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Díaz-Rodríguez SM, Ivorra I, Espinosa J, Vegar C, Herrero-Turrión MJ, López DE, Gómez-Nieto R, Alberola-Die A. Enhanced Membrane Incorporation of H289Y Mutant GluK1 Receptors from the Audiogenic Seizure-Prone GASH/Sal Model: Functional and Morphological Impacts on Xenopus Oocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16852. [PMID: 38069190 PMCID: PMC10706347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal excitability, with glutamate playing a key role as the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter involved in seizures. Animal models of epilepsy are crucial in advancing epilepsy research by faithfully replicating the diverse symptoms of this disorder. In particular, the GASH/Sal (genetically audiogenic seizure-prone hamster from Salamanca) model exhibits seizures resembling human generalized tonic-clonic convulsions. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; C9586732T, p.His289Tyr) in the Grik1 gene (which encodes the kainate receptor GluK1) has been previously identified in this strain. The H289Y mutation affects the amino-terminal domain of GluK1, which is related to the subunit assembly and trafficking. We used confocal microscopy in Xenopus oocytes to investigate how the H289Y mutation, compared to the wild type (WT), affects the expression and cell-surface trafficking of GluK1 receptors. Additionally, we employed the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique to examine the functional effects of the H289Y mutation. Our results indicate that this mutation increases the expression and incorporation of GluK1 receptors into an oocyte's membrane, enhancing kainate-evoked currents, without affecting their functional properties. Although further research is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for this epilepsy, the H289Y mutation in GluK1 may be part of the molecular basis underlying the seizure-prone circuitry in the GASH/Sal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Díaz-Rodríguez
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.D.-R.); (M.J.H.-T.); (R.G.-N.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Ivorra
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, E-03690 Alicante, Spain; (I.I.); (J.E.); (C.V.); (A.A.-D.)
| | - Javier Espinosa
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, E-03690 Alicante, Spain; (I.I.); (J.E.); (C.V.); (A.A.-D.)
| | - Celia Vegar
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, E-03690 Alicante, Spain; (I.I.); (J.E.); (C.V.); (A.A.-D.)
| | - M. Javier Herrero-Turrión
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.D.-R.); (M.J.H.-T.); (R.G.-N.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Neurological Tissue Bank INCYL (BTN-INCYL), University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dolores E. López
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.D.-R.); (M.J.H.-T.); (R.G.-N.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Neuroscience Institute of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (S.M.D.-R.); (M.J.H.-T.); (R.G.-N.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Armando Alberola-Die
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, E-03690 Alicante, Spain; (I.I.); (J.E.); (C.V.); (A.A.-D.)
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Yadav P, Podia M, Kumari SP, Mani I. Glutamate receptor endocytosis and signaling in neurological conditions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:167-207. [PMID: 36813358 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The non-essential amino acid glutamate acts as a major excitatory neurotransmitter and plays a significant role in the central nervous system (CNS). It binds with two different types of receptors, ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), responsible for the postsynaptic excitation of neurons. They are important for memory, neural development and communication, and learning. Endocytosis and subcellular trafficking of the receptor are essential for the regulation of receptor expression on the cell membrane and excitation of the cells. The endocytosis and trafficking of the receptor are dependent on its type, ligand, agonist, and antagonist present. This chapter discusses the types of glutamate receptors, their subtypes, and the regulation of their internalization and trafficking. The roles of glutamate receptors in neurological diseases are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Podia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Prabha Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Díaz-Casado E, Gómez-Nieto R, de Pereda JM, Muñoz LJ, Jara-Acevedo M, López DE. Analysis of gene variants in the GASH/Sal model of epilepsy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229953. [PMID: 32168507 PMCID: PMC7069730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent seizures, which are caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities. Several animal models of epilepsy mimic the different symptoms of this disorder. In particular, the genetic audiogenic seizure hamster from Salamanca (GASH/Sal) animals exhibit sound-induced seizures similar to the generalized tonic seizures observed in epileptic patients. However, the genetic alterations underlying the audiogenic seizure susceptibility of the GASH/Sal model remain unknown. In addition, gene variations in the GASH/Sal might have a close resemblance with those described in humans with epilepsy, which is a prerequisite for any new preclinical studies that target genetic abnormalities. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in GASH/Sal animals and their corresponding controls to identify and characterize the mutational landscape of the GASH/Sal strain. After filtering the results, moderate- and high-impact variants were validated by Sanger sequencing, assessing the possible impact of the mutations by “in silico” reconstruction of the encoded proteins and analyzing their corresponding biological pathways. Lastly, we quantified gene expression levels by RT-qPCR. In the GASH/Sal model, WES showed the presence of 342 variations, in which 21 were classified as high-impact mutations. After a full bioinformatics analysis to highlight the high quality and reliable variants, the presence of 3 high-impact and 15 moderate-impact variants were identified. Gene expression analysis of the high-impact variants of Asb14 (ankyrin repeat and SOCS Box Containing 14), Msh3 (MutS Homolog 3) and Arhgef38 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 38) genes showed a higher expression in the GASH/Sal than in control hamsters. In silico analysis of the functional consequences indicated that those mutations in the three encoded proteins would have severe functional alterations. By functional analysis of the variants, we detected 44 significantly enriched pathways, including the glutamatergic synapse pathway. The data show three high-impact mutations with a major impact on the function of the proteins encoded by these genes, although no mutation in these three genes has been associated with some type of epilepsy until now. Furthermore, GASH/Sal animals also showed gene variants associated with different types of epilepsy that has been extensively documented, as well as mutations in other genes that encode proteins with functions related to neuronal excitability, which could be implied in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal. Our findings provide valuable genetic and biological pathway data associated to the genetic burden of the audiogenic seizure susceptibility and reinforce the need to validate the role of each key mutation in the phenotype of the GASH/Sal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M. de Pereda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, CSIC.—University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis J. Muñoz
- Animal facilities, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Dolores E. López
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Whole blood transcriptomic profiles can differentiate vulnerability to chronic low back pain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216539. [PMID: 31095601 PMCID: PMC6522025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the transition from acute to chronic pain remain unclear. Here, we sought to characterize the transcriptome associated with chronic low back pain as well as the transcriptome of the transition from acute to chronic low back pain. For the analysis, we compared the whole blood transcriptome of: (a) patients at the onset of low back pain who no longer had pain within 6 weeks after onset (acute) with patients who developed chronic low back pain at 6 months (chronic T5); and, (b) patients at the onset of low back pain (chronic T1) who developed chronic pain at 6 months with healthy pain-free (normal) controls. The majority of differentially expressed genes were protein coding. We illustrate a unique chronic low back pain transcriptome characterized by significant enrichment for known pain genes, extracellular matrix genes, and genes from the extended major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genomic locus. The transcriptome of the transition from acute to chronic low back pain was characterized by significant upregulation of antigen presentation pathway (MHC class I and II) genes and downregulation of mitochondrial genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting a unique genomic signature of vulnerability to low back pain chronicity.
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Weidle UH, Birzele F, Nopora A. MicroRNAs as Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention With Metastasis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:99-119. [PMID: 30850362 PMCID: PMC6489690 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The death toll of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is primarily due to metastases, which are poorly amenable to therapeutic intervention. In this review we focus on miRs associated with metastasis of NSCLC as potential new targets for anti-metastatic therapy. We discuss miRs validated as therapeutic targets by in vitro data, identification of target(s) and pathway(s) and in vivo efficacy data in at least one clinically-relevant metastasis-related model. A few of the discussed miRs correlate with the clinical status of NSCLC patients. Using miRs as therapeutic agents has the advantage that targeting a single miR can potentially interfere with several metastatic pathways. Depending on their mode of action, the corresponding miRs can be up- or down-regulated compared to normal matching tissues. Here, we describe therapeutic approaches for reconstitution therapy and miR inhibition, general principles of anti-metastatic therapy as well as current technical pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hofman La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Nopora
- Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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Li Z, Chen H, Zhong F, Zhang W, Lee K, He JC. Expression of Glutamate Receptor Subtype 3 Is Epigenetically Regulated in Podocytes under Diabetic Conditions. KIDNEY DISEASES 2018; 5:34-42. [PMID: 30815463 DOI: 10.1159/000492933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest a role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. However, epigenetic changes occurring specifically in kidney cells is poorly understood. Methods To examine the epigenetic regulation of genes in podocytes under diabetic conditions, we performed DNA methylation and transcriptomic profiling in podocytes exposed to high glucose conditions. Results Comparative analysis of genes with DNA methylation changes and correspondingly altered mRNA expression identified 337 hypomethylated genes with increased mRNA expression and only 2 hypermethyated genes (ESX1 and GRIA3) with decreased mRNA expression. Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 3 (GRIA3) belongs to the ionotropic class of glutamate receptors that mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. As podocytes have glutamate-containing vesicles and various glutamate receptors mediate important biological effects in podocytes, we further examined GRIA3 expression and its function in podocytes. Real-time PCR and western blots confirmed the suppression of GRIA3 expression in podocytes under high glucose conditions, which were abolished in the presence of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Sites of DNA hypermethylation were also confirmed by bisulfite sequencing of the GRIA3 promoter region. GRIA3 mRNA and protein expression was suppressed in diabetic kidneys of human and mouse models, and knockdown of GRIA3 exacerbated high glucose-induced apoptosis in cultured podocytes. Conclusion These results indicate that decreased GRIA3 expression in podocytes in diabetic condition heightens podocyte apoptosis and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhe Li
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Haibing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Renal Section, James J Peters Veterans Affair Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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GRIN3B missense mutation as an inherited risk factor for schizophrenia: whole-exome sequencing in a family with a familiar history of psychotic disorders. Genet Res (Camb) 2017; 99:e1. [PMID: 28132660 PMCID: PMC6865172 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672316000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a glutamate-gated ionotropic cation channel that is composed of several subunits and modulated by a glycine binding site. Many forms of synaptic plasticity depend on the influx of calcium ions through NMDA receptors, and NMDA receptor dysfunction has been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in a family with a strong history of psychotic disorders over three generations. We used an iterative strategy to obtain condense and meaningful variants. In this highly affected family, we found a frameshift mutation (rs10666583) in the GRIN3B gene, which codes for the GluN3B subunit of the NMDA receptor in all family members with a psychotic disorder, but not in the healthy relatives. Matsuno et al., also reported this null variant as a risk factor for schizophrenia in 2015. In a broader sample of 22 patients with psychosis, the allele frequency of the rs10666583 mutation variant was increased compared to those of healthy population samples and unaffected relatives. Compared to the 1000 Genomes Project population, we found a significant increase of this variant with a large effect size among patients. The amino acid shift degrades the S1/S2 glycine binding domain of the dominant modulatory GluN3B subunit of the NMDA receptor, which subsequently affects the permeability of the channel pore to calcium ions. A decreased glycine affinity for the GluN3B subunit might cause impaired functional capability of the NMDA receptor and could be an important risk factor for the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
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Greer JB, Khuri S, Fieber LA. Phylogenetic analysis of ionotropic L-glutamate receptor genes in the Bilateria, with special notes on Aplysia californica. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:11. [PMID: 28077092 PMCID: PMC5225553 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neurotransmitter L-Glutamate (L-Glu) acting at ionotropic L-Glu receptors (iGluR) conveys fast excitatory signal transmission in the nervous systems of all animals. iGluR-dependent neurotransmission is a key component of the synaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory. During learning, two subtypes of iGluR, α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR), are dynamically regulated postsynaptically in vertebrates. Invertebrate organisms such as Aplysia californica (Aplysia) are well-studied models for iGluR-mediated function, yet no studies to date have analyzed the evolutionary relationships between iGluR genes in these species and those in vertebrates, to identify genes that may mediate plasticity. We conducted a thorough phylogenetic analysis spanning Bilateria to elucidate these relationships. The expression status of iGluR genes in the Aplysia nervous system was also examined. Results Our analysis shows that ancestral genes for both NMDAR and AMPAR subtypes were present in the common bilaterian ancestor. NMDAR genes show very high conservation in motifs responsible for forming the conductance pore of the ion channel. The number of NMDAR subunits is greater in vertebrates due to an increased number of splice variants and an increased number of genes, likely due to gene duplication events. AMPAR subunits form an orthologous group, and there is high variability in the number of AMPAR genes in each species due to extensive taxon specific gene gain and loss. qPCR results show that all 12 Aplysia iGluR subunits are expressed in all nervous system ganglia. Conclusions Orthologous NMDAR subunits in all species studied suggests conserved function across Bilateria, and potentially a conserved mechanism of neuroplasticity and learning. Vertebrates display an increased number of NMDAR genes and splice variants, which may play a role in their greater diversity of physiological responses. Extensive gene gain and loss of AMPAR genes may result in different physiological properties that are taxon specific. Our results suggest a significant role for L-Glu mediated responses throughout the Aplysia nervous system, consistent with L-Glu’s role as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0871-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Greer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Sawsan Khuri
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, 1320 S. Dixie Highway, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248154, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
| | - Lynne A Fieber
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
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McAllister TW. Genetic factors in traumatic brain injury. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 128:723-39. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63521-1.00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Gao C, Tronson NC, Radulovic J. Modulation of behavior by scaffolding proteins of the post-synaptic density. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:3-12. [PMID: 23701866 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins of the neuronal post-synaptic density (PSD) are principal organizers of glutamatergic neurotransmission that bring together glutamate receptors and signaling molecules at discrete synaptic locations. Genetic alterations of individual PSD scaffolds therefore disrupt the function of entire multiprotein modules rather than a single glutamatergic mechanism, and thus induce a range of molecular and structural abnormalities in affected neurons. Despite such broad molecular consequences, knockout, knockdown, or knockin of glutamate receptor scaffolds typically affect a subset of specific behaviors and thereby mold and specialize the actions of the ubiquitous glutamatergic neurotransmitter system. Approaches designed to control the function of neuronal scaffolds may therefore have high potential to restore behavioral morbidities and comorbidities in patients with psychiatric disorders. Here we summarize a series of experiments with genetically modified mice revealing the roles of main N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and group I metabotropic glutamate (mGluR1/5) receptor scaffolds in behavior, discuss the clinical implications of the findings, and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
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Wu D, Wang M, Wang X, Yin N, Song T, Li H, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Yu J, Wang DM, Zhao Z. Maternal transmission effect of a PDGF-C SNP on nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate from a Chinese population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46477. [PMID: 23029525 PMCID: PMC3460900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly with a high birth prevalence in China. Based on a previous linkage signal of nonsyndromic CL/P (NSCL/P) on the chromosomal region 4q31–q32 from the Chinese populations, we screened the 4q31–q32 region for susceptibility genes in 214 trios of Han Chinese. PDGF-C, an important developmental factor, resides in the region and has been implicated in NSCL/P. However, in our family-based association test (transmission disequilibrium test; TDT), we could not conclude an association between PDGF-C and NSCL/P as previously suggested. Instead, we found strong evidence for parent-of-origin effect at a PDGF-C SNP, rs17035464, by a likelihood ratio test (unadjusted p-value = 0.0018; Im = 2.46). The location of rs17035464 is 13 kb downstream of a previously reported, NSCL/P-associated SNP, rs28999109. Furthermore, a patient from our sample trios was observed with a maternal segmental uniparental isodisomy (UPD) in a region containing rs17035464. Our findings support the involvement of PDGF-C in the development of oral clefts; moreover, the UPD case report contributes to the collective knowledge of rare variants in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Children Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbei Yin
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbiao Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duen-Mei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DMW); (ZZ)
| | - Zhenmin Zhao
- Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- People's Hospital of Jincheng City, Jincheng, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DMW); (ZZ)
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Haydar TF, Reeves RH. Trisomy 21 and early brain development. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:81-91. [PMID: 22169531 PMCID: PMC3273608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy for human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) results in Down syndrome (DS). The finished human genome sequence provides a thorough catalog of the genetic elements whose altered dosage perturbs development and function in DS. However, understanding how small alterations in the steady state transcript levels for <2% of human genes can disrupt development and function of essentially every cell presents a more complicated problem. Mouse models that recapitulate specific aspects of DS have been used to identify changes in brain morphogenesis and function. Here we provide a few examples of how trisomy for specific genes affects the development of the cortex and cerebellum to illustrate how gene dosage effects might contribute to divergence between the trisomic and euploid brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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McAllister TW. Genetic Factors Modulating Outcome After Neurotrauma. PM R 2010; 2:S241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mattes H, Carcache D, Kalkman HO, Koller M. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonists: from bench to bedside. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5367-82. [PMID: 20356304 DOI: 10.1021/jm901688m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Mattes
- Novartis Pharma AG, Werk Klybeck, WKL-122-241 Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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16
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Haldeman-Englert CR, Chapman KA, Kruger H, Geiger EA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Rappaport E, Zackai EH, Spinner NB, Shaikh TH. A de novo 8.8-Mb deletion of 21q21.1-q21.3 in an autistic male with a complex rearrangement involving chromosomes 6, 10, and 21. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:196-202. [PMID: 20034085 PMCID: PMC2801886 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report here on a normal-appearing male with pervasive developmental disorder who was found to have a de novo, apparently balanced complex rearrangement involving chromosomes 6, 10, and 21: 46,XY,ins(21;10)(q11.2;p11.2p13)t(6;21)(p23;q11.2). Further analysis by high-density oligonucleotide microarray was performed, showing an 8.8-Mb heterozygous deletion at 21q21.1-q21.3. Interestingly, the deletion is distal to the translocation breakpoint on chromosome 21. The deletion involves 19 genes, including NCAM2 and GRIK1, both of which are associated with normal brain development and function, and have been considered as possible candidate genes in autism and other neurobehavioral disorders. This case underscores the utility of genomewide microarray analysis for the detection of copy number alterations in patients with apparently balanced complex rearrangements and abnormal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A. Chapman
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hillary Kruger
- Division of Child Development, Rehabilitation Medicine, and Metabolic Disease, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth A. Geiger
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Eric Rappaport
- Nucleic Acid and Protein Core, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tamim H. Shaikh
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Lee JY, Bhatt D, Bhatt D, Chung WY, Cooper RL. Furthering pharmacological and physiological assessment of the glutamatergic receptors at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:546-57. [PMID: 19695344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) serve as a model for synaptic physiology. The molecular sequences of the postsynaptic glutamate receptors have been described; however, the pharmacological profile has not been fully elucidated. The postsynaptic molecular sequence suggests a novel glutamate receptor subtype. Kainate does not depolarize the muscle, but dampens evoked EPSP amplitudes. Quantal responses show a decreased amplitude and area under the voltage curve indicative of reduced postsynaptic receptor sensitivity to glutamate transmission. ATPA, a kainate receptor agonist, did not mimic kainate's action. The metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist t-ACPD had no effect. Domoic acid, a kainate/AMPA receptor agonist, blocks the postsynaptic receptors without depolarizing the muscle. However, SYM 2081, a kainate receptor agonist, did depolarize the muscle and reduce the EPSP amplitude at 1 mM but not at 0.1 mM. This supports the notion that these are generally a quisqualate subtype receptors with some oddities in the pharmacological profile. The results suggest a direct postsynaptic action of kainate due to partial antagonist action on the quisqualate receptors. There does not appear to be presynaptic auto-regulation via a kainate receptor subtype or a metabotropic auto-receptor. This study aids in furthering the pharmokinetic profiling and specificity of the receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 40506-0225, USA
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18
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Ray LA, Miranda R, MacKillop J, McGeary J, Tidey J, Rohsenow DJ, Gwaltney C, Swift R, Monti PM. A preliminary pharmacogenetic investigation of adverse events from topiramate in heavy drinkers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 17:122-9. [PMID: 19331489 PMCID: PMC3682424 DOI: 10.1037/a0015700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Topiramate, an anticonvulsant medication, is an efficacious treatment for alcohol dependence. To date, little is known about genetic moderators of side effects from topiramate. The objective of this study was to examine 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the glutamate receptor GluR5 gene (GRIK1) as predictors of topiramate-induced side effects in the context of a laboratory study of topiramate. Heavy drinkers (n=51, 19 women and 32 men), 75% of whom met criteria for an alcohol use disorder, completed a 5-week dose escalation schedule to a target dose of either 200 or 300 mg or matched placebo. The combined medication groups were compared with placebo-treated individuals for side effects at target dose. Analyses revealed that an SNP in intron 9 of the GRIK1 gene (rs2832407) was associated with the severity of topiramate-induced side effects and with serum levels of topiramate. Genes underlying glutamatergic neurotransmission, such as the GRIK1 gene, may help predict heterogeneity in topiramate-induced side effects. Future studies in larger samples are needed to more fully establish these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A. Ray
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Robert Miranda
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - James MacKillop
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University,Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
| | - John McGeary
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Jennifer Tidey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Damaris J. Rohsenow
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Chad Gwaltney
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Robert Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Peter M. Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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Kobeissy FH, Sadasivan S, Oli MW, Robinson G, Larner SF, Zhang Z, Hayes RL, Wang KKW. Neuroproteomics and systems biology-based discovery of protein biomarkers for traumatic brain injury and clinical validation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1467-83. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Levin ME, Jin JG, Ji RR, Tong J, Pomonis JD, Lavery DJ, Miller SW, Chiang LW. Complement activation in the peripheral nervous system following the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain ☆. Pain 2008; 137:182-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rodrigues TB, Granado N, Ortiz O, Cerdán S, Moratalla R. Metabolic interactions between glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems are mediated through D(1) dopamine receptors. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3284-93. [PMID: 17455302 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission systems were investigated in the adult brain of wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice lacking the dopamine D(1) or D(2) receptor subtypes. Activity of the glutamine cycle was evaluated by using (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and striatal activity was assessed by c-Fos expression and motor coordination. Brain extracts from (1,2-(13)C(2)) acetate-infused mice were prepared and analyzed by (13)C NMR to determine the incorporation of the label into the C4 and C5 carbons of glutamate and glutamine. D(1)R(-/-) mice showed a significantly higher concentration of cerebral (4,5-(13)C(2)) glutamine, consistent with an increased activity of the glutamate-glutamine cycle and of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Conversely, D(2)R(-/-) mice did not show any significant changes in (4,5-(13)C(2)) glutamate or (4,5-(13)C(2)) glutamine, suggesting that alterations in glutamine metabolism are mediated through D(1) receptors. This was confirmed with D(1)R(-/-) and WT mice treated with reserpine, a dopamine-depleting drug, or with reserpine followed by L-DOPA, a dopamine precursor. Exposure to reserpine increased (4,5-(13)C(2)) glutamine in WT to levels similar to those found in untreated D(1)R(-/-) mice. These values were the same as those reached in the reserpine-treated D(1)R(-/-) mice. Treatment of WT animals with L-DOPA returned (4,5-(13)C(2)) glutamine levels to normal, but this was not verified in D(1)R(-/-) animals. Reserpine impaired motor coordination and decreased c-Fos expression, whereas L-DOPA restored both variables to normal values in WT but not in D(1)R(-/-). Together, our results reveal novel neurometabolic interactions between glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems that are mediated through the D(1), but not the D(2), dopamine receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago B Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Glöckner G, Golderer G, Werner-Felmayer G, Meyer S, Marwan W. A first glimpse at the transcriptome of Physarum polycephalum. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:6. [PMID: 18179708 PMCID: PMC2258281 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physarum polycephalum, an acellular plasmodial species belongs to the amoebozoa, a major branch in eukaryote evolution. Its complex life cycle and rich cell biology is reflected in more than 2500 publications on various aspects of its biochemistry, developmental biology, cytoskeleton, and cell motility. It now can be genetically manipulated, opening up the possibility of targeted functional analysis in this organism. Methods Here we describe a large fraction of the transcribed genes by sequencing a cDNA library from the plasmodial stage of the developmental cycle. Results In addition to the genes for the basic metabolism we found an unexpected large number of genes involved in sophisticated signaling networks and identified potential receptors for environmental signals such as light. In accordance with the various developmental options of the plasmodial cell we found that many P. polycephalum genes are alternatively spliced. Using 30 donor and 30 acceptor sites we determined the splicing signatures of this species. Comparisons to various other organisms including Dictyostelium, the closest relative, revealed that roughly half of the transcribed genes have no detectable counterpart, thus potentially defining species specific adaptations. On the other hand, we found highly conserved proteins, which are maintained in the metazoan lineage, but absent in D. discoideum or plants. These genes arose possibly in the last common ancestor of Amoebozoa and Metazoa but were lost in D. discoideum. Conclusion This work provides an analysis of up to half of the protein coding genes of Physarum polycephalum. The definition of splice motifs together with the description of alternatively spliced genes will provide a valuable resource for the ongoing genome project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Glöckner
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr, 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Fatemi SH, Reutiman TJ, Folsom TD, Bell C, Nos L, Fried P, Pearce DA, Singh S, Siderovski DP, Willard FS, Fukuda M. Chronic olanzapine treatment causes differential expression of genes in frontal cortex of rats as revealed by DNA microarray technique. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:1888-99. [PMID: 16407901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent emerging biochemical data indicate that several important neuroregulatory genes and proteins may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Additionally, the same genes appear to be targets of several psychotropic medications that are used to treat these disorders. Recent DNA microarray studies show that genes involved in synaptic neurotransmission, signal transduction, and glutamate/GABA regulation may be differentially regulated in brains of subjects with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that chronic administration of olanzapine to rats would alter expression of various genes that may be involved in the etiology of schizophrenia and mood disorders. Rats were administered olanzapine (N=20, 2 mg/kg/day) or sterile saline intraperitoneally (N=20) daily for 21 days. Control and olanzapine-treated frontal cortices were analyzed using cDNA microarray technology. The results showed significant downregulation of 31 genes and upregulation of 38 genes by greater than two-fold in the drug-treated brains vs controls. Our results provide evidence for altered regulation of genes involved with signal transduction and cell communication, metabolism and energy pathways, transport, immune response, nucleic acid metabolism, and neuronal growth factors. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified the direction and magnitude of change in six genes of interest: calbindin 3, homer 1, regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) 2, pyruvate kinase, Reelin and insulin 2. Western blotting showed significant upregulation in protein products for Reelin 410 and Reelin 180 kDa and downregulation for NMDA3B and RGS2. Our results show for the first time that olanzapine causes changes in levels of several important genes that may be involved in the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Wang QJ, Li QZ, Rao SQ, Lee K, Huang XS, Yang WY, Zhai SQ, Guo WW, Guo YF, Yu N, Zhao YL, Yuan H, Guan J, Leal SM, Han DY, Shen Y. AUNX1, a novel locus responsible for X linked recessive auditory and peripheral neuropathy, maps to Xq23-27.3. J Med Genet 2006; 43:e33. [PMID: 16816020 PMCID: PMC2564562 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.037929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report here the genetic characterisation of a large five generation Chinese family with the phenotypic features of auditory neuropathy and progressive peripheral sensory neuropathy, and the genetic feature of X linked recessive inheritance. Disease onset was at adolescence (at an average age of 13 years for six affected subjects). The degree of hearing impairment varied from mild to severe, with decreased otoacoustic emissions; auditory brainstem responses were lacking from onset. METHODS Two-point and multipoint model based linkage analysis using the MILNK and LINKMAP programs of the FASTLINK software package produced maximum two-point and multipoint LOD scores of 2.41 and 2.41, respectively. RESULTS These findings define a novel X linked auditory neuropathy locus/region (AUNX1, Xq23-q27.3). This region is 42.09 cM long and contains a 28.07 Mb region with flanking markers DXS1220 and DXS8084, according to the Rutgers Combined Linkage-Physical Map, build 35. However, mutation screen of the candidate gene SLC6A14 within the region did not identify the causative genetic determinant for this large Chinese family.
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25
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Jiang X, Tian F, Mearow K, Okagaki P, Lipsky RH, Marini AM. The excitoprotective effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors is mediated by a brain-derived neurotrophic factor autocrine loop in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2005; 94:713-22. [PMID: 16000165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms underlying preconditioning with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in cultured hippocampal neurons have not been described. Pre-incubation with subtoxic concentrations of the endogenous neurotransmitter glutamate protects vulnerable neurons against NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. As a result of physiological preconditioning, NMDA significantly antagonizes the neurotoxicity resulting from subsequent exposure to an excitotoxic concentration of glutamate. The protective effect of glutamate or NMDA is time- and concentration-dependent, suggesting that sufficient agonist and time are required to establish an intracellular neuroprotective state. In these cells, the TrkB ligand, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) attenuates glutamate toxicity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that NMDA protects neurons via a BDNF-dependent mechanism. Exposure of hippocampal cultures to a neuroprotective concentration of NMDA (50 microM) evoked the release of BDNF within 2 min without attendant changes in BDNF protein or gene expression. The accumulated increase of BDNF in the medium is followed by an increase in the phosphorylation (activation) of TrkB receptors and a later increase in exon 4-specific BDNF mRNA. The neuroprotective effect of NMDA was attenuated by pre-incubation with a BDNF-blocking antibody and TrkB-IgG, a fusion protein known to inhibit the activity of extracellular BDNF, suggesting that BDNF plays a major role in NMDA-mediated survival. These results demonstrate that low level stimulation of NMDA receptors protect neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity via a BDNF autocrine loop in hippocampal neurons and suggest that activation of neurotrophin signaling pathways plays a key role in the neuroprotection of NMDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Division of Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Millan MJ. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors as a target for improved antipsychotic agents: novel insights and clinical perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:30-53. [PMID: 15761697 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activation of "co-agonist" N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and Glycine(B) sites is mandatory for the operation of NMDA receptors, which play an important role in the control of mood, cognition and motor function. OBJECTIVES This article outlines the complex regulation of activity at Glycine(B)/NMDA receptors by multiple classes of endogenous ligand. It also summarizes the evidence that a hypoactivity of Glycine(B)/NMDA receptors contributes to the pathogenesis of psychotic states, and that drugs which enhance activity at these sites may possess antipsychotic properties. RESULTS Polymorphisms in several genes known to interact with NMDA receptors are related to an altered risk for schizophrenia, and psychotic patients display changes in levels of mRNA encoding NMDA receptors, including the NR1 subunit on which Glycine(B) sites are located. Schizophrenia is also associated with an overall decrease in activity of endogenous agonists at Glycine(B)/NMDA sites, whereas levels of endogenous antagonists are elevated. NMDA receptor "open channel blockers," such as phencyclidine, are psychotomimetic in man and in rodents, and antipsychotic agents attenuate certain of their effects. Moreover, mice with genetically invalidated Glycine(B)/NMDA receptors reveal similar changes in behaviour. Finally, in initial clinical studies, Glycine(B) agonists and inhibitors of glycine reuptake have been found to potentiate the ability of "conventional" antipsychotics to improve negative and, albeit modestly, cognitive and positive symptoms. In contrast, therapeutic effects of clozapine are not reinforced, likely since clozapine itself enhances activity at NMDA receptors. CONCLUSIONS Reduced activity at NMDA receptors is implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Correspondingly, drugs that (directly or indirectly) increase activity at Glycine(B) sites may be of use as adjuncts to other classes of antipsychotic agent. However, there is an urgent need for broader clinical evaluation of this possibility, and, to date, there is no evidence that stimulation of Glycine(B) sites alone improves psychotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, 78290 Croissy/Seine, Paris, France.
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