1
|
Kokorikou DS, Sarigiannidis I, Fiore VG, Parkin B, Hopkins A, El-Deredy W, Dilley L, Moutoussis M. Testing hypotheses about the harm that capitalism causes to the mind and brain: a theoretical framework for neuroscience research. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1030115. [PMID: 37404338 PMCID: PMC10315660 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we will attempt to outline the key ideas of a theoretical framework for neuroscience research that reflects critically on the neoliberal capitalist context. We argue that neuroscience can and should illuminate the effects of neoliberal capitalism on the brains and minds of the population living under such socioeconomic systems. Firstly, we review the available empirical research indicating that the socio-economic environment is harmful to minds and brains. We, then, describe the effects of the capitalist context on neuroscience itself by presenting how it has been influenced historically. In order to set out a theoretical framework that can generate neuroscientific hypotheses with regards to the effects of the capitalist context on brains and minds, we suggest a categorization of the effects, namely deprivation, isolation and intersectional effects. We also argue in favor of a neurodiversity perspective [as opposed to the dominant model of conceptualizing neural (mal-)functioning] and for a perspective that takes into account brain plasticity and potential for change and adaptation. Lastly, we discuss the specific needs for future research as well as a frame for post-capitalist research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danae S. Kokorikou
- Psychoanalysis Unit, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Sarigiannidis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo G. Fiore
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beth Parkin
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Laura Dilley
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dissecting early life stress-induced adolescent depression through epigenomic approach. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:141-153. [PMID: 36517640 PMCID: PMC9812796 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS), such as abuse and neglect during childhood, can lead to psychiatric disorders in later life. Previous studies have suggested that ELS can cause profound changes in gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, which can lead to psychiatric disorders in adulthood; however, studies on epigenetic modifications associated with ELS and psychiatric disorders in adolescents are limited. Moreover, how these epigenetic modifications can lead to psychiatric disorders in adolescents is not fully understood. Commonly, DNA methylation, histone modification, and the regulation of noncoding RNAs have been attributed to the reprogramming of epigenetic profiling associated with ELS. Although only a few studies have attempted to examine epigenetic modifications in adolescents with ELS, existing evidence suggests that there are commonalities and differences in epigenetic profiling between adolescents and adults. In addition, epigenetic modifications are sex-dependent and are influenced by the type of ELS. In this review, we have critically evaluated the current evidence on epigenetic modifications in adolescents with ELS, particularly DNA methylation and the expression of microRNAs in both preclinical models and humans. We have also clarified the impact of ELS on psychiatric disorders in adolescents to predict the development of neuropsychiatric disorders and to prevent and recover these disorders through personalized medicine.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fulton SL, Hsieh C, Atkin T, Norris R, Schoenfeld E, Tsokas P, Fenton AA, Sacktor TC, Coplan JD. Lifelong reductions of PKMζ in ventral hippocampus of nonhuman primates exposed to early-life adversity due to unpredictable maternal care. Learn Mem 2021; 28:341-347. [PMID: 34400535 PMCID: PMC8372566 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053468.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) maintains long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory through persistent increases in kinase expression. Early-life adversity is a precursor to adult mood and anxiety disorders, in part, through persistent disruption of emotional memory throughout life. Here we subjected 10- to 16-wk-old male bonnet macaques to adversity by a maternal variable-foraging demand paradigm. We then examined PKMζ expression in their ventral hippocampi as 7- to 12-yr-old adults. Quantitative immunohistochemistry reveals decreased PKMζ in dentate gyrus, CA1, and subiculum of subjects who had experienced early-life adversity due to the unpredictability of maternal care. Adult animals with persistent decrements of PKMζ in ventral hippocampus express timid rather than confrontational responses to a human intruder. Persistent down-regulation of PKMζ in the ventral hippocampus might reduce the capacity for emotional memory maintenance and contribute to the long-lasting emotional effects of early-life adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA,Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA,Department of Neurology
| | - Jeremy D. Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ziegler G, Moutoussis M, Hauser TU, Fearon P, Bullmore ET, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Jones PB, Lindenberger U, Dolan RJ. Childhood socio-economic disadvantage predicts reduced myelin growth across adolescence and young adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3392-3402. [PMID: 32432383 PMCID: PMC7375075 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Socio-economic disadvantage increases exposure to life stressors. Animal research suggests early life stressors impact later neurodevelopment, including myelin developmental growth. To determine how early life disadvantage may affect myelin growth in adolescence and young adulthood, we analysed data from an accelerated longitudinal neuroimaging study measuring magnetisation transfer (MT), a myelin-sensitive marker, in 288 participants (149 female) between 14 and 25 years of age at baseline. We found that early life economic disadvantage before age 12, measured by a neighbourhood poverty index, was associated with slower myelin growth. This association was observed for magnetization transfer in cortical, subcortical and core white matter regions, and also in key subcortical nuclei. Participant IQ at baseline, alcohol use, body mass index, parental occupation and self-reported parenting quality did not account for these effects, but parental education did so partially. Specifically, positive parenting moderated the effect of socio-economic disadvantage in a protective manner. Thus, early socioeconomic disadvantage appears to alter myelin growth across adolescence. This finding has potential translational implications, including clarifying whether reducing socio-economic disadvantage during childhood, and increasing parental education and positive parenting, promote normal trajectories of brain development in economically disadvantaged contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ziegler
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,DZNE Magdeburg, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Research and Development Department, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Research and Development Department, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Research and Development Department, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coplan JD, Gupta NK, Flynn SK, Reiner WJ, Gaita D, Fulton SL, Rozenboym AV, Tang JE, Cooper TB, Mann JJ. Maternal Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutamate in Response to Variable Foraging Demand: Relationship to Cerebrospinal Fluid Serotonin Metabolites in Grown Offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 30246167 PMCID: PMC6145812 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018785625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Maternal response to allostatic overload during infant rearing may alter
neurobiological measures in grown offspring, potentially increasing
susceptibility to mood and anxiety disorders. We examined maternal
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate response during exposure to variable
foraging demand (VFD), a bonnet macaque model of allostatic overload,
testing whether activation relative to baseline predicted concomitant CSF
elevations of the stress neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor. We
investigated whether VFD-induced activation of maternal CSF glutamate
affects maternal–infant attachment patterns and offspring CSF
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations. Methods Mother–infant dyads were exposed to the “VFD stressor,” a paradigm in which
mothers experience 16 weeks of foraging uncertainty while rearing their
infant offspring. Through staggering the infant age of VFD onset, both a
cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design were used. Maternal CSF
glutamate and glutamine concentrations post-VFD exposure were
cross-sectionally compared to maternal VFD naive controls. Proportional
change in concentrations of maternal glutamate (and glutamine), a
longitudinal measure, was evaluated in relation to VFD-induced elevations of
CSF corticotropin-releasing factor. The former measure was related to
maternal–infant proximity scores obtained during the final phases of VFD
exposure. Maternal glutamatergic response to VFD exposure was used as a
predictor variable for young adolescent offspring CSF metabolites of
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Results Following VFD exposure, maternal CSF glutamate concentrations correlated
positively with maternal CSF CRF concentrations. Activation relative to
baseline of maternal CSF glutamate concentrations following VFD exposure
correlated directly with a) increased maternal-infant proximity during the
final phases of VFD and b) offspring CSF concentrations of monoamine
metabolites including 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, which was elevated
relative to controls. Conclusions Activation of maternal CSF glutamate in response to VFD-induced allostasis is
directly associated with elevations of maternal CSF corticotropin-releasing
factor. Maternal CSF glutamate alterations induced by VFD potentially
compromise serotonin neurotransmission in grown offspring, conceivably
modeling human vulnerability to treatment-resistant mood and anxiety
disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Nishant K Gupta
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sarah K Flynn
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Wade J Reiner
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - David Gaita
- College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sasha L Fulton
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna V Rozenboym
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jean E Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas B Cooper
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coplan JD, Gupta NK, Karim A, Rozenboym A, Smith ELP, Kral JG, Rosenblum LA. Maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to foraging uncertainty: A model of individual vs. social allostasis and the "Superorganism Hypothesis". PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184340. [PMID: 28880949 PMCID: PMC5589238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food insecurity is a major global contributor to developmental origins of adult disease. The allostatic load of maternal food uncertainty from variable foraging demand (VFD) activates corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) without eliciting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation measured on a group level. Individual homeostatic adaptations of the HPA axis may subserve second-order homeostasis, a process we provisionally term "social allostasis." We postulate that maternal food insecurity induces a "superorganism" state through coordination of individual HPA axis response. METHODS Twenty-four socially-housed bonnet macaque maternal-infant dyads were exposed to 16 weeks of alternating two-week epochs of low or high foraging demand shown to compromise normative maternal-infant rearing. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CRF concentrations and plasma cortisol were measured pre- and post-VFD. Dyadic distance was measured, and blinded observers performed pre-VFD social ranking assessments. RESULTS Despite marked individual cortisol responses (mean change = 20%) there was an absence of maternal HPA axis group mean response to VFD (0%). Whereas individual CSF CRF concentrations change = 56%, group mean did increase 25% (p = 0.002). Our "dyadic vulnerability" index (low infant weight, low maternal weight, subordinate maternal social status and reduced dyadic distance) predicted maternal cortisol decreases (p < 0.0001) whereas relatively "advantaged" dyads exhibited maternal cortisol increases in response to VFD exposure. COMMENT In response to a chronic stressor, relative dyadic vulnerability plays a significant role in determining the directionality and magnitude of individual maternal HPA axis responses in the service of maintaining a "superorganism" version of HPA axis homeostasis, provisionally termed "social allostasis."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biological Science Unit, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nishant K. Gupta
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Asif Karim
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Rozenboym
- Kingsborough Community College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric L. P. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biological Science Unit, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John G. Kral
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Leonard A. Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Biological Science Unit, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Syed SA, Nemeroff CB. Early Life Stress, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2017; 1:2470547017694461. [PMID: 28649671 PMCID: PMC5482282 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017694461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress has been shown to exert profound short- and long-term effects on human physiology both in the central nervous system and peripherally. Early life stress has demonstrated clear association with many psychiatric disorders including major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and bipolar disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistics Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic categorical system has served as a necessary framework for clinical service, delivery, and research, however has not been completely matching the neurobiological research perspective. Early life stress presents a complex dynamic featuring a wide spectrum of physiologic alterations: from epigenetic alterations, inflammatory changes, to dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary axis and has further added to the challenge of identifying biomarkers associated with psychiatric disorders. The National Institute of Mental Health's proposed Research Domain Criteria initiative incorporates a dimensional approach to assess discrete domains and constructs of behavioral function that are subserved by identifiable neural circuits. The current neurobiology of early life stress is reviewed in accordance with dimensional organization of Research Domain Criteria matrix and how the findings as a whole fit within the Research Domain Criteria frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shariful A. Syed
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Charles B. Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coplan JD, Rozenboym AV, Fulton SL, Panthangi V, Tang J, Thiramangalakdi L, Perera TD, Liu Y, Kamran H, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Rosenblum LA, Kral JG, Salciccioli L, Lazar J. Reduced left ventricular dimension and function following early life stress: A thrifty phenotype hypothesis engendering risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 8:202-210. [PMID: 29888314 PMCID: PMC5991339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early life stress (ELS) in macaques in the form of insecure maternal attachment putatively induces epigenetic adaptations resulting in a "thrifty phenotype" throughout the life cycle. For instance, ELS induces persistent increases in insulin resistance, hippocampal and corpus callosum atrophy and reduced "behavioral plasticity", which, taken together, engenders an increased risk for mood and anxiety disorders in humans but also a putative sparing of calories. Herein, we test the hypothesis whether a thrifty phenotype induced by ELS is peripherally evident as hypotrophy of cardiac structure and function, raising the possibility that certain mood disorders may represent maladaptive physiological and central thrift adaptations. Methods 14 adult bonnet macaques (6 males) exposed to the maternal variable foraging demand (VFD) model of ELS were compared to 20 non-VFD adult subjects (6 males). Left ventricle end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), Left ventricle end-systolic dimension (LVESD) and stroke volume (SV) were calculated using echocardiography. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured only in females. Previously obtained neurobehavioral correlates available only in males were analyzed in the context of cardiac parameters. Results Reduced LVESD (p < 0.05) was observed when controlled for age, sex, body weight and crown-rump length whereas ejection fraction (EF) (p = 0.037) was greater in VFD-reared versus non-VFD subjects. Pulse pressure was lower in VFD versus non-VFD females (p < 0.05). Male timidity in response to a human intruder was associated with reduced LVEDD (p < 0.05). Conclusions ELS is associated with both structural and functional reductions of left ventricular measures, potentially implying a body-wide thrifty phenotype. Parallel "thrift" adaptations may occur in key brain areas following ELS and may play an unexplored role in mood and anxiety disorder susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) -Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | | | - Sasha L Fulton
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Venkatesh Panthangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) -Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Jean Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Tarique D Perera
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Haroon Kamran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Michael J Owens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory, GA, United States
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Health Systems, Miami, NY, United States
| | - Leonard A Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York (SUNY) -Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - John G Kral
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Surgery, SUNY-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Louis Salciccioli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Jason Lazar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nemeroff CB. Paradise Lost: The Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Neuron 2016; 89:892-909. [PMID: 26938439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], substance and alcohol abuse, and others) and medical disorders (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, and others). Moreover, the course of psychiatric disorders in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment is more severe. Recently, the biological substrates underlying this diathesis to medical and psychiatric morbidity have been studied. This Review summarizes many of the persistent biological alterations associated with childhood maltreatment including changes in neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems and pro-inflammatory cytokines in addition to specific alterations in brain areas associated with mood regulation. Finally, I discuss several candidate gene polymorphisms that interact with childhood maltreatment to modulate vulnerability to major depression and PTSD and epigenetic mechanisms thought to transduce environmental stressors into disease vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Early-life adversity is a well-established risk factor for the development of depression later in life. Here we discuss the relationship between early-life adversity and depression, focusing specifically on effects of early-life caregiver deprivation on alterations in the neural and behavioral substrates of reward-processing. We also examine vulnerability to depression within the context of sensitive periods of neural development and the timing of adverse exposure. We further review the development of the ventral striatum, a limbic structure implicated in reward processing, and its role in depressive outcomes following early-life adversity. Finally, we suggest a potential neurobiological mechanism linking early-life adversity and altered ventral striatal development. Together these findings may help provide further insight into the role of reward circuitry dysfunction in psychopathological outcomes in both clinical and developmental populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Goff
- Department of Psychology, The University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Early-life experience, epigenetics, and the developing brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:141-53. [PMID: 24917200 PMCID: PMC4262891 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development is a dynamic process that involves interplay between genes and the environment. In mammals, the quality of the postnatal environment is shaped by parent-offspring interactions that promote growth and survival and can lead to divergent developmental trajectories with implications for later-life neurobiological and behavioral characteristics. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic factors (ie, DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, and small non-coding RNAs) may have a critical role in these parental care effects. Although this evidence is drawn primarily from rodent studies, there is increasing support for these effects in humans. Through these molecular mechanisms, variation in risk of psychopathology may emerge, particularly as a consequence of early-life neglect and abuse. Here we will highlight evidence of dynamic epigenetic changes in the developing brain in response to variation in the quality of postnatal parent-offspring interactions. The recruitment of epigenetic pathways for the biological embedding of early-life experience may also have transgenerational consequences and we will describe and contrast two routes through which this transmission can occur: experience dependent vs germline inheritance. Finally, we will speculate regarding the future directions of epigenetic research and how it can help us gain a better understanding of the developmental origins of psychiatric dysfunction.
Collapse
|
12
|
Coplan JD, Karim A, Chandra P, St Germain G, Abdallah CG, Altemus M. Neurobiology of Maternal Stress: Role of Social Rank and Central Oxytocin in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Modulation. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:100. [PMID: 26217242 PMCID: PMC4493323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress may conceivably require plasticity of maternal physiology and behavior to cope with the conflicting primary demands of infant rearing and foraging for food. In addition, social rank may play a pivotal role in mandating divergent homeostatic adaptations in cohesive social groups. We examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxytocin (OT) levels and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis regulation in the context of maternal social stress and assessed the contribution of social rank to dyadic distance as reflective of distraction from normative maternal-infant interaction. METHODS Twelve socially housed mother-infant bonnet macaque dyads were studied after variable foraging demand (VFD) exposure compared to 11 unstressed dyads. Dyadic distance was determined by behavioral observation. Social ranking was performed blindly by two observers. Post-VFD maternal plasma cortisol and CSF OT were compared to corresponding measures in non-VFD-exposed mothers. RESULTS High-social rank was associated with increased dyadic distance only in VFD-exposed dyads and not in control dyads. In mothers unexposed to VFD, social rank was not related to maternal cortisol levels, whereas VFD-exposed dominant versus subordinate mothers exhibited increased plasma cortisol. Maternal CSF OT directly predicted maternal cortisol only in VFD-exposed mothers. CSF OT was higher in dominant versus subordinate mothers. VFD-exposed mothers with "high" cortisol specifically exhibited CSF OT elevations in comparison to control groups. CONCLUSION Pairing of maternal social rank to dyadic distance in VFD presumably reduces maternal contingent responsivity, with ensuing long-term sequelae. VFD-exposure dichotomizes maternal HPA-axis response as a function of social rank with relatively reduced cortisol in subordinates. OT may serve as a homeostatic buffer during maternal stress exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nonhuman Primate Facility, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA
| | - Asif Karim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nonhuman Primate Facility, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Kansas University Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
| | - Garleen St Germain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nonhuman Primate Facility, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn, NY , USA
| | - Chadi G Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Margaret Altemus
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Animal models of early-life stress and variation in social experience across the lifespan have contributed significantly to our understanding of the environmental regulation of the developing brain. Plasticity in neurobiological pathways regulating stress responsivity, cognition, and reproductive behavior is apparent during the prenatal period and continues into adulthood, suggesting a lifelong sensitivity to environmental cues. Recent evidence suggests that dynamic epigenetic changes--molecular modifications that alter gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence--account for this plasticity. In this review, we highlight studies of laboratory rodents that illustrate the association between the experience of prenatal stress, maternal separation, maternal care, abusive caregiving in infancy, juvenile social housing, and adult social stress and variation in DNA methylation and histone modification. Moreover, we discuss emerging evidence for the transgenerational impact of these experiences. These experimental paradigms have yielded insights into the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating the effects of the environment on human development and also indicate that consideration of the sensitivity of laboratory animals to environmental cues may be an important factor in predicting long-term health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Gudsnuk
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Abstract
Household food insecurity has been previously hypothesized to promote dependence on inexpensive, highly palatable foods that are energy dense. Such dependence, and the cyclical nature of having enough food in the beginning of the month followed by food scarcity at the end of the month, could lead to weight gain over a short period of time. Such dependence on energy-dense foods and weight gain may play a direct role in the development of chronic conditions. Other compounding factors that result from exposure to household food insecurity have been well described, including pathways by which stress promotes visceral fat accumulation and chronic disease. This symposium review paper summarizes the literature on the link between food insecurity and the following: 1) diet, 2) weight gain, and 3) chronic disease, especially among women. This paper also proposes a framework for considering how the lived experience of household food insecurity may potentiate the development of chronic disease by activating the stress response among individuals at critical developmental periods in a food-impoverished environment.
Collapse
|
16
|
Baldaçara L, Borgio JGF, Araújo C, Nery-Fernandes F, Lacerda ALT, Moraes WADS, Montaño MBMM, Rocha M, Quarantini LC, Schoedl A, Pupo M, Mello MF, Andreoli SB, Miranda-Scippa A, Ramos LR, Mari JJ, Bressan RA, Jackowski AP. Relationship between structural abnormalities in the cerebellum and dementia, posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. Dement Neuropsychol 2012; 6:203-211. [PMID: 29213799 PMCID: PMC5619331 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642012dn06040003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New evidence suggests that the cerebellum has structural and functional abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. Objective In this research, the goal was to measure the volume of the cerebellum and its subregions in individuals with psychiatric disorders and to relate these findings to their symptoms. Methods Patients with different degrees of cognitive impairment (Epidemiology of the Elderly - UNIFESP) and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from population studies were analyzed. Also, patients with bipolar disorder from an outpatient clinic (Center for the Study of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Universidade Federal da Bahia) were recruited for this study. All subjects underwent a 1.5T structural magnetic resonance scan. Volumetric measures and symptom measurements, by psychometric scales, were performed and compared between patients and controls. Results The cerebellum volume was reduced in patients with cognitive impairment without dementia and with dementia, in patients with PTSD, and in patients with bipolar disorder compared to controls. In dementia and PTSD, the left cerebellar hemisphere and vermis volume were reduced. In bipolar disorder, volumes of both hemispheres and the vermis were reduced. In the first two studies, these cerebellar volumetric reductions correlated with symptoms of the disease. Conclusion The exact nature of cerebellar involvement in mental processes is still not fully understood. However, abnormalities in cerebellar structure and its functions have been reported in some of these diseases. Future studies with larger samples are needed to clarify these findings and investigate whether they are important for treatment and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baldaçara
- Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Federal University of Tocantins, TO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baldaçara L, Jackowski AP, Schoedl A, Pupo M, Andreoli SB, Mello MF, Lacerda ALT, Mari JJ, Bressan RA. Reduced cerebellar left hemisphere and vermal volume in adults with PTSD from a community sample. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1627-33. [PMID: 21824628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic events exposure is a necessary condition for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but not all individuals exposed to the same trauma will develop PTSD. Human studies have suggested that the cerebellum is involved in human fear perception, anticipation, and recollection. In this context, the current study evaluated whether cerebellar volume is associated with PTSD. METHODS Eighty-four victims of violence, 42 who fulfilled the DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD and 42 resilient controls, were identified through an epidemiologic survey conducted in the city of São Paulo. Subjects were evaluated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Early Trauma Inventory (ETI). All subjects underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to evaluate their cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. RESULTS PTSD subjects had relative smaller left hemisphere (p = 0.04) and vermis (p < 0.01) volumes persisted after controlling for gender, age, and brain volume. In PTSD group, left cerebellar hemisphere volume correlated negatively with PTSD (p = 0.01) and depressive symptoms (p = 0.04). Vermal volume correlated negatively with PTSD symptoms (p < 0.01), early traumatic life events (p < 0.01), depressive symptoms (p = 0.04) and anxiety (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION The cerebellum is involved in emotion modulation, and our results suggest that cerebellar volumetric reduction is associated with mood, anxiety and PTSD symptoms. Early traumatic life experiences are related to vermal volume reduction and may be a risk factor for future PTSD development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baldaçara
- Psychiatry, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heim C, Binder EB. Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:102-11. [PMID: 22101006 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress, such as childhood abuse, neglect and loss, is a well established major risk factor for developing depressive disorders later in life. We here summarize and discuss current developments in human research regarding the link between early life stress and depression. Specifically, we review the evidence for the existence of sensitive periods for the adverse effects of early life stress in humans. We further review the current state of knowledge regarding gene×environment (G×E) interactions in the effects of early life stress. While multiple genes operate in multiple environments to induce risk for depression after early life stress, these same genes also seem to enhance the beneficial effects of a positive early environment. Also, we discuss the epigenetic mechanisms that might underlie these G×E interactions. Finally, we discuss the potential importance of identifying sensitive time periods of opportunity, as well as G×E interactions and epigenetic mechanisms, for early interventions that might prevent or reverse the detrimental outcomes of early life stress and its transmission across generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Heim
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beery AK, Francis DD. Adaptive significance of natural variations in maternal care in rats: a translational perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1552-61. [PMID: 21458485 PMCID: PMC3104121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of data from the last fifty years documents the potency of early life experiences including maternal care on developing offspring. A majority of this research has focused on the developing stress axis and stress-sensitive behaviors in hopes of identifying factors impacting resilience and risk-sensitivity. The power of early life experience to shape later development is profound and has the potential to increase fitness of individuals for their environments. Current findings in a rat maternal care paradigm highlight the complex and dynamic relation between early experiences and a variety of outcomes. In this review we propose adaptive hypotheses for alternate maternal strategies and resulting offspring phenotypes, and suggest means of distinguishing between these hypotheses. We also provide evidence underscoring the critical role of context in interpreting the adaptive significance of early experiences. If our goal is to identify risk-factors relevant to humans, we must better explore the role of the social and physical environment in our basic animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese K Beery
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Society Scholars Program, UCSF/UC Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Risk and resilience: early manipulation of macaque social experience and persistent behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48:114-27. [PMID: 19127170 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318193064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the contributions of research on nonhuman primates, specifically macaque monkeys, to the understanding of early social stress and its effects on behavior and neurophysiology. METHOD Review and synthesis of two bodies of work on macaque monkeys and early social manipulation: peer rearing and variable foraging demands. The literature was searched with Medline using key terms macaque, variable foraging, and peer rearing. The reference lists of these articles were also used to generate potential studies for review. RESULTS Nonhuman primate macaques show similarities to humans in their social development and functioning. Peer rearing of young macaques and rearing of young macaques with mothers experiencing variable foraging conditions both result in increased anxious, impulsive, and aggressive temperament and behavior; more reactive stress physiology; altered neurotransmitter functioning; and immune and metabolic changes. Functional variants of specific genes that code for neuromodulators are mediators of these effects. CONCLUSIONS Disrupted social relations during macaque rearing contribute to the risk for developing emotional and neurophysiological disturbance. In the face of such disruption, certain genotypes contribute to resilience. This can be alternately stated that, for animals of high-risk genotypes, resilience is conferred by quality relationships during rearing. This interaction of genetics with early social environment also applies to child mental health, implicating biological mediators identified in macaques as contributing to more complex outcomes in humans.
Collapse
|
21
|
Onyango PO, Gesquiere LR, Wango EO, Alberts SC, Altmann J. Persistence of maternal effects in baboons: Mother's dominance rank at son's conception predicts stress hormone levels in subadult males. Horm Behav 2008; 54:319-24. [PMID: 18448106 PMCID: PMC2586325 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dominance status and reproductive experience are maternal characteristics that affect offspring traits in diverse taxa, including some cercopithecine primates. Maternal effects of this sort are widespread and are sources of variability in offspring fitness. We tested the hypothesis that maternal dominance rank and reproductive experience as well as a male's own age and dominance rank predicted chronic fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) concentrations in 17 subadult wild male baboons, Papio cynocephalus (median age 6.5 years), in the Amboseli basin, Kenya. Among these variables, maternal dominance rank at a subadult male's conception was the sole significant predictor of the male's fGC and accounted for 42% of fGC variance; sons of lower ranking mothers had higher fGC than did those of high-ranking mothers. This result is striking because subadult male baboons are approximately 4-6 years past the period of infant dependence on their mothers, and are larger than and dominant to all adult females. In addition, many males of this age have survived their mothers' death. Consequently, the influence of maternal dominance rank persisted well beyond the stage at which direct maternal influence on sons is likely. Persistence of these major maternal influences from the perinatal period may signal organizational effects of mothers on sons' HPA axis. Although short-term, acute, elevations in GC are part of adaptive responses to challenges such as predators and other emergencies, chronically elevated GC are often associated with stress-related pathologies and, thereby, adverse effects on fitness components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ogola Onyango
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The negative consequences of stress are well-recognized in mental health research. Exposure to early life stressors, for example, increases the risk for the development of mood, anger, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. Interestingly, however, early life stressors have also been linked to the subsequent development of resilience. Variously described as inoculating, immunizing, steeling, toughening, or thriving, the hypothesis that early life stressors provide a challenge that, when overcome, induces adaptations that enhance emotional processing, cognitive control, curiosity, and neuroendocrine regulation is examined in this review of squirrel monkey research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5485, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kaufman D, Banerji MA, Shorman I, Smith ELP, Coplan JD, Rosenblum LA, Kral JG. Early-life stress and the development of obesity and insulin resistance in juvenile bonnet macaques. Diabetes 2007; 56:1382-6. [PMID: 17470564 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a risk factor for chronic illnesses such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension and has been postulated to cause the metabolic syndrome via perturbation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In our model of early-life stress (variable foraging demand [VFD]), food insecurity is imposed on monkey mothers for 16 weeks beginning when their nursing offspring are 3-5 months of age. Under VFD, food availability is never restricted, and the infant's growth is unaffected. VFD rearing does, however, cause a range of neurobiological abnormalities, including dysregulation of the HPA axis, manifested in abnormal cerebrospinal fluid cortisol and corticotropin-releasing factor levels. We previously reported spontaneous occurrence of metabolic syndrome in 14% of normally reared peripubertal bonnet macaques given ad libitum access to standard monkey chow. Here, we show that compared with normally reared monkeys, peripubertal VFD juveniles exhibit greater weight, BMI, abdominal circumference, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and decreased glucose disposal rates during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Our data suggest that early-life stress during a critical period of neuro development can result in the peripubertal emergence of obesity and insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|