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Salloum Z, Dauner K, Li YF, Verma N, Valdivieso-González D, Almendro-Vedia V, Zhang JD, Nakka K, Chen MX, McDonald J, Corley CD, Sorisky A, Song BL, López-Montero I, Luo J, Dilworth JF, Zha X. Statin-mediated reduction in mitochondrial cholesterol primes an anti-inflammatory response in macrophages by upregulating Jmjd3. eLife 2024; 13:e85964. [PMID: 38602170 PMCID: PMC11186637 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins are known to be anti-inflammatory, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that macrophages, either treated with statin in vitro or from statin-treated mice, have reduced cholesterol levels and higher expression of Jmjd3, a H3K27me3 demethylase. We provide evidence that lowering cholesterol levels in macrophages suppresses the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane and changes the proton gradient in the mitochondria. This activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and Jmjd3 expression, which removes the repressive marker H3K27me3. Accordingly, the epigenome is altered by the cholesterol reduction. When subsequently challenged by the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (M1), macrophages, either treated with statins in vitro or isolated from statin-fed mice, express lower levels proinflammatory cytokines than controls, while augmenting anti-inflammatory Il10 expression. On the other hand, when macrophages are alternatively activated by IL-4 (M2), statins promote the expression of Arg1, Ym1, and Mrc1. The enhanced expression is correlated with the statin-induced removal of H3K27me3 from these genes prior to activation. In addition, Jmjd3 and its demethylase activity are necessary for cholesterol to modulate both M1 and M2 activation. We conclude that upregulation of Jmjd3 is a key event for the anti-inflammatory function of statins on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Salloum
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Kristin Dauner
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Yun-feng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Neha Verma
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - David Valdivieso-González
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, AvdaMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
| | - Víctor Almendro-Vedia
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, AvdaMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
| | - John D Zhang
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Kiran Nakka
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Mei Xi Chen
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
| | - Jeffrey McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chase D Corley
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Alexander Sorisky
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | | | - Iván López-Montero
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, AvdaMadridSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12)MadridSpain
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jeffrey F Dilworth
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of WisconsinMadisonUnited States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Xiaohui Zha
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
- Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of OttawaOttawaCanada
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2
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Saiioum Z, Dauner K, Li YF, Verma N, Almendro-Vedia V, Valdivieso Gonzalez D, Zhang DJ, Nakka K, McDonald J, Sorisky A, Song BL, Lopez Montero I, Luo J, Dilworth J, Zha X. Statin-mediated reduction in mitochondrial cholesterol primes an anti-inflammatory response in macrophages by upregulating JMJD3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.09.523264. [PMID: 36711703 PMCID: PMC9881925 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stains are known to be anti-inflammatory, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that macrophages, either treated with statin in vitro or from statin-treated mice, have reduced cholesterol levels and higher expression of Jmjd3, a H3K27me3 demethylase. We provide evidence that lowering cholesterol levels in macrophages suppresses the ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and changes the proton gradient in the mitochondria. This activates NFkB and Jmjd3 expression to remove the repressive marker H3K27me3. Accordingly, the epigenome is altered by the cholesterol reduction. When subsequently challenged by the inflammatory stimulus LPS (M1), both macrophages treated with statins in vitro or isolated from statin-treated mice in vivo, express lower levels pro-inflammatory cytokines than controls, while augmenting anti-inflammatory Il10 expression. On the other hand, when macrophages are alternatively activated by IL4 (M2), statins promote the expression of Arg1, Ym1, and Mrc1. The enhanced expression is correlated with the statin-induced removal of H3K27me3 from these genes prior to activation. In addition, Jmjd3 and its demethylase activity are necessary for cholesterol to modulate both M1 and M2 activation. We conclude that upregulation of Jmjd3 is a key event for the anti-inflammatory function of statins on macrophages.
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Ito T, Ichikawa T, Yamada M, Hashimoto Y, Fujino N, Numakura T, Sasaki Y, Suzuki A, Takita K, Sano H, Kyogoku Y, Saito T, Koarai A, Tamada T, Sugiura H. CYP27A1-27-hydroxycholesterol axis in the respiratory system contributes to house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. Allergol Int 2024; 73:151-163. [PMID: 37607853 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) derived from sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) has pro-inflammatory biological activity and is associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in COPD. However, the role of regulation of CYP27A1- 27-HC axis in asthma is unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the contribution of the axis to the pathophysiology of asthma. METHODS House dust mite (HDM) extract was intranasally administered to C57BL/6 mice and the expression of CYP27A1 in the airways was analyzed by immunostaining. The effect of pre-treatment with PBS or CYP27A1 inhibitors on the cell fraction in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed in the murine model. In vitro, BEAS-2B cells were treated with HDM and the levels of CYP27A1 expression were examined. Furthermore, the effect of 27-HC on the expressions of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in the cells was analyzed. The amounts of RANTES and eotaxin from the 27-HC-treated cells were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS The administration of HDM increased the expression of CYP27A1 in the airways of mice as well as the number of eosinophils in the BALF. CYP27A1 inhibitors ameliorated the HDM-induced increase in the number of eosinophils in the BALF. Treatment with HDM increased the expression of CYP27A1 in BEAS-2B cells. The administration of 27-HC to BEAS-2B cells suppressed the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, and augmented the production of RANTES and eotaxin. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that aeroallergen could enhance the induction of CYP27A1, leading to allergic airway inflammation and disruption of the airway epithelial tight junction through 27-HC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoya Fujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Numakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusaku Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayumi Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yorihiko Kyogoku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuya Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Roumain M, Guillemot-Legris O, Ameraoui H, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Identification and in vivo detection of side-chain hydroxylated metabolites of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106376. [PMID: 37604319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are formed by enzymatic processes or through the action of reactive oxygen species. Several of these bioactive lipids have been shown to be affected and/or play a role in inflammatory processes. 4β-hydroxycholesterol is one of the major oxysterols in mice and humans and its levels are affected by inflammatory diseases. However, apart from its long half-life, little is known about its catabolism. By incubating 4β-hydroxycholesterol with mouse mitochondria-enriched liver fractions, as well as 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol with recombinant CYP3A4, we identified 4β,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 4β,27-dihydroxycholesterol as 4β-hydroxycholesterol metabolites. Supporting the biological relevance of this metabolism, we detected both metabolites after incubation of J774, primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells with 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Across our experiments, the incubation of cells with lipopolysaccharides differentially affected the levels of the 25- and 27-hydroxylated metabolites of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Finally, 4β,27-dihydroxycholesterol was also detected in mice liver and plasma after intraperitoneal administration of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in vitro and in vivo detection and quantification of 4β-hydroxycholesterol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium.
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5
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Aggregation of 25-hydroxycholesterol in a complex biomembrane. Differences with cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183413. [PMID: 32721397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), one of the most important oxysterol molecules, can be used by cells to fight bacterial and viral infections but the mechanism that defines its biological effects are unknown. Using molecular dynamics, we have aimed to describe the orientation and location of 25HC in the membrane as well as the interactions it might have with lipids. We have studied two complex model membrane systems, one similar to the late endosome membrane and the other one to the plasma membrane. Our results reinforce that 25HC is inserted in the membrane in a relative stable location similar to but not identical to cholesterol. 25HC fluctuates in the membrane to a much greater degree than cholesterol, but the effect of 25HC on the phospholipid order parameters is not significantly different. One of the most notable facts about 25HC is that, unlike cholesterol, this molecule tends to aggregate, forming dimers, trimers and higher-order aggregates. These aggregates are formed spontaneously through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two 25HC atoms, the formation of hydrogen bonds being independent of the studied system. Remarkably, no contacts or hydrogen bonds are observed between 25HC and cholesterol molecules, as well as between cholesterol molecules themselves at any time. It would be conceivable that 25HC, by forming high order aggregates without significantly altering the membrane properties, would modify the way proteins interact with the membrane and henceforth form a true innate antiviral molecule.
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6
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Borah K, Rickman OJ, Voutsina N, Ampong I, Gao D, Baple EL, Dias IH, Crosby AH, Griffiths HR. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for analysis of mitochondrial -specific oxysterol metabolism. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101595. [PMID: 32574926 PMCID: PMC7317222 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are critical regulators of inflammation and cholesterol metabolism in cells. They are oxidation products of cholesterol and may be differentially metabolised in subcellular compartments and in biological fluids. New analytical methods are needed to improve our understanding of oxysterol trafficking and the molecular interplay between the cellular compartments required to maintain cholesterol/oxysterol homeostasis. Here we describe a method for isolation of oxysterols using solid phase extraction and quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, applied to tissue, cells and mitochondria. We analysed five monohydroxysterols; 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7 ketocholesterol and three dihydroxysterols 7α-24(S)dihydroxycholesterol, 7α-25dihydroxycholesterol, 7α-27dihydroxycholesterol by LC-MS/MS following reverse phase chromatography. Our new method, using Triton and DMSO extraction, shows improved extraction efficiency and recovery of oxysterols from cellular matrix. We validated our method by reproducibly measuring oxysterols in mouse brain tissue and showed that mice fed a high fat diet had significantly lower levels of 24S/25diOHC, 27diOHC and 7ketoOHC. We measured oxysterols in mitochondria from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and highlight the importance of rapid cell isolation to minimise effects of handling and storage conditions on oxysterol composition in clinical samples. In addition, in vitro cell culture systems, of THP-1 monocytes and neuronal-like SH-SH5Y cells, showed mitochondrial-specific oxysterol metabolism and profiles were lineage specific. In summary, we describe a robust and reproducible method validated for improved recovery, quantitative linearity and detection, reproducibility and selectivity for cellular oxysterol analysis. This method enables subcellular oxysterol metabolism to be monitored and is versatile in its application to various biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Borah
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Olivia J Rickman
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nikol Voutsina
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Isaac Ampong
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy,Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Emma L Baple
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Andrew H Crosby
- University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, RD&E Hospital Wonford, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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7
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Involvement of 27-Hydroxycholesterol in Mitotane Action on Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040885. [PMID: 32260362 PMCID: PMC7226725 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis. Mitotane, the standard treatment for ACC, impairs adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis and cholesterol metabolism. In the H295R cell line, a standard ACC in vitro model, mitotane was previously reported to enhance the production of some oxysterols. To verify the possible mechanistic involvement of oxysterols in the anti-ACC effect of mitotane, a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling of oxysterols and the main cholesterol precursors was carried out in H295R cells. Among the oxysterols detected in mitotane-treated cells, 27OHC was markedly produced, as well as lanosterol and lathosterol cholesterol precursors. In this cell model, mitotane was confirmed to affect mitochondrial transmembrane potential and induce apoptosis. Such cytotoxic effects were perfectly matched by H295R cell treatment with a single identical micromolar amount of 27OHC. The mitotane-dependent strong increase in 27OHC was confirmed in vivo, in the plasma of ACC patients under treatment with the drug. Moreover, lanosterol, lathosterol, desmosterol and, to a minor extent, 24-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol plasma levels were significantly increased in those patients. The cytotoxic effect of mitotane on ACC cells may be partly related to the increased intracellular level of 27OHC induced by the drug itself.
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8
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Civra A, Colzani M, Cagno V, Francese R, Leoni V, Aldini G, Lembo D, Poli G. Modulation of cell proteome by 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol: A link between cholesterol metabolism and antiviral defense. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 149:30-36. [PMID: 31525455 PMCID: PMC7126780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physiological cholesterol metabolism implies the generation of a series of oxidized derivatives, whose oxysterols are by far the most investigated ones for their potential multifaceted involvement in human pathophysiology. In this regard, noteworthy is the broad antiviral activity displayed by defined side chain oxysterols, in particular 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). Although their antiviral mechanism(s) may vary depending on virus/host interaction, these oxysterols share the common feature to hamper viral replication by interacting with cellular proteins. Here reported is the first analysis of the modulation of a cell proteome by these two oxysterols, that, besides yielding additional clues about their potential involvement in the regulation of sterol metabolism, provides novelinsights about the mechanism underlying the inhibition of virus entry and trafficking within infected cells. We show here that both 25HC and 27HC can down-regulate the junction adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) and the cation independent isoform of mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPRci), two crucial molecules for the replication of all those viruses that exploit adhesion molecules and the endosomal pathway to enter and diffuse within target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Mara Colzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, School of Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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9
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Civra A, Leoni V, Caccia C, Sottemano S, Tonetto P, Coscia A, Peila C, Moro GE, Gaglioti P, Bertino E, Poli G, Lembo D. Antiviral oxysterols are present in human milk at diverse stages of lactation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105424. [PMID: 31302219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation derivatives. Those containing an additional hydroxyl group on the side chain of the cholesterol molecule result from a physiological enzymatic synthesis and include the majority of oxysterols present in the circulation. Among these, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) are characterized by a broad antiviral activity and are now considered involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Despite the emerging role of these sterols in the innate antiviral defences, no data are available on their presence in human breast milk (BM) to date. In this study, we investigated the content of oxysterols of enzymatic synthesis in BM of twelve donor mothers at different stages of lactation (i.e. in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The side-chain oxysterols 25OHC, 27OHC, and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24SOHC) were actually present in BM in all stages of lactation, but the concentration of 27OHC showed a remarkable peak in colostrum. Antiviral assays revealed that all the colostrum samples contained 27OHC concentrations that were active in vitro against two relevant pediatric viral pathogens: the human rotavirus and the human rhinovirus. Overall, this study discloses new antiviral components of BM and suggests a passive transfer of these protective factors to the infant via breastfeeding, especially in the first few days of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desiolab, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Gaglioti
- SC2U, Città della Salute e della Scienza-O.I.R.M., Sant'Anna Hospital, 10100, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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10
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Li C, Ming Y, Wang Z, Xu Q, Yao L, Xu D, Tang Y, Lei X, Li X, Mao Y. GADD45α alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by promoting AMPK activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:129-145. [PMID: 30151693 PMCID: PMC11105285 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As an analgesic and antipyretic drug, acetaminophen (APAP) is commonly used and known to be safe at therapeutic doses. In many countries, the overuse of APAP provokes acute liver injury and even liver failure. APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) is the most used experimental model of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we have demonstrated elevated levels of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45α (GADD45α) in the livers of patients with DILI/AILI, in APAP-injured mouse livers and in APAP-treated hepatocytes. GADD45α exhibited a protective effect against APAP-induced liver injury and alleviated the accumulation of small lipid droplets in vitro and in vivo. We found that GADD45α promoted the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α and induced fatty acid beta-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and glycogenolysis-related gene expression after APAP exposure. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that GADD45α increased the levels of TCA cycle metabolites. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Ppp2cb, a catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, could interact directly with GADD45α. Our results indicate that hepatocyte GADD45α might represent a therapeutic target to prevent and rescue liver injury caused by APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Ming
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingling Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lvfeng Yao
- Department of Hepatology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dongke Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingyue Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yimin Mao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. They are essential for promotion of the absorption of lipids, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins from the intestines. BAs are hormones that regulate nutrient metabolism by activating nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor, vitamin D) and G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., TGR5, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2)) in the liver and intestines. In the liver, S1PR2 activation by conjugated BAs activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and nuclear sphingosine kinase 2. The latter produces sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an inhibitor of histone deacetylases 1/2, which allows for the differential up-regulation of expression of genes involved in the metabolism of sterols and lipids. We discuss here the emerging concepts of the interactions of BAs, FXR, insulin, S1P signaling and nutrient metabolism.
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12
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Wen G, Pachner LI, Gessner DK, Eder K, Ringseis R. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the sodium/iodide symporter in mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9211-9226. [PMID: 27614840 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which is essential for iodide concentration in the thyroid, is reported to be transcriptionally regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) in rat FRTL-5 thyrocytes. The SREBP are strongly activated after parturition and throughout lactation in the mammary gland of cattle and are important for mammary epithelial cell synthesis of milk lipids. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the NIS gene is regulated also by SREBP in mammary epithelial cells, in which NIS is functionally expressed during lactation. Regulation of NIS expression and iodide uptake was investigated by means of inhibition, silencing, and overexpression of SREBP and by reporter gene and DNA-binding assays. As a mammary epithelial cell model, the human MCF-7 cell line, a breast adenocarcinoma cell line, which shows inducible expression of NIS by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and unlike bovine mammary epithelial cells, is widely used to investigate the regulation of mammary gland NIS and NIS-specific iodide uptake, was used. Inhibition of SREBP maturation by treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol (5 µM) for 48h reduced ATRA (1 µM)-induced mRNA concentration of NIS and iodide uptake in MCF-7 cells by approximately 20%. Knockdown of SREBP-1c and SREBP-2 by RNA interference decreased the mRNA and protein concentration of NIS by 30 to 50% 48h after initiating knockdown, whereas overexpression of nuclear SREBP (nSREBP)-1c and nSREBP-2 increased the expression of NIS in MCF-7 cells by 45 to 60%, respectively, 48h after initiating overexpression. Reporter gene experiments with varying length of NIS promoter reporter constructs revealed that the NIS 5'-flanking region is activated by nSREBP-1c and nSREBP-2 approximately 1.5- and 4.5-fold, respectively, and activation involves a SREBP-binding motif (SRE) at -38 relative to the transcription start site of the NIS gene. Gel shift assays using oligonucleotides spanning either the wild-type or the mutated SRE at -38 of the NIS 5'-flanking region showed that in vitro-translated nSREBP-1c and nSREBP-2 bind only the wild-type but not the mutated SRE at -38 of NIS. Collectively, the present results from cell culture experiments with human mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells and from genetic studies show for the first time that the NIS gene and iodide uptake are regulated by SREBP in cultured human mammary epithelial cells. Future studies are necessary to clarify if the regulation of NIS expression and iodide uptake by SREBP also applies to the lactating bovine mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - L I Pachner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - D K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - R Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
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13
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Upregulation of hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2B1b promotes hepatic oval cell proliferation by modulating oxysterol-induced LXR activation in a mouse model of liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:271-287. [PMID: 27052460 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) sulfates cholesterol and oxysterols. Hepatic oval cells (HOCs), thought to be progenitor cells, can be triggered in chemically injured livers. The present study focused on the role of SULT2B1b in HOC proliferation after liver injury. Our experiments revealed that the expression of SULT2B1b was increased dramatically in a chemical-induced liver injury model, mainly in HOCs. Upon challenge with a hepatotoxic diet containing 0.1 % 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC), SULT2B1-/- mice presented alleviated liver injury and less HOC proliferation compared with wild-type (WT) mice, and these findings were verified by serum analysis, histopathology, immunofluorescence staining, RNA-seq, and Western blotting. HOCs derived from SULT2B1-/- mice showed lower proliferative capability than those from WT mice. SULT2B1b overexpression promoted growth of the WB-F344 hepatic oval cell line, whereas SULT2B1b knockdown inhibited growth of these cells. The IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway also was promoted by SULT2B1b. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry indicated that the levels of 22-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and 24,25-epoxycholesterol were higher in the DDC-injured livers of SULT2B1-/- mice than in livers of WT mice. The above oxysterols are physiological ligands of liver X receptors (LXRs), and SULT2B1b suppressed oxysterol-induced LXR activation. Additional in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that LXR activation could inhibit HOC proliferation and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, and these effects could be reversed by SULT2B1b. Our data indicate that upregulation of SULT2B1b might promote HOC proliferation and aggravate liver injury via the suppression of oxysterol-induced LXR activation in chemically induced mouse liver injury.
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Kwong E, Li Y, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Bile acids and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in hepatic lipid metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:151-7. [PMID: 26579441 PMCID: PMC4629213 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ involved in lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia and its related disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity and other metabolic diseases, are of increasing public health concern due to their increasing prevalence in the population. Besides their well-characterized functions in cholesterol homoeostasis and nutrient absorption, bile acids are also important metabolic regulators and function as signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and multiple signaling pathways. Recent studies identified a new signaling pathway by which conjugated bile acids (CBA) activate the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). CBA-induced activation of S1PR2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) and hepatic gene expression. This review focuses on recent findings related to the role of bile acids/S1PR2-mediated signaling pathways in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AKT/PKB, protein kinase B
- BSEP/ABCB11, bile salt export protein
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CBA, conjugated bile acids
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP7B1, oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, 12α-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- G-6-Pase, glucose-6-phophatase
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α
- Heptic lipid metabolism
- IBAT, ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- JNK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LRH-1, liver-related homolog-1
- M1–5, muscarinic receptor 1–5
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NK, natural killer cells
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- PEPCK, PEP carboxykinse
- PTX, pertussis toxin
- S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SPL, S1P lyase
- SPPs, S1P phosphatases
- SRC, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase
- SphK, sphingosine kinase
- Sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor
- Spns2, spinster homologue 2
- TCA, taurocholate
- TGR5, G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yunzhou Li
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Tel.: +1 804 8286817; fax: +1 804 8280676.
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15
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Abstract
Bile salts play crucial roles in allowing the gastrointestinal system to digest, transport and metabolize nutrients. They function as nutrient signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors (FXR, PXR, Vitamin D) and G-protein coupled receptors [TGR5, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), muscarinic receptors]. Bile acids and insulin appear to collaborate in regulating the metabolism of nutrients in the liver. They both activate the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Bile acid induction of the FXR-α target gene, small heterodimer partner (SHP), is highly dependent on the activation PKCζ, a branch of the insulin signaling pathway. SHP is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. One might hypothesize that chronic low grade inflammation which is associated with insulin resistance, may inhibit bile acid signaling and disrupt lipid metabolism. The disruption of these signaling pathways may increase the risk of fatty liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Finally, conjugated bile acids appear to promote cholangiocarcinoma growth via the activation of S1PR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
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16
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Ren S, Kim JK, Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM, Min HK, Ning Y. Identification of novel regulatory cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten, 3β,25-diol, disulfate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103621. [PMID: 25072708 PMCID: PMC4114806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol sulfation plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we report the discovery of a novel regulatory sulfated oxysterol in nuclei of primary rat hepatocytes after overexpression of the gene encoding mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein (StarD1). Forty-eight hours after infection of the hepatocytes with recombinant StarD1 adenovirus, a water-soluble oxysterol product was isolated and purified by chemical extraction and reverse-phase HPLC. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified the oxysterol as 5-cholesten-3β, 25-diol, disulfate (25HCDS), and confirmed the structure by comparing with a chemically synthesized compound. Administration of 25HCDS to human THP-1-derived macrophages or HepG2 cells significantly inhibited cholesterol synthesis and markedly decreased lipid levels in vivo in NAFLD mouse models. RT-PCR showed that 25HCDS significantly decreased SREBP-1/2 activities by suppressing expression of their responding genes, including ACC, FAS, and HMG-CoA reductase. Analysis of lipid profiles in the liver tissues showed that administration of 25HCDS significantly decreased cholesterol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides by 30, 25, and 20%, respectively. The results suggest that 25HCDS inhibits lipid biosynthesis via blocking SREBP signaling. We conclude that 25HCDS is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism and propose its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Koung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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17
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Ren S, Ning Y. Sulfation of 25-hydroxycholesterol regulates lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E123-30. [PMID: 24302009 PMCID: PMC3920008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00552.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid accumulation, inflammatory responses, and subsequent apoptosis are the major pathogenic events of metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Recently, a novel regulatory oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3b, 25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), has been identified, and hydroxysterol sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) has been elucidated as the key enzyme for its biosynthesis from 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) via oxysterol sulfation. The product 25HC3S and the substrate 25HC have been shown to coordinately regulate lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. 25HC3S decreases levels of the nuclear liver oxysterol receptor (LXR) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), inhibits SREBP processing, subsequently downregulates key enzymes in lipid biosynthesis, decreases intracellular lipid levels in hepatocytes and THP-1-derived macrophages, prevents apoptosis, and promotes cell proliferation in liver tissues. Furthermore, 25HC3S increases nuclear PPARγ and cytosolic IκBα and decreases nuclear NF-κB levels and proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion when cells are challenged with LPS and TNFα. In contrast to 25HC3S, 25HC, a known LXR ligand, increases nuclear LXR and decreases nuclear PPARs and cytosol IκBα levels. In this review, we summarize our recent findings, including the discovery of the regulatory oxysterol sulfate, its biosynthetic pathway, and its functional mechanism. We also propose that oxysterol sulfation functions as a regulatory signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Departments of Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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18
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Xu L, Kim JK, Bai Q, Zhang X, Kakiyama G, Min HK, Sanyal AJ, Pandak WM, Ren S. 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate decreases lipid accumulation in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:648-58. [PMID: 23258548 PMCID: PMC3583496 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) increases lipogenesis at the transcriptional level, and its expression is upregulated by liver X receptor α (LXRα). The LXRα/SREBP-1c signaling may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We previously reported that a cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), inhibits the LXRα signaling and reduces lipogenesis by decreasing SREBP-1c expression in primary hepatocytes. The present study aims to investigate the effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis in diet-induced NAFLD mouse models. NAFLD was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. The effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated after acute treatments or long-term treatments. Acute treatments with 25HC3S decreased serum lipid levels, and long-term treatments decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in the NAFLD mice. Gene expression analysis showed that 25HC3S significantly suppressed the SREBP-1c signaling pathway that was associated with the suppression of the key enzymes involved in lipogenesis: fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. In addition, 25HC3S significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic inflammation as evidenced by decreasing tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 α/β mRNA levels. A glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test showed that 25HC3S administration improved HFD-induced insulin resistance. The present results indicate that 25HC3S as a potent endogenous regulator decreases lipogenesis, and oxysterol sulfation can be a key protective regulatory pathway against lipid accumulation and lipid-induced inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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19
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Zhang X, Bai Q, Kakiyama G, Xu L, Kim JK, Pandak WM, Ren S. Cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate, promotes hepatic proliferation in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:262-70. [PMID: 22732306 PMCID: PMC3463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxysterols are well known as physiological ligands of liver X receptors (LXRs). Oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol as endogenous ligands of LXRs, suppress cell proliferation via LXRs signaling pathway. Recent reports have shown that sulfated oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate (25HC3S) as LXRs antagonist, plays an opposite direction to oxysterols in lipid biosynthesis. The present report was to explore the effect and mechanism of 25HC3S on hepatic proliferation in vivo. Following administration, 25HC3S had a 48 h half life in the circulation and widely distributed in mouse tissues. Profiler™ PCR array and RTqPCR analysis showed that either exogenous or endogenous 25HC3S generated by overexpression of oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) plus administration of 25HC significantly up-regulated the proliferation gene expression of Wt1, Pcna, cMyc, cyclin A, FoxM1b, and CDC25b in a dose-dependent manner in liver while substantially down-regulating the expression of cell cycle arrest gene Chek2 and apoptotic gene Apaf1. Either exogenous or endogenous administration of 25HC3S significantly induced hepatic DNA replication as measured by immunostaining of the PCNA labeling index and was associated with reduction in expression of LXR response genes, such as ABCA1 and SREBP-1c. Synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 effectively blocked 25HC3S-induced hepatic proliferation. CONCLUSIONS 25HC3S may be a potent regulator of hepatocyte proliferation and oxysterol sulfation may represent a novel regulatory pathway in liver proliferation via inactivating LXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianming Bai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. Tel.: +1 (804) 675-5000×4973 Fax: +1 (804) 675-5359
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20
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Reddy RRL, Srinivasan K. Dietary fenugreek and onion attenuate cholesterol gallstone formation in lithogenic diet-fed mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:308-19. [PMID: 21756271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An animal study was conducted to evaluate the antilithogenic effect of a combination of dietary fenugreek seeds and onion. Lithogenic conditions were induced in mice by feeding them a high (0.5%) cholesterol diet (HCD) for 10 weeks. Fenugreek (12%) and onion (2%) were included individually and in combination in this HCD. Fenugreek, onion and their combination reduced the incidence of cholesterol gallstones by 75%, 27% and 76%, respectively, with attendant reduction in total cholesterol content by 38-42%, 50-72% and 61-80% in serum, liver and bile respectively. Consequently, the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was reduced significantly in serum, liver and bile. The cholesterol saturation index of bile was reduced from 4.14 to 1.38 by the combination of fenugreek and onion and to 2.33 by onion alone. The phospholipid and bile acid contents of the bile were also increased. Changes in the hepatic enzyme activities (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase, cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase and cholesterol-27-hydroxylase) induced by HCD were countered by fenugreek, onion and their combination. Hepatic lipid peroxides were reduced by 19-22% and 39-45% with fenugreek, onion and their combination included in the diet along with the HCD. Increased accumulation of fat in the liver and inflammation of the gallbladder membrane produced by HCD were reduced by fenugreek, onion and their combination. The antilithogenic influence was highest with fenugreek alone, and the presence of onion along with it did not further increase this effect. There was also no additive effect of the two spices in the recovery of antioxidant molecules or in the antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunatha R L Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR, Mysore, India
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21
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Foresta C, Strapazzon G, De Toni L, Perilli L, Di Mambro A, Muciaccia B, Sartori L, Selice R. Bone mineral density and testicular failure: evidence for a role of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in human testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E646-52. [PMID: 21270327 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
WORKING HYPOTHESIS Mutations in the CYP2R1 gene, highly expressed in the testis and encoding vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, result in a vitamin D deficiency and a defective calcium homeostasis leading to rickets. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate CYP2R1 expression in pathological testis samples and relate this to vitamin D metabolism in testiculopathic patients. DESIGN, PATIENTS, SETTING: Testis samples for in vitro study and 98 young men were transversally evaluated at Padova's Center for Male Gamete Cryopreservation. METHODS CYP2R1 mRNA expression and protein production were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence. Hormonal and bone-marker levels, and bone densitometry by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, were determined in patients with Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and severe hypospermatogenesis. RESULTS We found a lower gene and protein expression of CYP2R1 in samples with hypospermatogenesis and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome (P < 0.05) and a colocalization with INSL-3, a Leydig cell marker, at immunofluorescence. In all testiculopathic patients 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower and PTH levels higher compared to controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, testiculopathic patients showed osteopenia and osteoporosis despite normal testosterone levels compared with controls both with increased bone-marker levels and altered dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the femoral neck and lumbar spine (for all parameters, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data show an association between testiculopathy and alteration of the bone status, despite unvaried androgen and estrogen levels and no other evident cause of vitamin D reduction. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Foresta
- Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Clinical Pathology and Centre for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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22
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Lange Y, Steck TL, Ye J, Lanier MH, Molugu V, Ory D. Regulation of fibroblast mitochondrial 27-hydroxycholesterol production by active plasma membrane cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1881-8. [PMID: 19401598 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900116-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Side chain oxysterols are cholesterol derivatives thought to signal the abundance of cell cholesterol to homeostatic effector proteins. Here, we investigated how plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol might regulate 27-hydroxycholesterol (HC) biosynthesis in cultured fibroblasts. We showed that PM cholesterol was a major substrate for 27-HC production. Biosynthesis commenced within minutes of loading depleted cells with cholesterol, concurrent with the rapid inactivation of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR). 27-HC production rose approximately 30-fold in normal and Niemann-Pick C1 fibroblasts when PM cholesterol was increased by approximately 60%. 27-HC production was also stimulated by 1-octanol, which displaces PM cholesterol from its phospholipid complexes and thereby increases its activity (escape tendency) and elevates its intracellular abundance. Conversely, lysophosphatidylserine and U18666A inhibited 27-HC biosynthesis and the inactivation of HMGR, presumably by reducing the activity of PM cholesterol and, therefore, its circulation to mitochondria. We conclude that, in this in vitro system, excess (active) PM cholesterol rapidly reaches mitochondria where, as the rate-limiting substrate, it stimulates 27-HC biosynthesis. The oxysterol product then promotes the rapid degradation of HMGR, along with other homeostatic effects. The regulation of 27-HC production by the active excess of PM cholesterol can thus provide a feedback mechanism in the homeostasis of PM cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Li X, Pandak WM, Erickson SK, Ma Y, Yin L, Hylemon P, Ren S. Biosynthesis of the regulatory oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3beta,25-diol 3-sulfate, in hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2587-96. [PMID: 17890683 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700301-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through coordinated regulation of cholesterol synthesis, degradation, and secretion. Nuclear receptors for oxygenated cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols) are known to play key roles in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. We recently identified a sulfated oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3beta,25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), that is localized to liver nuclei. The present study reports a biosynthetic pathway for 25HC3S in hepatocytes. Assays using mitochondria isolated from rats and sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27A1) gene knockout mice indicated that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) is synthesized by CYP27A1. Incubation of cholesterol or 25HC with mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions in the presence of 3'-phosphoadenosyl 5'-phosphosulfate resulted in the synthesis of 25HC3S. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed the presence of insulin-regulated hydroxycholesterol sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) in hepatocytes. 25HC3S, but not 25HC, decreased SULT2B1b mRNA and protein levels. Specific small interfering RNA decreased SULT2B1b mRNA, protein, and activity levels. These findings demonstrate that mitochondria synthesize 25HC, which is subsequently 3beta-sulfated to form 25HC3S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Department of Medicine Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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Ren S, Li X, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon P, Pandak WM. Sulfated oxysterol, 25HC3S, is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism in human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 360:802-8. [PMID: 17624300 PMCID: PMC2728003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3beta, 25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S) was identified in primary rat hepatocytes following overexpression of the cholesterol transport protein, StarD1. This oxysterol was also detected in human liver nuclei. In the present study, 25HC3S was chemically synthesized. Addition of 25HC3S (6 microM) to human hepatocytes markedly inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that 25HC3S markedly decreased HMG-CoA reductase mRNA and protein levels. Coincidently, 25HC3S inhibited the activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), suggesting that inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis occurred via blocking SREBP-1 activation, and subsequently by inhibiting the expression of HMG CoA reductase. 25HC3S also decreased SREBP-1 mRNA levels and inhibited the expression of target genes encoding acetyl CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). In contrast, 25-hydroxycholesterol increased SREBP1 and FAS mRNA levels in primary human hepatocytes. The results imply that 25HC3S is a potent regulator of SREBP mediated lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
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