed to support expression of lipogenic genes in the livers of mice lacking active SREBPs as a result of Scap deficiency. Together, these data show that SREBP-1c and ChREBP are both required for coordinated induction of glycolytic and lipogenic mRNAs. Whereas SREBP-1c mediates insulin’s induction of lipogenic genes, ChREBP mediates glucose’s induction of both glycolytic and lipogenic genes. These overlapping, but distinct, actions ensure that the liver synthesizes FAs only when insulin and carbohydrates are both present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Linden
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Shili Li
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hwa Y Choi
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Fei Fang
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Masashi Fukasawa
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216
| | - Kosaku Uyeda
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jay D Horton
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Luke J Engelking
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 .,Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
van der Weijden VA, Chen S, Bauersachs S, Ulbrich SE, Schoen J. Gene expression of bovine embryos developing at the air-liquid interface on oviductal epithelial cells (ALI-BOEC). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:91. [PMID: 29178958 PMCID: PMC5702211 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed an air-liquid interface long-term culture of differentiated bovine oviductal epithelial cells (ALI-BOEC). This ex vivo oviduct epithelium is capable of supporting embryo development in co-culture up to the blastocyst stage without addition of embryo culture medium. However, blastocyst rates in co-culture were markedly lower than in conventional in vitro embryo production procedures. In the present study, we assessed target gene expression of ALI-BOEC derived embryos to test their similarity to embryos from conventional in vitro embryo culture. We screened previously published data from developing bovine embryos and selected 41 genes which are either differentially expressed during embryo development, or reflect differences between various in vitro culture conditions or in vitro and in vivo embryos. Target gene expression was measured in 8-cell embryos and blastocysts using a 48.48 Dynamic Array™ on a Biomark HD instrument. For comparison with the ALI-BOEC system, we generated embryos by two different standard IVP protocols. The culture conditions lead to differential gene expression in both 8-cell embryos and blastocysts. Across the expression of all target genes the embryos developing on ALI-BOEC did not depart from conventional IVP embryos. These first results prove that gene expression in ALI-BOEC embryos is not largely aberrant. However, there was no clear indication for a more in vivo-like target gene expression of these embryos. This calls for further optimization of the ALI-BOEC system to increase its efficiency both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera A. van der Weijden
- 0000 0001 2156 2780grid.5801.cETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shuai Chen
- 0000 0000 9049 5051grid.418188.cInstitute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- 0000 0001 2156 2780grid.5801.cETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne E. Ulbrich
- 0000 0001 2156 2780grid.5801.cETH Zurich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstrasse 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Schoen
- 0000 0000 9049 5051grid.418188.cInstitute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang L, Rajbhandari P, Priest C, Sandhu J, Wu X, Temel R, Castrillo A, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Sallam T, Tontonoz P. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis through RNF145-dependent ubiquitination of SCAP. eLife 2017; 6:e28766. [PMID: 29068315 PMCID: PMC5656429 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through concerted action of the SREBPs and LXRs. Here, we report that RNF145, a previously uncharacterized ER membrane ubiquitin ligase, participates in crosstalk between these critical signaling pathways. RNF145 expression is induced in response to LXR activation and high-cholesterol diet feeding. Transduction of RNF145 into mouse liver inhibits the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and reduces plasma cholesterol levels. Conversely, acute suppression of RNF145 via shRNA-mediated knockdown, or chronic inactivation of RNF145 by genetic deletion, potentiates the expression of cholesterol biosynthetic genes and increases cholesterol levels both in liver and plasma. Mechanistic studies show that RNF145 triggers ubiquitination of SCAP on lysine residues within a cytoplasmic loop essential for COPII binding, potentially inhibiting its transport to Golgi and subsequent processing of SREBP-2. These findings define an additional mechanism linking hepatic sterol levels to the reciprocal actions of the SREBP-2 and LXR pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Christina Priest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jaspreet Sandhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ryan Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto SolsCSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Unidad de Biomedicina-Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Unidad asociada al CSIC)Las Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y SanitariasUniversidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Engelking LJ, Cantoria MJ, Xu Y, Liang G. Developmental and extrahepatic physiological functions of SREBP pathway genes in mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 81:98-109. [PMID: 28736205 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), master transcriptional regulators of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, have been found to contribute to a diverse array of cellular processes. In this review, we focus on genetically engineered mice in which the activities of six components of the SREBP gene pathway, namely SREBP-1, SREBP-2, Scap, Insig-1, Insig-2, or Site-1 protease have been altered through gene knockout or transgenic approaches. In addition to the expected impacts on lipid metabolism, manipulation of these genes in mice is found to affect a wide array of developmental and physiologic processes ranging from interferon signaling in macrophages to synaptic transmission in the brain. The findings reviewed herein provide a blueprint to guide future studies defining the complex interactions between lipid biology and the physiologic processes of many distinct organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Engelking
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Mary Jo Cantoria
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yanchao Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tickle C, Towers M. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Limb Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:14. [PMID: 28293554 PMCID: PMC5328949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed in the polarizing region (or zone of polarizing activity), a small group of mesenchyme cells at the posterior margin of the vertebrate limb bud. Detailed analyses have revealed that Shh has the properties of the long sought after polarizing region morphogen that specifies positional values across the antero-posterior axis (e.g., thumb to little finger axis) of the limb. Shh has also been shown to control the width of the limb bud by stimulating mesenchyme cell proliferation and by regulating the antero-posterior length of the apical ectodermal ridge, the signaling region required for limb bud outgrowth and the laying down of structures along the proximo-distal axis (e.g., shoulder to digits axis) of the limb. It has been shown that Shh signaling can specify antero-posterior positional values in limb buds in both a concentration- (paracrine) and time-dependent (autocrine) fashion. Currently there are several models for how Shh specifies positional values over time in the limb buds of chick and mouse embryos and how this is integrated with growth. Extensive work has elucidated downstream transcriptional targets of Shh signaling. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how antero-posterior positional values are encoded and then interpreted to give the particular structure appropriate to that position, for example, the type of digit. A distant cis-regulatory enhancer controls limb-bud-specific expression of Shh and the discovery of increasing numbers of interacting transcription factors indicate complex spatiotemporal regulation. Altered Shh signaling is implicated in clinical conditions with congenital limb defects and in the evolution of the morphological diversity of vertebrate limbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryll Tickle
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBath, UK,*Correspondence: Cheryll Tickle
| | - Matthew Towers
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldWestern Bank, Sheffield, UK,Matthew Towers
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rong S, Cortés VA, Rashid S, Anderson NN, McDonald JG, Liang G, Moon YA, Hammer RE, Horton JD. Expression of SREBP-1c Requires SREBP-2-mediated Generation of a Sterol Ligand for LXR in Livers of Mice. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28244871 PMCID: PMC5348127 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids (FA) in the liver is independently regulated by SREBP-2 and SREBP-1c, respectively. Here, we genetically deleted Srebf-2 from hepatocytes and confirmed that SREBP-2 regulates all genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, the LDL receptor, and PCSK9; a secreted protein that degrades LDL receptors in the liver. Surprisingly, we found that elimination of Srebf-2 in hepatocytes of mice also markedly reduced SREBP-1c and the expression of all genes involved in FA and triglyceride synthesis that are normally regulated by SREBP-1c. The nuclear receptor LXR is necessary for Srebf-1c transcription. The deletion of Srebf-2 and subsequent lower sterol synthesis in hepatocytes eliminated the production of an endogenous sterol ligand required for LXR activity and SREBP-1c expression. These studies demonstrate that cholesterol and FA synthesis in hepatocytes are coupled and that flux through the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is required for the maximal SREBP-1c expression and high rates of FA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunxing Rong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Víctor A Cortés
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Shirya Rashid
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Norma N Anderson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Young-Ah Moon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Robert E Hammer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Blair B Madison
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|