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Kim AT, Li S, Kim Y, You YJ, Park Y. Food preference-based screening method for identification of effectors of substance use disorders using Caenorhabditis elegans. Life Sci 2024; 345:122580. [PMID: 38514005 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) affects over 48 million Americans aged 12 and over. Thus, identifying novel chemicals contributing to SUD will be critical for developing efficient prevention and mitigation strategies. Considering the complexity of the actions and effects of these substances on human behavior, a high-throughput platform using a living organism is ideal. We developed a quick and easy screening assay using Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans prefers high-quality food (Escherichia coli HB101) over low-quality food (Bacillus megaterium), with a food preference index of approximately 0.2, defined as the difference in the number of worms at E. coli HB101 and B. megaterium over the total worm number. The food preference index was significantly increased by loperamide, a μ-opioid receptor (MOPR) agonist, and decreased by naloxone, a MOPR antagonist. These changes depended on npr-17, a C. elegans homolog of opioid receptors. In addition, the food preference index was significantly increased by arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide, a cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) agonist, and decreased by rimonabant, a CB1R inverse agonist. These changes depended on npr-19, a homolog of CB1R. These results suggest that the conserved opioid and endocannabinoid systems modulate the food preference behaviors of C. elegans. Finally, the humanoid C. elegans strains where npr-17 was replaced with human MOPR and where npr-19 was replaced with human CB1R phenocopied the changes in food preference by the drug treatment. Together, the current results show that this method can be used to rapidly screen the potential effectors of MOPR and CB1R to yield results highly translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Taehwan Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sida Li
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Young-Jai You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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2
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Davis M, Cyr C, Crawford GB, Case AA. Should Cannabis be Used for Anorexia in Patients With Cancer? J Pain Symptom Manage 2024; 67:e487-e492. [PMID: 38272379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare professionals are frequently asked about the benefits of cannabis for appetite or anorexia-cachexia syndrome. In popular culture, cannabis has a reputation of causing an increased hunger, slang termed "the munchies," so many patients consume this with the hope that it may improve the loss of appetite associated with serious illness such as cancer. There have only been a few randomized, controlled trials studying the controversial question as to if cannabis improves appetite. These studies are small and show no statistically significant benefit for appetite and one small study showed improvement of taste for foods. Due to regulation barriers, the studies have use synthetic products, not the products that represent what is more commonly used in the population, often whole flower smoked, vaporized or oral products. Despite the popularity of cannabis in culture, often touted as a panacea for all maladies, the evidence and education for several adverse effects and potential drug interactions have has yet to catch up with the cultural craze. International cannabis experts in the United States and Australia do not routinely certify patients for medical cannabis off trial for anorexia-cachexia, but one expert in Canada would consider use in selected cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar Davis
- Professor of Palliative Medicine (M.D.), Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claude Cyr
- McGill University Health Center (C.C.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory B Crawford
- Senior Consultant in Palliative Medicine and Director of Research & Education (G.B.C.), Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia; Professor of Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences (G.B.C.), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amy A Case
- Chair Department of Supportive and Palliative Care (A.A.C.), Professor of Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA; Professor of Medicine (A.A.C.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Medrano M, Contreras M, Caballero-Velázquez T, Martínez L, Bejarano-García JA, Calderón-Ruiz R, García-Calderón CB, Rosado IV, Pérez-Simón JA. Cannabinoids induce cell death in leukaemic cells through Parthanatos and PARP-related metabolic disruptions. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1529-1541. [PMID: 38461169 PMCID: PMC11058274 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described a potential anti-tumour effect of cannabinoids (CNB). CNB receptor 2 (CB2) is mostly present in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). The present study evaluates the anti-leukaemic effect of CNB. METHODS Cell lines and primary cells from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients were used and the effect of the CNB derivative WIN-55 was evaluated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. RESULTS We demonstrate a potent antileukemic effect of WIN-55 which is abolished with CB antagonists. WIN-treated mice, xenografted with AML cells, had better survival as compared to vehicle or cytarabine. DNA damage-related genes were affected upon exposure to WIN. Co-incubation with the PARP inhibitor Olaparib prevented WIN-induced cell death, suggesting PARP-mediated apoptosis which was further confirmed with the translocation of AIF to the nucleus observed in WIN-treated cells. Nicotinamide prevented WIN-related apoptosis, indicating NAD+ depletion. Finally, WIN altered glycolytic enzymes levels as well as the activity of G6PDH. These effects are reversed through PARP1 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS WIN-55 exerts an antileukemic effect through Parthanatos, leading to translocation of AIF to the nucleus and depletion of NAD+, which are reversed through PARP1 inhibition. It also induces metabolic disruptions. These effects are not observed in normal HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medrano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - M Contreras
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - T Caballero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - L Martínez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J A Bejarano-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - R Calderón-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - C B García-Calderón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - I V Rosado
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J A Pérez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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Chen XR, Yu R, Chen J, Wang J, Huang HJ, Li HY, Wu GC, Han QQ, Yu J. Cannabinoid type 2 receptors play a crucial role in social defeat-induced depression. J Affect Disord 2024; 348:333-344. [PMID: 38171418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in regulating mood, but the specific involvement of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) in depression remains poorly understood. Similarly, the mechanisms by which electroacupuncture (EA) provides therapeutic benefits for depression are not clearly defined. This research aims to explore the function of CB2R in depression and examine if the therapeutic effects of EA are associated with the hippocampal CB2R system. METHODS Mice experiencing social defeat stress (SDS) were used to model depression and anxiety behaviors. We quantified hippocampal CB2R and N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels. The efficacy of a CB2R agonist, JWH133, in mitigating SDS-induced behaviors was evaluated. Additionally, EA's impact on CB2R and AEA was assessed, along with the influence of CB2R antagonist AM630 on EA's antidepressant effects. RESULTS SDS led to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, with corresponding decreases in hippocampal CB2R and AEA. Treatment with JWH133 ameliorated these behaviors. EA treatment resulted in increased CB2R and AEA levels, while AM630 blocked these antidepressant effects. LIMITATIONS The study mainly focused on the SDS model, which may not entirely reflect other depression models. Besides, further investigation is needed to understand the precise mechanisms by which CB2R and AEA contribute to EA's effects. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests hippocampal downregulation of CB2R and AEA contributes to depression. Upregulation of CB2R and AEA in response to EA suggests their involvement in EA's antidepressant effects. These findings provide insights into the role of the hippocampal CB2R system in depression and the potential mechanisms underlying EA's therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China; Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Lane 826, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Jie Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao-Yuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gen-Cheng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiu-Qin Han
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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5
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Roberts A, Christian M, Dilone LN, Nelson N, Endrino MJ, Kneebone A, Embaby S, Fernandez J, Liu QR, Onaivi ES, Kibret BG. Alcohol induced behavioral and immune perturbations are attenuated by activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11602. [PMID: 38389814 PMCID: PMC10880753 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is the expanded endocannabinoid system (ECS) and studies show that there is a link between this system and how it modulates alcohol induced neuroinflammation. Using conditional knockout (cKO) mice with selective deletion of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) in dopamine neurons (DAT-Cnr2) and in microglia (Cx3Cr1-Cnr2), we investigated how CB2Rs modulate behavioral and neuroinflammation induced by alcohol. Behavioral tests including locomotor and wheel running activity, rotarod performance test, and alcohol preference tests were used to evaluate behavioral changes induced by alcohol. Using ELISA assay, we investigated the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the hippocampus of mice. The findings demonstrated that locomotor activity, wheel running, and rotarod performance activities were significantly affected by cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons and microglia. The non-selective CB2R agonist, WIN 55,212-2, reduced alcohol preference in the wild type and cell-type specific CB2R cKO mice. In addition, the result showed that cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs per se and administration of alcohol to CB2R cKO mice increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. These findings suggest the involvement of CB2Rs in modulating behavioral and immune alterations induced by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaliyah Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Mahli Christian
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Lizbeth Nivar Dilone
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Natania Nelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Mark Joseph Endrino
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Adam Kneebone
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Shymaa Embaby
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
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6
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Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Chávez-Hernández ME. Role of the CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor in the Regulation of Food Intake: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17516. [PMID: 38139344 PMCID: PMC10743788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The CB2 cannabinoid receptor has been found in brain areas that are part of the reward system and has been shown to play a role in food intake regulation. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the role of the CB2 receptor in food intake regulation. Records from the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were screened, resulting in 13 studies that were used in the present systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines. A risk of bias assessment was carried out using the tool of the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). The studies analyzed used two main strategies: (1) the intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular administration of a CB2 agonist/antagonist; and (2) depletion of CB2 receptors via knockout in mice. Both strategies are useful in identifying the role of the CB2 receptor in food intake in standard and palatable diets. The conclusions derived from animal models showed that CB2 receptors are necessary for modulating food intake and mediating energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Serrano
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Anáhuac México, Universidad Anáhuac Avenue #46, Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico;
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7
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Kibret BG, Roberts A, Kneebone A, Embaby S, Fernandez J, Liu QR, Onaivi ES. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate alcohol induced behavior, and neuro-immune dysregulation in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114439. [PMID: 37061199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The identification of additional lipid mediators, enzymes, and receptors revealed an expanded endocannabinoid system (ECS) called the endocannabinoidome (eCBome). Furthermore, eCBome research using wild type and genetically modified mice indicate the involvement of this system in modulating alcohol induced neuroinflammatory alterations associated with behavioral impairments and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. We investigated the role of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) in modulating behavioral and neuro-immune changes induced by alcohol using conditional knockout (cKO) mice with selective deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons (DAT-Cnr2) and in microglia (Cx3Cr1-Cnr2) cKO mice. We used a battery of behavioral tests including locomotor and wheel running activity, rotarod performance test, and alcohol preference tests to evaluate behavioral changes induced by alcohol. ELISA assay was used, to detect alterations in IL-6, IL-1α, and IL-1β in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampal regions of mice to investigate the role of CB2Rs in neuroinflammation induced by alcohol in the brain. The involvement of cannabinoid receptors in alcohol-induced behavior was also evaluated using the non-selective cannabinoid receptor mixed agonist WIN 55,212-2. The results showed that cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons and microglia significantly and differentially altered locomotor activity and rotarod performance activities. The result also revealed that cell-type specific deletion of CB2Rs enhanced alcohol-induced inflammation, and WIN significantly reduced alcohol preference in all genotypes compared to the vehicle controls. These findings suggest that the involvement of CB2Rs in modulating behavioral and neuroinflammatory alterations induced by alcohol may be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
| | - Aaliyah Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Adam Kneebone
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Shymaa Embaby
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, national Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA.
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8
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Ishiguro H, Kibret BG, Horiuchi Y, Onaivi ES. Potential Role of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:828895. [PMID: 35774086 PMCID: PMC9237241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.828895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of the two canonical receptor subtypes; type-1 cannabinoid (CB1R) and type 2 receptor (CB2R), endocannabinoids (eCBs) and enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of eCBs. Recently, with the identification of additional lipid mediators, enzymes and receptors, the expanded ECS called the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) has been identified and recognized. Activation of CB1R is associated with a plethora of physiological effects and some central nervous system (CNS) side effects, whereas, CB2R activation is devoid of such effects and hence CB2Rs might be utilized as potential new targets for the treatment of different disorders including neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies suggested that CB2Rs were absent in the brain and they were considered as peripheral receptors, however, recent studies confirmed the presence of CB2Rs in different brain regions. Several studies have now focused on the characterization of its physiological and pathological roles. Studies done on the role of CB2Rs as a therapeutic target for treating different disorders revealed important putative role of CB2R in neuropsychiatric disorders that requires further clinical validation. Here we provide current insights and knowledge on the potential role of targeting CB2Rs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Its non-psychoactive effect makes the CB2R a potential target for treating CNS disorders; however, a better understanding of the fundamental pharmacology of CB2R activation is essential for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
| | - Yasue Horiuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, United States
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Prolonged Activation of Brain CB2 Signaling Modulates Hypothalamic Microgliosis and Astrogliosis in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105527. [PMID: 35628338 PMCID: PMC9141740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade inflammation of the hypothalamus is associated with the disturbance of energy balance. The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity as well as in the control of immune responses. The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) signaling has been associated with anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, we modulated CB2 signaling and investigated its effects on energy homeostasis and hypothalamic microgliosis/astrogliosis. We observed no effect on caloric intake and body weight gain in control diet-fed animals that received prolonged icv infusion of the CB2 receptor agonist HU308. Interestingly, we observed a decrease in glucose tolerance in HFD-fed animals treated with HU308. Prolonged icv infusion of HU308 increases astrogliosis in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) of obese animals and reduced HFD-induced microgliosis in the hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) but not in the paraventricular (PVN) or VMH nuclei. These data indicate that central CB2 signaling modulates glucose homeostasis and glial reactivity in obesogenic conditions, irrespective of changes in body weight.
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10
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Ortiz YT, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. Medicinal Cannabis and Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881810. [PMID: 35529444 PMCID: PMC9070567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma T. Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lance R. McMahon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jenny L. Wilkerson,
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Abstract
Cannabinoids, including those found in cannabis, have shown promise as potential therapeutics for numerous health issues, including pathological pain and diseases that produce an impact on neurological processing and function. Thus, cannabis use for medicinal purposes has become accepted by a growing majority. However, clinical trials yielding satisfactory endpoints and unequivocal proof that medicinal cannabis should be considered a frontline therapeutic for most examined central nervous system indications remains largely elusive. Although cannabis contains over 100 + compounds, most preclinical and clinical research with well-controlled dosing and delivery methods utilize the various formulations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the two most abundant compounds in cannabis. These controlled dosing and delivery methods are in stark contrast to most clinical studies using whole plant cannabis products, as few clinical studies using whole plant cannabis profile the exact composition, including percentages of all compounds present within the studied product. This review will examine both preclinical and clinical evidence that supports or refutes the therapeutic utility of medicinal cannabis for the treatment of pathological pain, neurodegeneration, substance use disorders, as well as anxiety-related disorders. We will predominately focus on purified THC and CBD, as well as other compounds isolated from cannabis for the aforementioned reasons but will also include discussion over those studies where whole plant cannabis has been used. In this review we also consider the current challenges associated with the advancement of medicinal cannabis and its derived potential therapeutics into clinical applications.
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12
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Asth L, Santos AC, Moreira FA. The endocannabinoid system and drug-associated contextual memories. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:90-104. [PMID: 33491992 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction can be initiated and reinstated by contextual stimuli previously paired with the drug use. The influence exerted by the context on drug-seeking behaviour can be modelled in experimental animals with place-conditioning protocols. Here, we review the effects of cannabinoids in place conditioning and the therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system for interfering with drug-related memories. The phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) tends to induce conditioned place preference (CPP) at low doses and conditioned place aversion at high doses; cannabidiol is devoid of any effect, yet it inhibits CPP induced by some drugs. Synthetic CB1 receptor agonists tend to recapitulate the biphasic profile observed with THC, whereas selective antagonists/inverse agonists inhibit CPP induced by cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and opioids. However, their therapeutic use is limited by potential psychiatric side effects. The CB2 receptor has also attracted attention, because selective CB2 receptor agonists inhibit cocaine-induced CPP. Inhibitors of endocannabinoid membrane transport and hydrolysis yield mixed results. In targeting the endocannabinoid system for developing new treatments for drug addiction, future research should focus on 'neutral' CB1 receptor antagonists and CB2 receptor agonists. Such compounds may offer a well-tolerated pharmacological profile and curb addiction by preventing drug-seeking triggered by conditioned contextual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Asth
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Kibret BG, Ishiguro H, Horiuchi Y, Onaivi ES. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Targeting of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors in CNS Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:975. [PMID: 35055161 PMCID: PMC8778243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is ubiquitous in most human tissues, and involved in the regulation of mental health. Consequently, its dysregulation is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Together, the ECS and the expanded endocannabinoidome (eCBome) are composed of genes coding for CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R, CB2R), endocannabinoids (eCBs), and the metabolic enzyme machinery for their synthesis and catabolism. The activation of CB1R is associated with adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS), which has limited the therapeutic use of drugs that bind this receptor. The discovery of the functional neuronal CB2R raised new possibilities for the potential and safe targeting of the ECS for the treatment of CNS disorders. Previous studies were not able to detect CB2R mRNA transcripts in brain tissue and suggested that CB2Rs were absent in the brain and were considered peripheral receptors. Studies done on the role of CB2Rs as a potential therapeutic target for treating different disorders revealed the important putative role of CB2Rs in certain CNS disorders, which requires further clinical validation. This review addresses recent advances on the role of CB2Rs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including, but not limited to, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD) and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Ethics, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan;
| | - Yasue Horiuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
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14
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Morcuende A, García-Gutiérrez MS, Tambaro S, Nieto E, Manzanares J, Femenia T. Immunomodulatory Role of CB2 Receptors in Emotional and Cognitive Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:866052. [PMID: 35492718 PMCID: PMC9051035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional behavior, memory, and learning have been associated with alterations in the immune system in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies pointed out the involvement of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2r) in the immune system and the regulation of inflammation. This receptor is widely distributed in different tissues and organs with higher expression in spleen and immune system cells. However, CB2r has also been detected in several brain areas and different brain cell types, such as neurons and glia. These findings suggest that CB2r may closely relate the immune system and the brain circuits regulating inflammation, mood, and cognitive functions. Therefore, we review the studies that may help elucidate the molecular bases of CB2r in regulating inflammation in different brain cells and its role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Morcuende
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Simone Tambaro
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Teresa Femenia
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Price TR, Baskaran SA, Moncada KL, Minamoto Y, Klemashevich C, Jayuraman A, Sucholdoski JS, Tedeschi LO, Steiner JM, Pillai SD, Walzem RL. Whole and Isolated Protein Fractions Differentially Affect Gastrointestinal Integrity Markers in C57Bl/6 Mice Fed Diets with a Moderate-Fat Content. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041251. [PMID: 33920187 PMCID: PMC8069602 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various proteins or protein fractions reportedly positively affect gastrointestinal integrity and inflammation in diets providing >45% energy as fat. This study tested whether benefits were seen in diets providing 30% of energy as fat. Purified diets (PD) with isolated soy protein (ISP), dried whole milk powder (DWMP), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), or milk protein concentrate (MPC) as protein sources were fed to C57BL/6J mice (n = 15/diet group) for 13 weeks. MFGM-fed mice were heaviest (p < 0.005) but remained within breeder norms. Growth rates and gut motility were similar for all PD-fed mice. FITC-dextran assessed gut permeability was lowest in DWMP and MFGM (p = 0.054); overall, plasma endotoxin and unprovoked circulating cytokines indicated a non-inflammatory state for all PD-fed mice. Despite differences in cecal butyrate and intestinal gene expression, all PDs supported gastrointestinal health. Whole milk provided more positive effects compared to its fractions. However, ISP-fed mice showed a >370%, (p < 0.006) increase in colonic myeloperoxidase activity indicative of tissue neutrophil infiltration. Surprisingly, FITC-dextran and endotoxin outcomes were many folds better in PD-fed mice than mice (strain, vendor, age and sex matched) fed a “chow-type” nutritionally adequate non-PD. Additional variables within a diet’s matrix appear to affect routine indicators or gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R. Price
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Sangeetha A. Baskaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.B.); (K.L.M.)
| | - Kristin L. Moncada
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.B.); (K.L.M.)
| | - Yasushi Minamoto
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Dept. Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.M.); (J.S.S.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Cory Klemashevich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Arul Jayuraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Jan S. Sucholdoski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Dept. Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.M.); (J.S.S.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Luis O. Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Dept. Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.M.); (J.S.S.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Suresh D. Pillai
- Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.A.B.); (K.L.M.)
- Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Hypothalamic endocannabinoids in obesity: an old story with new challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7469-7490. [PMID: 34718828 PMCID: PMC8557709 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of obesity is widely recognized, while the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms involved are the focus of intense research. A disrupted endocannabinoid system, which critically modulates feeding and metabolic functions, through central and peripheral mechanisms, is a landmark indicator of obesity, as corroborated by investigations centered on the cannabinoid receptor CB1, considered to offer promise in terms of pharmacologically targeted treatment for obesity. In recent years, novel insights have been obtained, not only into relation to the mode of action of CB receptors, but also CB ligands, non-CB receptors, and metabolizing enzymes considered to be part of the endocannabinoid system (particularly the hypothalamus). The outcome has been a substantial expansion in knowledge of this complex signaling system and in drug development. Here we review recent literature, providing further evidence on the role of hypothalamic endocannabinoids in regulating energy balance and the implication for the pathophysiology of obesity. We discuss how these lipids are dynamically regulated in obesity onset, by diet and metabolic hormones in specific hypothalamic neurons, the impact of gender, and the role of endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes as promising targets for tackling obesity and related diseases.
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17
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Vaseghi S, Nasehi M, Zarrindast MR. How do stupendous cannabinoids modulate memory processing via affecting neurotransmitter systems? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:173-221. [PMID: 33171142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we wanted to review the role of cannabinoids in learning and memory in animal models, with respect to their interaction effects with six principal neurotransmitters involved in learning and memory including dopamine, glutamate, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), serotonin, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline. Cannabinoids induce a wide-range of unpredictable effects on cognitive functions, while their mechanisms are not fully understood. Cannabinoids in different brain regions and in interaction with different neurotransmitters, show diverse responses. Previous findings have shown that cannabinoids agonists and antagonists induce various unpredictable effects such as similar effect, paradoxical effect, or dualistic effect. It should not be forgotten that brain neurotransmitter systems can also play unpredictable roles in mediating cognitive functions. Thus, we aimed to review and discuss the effect of cannabinoids in interaction with neurotransmitters on learning and memory. In addition, we mentioned to the type of interactions between cannabinoids and neurotransmitter systems. We suggested that investigating the type of interactions is a critical neuropharmacological issue that should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Sanchez-Marin L, Gavito AL, Decara J, Pastor A, Castilla-Ortega E, Suarez J, de la Torre R, Pavon FJ, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Serrano A. Impact of intermittent voluntary ethanol consumption during adolescence on the expression of endocannabinoid system and neuroinflammatory mediators. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 33:126-138. [PMID: 32057593 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The adolescent brain displays high vulnerability to the deleterious effects of ethanol, including greater risk of developing alcohol use disorder later in life. Here, we characterized the gene expression of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and relevant signaling systems associated with neuroinflammation and emotional behaviors in the brain of young adult control and ethanol-exposed (EtOH) rats. We measured mRNA levels of candidate genes using quantitative real time PCR in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala and hippocampus. EtOH rats were generated by maintenance on an intermittent and voluntary ethanol consumption during adolescence using the two-bottle choice paradigm (4 days/week for 4 weeks) followed by 2 week-withdrawal, a time-point of withdrawal with no physical symptoms. Mean differences and effect sizes were calculated using t-test and Cohen's d values. In the mPFC and hippocampus, EtOH rats had significantly higher mRNA expression of endocannabinoid-signaling (mPFC: Ppara, Dagla, Daglb and Napepld; and hippocampus: Cnr2, Dagla and Mgll) and neuroinflammation-associated genes (mPFC: Gfap; and hippocampus: Aif1) than in controls. Moreover, EtOH rats had significantly higher mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y receptor genes (Npy1r, Npy2r and Npy5r) in the hippocampus. Finally, EtOH rats also displayed higher plasma endocannabinoid levels than controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that adolescent ethanol exposure can lead to long-term alterations in the gene expression of the ECS and other signaling systems involved in neuroinflammation and regulation of emotional behaviors in key brain areas for the development of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sanchez-Marin
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - A L Gavito
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - J Decara
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - A Pastor
- Programa de Neurociencias, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - J Suarez
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - R de la Torre
- Programa de Neurociencias, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Pavon
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain; Unidad Gestión Clínica del Corazón, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - F Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain.
| | - A Serrano
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Sótano, Málaga 29010, Spain.
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19
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Farokhnia M, McDiarmid GR, Newmeyer MN, Munjal V, Abulseoud OA, Huestis MA, Leggio L. Effects of oral, smoked, and vaporized cannabis on endocrine pathways related to appetite and metabolism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:71. [PMID: 32075958 PMCID: PMC7031261 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As perspectives on cannabis continue to shift, understanding the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabis use is of paramount importance. Previous data suggest that cannabis use influences food intake, appetite, and metabolism, yet human research in this regard remains scant. The present study investigated the effects of cannabis administration, via different routes, on peripheral concentrations of appetitive and metabolic hormones in a sample of cannabis users. This was a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Twenty participants underwent four experimental sessions during which oral cannabis, smoked cannabis, vaporized cannabis, or placebo was administered. Active compounds contained 6.9 ± 0.95% (~50.6 mg) ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Repeated blood samples were obtained, and the following endocrine markers were measured: total ghrelin, acyl-ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and insulin. Results showed a significant drug main effect (p = 0.001), as well as a significant drug × time-point interaction effect (p = 0.01) on insulin. The spike in blood insulin concentrations observed under the placebo condition (probably due to the intake of brownie) was blunted by cannabis administration. A significant drug main effect (p = 0.001), as well as a trend-level drug × time-point interaction effect (p = 0.08) was also detected for GLP-1, suggesting that GLP-1 concentrations were lower under cannabis, compared to the placebo condition. Finally, a significant drug main effect (p = 0.01) was found for total ghrelin, suggesting that total ghrelin concentrations during the oral cannabis session were higher than the smoked and vaporized cannabis sessions. In conclusion, cannabis administration in this study modulated blood concentrations of some appetitive and metabolic hormones, chiefly insulin, in cannabis users. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning these effects may provide additional information on the cross-talk between cannabinoids and physiological pathways related to appetite and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Gray R. McDiarmid
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Matthew N. Newmeyer
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Vikas Munjal
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Osama A. Abulseoud
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Tarragon E, Moreno JJ. Cannabinoids, Chemical Senses, and Regulation of Feeding Behavior. Chem Senses 2020; 44:73-89. [PMID: 30481264 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The herb Cannabis sativa has been traditionally used in many cultures and all over the world for thousands of years as medicine and recreation. However, because it was brought to the Western world in the late 19th century, its use has been a source of controversy with respect to its physiological effects as well as the generation of specific behaviors. In this regard, the CB1 receptor represents the most relevant target molecule of cannabinoid components on nervous system and whole-body energy homeostasis. Thus, the promotion of CB1 signaling can increase appetite and stimulate feeding, whereas blockade of CB1 suppresses hunger and induces hypophagia. Taste and flavor are sensory experiences involving the oral perception of food-derived chemicals and drive a primal sense of acceptable or unacceptable for what is sampled. Therefore, research within the last decades focused on deciphering the effect of cannabinoids on the chemical senses involved in food perception and consequently in the pattern of feeding. In this review, we summarize the data on the effect of cannabinoids on chemical senses and their influences on food intake control and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Tarragon
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Jaume I of Castellon, Castellon, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology on Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Ctra. de Húmera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Campus Torribera, Barcelona, Spain.,IBEROBN Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Primo D, Izaola O, de Luis D. Effects of a high protein/low carbohydrate low-calorie diet versus a standard low-calorie diet on anthropometric parameters and cardiovascular risk factors, role of polymorphism rs3123554 in the cannabinoid receptor gene type 2 (CB2R). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 67:446-453. [PMID: 31839571 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CB2R receptors has been referred to as the peripheral cannabinoid receptor isoform, and regulate inflammatory response in various settings. CB2R gene variants could play a role on metabolic changes after weight loss with different interventions. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of the genetic variant (rs3123554) of the CB2R gene on anthropometric and biochemical changes after weight loss secondary to a high protein/low carbohydrate diet vs. a standard low-calorie diet during 9 months. DESIGN 268 obese subjects were randomly allocated to one of two diets for 9 months, Diet HP (high protein-low carbohydrate low-calorie diet) and Diet S (standard protein low-calorie diet). Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured at baseline and at 3 and 9 months. RESULTS Ninety-four patients (35.1%) had genotype GG and 174 (64.9%) subjects had the following genotypes; GA (115 patients, 42.9%) or AA (59 study subjects, 18.0%) (second group). After both diets, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, weight, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure improved in both genotypes with no difference between diets. Before and after both low-calorie diets, body weight, BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference were higher in A allele carriers than in non-A allele carriers. After both diets (HP and S), levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol decreased in non-A allele carriers. These parameters remained unchanged in A allele carriers. Leptin levels decreased after HP and S diets in both genotypes. CONCLUSION Non-A allele carriers showed a better response of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, HOMA-IR, and insulin levels than allele A carriers with both low-calorie diets and with the same weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Primo
- Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Escuela de Medicina y Departamento dee Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Olatz Izaola
- Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Escuela de Medicina y Departamento dee Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Daniel de Luis
- Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Escuela de Medicina y Departamento dee Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
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Lesniak A, Chmielewska D, Poznanski P, Bujalska-Zadrozny M, Strzemecka J, Sacharczuk M. Divergent Response to Cannabinoid Receptor Stimulation in High and Low Stress-Induced Analgesia Mouse Lines Is Associated with Differential G-Protein Activation. Neuroscience 2019; 404:246-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gianessi CA, Groman SM, Taylor JR. Bi-directional modulation of food habit expression by the endocannabinoid system. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1610-1622. [PMID: 30589475 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The compulsive, habitual behaviors that have been observed in individuals diagnosed with substance use disorders may be due to disruptions in the neural circuits that mediate goal-directed actions. The endocannabinoid system has been shown to play a critical role in habit learning, but the role of this neuromodulatory system in habit expression is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in established habitual actions using contingency degradation in male C57BL/6 mice. We found that administration of the endocannabinoid transport inhibitor AM404 reduced habitual responding for food and that antagonism of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), but not transient receptor potential cation subfamily V (TRPV1), receptors produced a similar reduction in habitual responding. Moreover, pharmacological stimulation of CB1 receptors increased habitual responding for food. Co-administration of an enzyme inhibitor that selectively increases the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) with AM404 partially restored habitual responding for food. Together, these findings demonstrate an important role for the endocannabinoid system in the expression of habits and provide novel insights into potential pharmacological strategies for reducing habitual behaviors in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Gianessi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephanie M Groman
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jane R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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de Luis D, Garcia Calvo S, Primo D, Izaola O, Pacheco D. Polymorphism rs3123554 in the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) gene is associated to metabolic changes after biliopancreatic diversion surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 66:157-163. [PMID: 30594499 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of genetic variants of the CB2R gene in weight loss after a dietary intervention has been investigated in few studies, none of which has been conducted after bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the genetic variant (rs3123554) of the CB2R gene on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss secondary to a biliopancreatic diversion. DESIGN The study simple consisted of 147 patients with morbid obesity. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured at baseline and at each visit during 3 years (1, 2, and 3 years). RESULTS Percent excess weight loss, body mass index, weight, waist circumference, fat mass, blood pressure, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride levels improved in both genotype groups. Decreases in fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR were higher in non-A allele carriers as compared to A allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that patients with morbid obesity who undergo bariatric surgery and carry the A allele of variant rs3123554 of the CB2R gene have greater weight. This allele has no influence on weight loss after surgery, but results in a lower decrease in insulin levels and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Luis
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, España; Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España.
| | - Susana Garcia Calvo
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, España; Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - David Primo
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, España; Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - Olatz Izaola
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, España; Centro de Investigación de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
| | - David Pacheco
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, España; Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España
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Torres-Berrio A, Cuesta S, Lopez-Guzman S, Nava-Mesa MO. Interaction Between Stress and Addiction: Contributions From Latin-American Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2639. [PMID: 30622500 PMCID: PMC6308142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that escalates from an initial exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, cannabis, or heroin, to compulsive drug-seeking and intake, reduced ability to inhibit craving-induced behaviors, and repeated cycles of abstinence and relapse. It is well-known that chronic changes in the brain’s reward system play an important role in the neurobiology of addiction. Notably, environmental factors such as acute or chronic stress affect this system, and increase the risk for drug consumption and relapse. Indeed, the HPA axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the extended amygdala, among other brain stress systems, interact with the brain’s reward circuit involved in addictive behaviors. There has been a growing interest in studying the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms of stress and addiction in Latin-America over the last decade. Nonetheless, these contributions may not be as strongly acknowledged by the broad scientific audience as studies coming from developed countries. In this review, we compile for the first time a series of studies conducted by Latin American-based neuroscientists, who have devoted their careers to studying the interaction between stress and addiction, from a neurobiological and clinical perspective. Specific contributions about this interaction include the study of CRF receptors in the lateral septum, investigations on the neural mechanisms of cross-sensitization for psychostimulants and ethanol, the identification of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a critical neural substrate for stress and addiction, and the emergence of the cannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target. We highlight animal and human studies, including for instance, reports coming from Latin American laboratories on single nucleotide polymorphisms in stress-related genes and potential biomarkers of vulnerability to addiction, that aim to bridge the knowledge from basic science to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Torres-Berrio
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Lopez-Guzman
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Aller R, Primo D, Izaola O, de Luis DA. Common polymorphism in the cannabinoid receptor gene type 2 (CB2R) rs3123554 are associated with metabolic changes after two different hypocaloric diets with different dietary fatty profiles. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2632-2638. [PMID: 30528951 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of CB2R gene variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention has been investigated in few studies. OBJECTIVE We evaluate the effect of this genetic variant (rs3123554) of CB2R gene on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss secondary to high monounsaturated fat vs a high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diets. DESIGN A Caucasian population of 362 obese patients was enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to one of two diets (Diet P high polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fat hypocaloric diet vs, Diet M high monounsaturated (MUFAs) fat hypocaloric diet). RESULTS In both genotype groups (GG vs GA+AA), body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased after diet P and M. Body weight, BMI, fat mass and waist circumference were higher in A allele carriers than non A allele carriers. The improvement of these parameters was higher in non A allele carriers than A allele carriers. In non A allele carriers with both diets, the decrease of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, insulin and HOMA-IR was higher than A allele carriers after both diets. After diet P, triglyceride levels decrease in non A allele carriers. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that carriers of the minor allele of rs3123554 variant of CB2R gene lose less body weight during to different hypocaloric diets with different fatty acid. Moreover, non A-allele carriers showed a better response of LDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR and insulin levels than A-carriers with both hypocaloric diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aller
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - D Primo
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - O Izaola
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - D A de Luis
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Forner-Piquer I, Santangeli S, Maradonna F, Verde R, Piscitelli F, di Marzo V, Habibi HR, Carnevali O. Role of Bisphenol A on the Endocannabinoid System at central and peripheral levels: Effects on adult female zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:118-125. [PMID: 29689525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used chemical to produce polycarbonate plastics, has become an ubiquitous pollutant due to its extensive use. Its endocrine disrupting properties have been documented in several studies, as well as its potential to induce metabolic and reproductive impairments at environmentally relevant concentrations. Recent insights highlighted the role of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) in energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. In fact, disruption of the ECS may induce metabolic alterations among other effects. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the disruptive effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of BPA on the ECS of female zebrafish liver and brain. Adult female zebrafish were exposed for 3 weeks to three different concentrations of BPA (5 μg/L; 10 μg/L; 20 μg/L). We observed changes in the expression of a number of genes involved in the Anandamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) metabolism in the liver and brain, as well as altered levels of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like mediators. These changes were associated with greater presence of hepatic lipid vacuoles, following exposure to the highest concentration of BPA (20 μg/L) tested, although there were no changes in food intake and in the expression of the molecular markers for appetite. The overall results support the hypothesis that exposure to BPA induced changes in the central and hepatic ECS system of adult female zebrafish causing the increase of the area covered by lipids in the liver at the highest concentration tested, but not via food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Santangeli
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Endocannabinoids in Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020055. [PMID: 29849009 PMCID: PMC6027162 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of body weight is fundamental to maintain one's health and to promote longevity. Nevertheless, it appears that the global obesity epidemic is still constantly increasing. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid messengers that are involved in overall body weight control by interfering with manifold central and peripheral regulatory circuits that orchestrate energy homeostasis. Initially, blocking of eCB signaling by first generation cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) inverse agonists such as rimonabant revealed body weight-reducing effects in laboratory animals and men. Unfortunately, rimonabant also induced severe psychiatric side effects. At this point, it became clear that future cannabinoid research has to decipher more precisely the underlying central and peripheral mechanisms behind eCB-driven control of feeding behavior and whole body energy metabolism. Here, we will summarize the most recent advances in understanding how central eCBs interfere with circuits in the brain that control food intake and energy expenditure. Next, we will focus on how peripheral eCBs affect food digestion, nutrient transformation and energy expenditure by interfering with signaling cascades in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat depots and endocrine glands. To finally outline the safe future potential of cannabinoids as medicines, our overall goal is to address the molecular, cellular and pharmacological logic behind central and peripheral eCB-mediated body weight control, and to figure out how these precise mechanistic insights are currently transferred into the development of next generation cannabinoid medicines displaying clearly improved safety profiles, such as significantly reduced side effects.
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de Luis DA, Mulero I, Primo D, Izaola O, Aller R. Effects of polymorphism rs3123554 in the cannabinoid receptor gene type 2 (CB2R) on metabolic and adiposity parameters after weight loss with two hypocaloric diets. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018. [PMID: 29518488 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of CB2R gene variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention remained unclear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the effects of rs3123554 of CB2R receptor gene on metabolic and adiposity parameters after two different hypocaloric diets in obese subjects. DESIGN A Caucasian population of 280 obese patients was enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated during 3 months to one of two diets (Diet I - moderate in carbohydrate. Vs Diet II - normal in carbohydrate). RESULTS In both genotype groups (GG vs GA + AA), body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased after diet I and II. The decrease of these parameters was higher in non A allele carriers than A allele carriers. Pre- and post-dietary intervention, body weight, BMI, fat mass and waist circumference were higher in A allele carriers than non A allele carriers. In non A allele carriers, the decrease of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and Interleukin-6 levels was higher than A allele carriers after both diets. CONCLUSION Carriers of the minor allele of rs3123554 variant of CB2R gene loose less body weight during two different hypocaloric diets. The improvement of metabolic parameters was better in no A allele carriers than A allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A de Luis
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - I Mulero
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - D Primo
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - O Izaola
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - R Aller
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Dpt of Endocrinology and Investigation, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Canseco-Alba A, Schanz N, Ishiguro H, Liu QR, Onaivi ES. Behavioral Evaluation of Seeking and Preference of Alcohol in Mice Subjected to Stress. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e3061. [PMID: 30505884 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The alcohol preference model is one of the most widely used animal models relevant to alcoholism. Stressors increase alcohol consumption. Here we present a protocol for a rapid and useful tool to test alcohol preference and stress-induced alcohol consumption in mice. In this model, animals are given two bottles, one with a diluted solution of ethanol in water, and the other with tap water. Consumption from each bottle is monitored over a 24-h period over several days to assess the animal's relative preference for the ethanol solution over water. In the second phase, animals are stressed by restraining them for an hour daily and their subsequent preference of tap water or the ethanol solution is evaluated. Preference is measured by the volume and/or weight or liquid consumed daily, which is then converted to a preference ratio. The alcohol preference model was combined with the conditioned place preference paradigm to determine alcohol conditioning and preference following the deletion of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in dopaminergic neurons in the DAT-Cnr2 Cre-recombinant conditional knockout (cKO) mice in comparison with the wild-type control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canseco-Alba
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University of New Jersey, Wayne, USA
| | - Norman Schanz
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University of New Jersey, Wayne, USA
| | - Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Onaivi
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University of New Jersey, Wayne, USA
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Liu QR, Canseco-Alba A, Zhang HY, Tagliaferro P, Chung M, Dennis E, Sanabria B, Schanz N, Escosteguy-Neto JC, Ishiguro H, Lin Z, Sgro S, Leonard CM, Santos-Junior JG, Gardner EL, Egan JM, Lee JW, Xi ZX, Onaivi ES. Cannabinoid type 2 receptors in dopamine neurons inhibits psychomotor behaviors, alters anxiety, depression and alcohol preference. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17410. [PMID: 29234141 PMCID: PMC5727179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) are expressed in mouse brain dopamine (DA) neurons and are involved in several DA-related disorders. However, the cell type-specific mechanisms are unclear since the CB2R gene knockout mice are constitutive gene knockout. Therefore, we generated Cnr2-floxed mice that were crossed with DAT-Cre mice, in which Cre- recombinase expression is under dopamine transporter gene (DAT) promoter control to ablate Cnr2 gene in midbrain DA neurons of DAT-Cnr2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Using a novel sensitive RNAscope in situ hybridization, we detected CB2R mRNA expression in VTA DA neurons in wildtype and DAT-Cnr2 cKO heterozygous but not in the homozygous DAT-Cnr2 cKO mice. Here we report that the deletion of CB2Rs in dopamine neurons enhances motor activities, modulates anxiety and depression-like behaviors and reduces the rewarding properties of alcohol. Our data reveals that CB2Rs are involved in the tetrad assay induced by cannabinoids which had been associated with CB1R agonism. GWAS studies indicates that the CNR2 gene is associated with Parkinson's disease and substance use disorders. These results suggest that CB2Rs in dopaminergic neurons may play important roles in the modulation of psychomotor behaviors, anxiety, depression, and pain sensation and in the rewarding effects of alcohol and cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Rong Liu
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA.
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, national Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Ana Canseco-Alba
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Molecular Targets and medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Patricia Tagliaferro
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Monika Chung
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Eugene Dennis
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Branden Sanabria
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Norman Schanz
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | | | - Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Psychiatric Neurogenomics, Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Susan Sgro
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Claire M Leonard
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | | | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, national Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jeung Woon Lee
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Onaivi
- Department of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, New Jersey, 74070, USA.
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de Luis DA, Izaola O, Primo D, de la Fuente B, Aller R. Polymorphism rs3123554 in the cannabinoid receptor gene type 2 ( CNR2 ) reveals effects on body weight and insulin resistance in obese subjects. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2017; 64:440-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Forner-Piquer I, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Santangeli S, Allarà M, Piscitelli F, Habibi HR, Di Marzo V, Carnevali O. Dose-Specific Effects of Di-Isononyl Phthalate on the Endocannabinoid System and on Liver of Female Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3462-3476. [PMID: 28938452 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates, used as plasticizers, have become a ubiquitous contaminant and have been reported for their potential to induce toxicity in living organisms. Among them, di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) has been recently used to replace di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Nowadays, there is evidence that DiNP is an endocrine-disrupting chemical; however, little is known about its effects on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and lipid metabolism. Hence, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of DiNP on the ECS in zebrafish liver and brain and on hepatic lipid storage. To do so, adult female zebrafish were exposed to three concentrations (0.42 µg/L, 4.2 µg/L, and 42 µg/L) of DiNP via water for 3 weeks. Afterwards, we investigated transcript levels for genes involved in the ECS of the brain and liver as well as liver histology and image analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy imaging, and measurement of endocannabinoid levels. Our results demonstrate that DiNP upregulates orexigenic signals and causes hepatosteatosis together with deregulation of the peripheral ECS and lipid metabolism. A decrease in the levels of ECS components at the central level was observed after exposure to the highest DiNP concentration tested. These findings suggest that replacement of DEHP with DiNP should be considered with caution because of observed adverse DiNP effects on aquatic organisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Endocrine Disruptors/pharmacology
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipoprotein Lipase/drug effects
- Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Phospholipase D/drug effects
- Phospholipase D/genetics
- Phospholipase D/metabolism
- Phthalic Acids/pharmacology
- Plasticizers/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Santangeli
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T3B 2V4, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Conzorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
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Zendehdel M, Tirgari F, Shohre B, Deldar H, Hassanpour S. Involvement of Gaba and Cannabinoid Receptors in Central Food Intake Regulation in Neonatal Layer Chicks: Role of CB1 and Gabaa Receptors. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - F Tirgari
- Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University, Iran
| | - B Shohre
- Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University, Iran
| | - H Deldar
- Sari Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources University, Iran
| | - S Hassanpour
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
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Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been used for medicinal purposes. To improve safety and efficacy, compounds from C. sativa were purified or synthesized and named under an umbrella group as cannabinoids. Currently, several cannabinoids may be prescribed in Canada for a variety of indications such as nausea and pain. More recently, an increasing number of reports suggest other salutary effects associated with endogenous cannabinoid signaling including cardioprotection. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids is therefore extended; however, evidence is limited and mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, the use of cannabinoids clinically has been hindered due to pronounced psychoactive side effects. This review provides an overview on the endocannabinoid system, including known physiological roles, and conditions in which cannabinoid receptor signaling has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- a College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.,b Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Hope D Anderson
- a College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.,b Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,c Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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Gertsch J. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet - an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1464-1483. [PMID: 27891602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major lipid signalling network that plays important pro-homeostatic (allostatic) roles not only in the nervous system but also in peripheral organs. There is increasing evidence that there is a dietary component in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors in hominids co-evolved with diet, and the ECS constitutes a feedback loop for food selection and energy metabolism. Here, it is postulated that the mismatch of ancient lipid genes of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists with the high-carbohydrate diet introduced by agriculture could be compensated for via dietary modulation of the ECS. In addition to the fatty acid precursors of endocannabinoids, the potential role of dietary cannabimimetic phytochemicals in agriculturist nutrition is discussed. Dietary secondary metabolites from vegetables and spices able to enhance the activity of cannabinoid-type 2 (CB2 ) receptors may provide adaptive metabolic advantages and counteract inflammation. In contrast, chronic CB1 receptor activation in hedonic obese individuals may enhance pathophysiological processes related to hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hepatorenal inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. Food able to modulate the CB1 /CB2 receptor activation ratio may thus play a role in the nutrition transition of Western high-calorie diets. In this review, the interplay between diet and the ECS is highlighted from an evolutionary perspective. The emerging potential of cannabimimetic food as a nutraceutical strategy is critically discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Powers MS, Breit KR, Chester JA. Genetic Versus Pharmacological Assessment of the Role of Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptors in Alcohol Reward-Related Behaviors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 39:2438-46. [PMID: 26756798 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in modulating the rewarding effects of abused drugs. Recently, the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) was shown to be expressed in brain reward circuitry and is implicated in modulating the rewarding effects of alcohol. METHODS CB2 ligands and CB2R knockout (KO) mice were used to assess CB2R involvement in alcohol reward-related behavior in 2 well-established behavioral models: limited-access 2-bottle choice drinking and conditioned place preference (CPP). For the pharmacological studies, mice received pretreatments of either vehicle, the CB2R agonist JWH-133 (10 and 20 mg/kg) or the CB2R antagonist AM630 (10 and 20 mg/kg) 30 minutes before behavioral testing. For the genetic studies, CB2R KO mice were compared to wild-type (WT) littermate controls. RESULTS CB2R KO mice displayed increased magnitude of alcohol-induced CPP compared to WT mice. Neither agonism nor antagonism of CB2R affected alcohol intake or the expression of CPP, and antagonism of CB2R during CPP acquisition trials also did not affect CPP. CONCLUSIONS The CB2R KO CPP data provide partial support for the hypothesis that CB2Rs are involved in the modulation of alcohol reward-related behaviors. However, pharmacological manipulation of CB2Rs did not alter alcohol's rewarding effects in the alcohol-seeking models used here. These results highlight the importance of pharmacological validation of effects seen with lifetime KO models. Given the ongoing efforts toward medications development, future studies should continue to explore the role of the CB2R as a potential neurobiological target for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Powers
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kristen R Breit
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Julia A Chester
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Navarro G, Morales P, Rodríguez-Cueto C, Fernández-Ruiz J, Jagerovic N, Franco R. Targeting Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Medicinal Chemistry Approaches with Focus on Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:406. [PMID: 27679556 PMCID: PMC5020102 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids activate two types of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), namely cannabinoid CB1 and CB2. Contrary to the psychotropic actions of agonists of CB1 receptors, and serious side effects of the selective antagonists of this receptor, drugs acting on CB2 receptors appear as promising drugs to combat CNS diseases (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, cerebellar ataxia, amyotrohic lateral sclerosis). Differential localization of CB2 receptors in neural cell types and upregulation in neuroinflammation are keys to understand the therapeutic potential in inter alia diseases that imply progressive neurodegeneration. Medicinal chemistry approaches are now engaged to develop imaging tools to map receptors in the living human brain, to develop more efficacious agonists, and to investigate the possibility to develop allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Center for Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboro, NC, USA
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Cueto
- Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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39
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Keyshams N, Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Baghbanzadeh A. Cannabinoid–glutamate interactions in the regulation of food intake in neonatal layer- type chicks: role of glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:63-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Agonists. Chem Rev 2016; 116:519-60. [PMID: 26741146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara , Ferrara 44121, Italy
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41
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Anti-Obesity Effect of the CB2 Receptor Agonist JWH-015 in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140592. [PMID: 26588700 PMCID: PMC4654496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is well known for its immune modulatory role. However, recent localisation of CB2 receptors in metabolically active tissue suggests that the CB2 receptor plays a significant role in energy homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate the impact of chronic CB2 receptor stimulation on food intake, body weight and mood. Lean male C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with the selective CB2 receptor agonist, JWH-015 (0.0, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg kg-1) to establish dose response parameters. Mice made obese following exposure to a diet consisting of 19.4 MJ/kg (4641 Kcal/kg) of energy (19.0% protein, 21.0% total fat, 4.7% crude fiber, and 4.7% AD fiber were given either vehicle or 10 mg/kg JWH-015. Impact on mood, food intake, body weight, plasma metabolites, expression of key metabolic proteins in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), and markers of inflammation were measured. High dose (10 mg/kg) JWH-015 reduced food intake after 1, 2, 4, and 24 h in lean mice. When given to diet induced obese (DIO) mice, a 10 mg/kg dose of JWH-015 significantly reduced body weight compared to vehicle. This dose led to a shift in markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in WAT consistent with lipolysis and improved immune response. Furthermore, JWH-015 (10 mg/kg) produced a transient reduction in food intake and significant reduction in fat mass and adipocyte cell size. Importantly, JWH-015 produced an anxiolytic response in the elevated plus maze while having no effect on immobility time in the forced swim test. It should be noted that though the 10 mg/kg dose produced positive effects on the obese state, the possibility that these effects are mediated via non-CB2 receptor mechanisms cannot be ruled out. These results demonstrate a role for CB2 receptors in modulating energy homeostasis and obesity associated metabolic pathologies in the absence of any adverse impact on mood.
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Cannabinoid Ligands and Alcohol Addiction: A Promising Therapeutic Tool or a Humbug? Neurotox Res 2015; 29:173-96. [PMID: 26353844 PMCID: PMC4701763 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast therapeutic potential of cannabinoids of both synthetic and plant-derived origins currently makes these compounds the focus of a growing interest. Although cannabinoids are still illicit drugs, their possible clinical usefulness, including treatment of acute or neuropathic pain, have been suggested by several studies. In addition, some observations indicate that cannabinoid receptor antagonists may be useful for the treatment of alcohol dependence and addiction, which is a major health concern worldwide. While the synergism between alcohol and cannabinoid agonists (in various forms) creates undesirable side effects when the two are consumed together, the administration of CB1 antagonists leads to a significant reduction in alcohol consumption. Furthermore, cannabinoid antagonists also mitigate alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Herein, we present an overview of studies focusing on the effects of cannabinoid ligands (agonists and antagonists) during acute or chronic consumption of ethanol.
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Krug RG, Clark KJ. Elucidating cannabinoid biology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gene 2015; 570:168-79. [PMID: 26192460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The number of annual cannabinoid users exceeds 100,000,000 globally and an estimated 9% of these individuals will suffer from dependency. Although exogenous cannabinoids, like those contained in marijuana, are known to exert their effects by disrupting the endocannabinoid system, a dearth of knowledge exists about the potential toxicological consequences on public health. Conversely, the endocannabinoid system represents a promising therapeutic target for a plethora of disorders because it functions to endogenously regulate a vast repertoire of physiological functions. Accordingly, the rapidly expanding field of cannabinoid biology has sought to leverage model organisms in order to provide both toxicological and therapeutic insights about altered endocannabinoid signaling. The primary goal of this manuscript is to review the existing field of cannabinoid research in the genetically tractable zebrafish model-focusing on the cannabinoid receptor genes, cnr1 and cnr2, and the genes that produce enzymes for synthesis and degradation of the cognate ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. Consideration is also given to research that has studied the effects of exposure to exogenous phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that are known to interact with cannabinoid receptors. These results are considered in the context of either endocannabinoid gene expression or endocannabinoid gene function, and are integrated with findings from rodent studies. This provides the framework for a discussion of how zebrafish may be leveraged in the future to provide novel toxicological and therapeutic insights in the field of cannabinoid biology, which has become increasingly significant given recent trends in cannabis legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall G Krug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Graduate School, Neurobiology of Disease Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Robinson RH, Meissler JJ, Fan X, Yu D, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK. A CB2-Selective Cannabinoid Suppresses T-Cell Activities and Increases Tregs and IL-10. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:318-32. [PMID: 25980325 PMCID: PMC4528965 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that agonists selective for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), including O-1966, inhibit the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR), an in vitro correlate of organ graft rejection, predominantly through effects on T-cells. Current studies explored the mechanism of this immunosuppression by O-1966 using mouse spleen cells. Treatment with O-1966 dose-relatedly decreased levels of the active nuclear forms of the transcription factors NF-κB and NFAT in wild-type T-cells, but not T-cells from CB2 knockout (CB2R k/o) mice. Additionally, a gene expression profile of purified T-cells from MLR cultures generated using a PCR T-cell activation array showed that O-1966 decreased mRNA expression of CD40 ligand and CyclinD3, and increased mRNA expression of Src-like-adaptor 2 (SLA2), Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 5 (SOCS5), and IL-10. The increase in IL-10 was confirmed by measuring IL-10 protein levels in MLR culture supernatants. Further, an increase in the percentage of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) was observed in MLR cultures. Pretreatment with anti-IL-10 resulted in a partial reversal of the inhibition of proliferation and blocked the increase of Tregs. Additionally, O-1966 treatment caused a dose-related decrease in the expression of CD4 in MLR cultures from wild-type, but not CB2R k/o, mice. These data support the potential of CB2-selective agonists as useful therapeutic agents to prolong graft survival in transplant patients, and strengthens their potential as a new class of immunosuppressive agents with broader applicability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anisoles/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclohexanols
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H. Robinson
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Joseph J. Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Manager, Flow Cytometry Facility, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Martin W. Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Alizadeh A, Zendehdel M, Babapour V, Charkhkar S, Hassanpour S. Role of cannabinoidergic system on food intake in neonatal layer-type chicken. Vet Res Commun 2015; 39:151-7. [PMID: 25902906 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Central regulatory mechanisms for neurotransmitters of food intake vary among animals. Endocannabinoids have crucial role on central food intake regulation in mammals but its role has not been studied in layer-type chicken. Thus, in this study 6 experiments designed to evaluate effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol, selective CB1 receptors agonist), SR141716A (selective CB1 receptors antagonist), JWH015 (selective CB2 receptors agonist), AM630 (selective CB2 receptors antagonist) on feeding behavior in 3 h food deprived neonatal layer-type chickens. In experiment 1, birds ICV injected with control solution and 2-AG (0.25, 0.5 and 1 μg). In experiment 2: control solution, SR141716A (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg) were ICV injected to birds. In experiment 3 animals received: control solution, SR141716A (6.25 μg), 2-AG (1 μg) and co-injection of SR141716A+2-AG. In experiment 4, chickens received control solution and JWH015 (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg). In experiment 5, control solution and AM630 (1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg) were injected. In experiment 6, the birds received control solution, AM630 (1.25 μg), JWH015 (25 μg) and co-administration of AM630+JWH015. Then, cumulative food intake was recorded until 120 min after injection. According to the results, 2-AG dose dependently increased cumulative food intake while SR141716A reduced appetite compared to control group (P < 0.05). Injection of 2-AG (1 μg) amplified food intake and its effect minimized by SR141716A (6.25 μg) (P < 0.05). Also, ICV injection of JWH015 (25 μg) dose dependently increased food intake and co-injection of JWH015+AM630 decreased JWH015-induced food intake (P < 0.05). These results suggest CB1 and CB2 receptors have an important role on ingestive behavior in FD3 neonatal layer-type chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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46
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Interaction Between Endocannabinoid and Opioidergic Systems Regulates Food Intake in Neonatal Chicken. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jenkin KA, O'Keefe L, Simcocks AC, Briffa JF, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Renal effects of chronic pharmacological manipulation of CB2 receptors in rats with diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:1128-42. [PMID: 25537025 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In diabetic nephropathy agonism of CB2 receptors reduces albuminuria and podocyte loss; however, the role of CB2 receptors in obesity-related nephropathy is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CB2 receptors in a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and characterize the hallmark signs of renal damage in response to agonism (AM1241) and antagonism (AM630) of CB2 receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD: 40% digestible energy from lipids) for 10 weeks. In another cohort, after 9 weeks on a HFD, rats were injected daily with either 3 mg·kg(-1) AM1241, 0.3 mg·kg(-1) AM630 or saline for 6 weeks. KEY RESULTS Ten weeks on a HFD significantly reduced renal expression of CB2 receptors and renal function. Treatment with AM1241 or AM630 did not reduce weight gain or food consumption in DIO. Despite this, AM1241 significantly reduced systolic BP, peri-renal adipose accumulation, plasma leptin, urinary protein, urinary albumin, urinary sodium excretion and the fibrotic markers TGF-β1, collagen IV and VEGF in kidney lysate. Treatment with AM630 of DIO rats significantly reduced creatinine clearance and increased glomerular area and kidney weight (gross and standardized for body weight). Diastolic BP, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, plasma creatinine, plasma TGF-β1 and kidney expression of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin were not altered by either AM1241 or AM630 in DIO. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that while agonism of CB2 receptors with AM1241 treatment for 6 weeks does not reduce weight gain in obese rats, it leads to improvements in obesity-related renal dysfunction. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endocannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - L O'Keefe
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A C Simcocks
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J F Briffa
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - M L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans Campus, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - D H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Almeida V, Peres FF, Levin R, Suiama MA, Calzavara MB, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE, Crippa JA, Abílio VC. Effects of cannabinoid and vanilloid drugs on positive and negative-like symptoms on an animal model of schizophrenia: the SHR strain. Schizophr Res 2014; 153:150-9. [PMID: 24556469 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that the endocannabinoid system is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We have recently reported that Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) present a deficit in social interaction that is ameliorated by atypical antipsychotics. In addition, SHRs display hyperlocomotion - reverted by atypical and typical antipsychotics. These results suggest that this strain could be useful to study negative symptoms (modeled by a decrease in social interaction) and positive symptoms (modeled by hyperlocomotion) of schizophrenia and the effects of potential drugs with an antipsychotic profile. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WIN55-212,2 (CB1/CB2 agonist), ACEA (CB1 agonist), rimonabant (CB1 inverse agonist), AM404 (anandamide uptake/metabolism inhibitor), capsaicin (agonist TRPV1) and capsazepine (antagonist TRPV1) on the social interaction and locomotion of control animals (Wistar rats) and SHRs. The treatment with rimonabant was not able to alter either the social interaction or the locomotion presented by Wistar rats (WR) and SHR at any dose tested. The treatment with WIN55-212,2 decreased locomotion (1mg/kg) and social interaction (0.1 and 0.3mg/kg) of WR, while the dose of 1mg/kg increased social interaction of SHR. The treatment with ACEA increased (0.3mg/kg) and decreased (1mg/kg) locomotion of both strain. The administration of AM404 increased social interaction and decreased locomotion of SHR (5mg/kg), and decreased social interaction and increased locomotion in WR (1mg/kg). The treatment with capsaicin (2.5mg/kg) increased social interaction of both strain and decreased locomotion of SHR (2.5mg/kg) and WR (0.5mg/kg and 2.5mg/kg). In addition, capsazepine (5mg/kg) decreased locomotion of both strains and increased (5mg/kg) and decreased (10mg/kg) social interaction of WR. Our results indicate that the schizophrenia-like behaviors displayed by SHR are differently altered by cannabinoid and vanilloid drugs when compared to control animals and suggest the endocannabinoid and the vanilloid systems as a potential target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Peres
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil
| | - Raquel Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Suiama
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Calzavara
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil
| | - Antônio W Zuardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaime E Hallak
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José A Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Abílio
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil; Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Brazil.
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Ketterer C, Heni M, Stingl K, Tschritter O, Linder K, Wagner R, Machicao F, Häring HU, Preissl H, Staiger H, Fritsche A. Polymorphism rs3123554 in CNR2 reveals gender-specific effects on body weight and affects loss of body weight and cerebral insulin action. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:925-31. [PMID: 23839870 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cannabinoid-receptor system is involved in the regulation of food intake. Here, we test whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CNR2, encoding the cannabinoid-receptor 2, are associated with weight in a cross-sectional cohort. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate if the identified hits influence weight loss during lifestyle intervention; and study a potential involvement of cerebral insulin action. METHODS 2006 subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus were genotyped for 5 tagging SNPs in the CNR2 locus. All subjects underwent a 75-g OGTT. 345 subjects participated in a lifestyle intervention (TUebingen Lifestyle Intervention Programme). Cerebrocortical insulin sensitivity was measured by magnetoencephalography after intranasal insulin application in 43 subjects. RESULTS In the cross-sectional cohort, the minor allele of rs3123554 was associated with lower BMI (Padd = 0.01, Prec = 0.004), and this was attributable to its effect in women only. Interestingly, during lifestyle intervention, carriers of the same allele lost less body weight (Padd = 0.03, Prec = 0.008). Moreover, carriers of this minor allele showed lower cerebral insulin sensitivity (Prec = 0.0402). CONCLUSIONS The minor allele of rs3123554 is associated cross-sectionally with lower body weight, whereas during intervention the same allele led to less reduction of body weight. Reduced cerebral insulin sensitivity in carriers of this allele might contribute to these disadvantageous effects during lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ketterer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (Paul Langerhans Institute Tübingen), Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Abstract
Smokeable herbal mixtures containing synthetic agonists of cannabinoid receptors, known under brand names such as Spice, K2 and Kronic, represent a relatively new type of designer psychoactive drugs that has recently emerged on the recreational drug market. Although the Spice packages are labelled 'not for human consumption' or 'for aromatherapy only' and declared to be purely herbal, these herbal mixtures produce cannabis-like effects after smoking. This review surveys the current state of knowledge regarding the pharmacological properties of synthetic cannabimimetics and the prevalence and pattern of their use. Special emphasis is given to the negative consequences of using these products, including, among others, hallucinations, psychoses with delusions, seizures, cardiovascular symptoms and acute kidney injury.
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