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Kulthinee S, Yano N, Zhuang S, Wang L, Zhao TC. Critical Functions of Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) in Modulating Inflammation Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:471-485. [PMID: 35997393 PMCID: PMC9397025 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl functional groups from lysine residues of histone and non-histone proteins. There are 18 mammalian HDACs, which are classified into four classes based on the primary homology with yeast HDACs. Among these groups, Class I and II HDACs play a major role in lysine deacetylation of the N-terminal histone tails. In mammals, HDACs play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene transcription, cell growth, survival, and proliferation. HDACs regulate the expression of inflammatory genes, as evidenced by the potent anti-inflammatory activity of pan-HDAC inhibitors, which were implicated in several pathophysiologic states in the inflammation process. However, it is unclear how each of the 18 HDAC proteins specifically contributes to the inflammatory gene expression. It is firmly established that inflammation and its inability to converge are central mechanisms in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that several different pro-inflammatory cytokines regulated by HDACs are associated with various CVDs. Based on this hypothesis, the potential for the treatment of CVDs with HDAC inhibitors has recently begun to attract attention. In this review, we will briefly discuss (1) pathophysiology of inflammation in cardiovascular disease, (2) the function of HDACs in the regulation of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, and (3) the possible therapeutic implications of HDAC inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies reveal that histone deacetylase contributes critically to mediating the pathophysiology of inflammation in cardiovascular disease. HDACs are also recognized as one of the major mechanisms in the regulation of inflammation and cardiovascular function. HDACs show promise in developing potential therapeutic implications of HDAC inhibitors in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Kulthinee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Naohiro Yano
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Lijiang Wang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ting C. Zhao
- Cardiovascular and Metabolism Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-456-8266; Fax: +1-401-456-2507
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Hayashi J, Hasegawa A, Hayashi K, Suzuki T, Ishii M, Otsuka H, Yatabe K, Goto S, Tatsumi J, Shin K. Effects of periodontal treatment on the medical status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:77. [PMID: 28431542 PMCID: PMC5399866 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have demonstrated that periodontal disease is associated with the development of systemic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate which markers among various systemic disease parameters are affected by periodontal treatment in patients with T2DM. Methods Twelve patients with T2DM were given oral hygiene instructions and subsequent subgingival scaling and root planing. The periodontal status was recorded, and blood and urine samples were taken to measure various parameters of glucose control and systemic status at baseline and 1 month following the periodontal treatment. Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results After the periodontal treatment, the glycated hemoglobin value was significantly improved. The levels of urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and albumin, which are markers of renal dysfunction, also decreased significantly after treatment. Among the parameters measured in serum, the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level, which is usually interpreted as a marker of liver dysfunction, was significantly reduced. The serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were also significantly reduced by periodontal treatment. Conclusion Within the limitations of this pilot study, periodontal treatment may be effective not only in improving metabolic control, but also in reducing the risk of diabetic kidney and liver disease in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joichiro Hayashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan.
| | | | - Kohei Hayashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Makiko Ishii
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Hideharu Otsuka
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatabe
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Seiichi Goto
- Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama-ken, Japan
| | - Junichi Tatsumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Kitetsu Shin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado-shi, Saitama-ken, 350-0283, Japan
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Kirichenko TV, Sobenin IA, Nikolic D, Rizzo M, Orekhov AN. Anti-cytokine therapy for prevention of atherosclerosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1198-1210. [PMID: 26781385 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently a chronic inflammation is considered to be the one of the most important reasons of the atherosclerosis progression. A huge amount of researches over the past few decades are devoted to study the various mechanisms of inflammation in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. PURPOSE To review current capabilities of anti-inflammatory therapy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. METHODS Appropriate articles on inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerosis and anti-inflammatory prevention of atherosclerosis were searched in PubMed Database from their respective inceptions until October 2015. SECTIONS "The role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of atherosclerotic lesions" describes available data on the possible inflammatory mechanisms of the atherogenesis with a special attention to the role of cytokines. "Modern experience of anti-inflammatory therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis" describes modern anti-inflammatory preparations with anti-atherosclerotic effect including natural preparations. In "the development of anti-inflammatory herbal preparation for atherosclerosis prevention" an algorithm is demonstrated that includes screening of anti-cytokine activity of different natural products, the development of the most effective combination and estimation of its effect in cell culture model, in animal model of the acute aseptic inflammation and in a pilot clinical trial. A natural preparation "Inflaminat" based on black elder berries (Sambucus nigra L.), violet tricolor herb (Viola tricolor L.) and calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis L.) possessing anti-cytokine activity was developed using the designed algorithm. The results of the following 2-year double blind placebo-controlled clinical study show that "Inflaminat" reduces carotid IMT progression, i.e. has anti-atherosclerotic effect. CONCLUSION Anti-cytokine therapy may be a promising direction in moderation of atherogenesis, especially when it begins on the early stages of subclinical atherosclerosis. The use of herbal preparations with anti-cytokine mechanism of action is the most perspective for timely prevention of atherosclerosis, as they have no significant side effects and can be prescribed for long-term administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Kirichenko
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 4-1-207, Osennaya Str., 121609, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315, Moscow, Russia; Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 15-a 3rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dragana Nikolic
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 141 Via del Vespro, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 141 Via del Vespro, 90127, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Via Emerico Amari 123, 90139, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 4-1-207, Osennaya Str., 121609, Moscow, Russia; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Traditional risk factors account for only part of the attributable risk. The origins of atherosclerosis are in early life, a potential albeit largely unrecognized window of opportunity for early detection and treatment of subclinical cardiovascular disease. There are robust epidemiological data indicating that poor intrauterine growth and/or prematurity, and perinatal factors such as maternal hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, diabetes and obesity, are associated with adverse cardiovascular intermediate phenotypes in childhood and adulthood. Many of these early-life risk factors result in a heightened inflammatory state. Inflammation is a central mechanism in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, but few studies have investigated the role of overt perinatal infection and inflammation (chorioamnionitis) as a potential contributor to cardiovascular risk. Limited evidence from human and experimental models suggests an association between chorioamnionitis and cardiac and vascular dysfunction. Early life inflammatory events may be an important mechanism in the early development of cardiovascular risk and may provide insights into the associations between perinatal factors and adult cardiovascular disease. This review aims to summarise current data on the early life origins of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, with particular focus on perinatal inflammation.
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N. Orekhov A. Direct anti-atherosclerotic therapy preventing intracellular cholesterol retention. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.57a1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Szeto FL, Reardon CA, Yoon D, Wang Y, Wong KE, Chen Y, Kong J, Liu SQ, Thadhani R, Getz GS, Li YC. Vitamin D receptor signaling inhibits atherosclerosis in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1091-101. [PMID: 22638071 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vitamin D has been implicated in cardiovascular protection, few studies have addressed the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in atherosclerosis. Here we investigate the effect of inactivation of the VDR signaling on atherogenesis and the antiatherosclerotic mechanism of vitamin D. Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)(-/-)/VDR(-/-) mice exhibited site-specific accelerated atherogenesis, accompanied by increases in adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines in the aorta and cholesterol influx in macrophages. Macrophages showed marked renin up-regulation in the absence of VDR, and inhibition of renin by aliskiren reduced atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-)/VDR(-/-) mice, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) promotes atherosclerosis in the absence of VDR. LDLR(-/-) mice receiving LDLR(-/-)/VDR(-/-) BMT developed larger lesions than LDLR(-/-) BMT controls. Moreover, LDLR(-/-) mice receiving Rag-1(-/-)/VDR(-/-) BMT, which were unable to generate functional T and B lymphocytes, still had more severe atherosclerosis than Rag-1(-/-) BMT controls, suggesting a critical role of macrophage VDR signaling in atherosclerotic suppression. Aliskiren treatment eliminated the difference in lesions between Rag-1(-/-)/VDR(-/-) BMT and Rag-1(-/-) BMT recipients, indicating that local RAS activation in macrophages contributes to the enhanced atherogenesis seen in Rag-1(-/-)/VDR(-/-) BMT mice. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that macrophage VDR signaling, in part by suppressing the local RAS, inhibits atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Szeto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Xu JM, Shi GP. Emerging role of mast cells and macrophages in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:71-108. [PMID: 22240242 PMCID: PMC3365842 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are essential in allergic immune responses. Recent discoveries have revealed their direct participation in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Although more sophisticated mechanisms are still unknown, data from animal studies suggest that mast cells act similarly to macrophages and other inflammatory cells and contribute to human diseases through cell-cell interactions and the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. Reduced cardiovascular complications and improved metabolic symptoms in animals receiving over-the-counter antiallergy medications that stabilize mast cells open another era of mast cell biology and bring new hope to human patients suffering from these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Nanfang Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Quinn KL, Henriques M, Tabuchi A, Han B, Yang H, Cheng WE, Tole S, Yu H, Luo A, Charbonney E, Tullis E, Lazarus A, Robinson LA, Ni H, Peterson BR, Kuebler WM, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Human neutrophil peptides mediate endothelial-monocyte interaction, foam cell formation, and platelet activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2070-9. [PMID: 21817096 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.227116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neutrophils are involved in the inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) released from activated neutrophils exert immune modulating properties. We hypothesized that HNPs play an important role in neutrophil-mediated inflammatory cardiovascular responses in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the role of HNPs in endothelial-leukocyte interaction, platelet activation, and foam cell formation in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that stimulation of human coronary artery endothelial cells with clinically relevant concentrations of HNPs resulted in monocyte adhesion and transmigration; induction of oxidative stress in human macrophages, which accelerates foam cell formation; and activation and aggregation of human platelets. The administration of superoxide dismutase or anti-CD36 antibody reduced foam cell formation and cholesterol efflux. Mice deficient in double genes of low-density lipoprotein receptor and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), and mice deficient in a single gene of LRP8, the only LRP phenotype expressed in platelets, showed reduced leukocyte rolling and decreased platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in response to HNP stimulation. CONCLUSIONS HNPs exert proatherosclerotic properties that appear to be mediated through LRP8 signaling pathways, suggesting an important role for HNPs in the development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran L Quinn
- Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Frisdal E, Lesnik P, Olivier M, Robillard P, Chapman MJ, Huby T, Guerin M, Le Goff W. Interleukin-6 protects human macrophages from cellular cholesterol accumulation and attenuates the proinflammatory response. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30926-30936. [PMID: 21757719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.264325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-laden monocyte-derived macrophages are phagocytic cells characteristic of early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a macrophage secretory product that is abundantly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques but whose precise role in atherogenesis is unclear. The capacity of macrophages to clear apoptotic cells, through the efferocytosis mechanism, as well as to reduce cellular cholesterol accumulation contributes to prevent plaque progression and instability. By virtue of its capacity to promote cellular cholesterol efflux from phagocyte-macrophages, ABCA1 was reported to reduce atherosclerosis. We demonstrated that lipid loading in human macrophages was accompanied by a strong increase of IL-6 secretion. Interestingly, IL-6 markedly induced ABCA1 expression and enhanced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from human macrophages to apoAI. Stimulation of ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux by IL-6 was, however, abolished by selective inhibition of the Jak-2/Stat3 signaling pathway. In addition, we observed that the expression of molecules described to promote efferocytosis, i.e. c-mer proto-oncogene-tyrosine kinase, thrombospondin-1, and transglutaminase 2, was significantly induced in human macrophages upon treatment with IL-6. Consistent with these findings, IL-6 enhanced the capacity of human macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells; moreover, we observed that IL-6 stimulates the ABCA1-mediated efflux of cholesterol derived from the ingestion of free cholesterol-loaded apoptotic macrophages. Finally, the treatment of human macrophages with IL-6 led to the establishment of an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, characterized by an increased secretion of IL-4 and IL-10 together with a decrease of that of IL-1β. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-6 favors the elimination of excess cholesterol in human macrophages and phagocytes by stimulation of ABCA1-mediated cellular free cholesterol efflux and attenuates the macrophage proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, high amounts of IL-6 secreted by lipid laden human macrophages may constitute a protective response from macrophages to prevent accumulation of cytotoxic-free cholesterol. Such a cellular recycling of free cholesterol may contribute to reduce both foam cell formation and the accumulation of apoptotic bodies as well as intraplaque inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Frisdal
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Olivier
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul Robillard
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - M John Chapman
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Huby
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maryse Guerin
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- INSERM, UMR_S939, Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, and the ICAN Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition F-75013 and the Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR_S939, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Krishnatry AS, Fung SM, Brazeau DA, Soda D, Fung HL. Nitroglycerin alters matrix remodeling proteins in THP-1 human macrophages and plasma metalloproteinase activity in rats. Nitric Oxide 2010; 24:66-76. [PMID: 21156214 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggested that long-term nitrate therapy may produce negative outcomes in patient mortality and morbidity. A possible mechanism may involve nitrate-mediated activation of various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteases, particularly matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and adhesion molecules in human macrophages, leading to the destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. We examined the gene and protein regulating effects on THP-1 human macrophages by repeated exposure to therapeutically relevant concentrations of nitroglycerin (NTG) and possible involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling mechanism in mediating some of these observed effects. THP-1 human macrophages repeatedly exposed to NTG (at 10 nM, added on days 1, 4 and 7) exhibited extensive alterations in the expression of multiple genes encoding ECM proteases and adhesion molecules. These effects were dissimilar to those produced by a direct nitric oxide donor, diethylenetriamine NONOate. NTG exposure significantly up-regulated NF-κB DNA nuclear binding activity and MMP-9 protein expression, and reduced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) expression; these effects were abrogated in the presence of the NF-κB inhibitor parthenolide (a chemical inhibitor derived from the feverfew plant). Further, we examined whether our in vitro findings (an elevated MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio and gelatinase activity) can be translated to in vivo effects, in a rat model. Sprague-Dawley rats exposed continuously to NTG subcutaneously for 8 days via mini-osmotic pumps showed significant induction of plasma MMP-9 dimer concentrations and the expression of a complex of MMP-9 with lipocalin-2 or neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL). Plasma gelatinase activity was significantly increased by NTG over the entire study period, attaining peak elevation at day 6. Plasma TIMP-1 protein was down-regulated significantly by day 2 and days 4-7 in the NTG-treated rats. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of NTG and its dinitrate metabolites indicated that concentrations were well within therapeutic levels observed in humans. Our studies indicate that clinically relevant concentrations of NTG not only altered ECM matrix by changing the expression of multiple genes that govern cellular integrity, affecting cellular MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance in THP-1 human macrophages possibly via NF-κB activation, but also led to systemic changes in MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression and gelatinase activity in rats. These effects may contribute to extracellular matrix degradation and possible atherosclerotic plaque destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Shilpa Krishnatry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Crowe SM, Westhorpe CLV, Mukhamedova N, Jaworowski A, Sviridov D, Bukrinsky M. The macrophage: the intersection between HIV infection and atherosclerosis. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:589-98. [PMID: 19952353 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) with underlying mechanisms including chronic immune activation and inflammation secondary to HIV-induced microbial translocation and low-grade endotoxemia; direct effects of HIV and viral proteins on macrophage cholesterol metabolism; and dyslipidemia related to HIV infection and specific antiretroviral therapies. Monocytes are the precursors of the lipid-laden foam cells within the atherosclerotic plaque and produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6. The minor CD14+/CD16+ "proinflammatory" monocyte subpopulation is preferentially susceptible to HIV infection and may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV-related CAD. In this review, the central role of monocytes/macrophages in HIV-related CAD and the importance of inflammation and cholesterol metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Crowe
- Centre for Virology, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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Abstract
The enzymes acyl-coenzyme A (CoA):cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are membrane-bound proteins that utilize long-chain fatty acyl-CoA and cholesterol as substrates to form cholesteryl esters. In mammals, two isoenzymes, ACAT1 and ACAT2, encoded by two different genes, exist. ACATs play important roles in cellular cholesterol homeostasis in various tissues. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on ACAT-related research in two areas: 1) ACAT genes and proteins and 2) ACAT enzymes as drug targets for atherosclerosis and for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, 1 Rope Ferry Rd., Hanover, NH 03755-1404, USA.
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Harb D, Bujold K, Febbraio M, Sirois MG, Ong H, Marleau S. The role of the scavenger receptor CD36 in regulating mononuclear phagocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic lesions and vascular inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 83:42-51. [PMID: 19264766 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS CD36 has been shown to associate with non-receptor Src kinases to activate mitogen-activated protein kinases and trigger cytoskeletal remodelling, important events in foam cell formation and macrophage migration. Yet, its role in regulating circulating mononuclear phagocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic lesions has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CD36 in modulating the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to the arterial wall and the associated vascular inflammation, using both pharmacological and genetic approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet were treated daily with a CD36 ligand, EP 80317 (300 microg/kg), or 0.9% NaCl for 6 or 12 weeks. Forty-eight hours before sacrifice, mice were injected iv with (111)Indium-labelled macrophages. A 65% (P < 0.001) reduction of labelled macrophage accumulation at aortic lesions was observed in EP 80317-treated mice, mainly at the level of the aortic arch and iliac arteries, correlating with a 43% reduction of atherosclerotic lesion areas. This was associated with reduced phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase Pyk2 following stimulation with oxidized phospholipid in a Src kinase- and CD36-dependent manner. At the vascular level, EP 80317 treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins, including NADPH oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, and CCL2 chemokine. Plasma IL-6 levels were also reduced by 40% (P < 0.05). In contrast, none of these proteins was modulated in EP 80317-treated apoE/CD36 double knockout (apoE(-/-)/CD36(-/-)) mice. CONCLUSION Our results support a role for CD36 signalling in the regulation of mononuclear phagocyte trafficking to atherosclerotic-prone sites and in the associated vascular wall inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala Harb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Lei L, Xiong Y, Chen J, Yang JB, Wang Y, Yang XY, Chang CCY, Song BL, Chang TY, Li BL. TNF-alpha stimulates the ACAT1 expression in differentiating monocytes to promote the CE-laden cell formation. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1057-67. [PMID: 19189937 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800484-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are present in atherosclerotic lesions. TNF-alpha regulates expression of multiple genes involved in various stages of atherosclerosis, and it exhibits proatherosclerotic and antiatherosclerotic properties. ACAT catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl esters (CE) in monocytes/macrophages, and it promotes the foam cell formation at the early stage of atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that TNF-alpha may be involved in regulating the ACAT gene expression in monocytes/macrophages. In this article, we show that in cultured, differentiating human monocytes, TNF-alpha enhances the expression of the ACAT1 but not ACAT2 gene, increases the cholesteryl ester accumulation, and promotes the lipid-laden cell formation. Several other proinflammatory cytokines tested do not affect the ACAT1 gene expression. The stimulation effect is consistent with a receptor-dependent process, and is blocked by using nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) inhibitors. A functional and unique NF-kappa B element located within the human ACAT1 gene proximal promoter is required to mediate the action of TNF-alpha. Our data demonstrate that TNF-alpha, through the NF-kappa B pathway, specifically enhances the expression of human ACAT1 gene to promote the CE-laden cell formation from the differentiating monocytes, and our data support the hypothesis that TNF-alpha is proatherosclerotic during early phase of lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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15
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Ece Gamsiz D, Shah LK, Devalapally H, Amiji MM, Carrier RL. A model predicting delivery of saquinavir in nanoparticles to human monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mac) cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1072-82. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Haberzettl P, Vladykovskaya E, Srivastava S, Bhatnagar A. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in acrolein-induced endothelial activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 234:14-24. [PMID: 18951912 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and an endogenous product of lipid peroxidation. It is also generated during the metabolism of several drugs and amino acids. In this study, we examined the effects of acrolein on endothelial cells. Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with 2 to 10 microM acrolein led to an increase in the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha within 10 to 30 min of exposure. This was followed by alternate splicing of XBP-1 mRNA and an increase in the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone genes Grp78 and Herp. Within 2-4 h of treatment, acrolein also increased the abundance and the nuclear transport of the transcription factors ATF3, AFT4, and CHOP. Acrolein-induced increase in ATF3 was prevented by treating the cells with the chemical chaperone - phenylbutyric acid (PBA). Treatment with acrolein increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. The increase in JNK phosphorylation was prevented by PBA. Acrolein treatment led to activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and an increase in TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8, but not MCP-1, mRNA. Increased expression of cytokine genes and NF-kappaB activation were not observed in cells treated with PBA. These findings suggest that exposure to acrolein induces ER stress and triggers the unfolded protein response and that NF-kappaB activation and stimulation of cytokine production by acrolein could be attributed, in part, to ER stress. Chemical chaperones of protein-folding may be useful in treating toxicological and pathological states associated with excessive acrolein exposure or production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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17
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Quinn K, Henriques M, Parker T, Slutsky AS, Zhang H. Human neutrophil peptides: a novel potential mediator of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1817-24. [PMID: 18805897 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00472.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional view of atherosclerosis has recently been expanded from a predominantly lipid retentive disease to a coupling of inflammatory mechanisms and dyslipidemia. Studies have suggested a novel role for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-dominant inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis. Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), also known as alpha-defensins, are secreted and released from PMN granules upon activation and are conventionally involved in microbial killing. Current evidence suggests an important immunomodulative role for these peptides. HNP levels are markedly increased in inflammatory diseases including sepsis and acute coronary syndromes. They have been found within the intima of human atherosclerotic arteries, and their deposition in the skin correlates with the severity of coronary artery diseases. HNPs form complexes with LDL in solution and increase LDL binding to the endothelial surface. HNPs have also been shown to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorder, and the inhibition of fibrinolysis. Given the emerging relationship between PMN-dominant inflammation and atherosclerosis, HNPs may serve as a link between them and as a biological marker and potential therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery diseases and acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Quinn
- The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Rees MD, Kennett EC, Whitelock JM, Davies MJ. Oxidative damage to extracellular matrix and its role in human pathologies. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1973-2001. [PMID: 18423414 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular compartments of most biological tissues are significantly less well protected against oxidative damage than intracellular sites and there is considerable evidence for such compartments being subject to a greater oxidative stress and an altered redox balance. However, with some notable exceptions (e.g., plasma and lung lining fluid) oxidative damage within these compartments has been relatively neglected and is poorly understood. In particular information on the nature and consequences of damage to extracellular matrix is lacking despite the growing realization that changes in matrix structure can play a key role in the regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, migration, and cell signaling. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix is widely recognized as being a key site of cytokine and growth factor binding, and modification of matrix structure might be expected to alter such behavior. In this paper we review the potential sources of oxidative matrix damage, the changes that occur in matrix structure, and how this may affect cellular behavior. The role of such damage in the development and progression of inflammatory diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Rees
- The Heart Research Institute, 114 Pyrmont Bridge Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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Expression and function of ephrin-B1 and its cognate receptor EphB2 in human atherosclerosis: from an aspect of chemotaxis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114:643-50. [PMID: 18092944 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although several cytokines and chemokines have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in the pathophysiological conditions of atherosclerosis, few findings exist regarding the expression and function of cytokine-modulating molecules such as ephrin-Bs and their cognate receptors, EphBs, in human atherosclerosis. Therefore, in the present study, we screened novel genes modulating atherogenesis by cDNA array and quantitatively determined them by real-time RT (reverse transcription)-PCR in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Ephrin-B1 and EphB2, key regulators of embryogenesis, were significantly up-regulated in plaques compared with those in adjacent control tissues [ephrin-B1, 0.638+/-0.106 compared with 0.831+/-0.152, or 130% (P<0.05); EphB2, 1.296+/-0.281 compared with 2.233+/-0.506, or 172% (P<0.05)]. Immunohistological analysis demonstrated that both ephrin-B1 and EphB2 were expressed in macrophages and T-lymphocytes in plaques as well as in monocytes, T-lymphocytes and arterial endothelial cells isolated from healthy adults. Interestingly, the extracellular domains of ephrin-B1 and EphB2, the expression of which were both enhanced in stimulated THP-1 cells, significantly inhibited spontaneous (22.5 and 27.6% respectively; P<0.01) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1)-dependent (29.7 and 22.6% respectively; P<0.01) migration of monocytes. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that ephrin-B1 and EphB2 are overexpressed in atherosclerotic tissue and might locally regulate cell migration, possibly through modulating cytokine-related chemotaxic activity; however, the functional role of these molecules in atherogenesis should be investigated further.
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20
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Aronis A, Madar Z, Tirosh O. Lipotoxic effects of triacylglycerols in J774.2 macrophages. Nutrition 2008; 24:167-76. [PMID: 18165129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triacylglycerols (TGs) are being considered as an independent risk factor in atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome, acting by dysregulation of the TG/high-density lipoprotein axis. Accumulation of lipids in subendothelial space attracts macrophages, leading to atherosclerotic plaque formation and increased plaque instability due to formation of foam cells and macrophage death. The aim of this study was to evaluate lipotoxic effects in macrophages caused by TG uptake. METHODS J774.2 macrophages were exposed to soybean or olive oil-based lipid emulsions as a source of TGs (1 mg/mL) in a presence or absence of lipase inhibitor paraoxon (20 microM) or to bovine serum albumin-complexed palmitic (150 microM), linoleic (600 microM), and oleic (600 microM) fatty acids. RESULTS The results demonstrated accumulation of TGs, G1/S arrest, and cell death with necrotic morphologic features after exposure to TG emulsions. These effects were prevented by treatment with an antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (0.5 mM). Paraoxon inhibited intracellular TG degradation but did not prevent lipotoxicity and cell death. Olive oil TG triggered macrophage death in a manner similar to soybean oil. Treatment of the macrophages with free fatty acid, mainly with palmitic acid, showed a reactive oxygen species-independent cell death pathway, which was different from that of TG and was not prevented by N-acetyl-cysteine. CONCLUSION This study shows a direct lipotoxic pathway for TG molecules in macrophages, which is not associated with degradation of TG molecule to free fatty acids. This study for the first time can explain at a cellular level how TGs as an independent risk factor aggravate atherosclerotic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aronis
- School of Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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21
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Tiwari R, Singh V, Barthwal M. Macrophages: An elusive yet emerging therapeutic target of atherosclerosis. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:483-544. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Chi Z, Melendez AJ. Role of cell adhesion molecules and immune-cell migration in the initiation, onset and development of atherosclerosis. Cell Adh Migr 2007; 1:171-5. [PMID: 19262139 DOI: 10.4161/cam.1.4.5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is currently the leading factor of death in developed countries. It is now recognized as a chronic immune-inflammatory disease, whose initial stages involve the interaction of leukocytes with the endothelial monolayer. The initial stage of atherosclerosis requires the interplay of various cell adhesion molecules and immune cells to trigger leukocyte and lymphocyte migration from the circulating blood into the arterial intima. Studies have unveiled the role of inflammatory mediators in the initiation, onset and progression of the disease. During the last few years we have gained a greater understanding of the mechanism that modulates monocyte, macrophage and T cell infiltration, the role these cells play in the atherosclerotic lesion, in the formation of the fibrous plaque formation with the consequent narrowing of the arteries, and the mechanisms that lead to plaque rupture and the formation of thrombi and emboli. This review talks about the leukocyte recruitment in early atherosclerosis, the formation of the plaque, and the mechanisms that lead to thrombosis in advanced atherosclerosis. Finally, we discuss the potential for novel therapies to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Chi
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Chen CF, Cheng CH. Regulation of Cellular Metabolism and Cytokines by the Medicinal Herb Feverfew in the Human Monocytic THP-1 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 6:91-8. [PMID: 18955216 PMCID: PMC2644270 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The herb feverfew is a folk remedy for various symptoms including inflammation. Inflammation has recently been implicated in the genesis of many diseases including cancers, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The mechanisms of action of feverfew in the human body are largely unknown. To determine the cellular targets of feverfew extracts, we have utilized oligo microarrays to study the gene expression profiles elicited by feverfew extracts in human monocytic THP-1 cells. We have identified 400 genes that are consistently regulated by feverfew extracts. Most of the genes are involved in cellular metabolism. However, the genes undergoing the highest degree of change by feverfew treatment are involved in other pathways including chemokine function, water homeostasis and heme-mediated signaling. Our results also suggest that feverfew extracts effectively reduce Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-mediated TNF-alpha and CCL2 (MCP-1) releases by THP-1 cells. We hypothesize that feverfew components mediate metabolism, cell migration and cytokine production in human monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Chen
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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24
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Wilund KR. Is the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise responsible for reduced cardiovascular disease? Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:543-55. [PMID: 17459004 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Engaging in regular physical activity reduces the risk of developing CVD (cardiovascular disease), but it is not certain to what degree this may be due to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. Following acute exercise, there is a transient increase in circulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, whereas chronic exercise reduces basal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Exercise training also induces the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mediators in the vascular wall that may directly inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. Limited studies in humans and more comprehensive assessments in animal models have confirmed that exercise is atheroprotective and helped identify a number of the mechanisms to explain these effects. This review explores the relationship between systemic and vascular wall inflammation and the role that the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise have on the development and progression of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Wilund
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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25
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Ho TY, Yan W, Bagnell CA. Relaxin-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression is associated with activation of the NF-κB pathway in human THP-1 cells. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1303-10. [PMID: 17289798 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0906556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and relaxin (RLX) are reported to play an important role in tissue remodeling and wound repair. When macrophages populate wound sites, they secrete biologically active substances, including MMPs. The transcription factor NF-kappaB is important in MMP gene regulation in macrophage cells. Thus, a monocyte/macrophage cell line, THP-1, was used to study the molecular mechanism of RLX action on MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. After 24 h incubation with porcine RLX (100 ng/ml), conditioned media (CM) and THP-1 cells were collected. Gelatin zymography demonstrated an increase in pro-MMP-9 activity in response to RLX in CM, and no significant change in pro-MMP-2 expression was observed. Immunoblot analysis also revealed an increase in pro-MMP-9 in CM from RLX-treated THP-1 cells. Gel EMSA showed that NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was elevated in THP-1 cells treated with RLX for 10 min and reached a peak at 30 min. The NF-kappaB DNA complex was supershifted using antibodies against NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65. Increased expression of the p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits was also detected in THP-1 cells after RLX treatment. Incubation with RLX (90 min) reduced THP-1 expression of the NF-kappaB inhibitor protein, IkappaB-alpha. Using a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarmate (PDTC) inhibited nuclear binding of NF-kappaB. Pre-exposure to PDTC suppressed pro-MMP-9 activity and protein levels in RLX-treated THP-1 cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that RLX-induced tissue remodeling through increasing MMP-9 expression is dependent on NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teh-Yuan Ho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Waxman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall Rd, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
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Abstract
This review article discusses the historical origin of our continuously evolving model of the etiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The basic molecular biologic concepts underlying the development of coronary artery disease and the dynamic connection between the immune system and arterial integrity are explored. Emphasis is placed on the role of inflammation as a driving force in the process of atherosclerosis and vascular endothelium as a modulating factor in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Reiss
- Vascular Biology Institute, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza, North, Suite 511-A, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
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Abstract
The idea that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease is no longer controversial. Instead, much of the current research is now focused on understanding what drives this inflammation and how it is regulated. Adaptive immunity, in particular T cells, is highly involved in atherogenesis. It is well known that different subsets of T cells can drive or dampen inflammatory processes, but we still have much to learn about the regulation of this balance in the context of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes our knowledge of T cells in atherogenesis, their potential antigens, their contact-dependent activities, and their secretion of inflammatory and antiinflammatory mediators, aiming to illustrate how T cells can aggravate or attenuate this disease through cross-talk with other cells within or outside the atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin L Robertson
- Section of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, Immunobiology TAC S-560, PO Box 208011, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Li SL, Reddy MA, Cai Q, Meng L, Yuan H, Lanting L, Natarajan R. Enhanced proatherogenic responses in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells derived from diabetic db/db mice. Diabetes 2006; 55:2611-9. [PMID: 16936211 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with enhanced inflammatory responses and cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether similar responses are present in cells derived from experimental animal models of diabetes. We examined our hypothesis that macrophages and short-term cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived from obese, insulin-resistant, and diabetic db/db mice would exhibit increased proatherogenic responses relative to those from control db/+ mice. We observed that macrophages from db/db mice exhibit significantly increased expression of key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 and 12/15-lipoxygenase that generate inflammatory lipids. Furthermore, VSMCs derived from db/db mice also showed similar enhanced expression of inflammatory genes. Expression of inflammatory genes was also significantly increased in aortas derived from db/db mice. Both macrophages and VSMCs from db/db mice demonstrated significantly increased oxidant stress, activation of key signaling kinases, and transcription factors cAMP response element-binding protein and nuclear factor-kappaB, involved in the regulation of atherogenic and inflammatory genes. Interestingly, VSMCs from db/db mice displayed enhanced migration as well as adhesion to WEHI mouse monocytes relative to db/+. Thus, the diabetic milieu and a potential hyperglycemic memory can induce aberrant behavior of vascular cells. These new results demonstrate that monocyte/macrophages and VSMCs derived from db/db mice display a "preactivated" and proinflammatory phenotype associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-lian Li
- Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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30
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Riso P, Visioli F, Grande S, Guarnieri S, Gardana C, Simonetti P, Porrini M. Effect of a tomato-based drink on markers of inflammation, immunomodulation, and oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:2563-6. [PMID: 16569044 DOI: 10.1021/jf053033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Regular consumption of tomato and its products is being consistently associated with lower risk of several types of cancer and, to a lesser extent, coronary heart disease. Among the many tomato components credited with healthful properties, carotenoids and particularly lycopene are being actively investigated. Given the recognized role of immune/inflammatory processes in atherogenesis, the effects of a tomato-based drink (Lyc-o-Mato), which was previously shown to afford DNA protection from oxidative stress, on the modulation of immune and inflammatory markers (by enzyme immunoessay), on basal lymphocyte DNA damage (by comet assay), and on F2-isoprostane excretion (by LC-MS/MS), were investigated in 26 healthy young volunteers. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, Lyc-o-Mato (5.7 mg of lycopene, 3.7 mg of phytoene, 2.7 mg of phytofluene, 1 mg of beta-carotene, and 1.8 mg of alpha-tocopherol) or a placebo drink (same taste and flavor, but devoid of active compounds) were given for 26 days, separated by a wash-out period. During the study subjects maintained their habitual, hence unrestricted, diet. TNF-alpha production by whole blood was 34.4% lower after 26 days of drink consumption, whereas the other parameters were not significantly modified by the treatment. In turn, modest effects of the regular intake of a tomato drink, providing small amounts of carotenoids, were found on the production of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha, in young healthy volunteers. Future intervention trials in subjects with low carotenoid status and/or compromised immune system will resolve the issue of whether carotenoids modulate immune parameters in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy.
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Daugherty A, Rateri DL. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:95-7. [PMID: 16407722 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000199818.39096.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Bobryshev YV. Monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. Micron 2005; 37:208-22. [PMID: 16360317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic immune-inflammatory disease in which the interactions of monocytes with activated endothelium are crucial events leading to atherosclerotic alteration of the arterial intima. In early atherosclerosis, monocytes migrate into the subendothelial layer of the intima where they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells. In the subendothelial space enriched with atherogenic lipoproteins, most macrophages transform into foam cells. Foam cells aggregate to form the atheromatous core and as this process progresses, the atheromatous centres of plaques become necrotic, consisting of lipids, cholesterol crystals and cell debris. This review highlights some aspects of monocyte recruitment and foam cell formation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Surgical Professorial Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, 234 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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