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Bursakov SA, Kovaleva AV, Brigida AV, Zaripov OG. Functional analysis of the GPAT4 gene mutation predicted to affect splicing. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2269210. [PMID: 37906284 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2269210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The GPAT4 gene is considered as a potential functional candidate for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) studies in dairy cattle breeding due to its association with dairy performance in cattle by encoding an enzyme responsible for the presence of diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols in milk. Using the example of the GPAT4 gene, we applied the minigene splicing assay to analyze the functional consequences of its variant that was predicted to affect normal splicing. The results of functional analysis revealed the sequence variations (rs442541537), transfection experiments in a wild type and mutant cell line model system demonstrated that the investigated mutation in the second intron of the GPAT4 gene was responsible for the presence of a second exon in mature messenger RNA (mRNA). The cases of its absence in the spliced mature mRNA transcript resulted in a truncated dysfunctional protein due to the appearance of a stop codon. Thus, the discovered SNP led to alternative splicing in pre-mRNA by the 'cassette exon' ('exon skipping') mechanism. The studied mutation can potentially be a molecular genetic marker for alternative splicing for the GPAT4 gene and, therefore contributes to economic benefits in cattle breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Bursakov
- Institution of Innovative Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry - A Branch of the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology", Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Kovaleva
- Institution of Innovative Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry - A Branch of the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artyom V Brigida
- Institution of Innovative Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry - A Branch of the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg G Zaripov
- Institution of Innovative Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry - A Branch of the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry Named After Academy Member L.K. Ernst, Moscow, Russia
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Panach-Navarrete J, González-Marrachelli V, Morales-Tatay JM, García-Morata F, Sales-Maicas MÁ, Monleón-Salvado D, Martínez-Jabaloyas JM. Metabolic analysis using HR-MAS in prostate tissue for prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate 2024; 84:549-559. [PMID: 38212952 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in prostate tissue to provide new data on potential biomarkers of prostate cancer in patients eligible for prostate biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Core needle prostate tissue samples were obtained. After acquiring all the spectra using a Bruker Avance III DRX 600 spectrometer, tissue samples were subjected to routine histology to confirm presence or absence of prostate cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses with metabolic and clinical variables were performed to predict the occurrence of prostate cancer. RESULTS A total of 201 patients, were included in the study. Of all cores subjected to high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) followed by standard histological study, 56 (27.8%) tested positive for carcinoma. According to HR-MAS probe analysis, metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the metabolism of different amino acids were associated with presence of prostate cancer. Metabolites detected in tissue such as citrate or glycerol-3-phosphocholine, together with prostate volume and suspicious rectal examination, formed a predictive model for prostate cancer in tissue with an area under the curve of 0.87, a specificity of 94%, a positive predictive value of 80% and a negative predictive value of 84%. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics using HR-MAS analysis can uncover a specific metabolic fingerprint of prostate cancer in prostate tissue, using a tissue core obtained by transrectal biopsy. This specific fingerprint is based on levels of citrate, glycerol-3-phosphocholine, glycine, carnitine, and 0-phosphocholine. Several clinical variables, such as suspicious digital rectal examination and prostate volume, combined with these metabolites, form a predictive model to diagnose prostate cancer that has shown encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Panach-Navarrete
- Department of Urology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vannina González-Marrachelli
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Morales-Tatay
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Morata
- Department of Urology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Sales-Maicas
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleón-Salvado
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Metabolomic, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Martínez-Jabaloyas
- Department of Urology, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA, Health Research Institute, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Lu H, Zhao Z, Yu H, Iqbal A, Jiang P. The serine protease 2 gene regulates lipid metabolism through the LEP/ampkα1/SREBP1 pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 698:149558. [PMID: 38271832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Molecular breeding has brought about significant transformations in the milk market and production system during the twenty-first century. The primary economic characteristic of dairy production pertains to milk fat content. Our previous transcriptome analyses revealed that serine protease 2 (PRSS2) is a candidate gene that could impact milk fat synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) of Chinese Holstein dairy cows. To elucidate the function of the PRSS2 gene in milk fat synthesis, we constructed vectors for PRSS2 overexpression and interference and assessed intracellular triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (CHOL), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents in BMECs. Fatty acid varieties and components were also quantified using gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry (GC‒MS) technology. The regulatory pathway mediated by PRSS2 was validated through qPCR, ELISA, and WB techniques. Based on our research findings, PRSS2 emerges as a pivotal gene that regulates the expression of associated genes, thereby making a substantial contribution to lipid metabolism via the leptin (LEP)/Adenylate-activated protein kinase, alpha 1 catalytic subunit (AMPKα1)/sterol regulatory element binding protein 1(SREBP1) pathway by inhibiting TGs and CHOL accumulation while potentially promoting NEFA synthesis in BMECs. Furthermore, the PRSS2 gene enhances intracellular medium- and long-chain fatty acid metabolism by modulating genes related to the LEP/AMPKα1/SREBP1 pathway, leading to increased contents of unsaturated fatty acids C17:1N7 and C22:4N6. This study provides a robust theoretical framework for further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms through which PRSS2 influences lipid metabolism in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Lu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ambreen Iqbal
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Resources and Breed Innovation in Western Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
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Jurado-Fasoli L, Sanchez-Delgado G, Di X, Yang W, Kohler I, Villarroya F, Aguilera CM, Hankemeier T, Ruiz JR, Martinez-Tellez B. Cold-induced changes in plasma signaling lipids are associated with a healthier cardiometabolic profile independently of brown adipose tissue. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101387. [PMID: 38262411 PMCID: PMC10897514 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cold exposure activates brown adipose tissue (BAT) and potentially improves cardiometabolic health through the secretion of signaling lipids by BAT. Here, we show that 2 h of cold exposure in young adults increases the levels of omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins, the endocannabinoids (eCBs) anandamide and docosahexaenoylethanolamine, and lysophospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Contrarily, it decreases the levels of the eCBs 1-LG and 2-LG and 1-OG and 2-OG, lysophosphatidic acids, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines. Participants overweight or obese show smaller increases in omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins levels compared to normal weight. We observe that only a small proportion (∼4% on average) of the cold-induced changes in the plasma signaling lipids are slightly correlated with BAT volume. However, cold-induced changes in omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins are negatively correlated with adiposity, glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and liver parameters. Lastly, a 24-week exercise-based randomized controlled trial does not modify plasma signaling lipid response to cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Carretera de Alfacar s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Carretera de Alfacar s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Xinyu Di
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Yang
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Center, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Carretera de Alfacar s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Carretera de Alfacar s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
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Wang K, Lee CW, Sui X, Kim S, Wang S, Higgs AB, Baublis AJ, Voth GA, Liao M, Walther TC, Farese RV. The structure of phosphatidylinositol remodeling MBOAT7 reveals its catalytic mechanism and enables inhibitor identification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3533. [PMID: 37316513 PMCID: PMC10267149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells remodel glycerophospholipid acyl chains via the Lands cycle to adjust membrane properties. Membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) 7 acylates lyso-phosphatidylinositol (lyso-PI) with arachidonyl-CoA. MBOAT7 mutations cause brain developmental disorders, and reduced expression is linked to fatty liver disease. In contrast, increased MBOAT7 expression is linked to hepatocellular and renal cancers. The mechanistic basis of MBOAT7 catalysis and substrate selectivity are unknown. Here, we report the structure and a model for the catalytic mechanism of human MBOAT7. Arachidonyl-CoA and lyso-PI access the catalytic center through a twisted tunnel from the cytosol and lumenal sides, respectively. N-terminal residues on the ER lumenal side determine phospholipid headgroup selectivity: swapping them between MBOATs 1, 5, and 7 converts enzyme specificity for different lyso-phospholipids. Finally, the MBOAT7 structure and virtual screening enabled identification of small-molecule inhibitors that may serve as lead compounds for pharmacologic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuewu Sui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Siyoung Kim
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aidan B Higgs
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron J Baublis
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan Advanced Multi-Omics Platform, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maofu Liao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard T.H. Chan Advanced Multi-Omics Platform, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Wang Y, Zeng F, Zhao Z, He L, He X, Pang H, Huang F, Chang P. Transmembrane Protein 68 Functions as an MGAT and DGAT Enzyme for Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032012. [PMID: 36768334 PMCID: PMC9916437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) biosynthesis is an important metabolic process for intracellular storage of surplus energy, intestinal dietary fat absorption, attenuation of lipotoxicity, lipid transportation, lactation and signal transduction in mammals. Transmembrane protein 68 (TMEM68) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchored acyltransferase family member of unknown function. In the current study we show that overexpression of TMEM68 promotes TG accumulation and lipid droplet (LD) formation in a conserved active sites-dependent manner. Quantitative targeted lipidomic analysis showed that diacylglycerol (DG), free fatty acid (FFA) and TG levels were increased by TMEM68 expression. In addition, TMEM68 overexpression affected the levels of several glycerophospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol, as well as sterol ester contents. TMEM68 exhibited monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activities dependent on the conserved active sites in an in vitro assay. The expression of lipogenesis genes, including DGATs, fatty acid synthesis-related genes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was upregulated in TMEM68-overexpressing cells. These results together demonstrate for the first time that TMEM68 functions as an acyltransferase and affects lipogenic gene expression, glycerolipid metabolism and TG storage in mammalian cells.
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Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferases and Metabolic Syndrome: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e30. [PMID: 36059117 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Feng Q, Liu M, Cheng Y, Wu X. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Process of Ovarian Development and Nutrition Metabolism in Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir Sinensis. Front Genet 2022; 13:910682. [PMID: 35685440 PMCID: PMC9171014 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.910682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian development is a key physiological process that holds great significance in the reproduction of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), which is an economically important crab species for aquaculture. However, there is limited knowledge for the regulatory mechanisms of ovarian development. To study the molecular mechanisms of its ovarian development, transcriptome analysis was performed in the ovary and hepatopancreas of E. sinensis during ovarian stages I (oogonium proliferation), II (endogenous vitellogenesis), and III (exogenous vitellogenesis). The results showed that 5,520 and 226 genes were differentially expressed in the ovary and hepatopancreas, respectively. For KEGG enrichment analysis, the differentially expressed genes in the ovary were significantly clustered in phototransduction-fly, phagosome, and ECM-receptor interaction. Significantly enriched pathways in the hepatopancreas included fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and riboflavin metabolism. Further analysis showed that 25 genes and several pathways were mainly involved in oogenesis, including the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, cyclic AMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Twenty-five candidate genes involved in vitellogenesis and endocrine regulation were identified, such as vitellogenin, vitellogenin receptor, estrogen sulfotransferase, ecdysone receptor, prostaglandin reductase 1, hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase and juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase. Fifty-six genes related to nutritional metabolism were identified, such as fatty acid synthase, long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 4, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4, fatty acid-binding protein, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1. These results highlight the genes involved in ovarian development and nutrition deposition, which enhance our understanding of the regulatory pathways and physiological processes of crustacean ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangmei Feng
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meimei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xugan Wu
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Murru E, Manca C, Carta G, Banni S. Impact of Dietary Palmitic Acid on Lipid Metabolism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861664. [PMID: 35399673 PMCID: PMC8983927 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA) is ubiquitously present in dietary fat guaranteeing an average intake of about 20 g/d. The relative high requirement and relative content in the human body, which accounts for 20–30% of total fatty acids (FAs), is justified by its relevant nutritional role. In particular physiological conditions, such as in the fetal stage or in the developing brain, the respectively inefficient placental and brain blood–barrier transfer of PA strongly induces its endogenous biosynthesis from glucose via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) to secure a tight homeostatic control of PA tissue concentration required to exert its multiple physiological activities. However, pathophysiological conditions (insulin resistance) are characterized by a sustained DNL in the liver and aimed at preventing the excess accumulation of glucose, which result in increased tissue content of PA and disrupted homeostatic control of its tissue concentration. This leads to an overaccumulation of tissue PA, which results in dyslipidemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation, and inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4. Any change in dietary saturated FAs (SFAs) usually reflects a complementary change in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) intake. Since PUFA particularly n-3 highly PUFA, suppress lipogenic gene expression, their reduction in intake rather than excess of dietary SFA may promote endogenous PA production via DNL. Thereby, the increase in tissue PA and its deleterious consequences from dysregulated DNL can be mistakenly attributed to dietary intake of PA.
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Sol J, Jové M, Povedano M, Sproviero W, Domínguez R, Piñol-Ripoll G, Romero-Guevara R, Hye A, Al-Chalabi A, Torres P, Andres-Benito P, Area-Gómez E, Pamplona R, Ferrer I, Ayala V, Portero-Otín M. Lipidomic traits of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlate with disease progression. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab143. [PMID: 34396104 PMCID: PMC8361390 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases exhibit significant heterogeneity, we aim to investigate the association of lipid composition of plasma and CSF with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diagnosis, its progression and clinical characteristics. Lipidome analyses would help to stratify patients on a molecular basis. For this reason, we have analysed the lipid composition of paired plasma and CSF samples from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases and age-matched non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis individuals (controls) by comprehensive liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of neurofilament light chain-an index of neuronal damage-were also quantified in CSF samples and plasma. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis versus control comparison, in a moderate stringency mode, showed that plasma from cases contains more differential lipids (n = 122 for raw P < 0.05; n = 27 for P < 0.01) than CSF (n = 17 for raw P < 0.05; n = 4 for P < 0.01), with almost no overlapping differential species, mainly characterized by an increased content of triacylglyceride species in plasma and decreased in CSF. Of note, false discovery rate correction indicated that one of the CSF lipids (monoacylglycerol 18:0) had high statistic robustness (false discovery rate-P < 0.01). Plasma lipidomes also varied significantly with the main involvement at onset (bulbar, spinal or respiratory). Notably, faster progression cases showed particular lipidome fingerprints, featured by decreased triacylclycerides and specific phospholipids in plasma, with 11 lipids with false discovery rate-P < 0.1 (n = 56 lipids in plasma for raw P < 0.01). Lipid species associated with progression rate clustered in a relatively low number of metabolic pathways, mainly triacylglyceride metabolism and glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid biosynthesis. A specific triacylglyceride (68:12), correlated with neurofilament content (r = 0.8, P < 0.008). Thus, the present findings suggest that systemic hypermetabolism-potentially sustained by increased triacylglyceride content-and CNS alterations of specific lipid pathways could be associated as modifiers of disease progression. Furthermore, these results confirm biochemical lipid heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with different presentations and progression, suggesting the use of specific lipid species as potential disease classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Sol
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
- Institut Català de la Salut, Atenció Primària, Lleida, Spain
- Research Support Unit Lleida, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Monica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Sproviero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Raul Domínguez
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Clinical Neuroscience Research, IRBLleida-Hospital Universitari Santa Maria Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ricardo Romero-Guevara
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Abdul Hye
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Pascual Torres
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Pol Andres-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estela Area-Gómez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Senior Consultant, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victòria Ayala
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Metabolic Physiopathology Research Group, Experimental Medicine Department, Lleida University-Lleida Biochemical Research Institute (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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11
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Ahn J, Lee H, Jung CH, Ha SY, Seo HD, Kim YI, Ha T. 6-Gingerol Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis via HNF4α/miR-467b-3p/GPAT1 Cascade. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1201-1213. [PMID: 34139323 PMCID: PMC8445893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can be modulated by microRNAs (miRNA). Dietary polyphenols modulate the expression of miRNA such as miR-467b-3p in the liver. In addition, 6-gingerol (6-G), the functional polyphenol of ginger, has been reported to ameliorate hepatic steatosis; however, the exact mechanism involved and the role of miRNA remain elusive. In this study, we assessed the role of miR-467b-3p in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and the regulation of miR-467b-3p by 6-G through the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). METHODS miR-467b-3p expression was measured in free fatty acid (FFA)-treated hepatocytes or liver from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Gain- or loss-of-function of miR-467b-3p was induced using miR-467b-3p-specific miRNA mimic or miRNA inhibitor, respectively. 6-G was exposed to FFA-treated cells and HFD-fed mice. The HNF4α/miR-467b-3p/GPAT1 axis was measured in mouse and human fatty liver tissues. RESULTS We found that miR-467b-3p was down-regulated in liver tissues from HFD-fed mice and in FFA-treated Hepa1-6 cells. Overexpression of miR-467b-3p decreased intracellular lipid accumulation in FFA-treated hepatocytes and mitigated hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice via negative regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (GPAT1). In addition, miR-467b-3p up-regulation by 6-G was observed. 6-G inhibited FFA-induced lipid accumulation and mitigated hepatic steatosis. Moreover, it increased the transcriptional activity of HNF4α, resulting in the increase of miR-467b-3p and subsequent decrease of GPAT1. HNF4α/miR-467b-3p/GPAT1 signaling also was observed in human samples with hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings establish a novel mechanism by which 6-G improves NAFLD. This suggests that targeting of the HNF4α/miR-467b-3p/GPAT1 cascade may be used as a potential therapeutic strategy to control NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Ahn
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea,Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jiyun Ahn, PhD, DVM, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea,Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Ha
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | - Young In Kim
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea,Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Taeyoul Ha
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea,Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jiyun Ahn, PhD, DVM, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea.
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12
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Huang D, Liu J, Eldridge RC, Gaul DA, Paine MRL, Uppal K, MacDonald TJ, Fernández FM. Lipidome signatures of metastasis in a transgenic mouse model of sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7017-7027. [PMID: 32794007 PMCID: PMC7982123 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, has high propensity to metastasize. Currently, the standard treatment for MB patients includes radiation therapy administered to the entire brain and spine for the purpose of treating or preventing against metastasis. Due to this aggressive treatment, the majority of long-term survivors will be left with permanent and debilitating neurocognitive impairment, for the 30-40% patients that fail to respond to treatment, all will relapse with terminal metastatic disease. An understanding of the underlying biology that drives MB metastasis is lacking, and is critically needed in order to develop targeted therapeutics for its prevention. To examine the metastatic biology of sonic hedgehog (SHH) MB, the human MB subgroup with the worst clinical outcome in children, we first generated a robust SmoA1-Math-GFP mouse model that reliably reproduces human SHH MB whereby metastases can be visualized under fluorescence microscopy. Lipidome alterations associated with metastasis were then investigated by applying ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) under positive ionization mode to primary tumor samples collected from mice without (n = 18) and with (n = 7) metastasis. Thirty-four discriminant lipids associated with SHH MB metastasis were successfully annotated, including ceramides (Cers), sphingomyelins (SMs), triacylglycerols (TGs), diacylglycerols (DGs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and phosphatidic acids (PAs). This study provides deeper insights into dysregulations of lipid metabolism associated with SHH MB metastatic progression, and thus serves as a guide toward novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danning Huang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - David A Gaul
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Karan Uppal
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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13
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Reilly SM, Hung CW, Ahmadian M, Zhao P, Keinan O, Gomez AV, DeLuca JH, Dadpey B, Lu D, Zaid J, Poirier B, Peng X, Yu RT, Downes M, Liddle C, Evans RM, Murphy AN, Saltiel AR. Catecholamines suppress fatty acid re-esterification and increase oxidation in white adipocytes via STAT3. Nat Metab 2020; 2:620-634. [PMID: 32694788 PMCID: PMC7384260 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines stimulate the mobilization of stored triglycerides in adipocytes to provide fatty acids (FAs) for other tissues. However, a large proportion is taken back up and either oxidized or re-esterified. What controls the disposition of these FAs in adipocytes remains unknown. Here, we report that catecholamines redirect FAs for oxidation through the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Adipocyte STAT3 is phosphorylated upon activation of β-adrenergic receptors, and in turn suppresses FA re-esterification to promote FA oxidation. Adipocyte-specific Stat3 KO mice exhibit normal rates of lipolysis, but exhibit defective lipolysis-driven oxidative metabolism, resulting in reduced energy expenditure and increased adiposity when they are on a high-fat diet. This previously unappreciated, non-genomic role of STAT3 explains how sympathetic activation can increase both lipolysis and FA oxidation in adipocytes, revealing a new regulatory axis in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Reilly
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Chao-Wei Hung
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Ahmadian
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Omer Keinan
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew V Gomez
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia H DeLuca
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benyamin Dadpey
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald Lu
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Zaid
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - BreAnne Poirier
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoling Peng
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cytokinetics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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14
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Key CCC, Bishop AC, Wang X, Zhao Q, Chen GY, Quinn MA, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Parks JS. Human GDPD3 overexpression promotes liver steatosis by increasing lysophosphatidic acid production and fatty acid uptake. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1075-1086. [PMID: 32430316 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycerol phosphate pathway produces more than 90% of the liver triacylglycerol (TAG). LysoPA, an intermediate in this pathway, is produced by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 3 (GDPD3), whose gene was recently cloned, contains lysophospholipase D activity, which produces LysoPA from lysophospholipids. Whether human GDPD3 plays a role in hepatic TAG homeostasis is unknown. We hypothesized that human GDPD3 increases LysoPA production and availability in the glycerol phosphate pathway, promoting TAG biosynthesis. To test our hypothesis, we infected C57BL/6J mice with adeno-associated virus encoding a hepatocyte-specific albumin promoter that drives GFP (control) or FLAG-tagged human GDPD3 overexpression and fed the mice chow or a Western diet to induce hepatosteatosis. Hepatic human GDPD3 overexpression induced LysoPA production and increased FA uptake and incorporation into TAG in mouse hepatocytes and livers, ultimately exacerbating Western diet-induced liver steatosis. Our results also showed that individuals with hepatic steatosis have increased GDPD3 mRNA levels compared with individuals without steatosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that upregulation of GDPD3 expression may play a key role in hepatic TAG accumulation and may represent a molecular target for managing hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi C Key
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. mailto:
| | - Andrew C Bishop
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - Matthew A Quinn
- Section on Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402
| | - John S Parks
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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15
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Wang J, Singh SK, Geng S, Zhang S, Yuan L. Genome-wide analysis of glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase gene family and functional characterization of two cutin group GPATs in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2020; 251:93. [PMID: 32246349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide identification, spatio-temporal expression analysis and functional characterization of selected Brassica napus GPATs highlight their roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens. Glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (GPAT) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of glycerolipids, a major component of cellular membranes and extracellular protective layers, such as cuticles in plants. Brassica napus is an economically important crop and cultivated worldwide mostly for its edible oil. The B. napus GPATs (BnGPATs) are insufficiently characterized. Here, we performed genome-wide analysis to identify putative GPATs in B. napus and its diploid progenitors B. rapa and B oleracea. The 32 B. napus BnGPATs are phylogenetically divided into three major groups, cutin, suberin, and diverse ancient groups. Analysis of transcriptomes of different tissues and seeds at different developmental stages revealed the spatial and temporal expression profiles of BnGPATs. The yield and oil quality of B. napus are adversely affected by the necrotrophic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We showed that several BnGPATs, including cutin-related BnGPAT19 and 21, were upregulated in the S. sclerotiorum resistant line. RNAi-mediated suppression of BnGPAT19 and 21 in B. napus resulted in thinner cuticle, leading to rapid water and chlorophyll loss in toluidine blue staining and leaf bleaching assays. In addition, the RNAi plants also developed severe necrotic lesions following fungal inoculation compared to the wild-type plants, indicating that BnGPAT19 and 21 are likely involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis that is critical for initial pathogen defense. Taken together, we provided a comprehensive account of GPATs B. napus and characterized BnGPAT19 and 21 for their potential roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and defense against fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Siyu Geng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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16
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Song MJ, Malhi H. The unfolded protein response and hepatic lipid metabolism in non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107401. [PMID: 31419516 PMCID: PMC6848795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a major public health burden. Although many features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis are known, the specific mechanisms and susceptibilities that determine an individual's risk of developing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus isolated steatosis are not well delineated. The predominant and defining histologic and imaging characteristic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the accumulation of lipids. Dysregulation of lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes leads to transient generation or accumulation of toxic lipids that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with inflammation, hepatocellular damage, and apoptosis. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is classically viewed as an adaptive pathway to maintain protein folding homeostasis. Recent studies have uncovered the contribution of the UPR sensors in the regulation of hepatic steatosis and in the cellular response to lipotoxic stress. Interestingly, the UPR sensors can be directly activated by toxic lipids, independently of the accumulation of misfolded proteins, termed lipotoxic and proteotoxic stress, respectively. The dual function of the UPR sensors in protein and lipid homeostasis suggests that these two types of stress are interconnected likely due to the central role of the ER in protein folding and trafficking and lipid biosynthesis and trafficking, such that perturbations in either impact the function of the ER and activate the UPR sensors in an effort to restore homeostasis. The precise molecular similarities and differences between proteotoxic and lipotoxic ER stress are beginning to be understood. Herein, we provide an overview of the mechanisms involved in the activation and cross-talk between the UPR sensors, hepatic lipid metabolism, and lipotoxic stress, and discuss the possible therapeutic potential of targeting the UPR in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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17
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Zhu W, Guo Q, Cheng Y, Wu X. Identification and functional expression of two subtypes of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase differently regulating triacylglyceride synthesis during ovary development in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 331:494-505. [PMID: 31436894 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerides (TAG) are a pivotal nutrient for crustacean reproduction, rapidly accumulating in gonads and hepatopancreas during the ovary development. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is the enzyme catalyzing the first step in TAG synthesis. In the present study, two EsGPATs subtypes (EsGPAT1 and EsGPAT2) were identified and characterized. The transcript of EsGPAT1 was highly expressed in thoracic ganglia, hepatopancreas and ovary, while EsGPAT2 was mainly detected in nervous tissues and intestine. During the ovary development, in hepatopancreas, the expression levels of EsGPAT1 increased from Stage I to its maximum at Stage IV and then declined sharply. The transcription levels of EsGPAT2 were highest at Stage I and then gradually declined to reach its minimum at Stage IV. In ovaries, the EsGPAT1 expression levels increased from Stage I to reach its maximum at Stage IV and then declined. The transcription levels of EsGPAT2 reached the peak at Stage I and then declined to the minimum at Stage III. In situ hybridization revealed they were both located in the F cells and R cells of hepatopancreas and all types of cells at Stage I, the follicle cells and the exogenous vitellogenic oocytes at Stage III and nearly mature oocytes at Stage IV of the ovary. In addition, the knockdown of EsGPAT1 downregulated the expression levels of downstream genes in TAG synthesis pathway, but it was not observed in RNAi treatment group of EsGPAT2. These results indicate that the two EsGPATs identified have different roles in TAG metabolism during the ovarian development of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangling Zhu
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xugan Wu
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Yang SU, Kim J, Kim H, Suh MC. Functional Characterization of Physcomitrella patens Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 9 and an Increase in Seed Oil Content in Arabidopsis by Its Ectopic Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E284. [PMID: 31412690 PMCID: PMC6724121 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since vegetable oils (usually triacylglycerol [TAG]) are extensively used as food and raw materials, an increase in storage oil content and production of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in transgenic plants is desirable. In this study, a gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 9 (GPAT9), which catalyzes the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from a glycerol-3-phosphate and acyl-CoA, was isolated from Physcomitrella patens, which produces high levels of very-long-chain PUFAs in protonema and gametophores. P. patens GPAT9 shares approximately 50%, 60%, and 70% amino acid similarity with GPAT9 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Klebsormidium nitens, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. PpGPAT9 transcripts were detected in both the protonema and gametophores. Fluorescent signals from the eYFP:PpGPAT9 construct were observed in the ER of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Ectopic expression of PpGPAT9 increased the seed oil content by approximately 10% in Arabidopsis. The levels of PUFAs (18:2, 18:3, and 20:2) and saturated FAs (16:0, 18:0, and 20:0) increased by 60% and 43%, respectively, in the storage oil of the transgenic seeds when compared with the wild type. The transgenic embryos with increased oil content contained larger embryonic cells than the wild type. Thus, PpGPAT9 may be a novel genetic resource to enhance storage oil yields from oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ui Yang
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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19
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Shen B, Han S, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zou Z, Liu J, Zhao Z, Wu R, Wang C. Bta-miR-152 affects intracellular triglyceride content by targeting the UCP3 gene. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1365-1373. [PMID: 31355500 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
According to our previous studies, bta-miR-152, PRKAA1 and UCP3 are differentially expressed in mammary gland tissues of high milk fat and low milk fat cows, and the trend in bta-miR-152 expression is opposite from those of PRKAA1 and UCP3. To further identify the function and regulatory mechanism of bta-miR-152 in milk fat metabolism, we investigated the effect of bta-miR-152 on cellular triglyceride content in bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro, on the basis of bta-miR-152 overexpression and inhibition assays. The target genes of bta-miR-152 were identified through qPCR, Western blotting and dual luciferase reporter gene detection. Compared with that in the control group, the expression of UCP3 was significantly lower in the bta-miR-152 mimic group, the expression of PRKAA1 was decreased, and the intracellular TAG content was significantly increased. After transfection with bta-miR-152 inhibitor, the expression of UCP3 increased significantly, and the expression of PRKAA1 decreased, but the difference was not significant; in addition, the intracellular TAG content decreased significantly. Therefore, we concluded that bta-miR-152 affects the intracellular TAG content by targeting UCP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuo Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhuonina Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ziwen Zou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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20
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Blunsom NJ, Cockcroft S. Phosphatidylinositol synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158471. [PMID: 31173893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a minor phospholipid with a characteristic fatty acid profile; it is highly enriched in stearic acid at the sn-1 position and arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position. PI is phosphorylated into seven specific derivatives, and individual species are involved in a vast array of cellular functions including signalling, membrane traffic, ion channel regulation and actin dynamics. De novo PI synthesis takes place at the endoplasmic reticulum where phosphatidic acid (PA) is converted to PI in two enzymatic steps. PA is also produced at the plasma membrane during phospholipase C signalling, where hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) leads to the production of diacylglycerol which is rapidly phosphorylated to PA. This PA is transferred to the ER to be also recycled back to PI. For the synthesis of PI, CDP-diacylglycerol synthase (CDS) converts PA to the intermediate, CDP-DG, which is then used by PI synthase to make PI. The de novo synthesised PI undergoes remodelling to acquire its characteristic fatty acid profile, which is altered in p53-mutated cancer cells. In mammals, there are two CDS enzymes at the ER, CDS1 and CDS2. In this review, we summarise the de novo synthesis of PI at the ER and the enzymes involved in its subsequent remodelling to acquire its characteristic acyl chains. We discuss how CDS, the rate limiting enzymes in PI synthesis are regulated by different mechanisms. During phospholipase C signalling, the CDS1 enzyme is specifically upregulated by cFos via protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Blunsom
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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21
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Functional Analysis of Genes Involved in Glycerolipids Biosynthesis ( GPAT1 and GPAT2) in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060308. [PMID: 31159297 PMCID: PMC6617006 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pork consumption is the highest among all meats in Poland and in the world. Current breeding programs were designed to obtain high meat content and low levels of fat in pork carcasses. This resulted in a decrease in the quality of meat. Numerous researchers indicated that intramuscular fat content (IMF) is the determining factor for meat quality and consumer’s acceptance of meat. The genes GPAT1 and GPAT2, being the objective of this study are involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. TAGs are the main constituents of animal fat as well as of IMF. The aim of this study was to assess the expression level of the GPAT1 and GPAT2 genes in musculus longissimus lumborum, subcutaneous fat and liver of pigs. Moreover, association analysis between the genes’ expression, production traits, quality and sensory parameters of pork was carried out. The results obtained showed significant differences in the mRNA expression of analyzed genes between tissues and breeds of pigs. Furthermore, association analysis showed significant associations between expression level of the genes and some of the production traits, sensory and quality parameters of pork. The results of this study indicated the possibility of modification of desired traits through transcriptional control of gene expression. Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) enzymes catalyze the first step in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis. Genes that belong to the GPAT family are potential genetic markers for intramuscular fat content (IMF) content and thus meat quality. The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of GPAT1 and GPAT2 genes in musculus longissimus lumborum, liver and subcutaneous fat of various breeds of pigs. Furthermore, correlations between the genes’ expression abundance and utility traits, meat quality and meat texture parameters of pork were determined. The results obtained showed significant differences in the mRNA level of GPAT1 between analyzed tissues and breeds. The highest expression of GPAT1 gene was observed in liver tissue (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, significantly higher GPAT1 transcript level in the m. longissimus lumborum was observed for duroc in comparison to other analyzed breeds (p ≤ 0.05). Expression of the GPAT2 gene was shown only in the liver tissues, however statistically significant differences between the analyzed breeds were not observed. Correlation analysis confirmed the highest association between GPAT2 gene expression level in liver and cohesiveness and resilience traits of m. longissimus lumborum (p ≤ 0.01).
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22
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Yoshinaga K, Obi J, Tago A, Kato Y, Nagai T, Yoshida A, Gotoh N. Analysis of hydroxy triacylglycerol as a lactone precursor in milk fat using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 274:298-304. [PMID: 30372942 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Heating milk fat leads to lactone formation. Hydroxy fatty acids, esterified in triacylglycerol (TAG), are likely precursors of lactones in milk fat, but respective hydroxy TAG isomers have not been directly detected for several decades. In this study, we separated hydroxy TAG isomers-1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-(5-hydroxy decanoyl)-rac-glycerol (PP(C10-5OH)-TAG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-(5-hydroxy dodecanoyl)-rac-glycerol (PP(C12-5OH)-TAG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-(5-hydroxy tetradecanoyl)-rac-glycerol (PP(C14-5OH)-TAG), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-(4-hydroxy dodecanoyl)-rac-glycerol-by using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with an octacocyl silylation column. This method revealed the presence of PP(C10-5OH)-TAG, PP(C12-5OH)-TAG, and PP(C14-5OH)-TAG in butter oil, whereas no hydroxy TAG isomers were detected in heat-treated butter oil. Furthermore, a heating test of hydroxy TAG standards showed a decrease in hydroxy TAG levels and an increase in the corresponding lactone levels. These changes were stimulated by adding a small amount of water. This is the first reported analysis of respective hydroxy TAG isomers in milk fat using LC-ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Yoshinaga
- Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd., 3-17-9, Higashi Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8520, Japan
| | - Junji Obi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Arisa Tago
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kato
- Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd., 3-17-9, Higashi Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8520, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Nagai
- Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd., 3-17-9, Higashi Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8520, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Tsukishima Foods Industry Co. Ltd., 3-17-9, Higashi Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8520, Japan
| | - Naohiro Gotoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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23
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Guan Y, Zhang T, He J, Jia J, Zhu L, Wang Z. Bisphenol A disturbed the lipid metabolism mediated by sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 in rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:179-186. [PMID: 30579156 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a representative endocrine disrupting compound, exists ubiquitously in the aquatic environment. Several studies on fish have validated the role of BPA in the lipid metabolism. However, the action mechanisms of BPA on lipid metabolism have been little studied. To clarify how BPA regulates lipid metabolism, Gobiocypris rarus were exposed to 15 μg/L BPA for 3 and 6 weeks. Results showed that BPA altered lipid content by regulating some metabolism-related genes. The BPA's inhibiting effect on fatty acid β-oxidation might be stronger than on lipid synthesis. BPA disturbed the expression of acaca (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), fasn (fatty acid synthase) and cpt1α (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α) by altering the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) binding to their sterol regulatory elements (SREs). Our result also revealed that DNA methylation in the 5' flanking regions of cpt1α could perturb the SREBP-1 binding adjacent to its SRE in females under BPA exposure. Besides, BPA exposure led to gender-specific effect on fatty acid β-oxidation in G. rarus. This will contribute to our understanding of the regulation mechanisms of BPA on lipid metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecuar Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecuar Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiafa He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecuar Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jia Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecuar Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Long Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecuar Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecuar Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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24
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Waschburger E, Kulcheski FR, Veto NM, Margis R, Margis-Pinheiro M, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Genome-wide analysis of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) gene family reveals the evolution and diversification of plant GPATs. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:355-370. [PMID: 29583156 PMCID: PMC5913721 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (GPAT) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to the sn-1 or sn-2 position of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to generate lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). The functional studies of GPAT in plants demonstrated its importance in controlling storage and membrane lipid. Identifying genes encoding GPAT in a variety of plant species is crucial to understand their involvement in different metabolic pathways and physiological functions. Here, we performed genome-wide and evolutionary analyses of GPATs in plants. GPAT genes were identified in all algae and plants studied. The phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes group into three main clades. While clades I (GPAT9) and II (soluble GPAT) include GPATs from algae and plants, clade III (GPAT1-8) includes GPATs specific from plants that are involved in the biosynthesis of cutin or suberin. Gene organization and the expression pattern of GPATs in plants corroborate with clade formation in the phylogeny, suggesting that the evolutionary patterns is reflected in their functionality. Overall, our results provide important insights into the evolution of the plant GPATs and allowed us to explore the evolutionary mechanism underlying the functional diversification among these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Waschburger
- Graduação em Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franceli Rodrigues Kulcheski
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicole Moreira Veto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Margis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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25
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Wang Y, Ding X, Tan Z, Ning C, Xing K, Yang T, Pan Y, Sun D, Wang C. Genome-Wide Association Study of Piglet Uniformity and Farrowing Interval. Front Genet 2017; 8:194. [PMID: 29234349 PMCID: PMC5712316 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglet uniformity (PU) and farrowing interval (FI) are important reproductive traits related to production and economic profits in the pig industry. However, the genetic architecture of the longitudinal trends of reproductive traits still remains elusive. Herein, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to detect potential genetic variation and candidate genes underlying the phenotypic records at different parities for PU and FI in a population of 884 Large White pigs. In total, 12 significant SNPs were detected on SSC1, 3, 4, 9, and 14, which collectively explained 1–1.79% of the phenotypic variance for PU from parity 1 to 4, and 2.58–4.11% for FI at different stages. Of these, seven SNPs were located within 16 QTL regions related to swine reproductive traits. One QTL region was associated with birth body weight (related to PU) and contained the peak SNP MARC0040730, and another was associated with plasma FSH concentration (related to FI) and contained the SNP MARC0031325. Finally, some positional candidate genes for PU and FI were identified because of their roles in prenatal skeletal muscle development, fetal energy substrate, pre-implantation, and the expression of mammary gland epithelium. Identification of novel variants and candidate genes will greatly advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of PU and FI, and suggest a specific opportunity for improving marker assisted selection or genomic selection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Pan
- Beijing Shunxin Agriculture Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuduan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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26
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Wang H, Airola MV, Reue K. How lipid droplets "TAG" along: Glycerolipid synthetic enzymes and lipid storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1131-1145. [PMID: 28642195 PMCID: PMC5688854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAG) serve as the predominant form of energy storage in mammalian cells, and TAG synthesis influences conditions such as obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. In most tissues, the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway enzymes are responsible for TAG synthesis, and the regulation and function of these enzymes is therefore important for metabolic homeostasis. Here we review the sites and regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), lipin phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme action. We highlight the critical roles that these enzymes play in human health by reviewing Mendelian disorders that result from mutation in the corresponding genes. We also summarize the valuable insights that genetically engineered mouse models have provided into the cellular and physiological roles of GPATs, AGPATs, lipins and DGATs. Finally, we comment on the status and feasibility of therapeutic approaches to metabolic disease that target enzymes of the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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27
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Jung S, Choi M, Choi K, Kwon EB, Kang M, Kim DE, Jeong H, Kim J, Kim JH, Kim MO, Han SB, Cho S. Inactivation of human DGAT2 by oxidative stress on cysteine residues. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181076. [PMID: 28700690 PMCID: PMC5507451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) have a crucial role in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TG), the major storage form of metabolic energy in eukaryotic organisms. Even though DGAT2, one of two distinct DGATs, has a vital role in TG biosynthesis, little is known about the regulation of DGAT2 activity. In this study, we examined the role of cysteine and its oxidation in the enzymatic activity of human DGAT2 in vitro. Human DGAT2 activity was considerably inhibited not only by thiol-modifying reagents (NEM and IA) but also by ROS-related chemicals (H2O2 and β-lapachone), while human DGAT1 and GPAT1 were little affected. Particularly, ROS-related chemicals concomitantly induced intermolecular disulfide crosslinking of human DGAT2. Both the oxidative inactivation and disulfide crosslinking were almost completely reversed by the treatment with DTT, a disulfide-reducing agent. These results clearly demonstrated the significant role of ROS-induced intermolecular crosslinking in the inactivation of human DGAT2 and also suggested DGAT2 as a redox-sensitive regulator in TG biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Jung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Miri Choi
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Kwangman Choi
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Eun Bin Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Dong-eun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Hyejeong Jeong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Mun Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Molecular identification of transmembrane protein 68 as an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored and brain-specific protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176980. [PMID: 28472192 PMCID: PMC5417663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyltransferases catalyze essential reactions in the buildup and remodeling of glycerophospholipids and contribute to the maintenance and diversity of cellular membranes. Transmembrane protein 68 (TMEM68) is an evolutionarily conserved protein of unknown function, that forms a distinct subgroup within the glycerophospholipid acyltransferase family. In the current study we expressed murine TMEM68 for the first time in mammalian cells to characterize its subcellular localization, topology, and possible biological function(s). We show that TMEM68 is an integral membrane protein and orients both, the N- and C-terminus towards the cytosol. Live cell imaging demonstrated that TMEM68 is localized mainly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but not at cellular lipid droplets (LDs). The positioning of TMEM68 at the ER was dependent on its first transmembrane domain (TMD), which by itself was sufficient to target cytosolic green fluorescence protein (GFP) to the ER. In contrast, a second TMD was dispensable for ER localization of TMEM68. Finally, we found that among multiple murine tissues the expression level of TMEM68 transcripts was highest in brain. We conclude that TMEM68 is an integral ER membrane protein and a putative acyltransferase involved in brain glycerolipid metabolism.
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29
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de Las Heras N, Valero-Muñoz M, Martín-Fernández B, Ballesteros S, López-Farré A, Ruiz-Roso B, Lahera V. Molecular factors involved in the hypolipidemic- and insulin-sensitizing effects of a ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract in rats fed a high-fat diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:209-215. [PMID: 28125276 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties of ginger in animal models have been reported. However, information related to the mechanisms and factors involved in the metabolic effects of ginger at a hepatic level are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate molecular factors involved in the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of a hydroethanolic ginger extract (GE) in the liver of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The study was conducted in male Wistar rats divided into the following 3 groups: (i) Rats fed a standard diet (3.5% fat), the control group; (ii) rats fed an HFD (33.5% fat); and (iii) rats fed an HFD treated with GE (250 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 5 weeks (HFD+GE). Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. Liver expression of glycerol phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), PPARα and PPARγ, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2), liver X receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1c), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and collagen I was measured. Data were analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA, followed by a Newman-Keuls test if differences were noted. The study showed that GE improved lipid profile and attenuated the increase of plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin in HFD rats. This effect was associated with a higher liver expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and GLUT-2 and an enhancement of plasma adiponectin levels. Furthermore, GE reduced liver expression of GPAT, SREBP1c, CTGF, and collagen I. The results suggest that GE might be considered as an alternative therapeutic strategy in the management of overweight and hepatic and metabolic-related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia de Las Heras
- a Department of Physiology, Complutense University, School of Medicine, Madrid - 28040, Spain
| | - María Valero-Muñoz
- a Department of Physiology, Complutense University, School of Medicine, Madrid - 28040, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Ballesteros
- a Department of Physiology, Complutense University, School of Medicine, Madrid - 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Farré
- b Department of Medicine, Complutense University, School of Medicine, Madrid - 28040, Spain
| | - Baltasar Ruiz-Roso
- c Department of Nutrition, Complutense University, School of Pharmacy, Madrid - 28040, Spain
| | - Vicente Lahera
- a Department of Physiology, Complutense University, School of Medicine, Madrid - 28040, Spain
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Nayeri S, Stothard P. Tissues, Metabolic Pathways and Genes of Key Importance in Lactating Dairy Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40362-016-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Keenan KA, Grove TJ, Oldham CA, O'Brien KM. Characterization of mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in notothenioid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 204:9-26. [PMID: 27836743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hearts of Antarctic icefishes (suborder Notothenioidei, family Channichthyidae) have higher densities of mitochondria, and mitochondria have higher densities of phospholipids, compared to red-blooded notothenioids. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycerolipid biosynthesis. There are four isoforms of GPAT in vertebrates; GPAT1 and GPAT2 are localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane, whereas GPAT3 and GPAT4 are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. We hypothesized that transcript levels of GPAT1 and/or GPAT2 would mirror densities of mitochondrial phospholipids and be higher in the icefish Chaenocephalus aceratus compared to the red-blooded species Notothenia coriiceps. Transcript levels of GPAT1 were quantified in heart ventricles and liver using qRT-PCR. Additionally, GPAT1 cDNA was sequenced in the Antarctic notothenioids, C. aceratus and N. coriiceps, and in the sub-Antarctic notothenioid, Eleginops maclovinus, to identify amino acid substitutions that may maintain GPAT1 function at cold temperature. Transcript levels of GPAT1 were higher in liver compared to heart ventricles but were not significantly different between the two species. In contrast, transcripts of GPAT2 were only detected in ventricle where they were 6.6-fold higher in C. aceratus compared to N. coriiceps. These data suggest GPAT1 may be more important for synthesizing triacylglycerol, whereas GPAT2 may regulate synthesis of phospholipids. GPAT1 amino acid sequences are highly conserved among the three notothenioids with 97.9-98.7% identity. Four amino acid substitutions within the cytosolic region of Antarctic notothenioid GPAT1 may maintain conformational changes necessary for binding and catalysis at cold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Keenan
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Theresa J Grove
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, United States
| | - Corey A Oldham
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
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Ducheix S, Vegliante MC, Villani G, Napoli N, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Is hepatic lipogenesis fundamental for NAFLD/NASH? A focus on the nuclear receptor coactivator PGC-1β. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3809-22. [PMID: 27522544 PMCID: PMC11108573 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. According to the classical pattern of NAFLD progression, de novo fatty acid synthesis has been incriminated in NAFLD progression. However, this hypothesis has been challenged by the re-evaluation of NAFLD development mechanisms together with the description of the role of lipogenic genes in NAFLD and with the recent observation that PGC-1β, a nuclear receptor/transcription factor coactivator involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipogenesis, displays protective effects against NAFLD/NASH progression. In this review, we focus on the implication of lipogenesis and triglycerides synthesis on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and discuss the involvement of these pathways in the protective role of PGC-1β toward these hepatic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ducheix
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale O. Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Vegliante
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Villani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale O. Flacco 65, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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Keenan K, Hoffman M, Dullen K, O'Brien KM. Molecular drivers of mitochondrial membrane proliferation in response to cold acclimation in threespine stickleback. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:109-114. [PMID: 27613226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how the synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids is integrated into mitochondrial biogenesis in fish or mammals. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15) catalyzes the addition of fatty acyl CoA to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, in what is considered the rate-limiting step in phospholipid biosynthesis. Previous studies have shown that mitochondrial volume density increases in oxidative skeletal muscle but not liver of Gasterosteus aculeatus (threespine stickleback) in response to cold acclimation. We hypothesized that maximal activity of GPAT would increase in oxidative skeletal muscle but not liver during cold acclimation, coinciding with mitochondrial biogenesis. GPAT activity was measured in liver and oxidative skeletal (pectoral adductor) muscle of threespine stickleback acclimated to 8°C or 20°C. In addition, mRNA levels of enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis, including cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol synthase-1 (CDS1), CDS2, GPAT1, GPAT2 and 1-acylglycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase-2 (AGPAT2), were quantified in liver and pectoral muscle of stickleback harvested during cold acclimation. GPAT activity and transcript levels of AGPAT2 increased in response to cold acclimation in pectoral muscle but not liver. Transcript levels of GPAT1 increased in liver but not pectoral muscle. Overall our results suggest that the activity of GPAT, and possibly AGPAT as well, increase during cold acclimation and may contribute to mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis required for mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Keenan
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Megan Hoffman
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Kristin Dullen
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
| | - Kristin M O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
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Smith G, Macias-Muñoz A, Briscoe AD. Gene Duplication and Gene Expression Changes Play a Role in the Evolution of Candidate Pollen Feeding Genes in Heliconius Butterflies. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2581-96. [PMID: 27553646 PMCID: PMC5010911 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heliconius possess a unique ability among butterflies to feed on pollen. Pollen feeding significantly extends their lifespan, and is thought to have been important to the diversification of the genus. We used RNA sequencing to examine feeding-related gene expression in the mouthparts of four species of Heliconius and one nonpollen feeding species, Eueides isabella. We hypothesized that genes involved in morphology and protein metabolism might be upregulated in Heliconius because they have longer proboscides than Eueides, and because pollen contains more protein than nectar. Using de novo transcriptome assemblies, we tested these hypotheses by comparing gene expression in mouthparts against antennae and legs. We first looked for genes upregulated in mouthparts across all five species and discovered several hundred genes, many of which had functional annotations involving metabolism of proteins (cocoonase), lipids, and carbohydrates. We then looked specifically within Heliconius where we found eleven common upregulated genes with roles in morphology (CPR cuticle proteins), behavior (takeout-like), and metabolism (luciferase-like). Closer examination of these candidates revealed that cocoonase underwent several duplications along the lineage leading to heliconiine butterflies, including two Heliconius-specific duplications. Luciferase-like genes also underwent duplication within lepidopterans, and upregulation in Heliconius mouthparts. Reverse-transcription PCR confirmed that three cocoonases, a peptidase, and one luciferase-like gene are expressed in the proboscis with little to no expression in labial palps and salivary glands. Our results suggest pollen feeding, like other dietary specializations, was likely facilitated by adaptive expansions of preexisting genes—and that the butterfly proboscis is involved in digestive enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Zhang L, Wang HH. The essential functions of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in hepatic lipid metabolism. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:709-16. [PMID: 27133206 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle for protein and lipid synthesis in hepatocytes. ER homeostasis is vital to maintain normal hepatocyte physiology. Perturbed ER functions causes ER stress associated with accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER that activates a series of adaptive signalling pathways, termed unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR regulates ER chaperone levels to preserve ER protein-folding environment to protect the cell from ER stress. Recent findings reveal an array of ER chaperones that alter the protein-folding environment in the ER of hepatocytes and contribute to dysregulation of hepatocyte lipid metabolism and liver disease. In this review, we will discuss the specific functions of these chaperones in regulation of lipid metabolism, especially de novo lipogenesis and lipid transport and demonstrate their homeostatic role not only for ER-protein synthesis but also for lipid metabolism in hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiChun Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Long X, Fang X, Jiang P, Xiao H, Yu H, Zhou M, Pan Y, Lu C, Zhao Z, Yang R. <i>AGPAT6</i> gene EX1_303T > C and EX12_299G > A mutations and associations with economic traits of Chinese Simmental-cross cattle. Arch Anim Breed 2016. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-59-301-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. One of the 11 members in the family of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O- acyltransferases (AGPATs), AGPAT6, is responsible for the second step in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol in eukaryotes. The AGPAT6 gene is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue, mammary gland epithelial cells and many other tissues. In this study, the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was applied to detect sites of polymorphism in the bovine AGPAT6 gene, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the exon 1 and exon 12. Thirty-three traits associated with the meat quality and the carcass were also measured in Chinese Simmental-cross steers. The association between the two SNPs and the traits was then analyzed. The polymorphism site EX1_303T > C was significantly associated with the omasum weight, liver weight, pH value of the beef (carcass), fat coverage rate of the carcass, fat color score, kidney weight and back fat thickness. The polymorphism site EX12_299G > A was significantly associated with bone net weight, forehoof weight, hind feet weight, the fat coverage rate of the carcass, the head and heart weight and the marbling score. Thus, the polymorphisms in the AGPAT6 gene might be important genetic factors that influence the carcass yield and meat quality of beef cattle and may be useful markers of meat quality traits in future marker-assisted selection programs for the breeding and production of beef cattle.
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Li X, Yang M, Li Z, Xue M, Shangguan Z, Ou Z, Liu M, Liu S, Yang S, Li X. Fructus xanthii improves lipid homeostasis in the epididymal adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fat diet. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:787-95. [PMID: 26648271 PMCID: PMC4686102 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity triggers common features of human metabolic syndrome in rats. Our previous study showed that Fructus xanthii (FX) attenuates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of FX on lipid metabolism in epididymal fat (EF), and examine its underlying mechanisms. Aqueous extraction fractions of FX or vehicle were orally administered by gavage for 6 weeks to rats fed either a HFD or a normal chow diet (NCD). The levels of circulating free fatty acid (FFA) were determined in plasma, and the expression levels of lipid metabolism- and inflammation-associated genes in the EF were measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The general morphology, size and number of adipocytes in the EF, and the levels of macrophage infiltration were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining or immunohistochemical staining. FX decreased circulating levels of FFA, increased the expression levels of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c, FAS, acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase and lipoprotein lipase lipogenic genes in the EF. FX increased the numbers of adipocytes in the EF, and featured a shift towards smaller adipocyte size. Compared with the vehicle-treated rats, positive staining of F4/80 was more dispersed in the FX-treated rats, and the percentage of F4/80 positive cells was significantly decreased. FX attenuated HFD-induced lipid dyshomeostasis in the epididymal adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Yang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Mei Xue
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoshui Shangguan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Ou
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Suhuan Liu
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Yang
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Xiamen Diabetes Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
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Cooper DE, Young PA, Klett EL, Coleman RA. Physiological Consequences of Compartmentalized Acyl-CoA Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20023-31. [PMID: 26124277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.663260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meeting the complex physiological demands of mammalian life requires strict control of the metabolism of long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs because of the multiplicity of their cellular functions. Acyl-CoAs are substrates for energy production; stored within lipid droplets as triacylglycerol, cholesterol esters, and retinol esters; esterified to form membrane phospholipids; or used to activate transcriptional and signaling pathways. Indirect evidence suggests that acyl-CoAs do not wander freely within cells, but instead, are channeled into specific pathways. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for acyl-CoA compartmentalization, highlight the key modes of acyl-CoA regulation, and diagram potential mechanisms for controlling acyl-CoA partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric L Klett
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus lowers zebrafish lipid content by changing gut microbiota and host transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9336. [PMID: 25822072 PMCID: PMC4378510 DOI: 10.1038/srep09336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome plays an important role in lipid metabolism but how the introduction of probiotic communities affects host lipid metabolism is poorly understood. Using a multidisciplinary approach we addressed this knowledge gap using the zebrafish model by coupling high-throughput sequencing with biochemical, molecular and morphological analysis to evaluate the changes in the intestine. Analysis of bacterial 16S libraries revealed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus was able to modulate the gut microbiome of zebrafish larvae, elevating the abundance of Firmicutes sequences and reducing the abundance of Actinobacteria. The gut microbiome changes modulated host lipid processing by inducing transcriptional down-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol and triglycerides metabolism (fit2, agpat4, dgat2, mgll, hnf4α, scap, and cck) concomitantly decreasing total body cholesterol and triglyceride content and increasing fatty acid levels. L. rhamnosus treatment also increased microvilli and enterocyte lengths and decreased lipid droplet size in the intestinal epithelium. These changes resulted in elevated zebrafish larval growth. This integrated system investigation demonstrates probiotic modulation of the gut microbiome, highlights a novel gene network involved in lipid metabolism, provides an insight into how the microbiome regulates molecules involved in lipid metabolism, and reveals a new potential role for L. rhamnosus in the treatment of lipid disorders.
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Obesity and cancer progression: is there a role of fatty acid metabolism? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:274585. [PMID: 25866768 PMCID: PMC4383231 DOI: 10.1155/2015/274585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is renewed interest in elucidating the metabolic characteristics of cancer and how these characteristics may be exploited as therapeutic targets. Much attention has centered on glucose, glutamine and de novo lipogenesis, yet the metabolism of fatty acids that arise from extracellular, as well as intracellular, stores as triacylglycerol has received much less attention. This review focuses on the key pathways of fatty acid metabolism, including uptake, esterification, lipolysis, and mitochondrial oxidation, and how the regulators of these pathways are altered in cancer. Additionally, we discuss the potential link that fatty acid metabolism may serve between obesity and changes in cancer progression.
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Thyrotropin and obesity: increased adipose triglyceride content through glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7633. [PMID: 25559747 PMCID: PMC4284501 DOI: 10.1038/srep07633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that thyrotropin (TSH) is positively correlated with the severity of obesity. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that TSH promoted triglyceride (TG) synthesis in differentiated adipocytes in a thyroid hormone-independent manner. Mice with subclinical hypothyroidism, which is characterized by elevated serum TSH but not thyroid hormone levels, demonstrated a 35% increase in the total white adipose mass compared with their wild-type littermates. Interestingly, Tshr KO mice, which had normal thyroid hormone levels after thyroid hormone supplementation, resisted high-fat diet-induced obesity. TSH could directly induce the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase 3 (GPAT3), the rate-limiting enzyme in TG synthesis, in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, following either the knockdown of Tshr and PPARγ or the constitutive activation of AMPK, the changes to TSH-triggered GPAT3 activity and adipogenesis disappeared. The over-expression of PPARγ or the expression of an AMPK dominant negative mutant reversed the TSH-induced changes. Thus, TSH acted as a previously unrecognized master regulator of adipogenesis, indicating that modification of the AMPK/PPARγ/GPAT3 axis via the TSH receptor might serve as a potential therapeutic target for obesity.
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Smart HC, Mast FD, Chilije MFJ, Tavassoli M, Dacks JB, Zaremberg V. Phylogenetic analysis of glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases in opisthokonts reveals unexpected ancestral complexity and novel modern biosynthetic components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110684. [PMID: 25340523 PMCID: PMC4207751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis represents a central metabolic process of all forms of life. In the last decade multiple genes coding for enzymes responsible for the first step of the pathway, catalyzed by glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), have been described, and characterized primarily in model organisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mice. Notoriously, the fungal enzymes share low sequence identity with their known animal counterparts, and the nature of their homology is unclear. Furthermore, two mitochondrial GPAT isoforms have been described in animal cells, while no such enzymes have been identified in Fungi. In order to determine if the yeast and mammalian GPATs are representative of the set of enzymes present in their respective groups, and to test the hypothesis that metazoan orthologues are indeed absent from the fungal clade, a comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis was performed including organisms spanning the breadth of the Opisthokonta supergroup. Surprisingly, our study unveiled the presence of ‘fungal’ orthologs in the basal taxa of the holozoa and ‘animal’ orthologues in the basal holomycetes. This includes a novel clade of fungal homologues, with putative peroxisomal targeting signals, of the mitochondrial/peroxisomal acyltransferases in Metazoa, thus potentially representing an undescribed metabolic capacity in the Fungi. The overall distribution of GPAT homologues is suggestive of high relative complexity in the ancestors of the opisthokont clade, followed by loss and sculpting of the complement in the descendent lineages. Divergence from a general versatile metabolic model, present in ancestrally deduced GPAT complements, points to distinctive contributions of each GPAT isoform to lipid metabolism and homeostasis in contemporary organisms like humans and their fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. Smart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fred D. Mast
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Marjan Tavassoli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (JBD); (VZ)
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (JBD); (VZ)
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Misra N, Panda PK, Parida BK. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of algal LPAT genes involved in TAG biosynthesis using bioinformatic approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:8319-32. [PMID: 25280541 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidyl acyltransferase (LPAT) is one of the major triacylglycerol synthesis enzymes, controlling the metabolic flow of lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid. Experimental studies in Arabidopsis have shown that LPAT activity is exhibited primarily by three distinct isoforms, namely the plastid-located LPAT1, the endoplasmic reticulum-located LPAT2, and the soluble isoform of LPAT (solLPAT). In this study, 24 putative genes representing all LPAT isoforms were identified from the analysis of 11 complete genomes including green algae, red algae, diatoms and higher plants. We observed LPAT1 and solLPAT genes to be ubiquitously present in nearly all genomes examined, whereas LPAT2 genes to have evolved more recently in the plant lineage. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that LPAT1, LPAT2 and solLPAT have convergently evolved through separate evolutionary paths and belong to three different gene families, which was further evidenced by their wide divergence at gene structure and sequence level. The genome distribution supports the hypothesis that each gene encoding a LPAT is not duplicated. Mapping of exon-intron structure of LPAT genes to the domain structure of proteins across different algal and plant species indicates that exon shuffling plays no role in the evolution of LPAT genes. Besides the previously defined motifs, several conserved consensus sequences were discovered which could be useful to distinguish different LPAT isoforms. Taken together, this study will enable the generation of experimental approximations to better understand the functional role of algal LPAT in lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Misra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751 013, Odisha, India
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Edstam MM, Edqvist J. Involvement of GPI-anchored lipid transfer proteins in the development of seed coats and pollen in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:32-42. [PMID: 24460633 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) constitute a large protein family specific for plants. Proteins from the family are found in all land plants but have not been identified in green algae. Their in vivo functions are still disputed although evidence is accumulating for a role of these proteins in cuticle development. In a previous study, we performed a co-expression analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nsLTPs (LTPGs), which suggested that these proteins are also involved in the accumulation of suberin and sporopollenin. Here, we follow up the previous co-expression study by characterizing the phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana lines with insertions in LTPG genes. The observed phenotypes include an inability to limit tetrazolium salt uptake in seeds, development of hair-like structures on seeds, altered pollen morphologies and decreased levels of ω-hydroxy fatty acids in seed coats. The observed phenotypes give further support for a role in suberin and sporopollenin biosynthesis or deposition in A. thaliana.
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Zhang Q, Tamura Y, Roy M, Adachi Y, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Biosynthesis and roles of phospholipids in mitochondrial fusion, division and mitophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3767-78. [PMID: 24866973 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria move, fuse and divide in cells. The dynamic behavior of mitochondria is central to the control of their structure and function. Three conserved mitochondrial dynamin-related GTPases (i.e., mitofusin, Opa1 and Drp1 in mammals and Fzo1, Mgm1 and Dnm1 in yeast) mediate mitochondrial fusion and division. In addition to dynamins, recent studies demonstrated that phospholipids in mitochondria also play key roles in mitochondrial dynamics by interacting with dynamin GTPases and by directly changing the biophysical properties of the mitochondrial membranes. Changes in phospholipid composition also promote mitophagy, which is a selective mitochondrial degradation process that is mechanistically coupled to mitochondrial division. In this review, we will discuss the biogenesis and function of mitochondrial phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cao J, Perez S, Goodwin B, Lin Q, Peng H, Qadri A, Zhou Y, Clark RW, Perreault M, Tobin JF, Gimeno RE. Mice deleted for GPAT3 have reduced GPAT activity in white adipose tissue and altered energy and cholesterol homeostasis in diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1176-87. [PMID: 24714397 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00666.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids. Microsomal GPAT, the major GPAT activity, is encoded by at least two closely related genes, GPAT3 and GPAT4. To investigate the in vivo functions of GPAT3, we generated Gpat3-deficient (Gpat3(-/-)) mice. Total GPAT activity in white adipose tissue of Gpat3(-/-) mice was reduced by 80%, suggesting that GPAT3 is the predominant GPAT in this tissue. In liver, GPAT3 deletion had no impact on total GPAT activity but resulted in a 30% reduction in N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive GPAT activity. The Gpat3(-/-) mice were viable and fertile and exhibited no obvious metabolic abnormalities on standard laboratory chow. However, when fed a high-fat diet, female Gpat3(-/-) mice showed decreased body weight gain and adiposity and increased energy expenditure. Increased energy expenditure was also observed in male Gpat3(-/-) mice, although it was not accompanied by a significant change in body weight. GPAT3 deficiency lowered fed, but not fasted, glucose levels and tended to improve glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese male and female mice. On a high-fat diet, Gpat3(-/-) mice had enlarged livers and displayed a dysregulation in cholesterol metabolism. These data establish GPAT3 as the primary GPAT in white adipose tissue and reveal an important role of the enzyme in regulating energy, glucose, and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Cao
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bryan Goodwin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Qingcong Lin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Haibing Peng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ariful Qadri
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald W Clark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mylene Perreault
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James F Tobin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Ren M, Phoon CKL, Schlame M. Metabolism and function of mitochondrial cardiolipin. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:1-16. [PMID: 24769127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since it has been recognized that mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the specific phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes. Indeed, cardiolipin is a universal component of mitochondria in all eukaryotes. It has a unique dimeric structure comprised of two phosphatidic acid residues linked by a glycerol bridge, which gives rise to unique physicochemical properties. Cardiolipin plays an important role in the structural organization and the function of mitochondrial membranes. In this article, we review the literature on cardiolipin biology, focusing on the most important discoveries of the past decade. Specifically, we describe the formation, the migration, and the degradation of cardiolipin and we discuss how cardiolipin affects mitochondrial function. We also give an overview of the various phenotypes of cardiolipin deficiency in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Targeting Hepatic Glycerolipid Synthesis and Turnover to Treat Fatty Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/498369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of metabolic abnormalities ranging from simple hepatic steatosis (accumulation of neutral lipid) to development of steatotic lesions, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is extremely prevalent in obese individuals and with the epidemic of obesity; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the most common cause of liver disease in the developed world. NASH is rapidly emerging as a prominent cause of liver failure and transplantation. Moreover, hepatic steatosis is tightly linked to risk of developing insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Abnormalities in hepatic lipid metabolism are part and parcel of the development of NAFLD and human genetic studies and work conducted in experimentally tractable systems have identified a number of enzymes involved in fat synthesis and degradation that are linked to NAFLD susceptibility as well as progression to NASH. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of our knowledge on these pathways and focus on how they contribute to etiology of NAFLD and related metabolic diseases.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maintains cellular metabolic homeostasis by coordinating protein synthesis, secretion activities, lipid biosynthesis and calcium (Ca²⁺) storage. In this review, we will discuss how altered ER homeostasis contributes to dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism and contributes to liver-associated metabolic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Perturbed ER functions or accumulation of unfolded protein in the ER leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to protect the cell from ER stress. Recent findings pinpoint the key regulatory role of the UPR in hepatic lipid metabolism and demonstrate the potential causal mechanism of ER stress in metabolic dysregulation including diabetes and obesity. SUMMARY A wide range of factors can alter the protein-folding environment in the ER of hepatocytes and contribute to dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism and liver disease. The UPR constitutes a series of adaptive programs that preserve ER protein-folding environment and maintain hepatic lipid homeostasis. Signaling components of the UPR are emerging as potential targets for intervention and treatment of human liver-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- Degenerative Disease Research, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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