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Adiga V, Bindhu H, Ahmed A, Chetan Kumar N, Tripathi H, D’Souza G, Dias M, Shivalingaiah S, Rao S, K N S, Hawrylowicz C, Dwarkanath P, Vyakarnam A. Immune profiling reveals umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells from South India display an IL-8 dominant, CXCL-10 deficient polyfunctional monocyte response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns that is distinct from adult blood cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 217:263-278. [PMID: 38695079 PMCID: PMC11310697 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonate responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) differ from adults; such understanding is poor in Indian neonates, despite recognized significant infectious risk. Immune profiling analysis was undertaken of 10 secreted mediators contextualized with cellular source induced by six PAMPs in umbilical cord (CB; n = 21) and adult-blood (PBMC; n = 14) from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Differential cytokine expression analysis (minimum log2-fold difference; adj P-value < 0.05) identified bacterial PAMPs induced higher concentrations of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α in adults versus IL-8, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and IL-2 in CB. CB responded to poly I:C and SARS-CoV-2 lysate with a dominant IL-8 response, whereas in PBMC, CXCL-10 dominated poly I:C, but not SARS-CoV-2, responses, highlighting potential IL-8 importance, in the absence of Type I Interferons, in antiviral CB immunity. Candida albicans was the only PAMP to uniformly induce higher secretion of effectors in CB. The predominant source of IL-8/IL-6/TNF-α/IL-1β in both CB and PBMC was polyfunctional monocytes and IFN-γ/IL-2/IL-17 from innate lymphocytes. Correlation matrix analyses revealed IL-8 to be the most differentially regulated, correlating positively in CB versus negatively in PBMC with IL-6, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, consistent with more negatively regulated cytokine modules in adults, potentially linked to higher anti-inflammatory IL-10. Cord and adult blood from India respond robustly to PAMPs with unique effector combinations. These data provide a strong foundation to monitor, explore, mechanisms that regulate such immunity during the life course, an area of significant global health importance given infection-related infant mortality incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasista Adiga
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Hima Bindhu
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Himanshu Tripathi
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - George D’Souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Srishti Rao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shanti K N
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Catherine Hawrylowicz
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Pratibha Dwarkanath
- Division of Nutrition, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Human Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King’s College, London, UK
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England RN, Drapeau EM, Alameh MG, Hosseinzadeh R, Weissman D, Hensley SE. Evaluation of mRNA-LNP and adjuvanted protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a maternal antibody mouse model. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:110. [PMID: 38890316 PMCID: PMC11189435 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies (matAbs) protect against a myriad of pathogens early in life; however, these antibodies can also inhibit de novo immune responses against some vaccine platforms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) matAbs are efficiently transferred during pregnancy and protect infants against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infections. It is unknown if matAbs inhibit immune responses elicited by different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we established a mouse model to determine if SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific matAbs inhibit immune responses elicited by recombinant protein and nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. We found that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-LNP vaccines elicited robust de novo antibody responses in mouse pups in the presence of matAbs. Recombinant protein vaccines were also able to circumvent the inhibitory effects of matAbs when adjuvants were co-administered. While additional studies need to be completed in humans, our studies raise the possibility that mRNA-LNP-based and adjuvanted protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have the potential to be effective when delivered very early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross N England
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Drapeau
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamad-Gabriel Alameh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Wang C, Xu H, Liu G, Liu J, Yu H, Chen B, Zheng G, Shu M, Du L, Xu Z, Huang L, Li H, Shu S, Chen Y. A Multicenter Epidemiological and Pathogenic Characteristics Study of Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis Children in China: Results from the Chinese Pediatric Bacterial Meningitis Surveillance (CPBMS) 2019-2020. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6587-6601. [PMID: 37849791 PMCID: PMC10577658 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s413147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of children with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Methods A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted among CABM patients under 15 years old from 33 hospitals in China from 2019 to 2020. The medical record, laboratory, and microbiological data were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 1610 children with CABM were identified and presented at a median onset age of 45 days of whom 955 (59.3%) were males. CABM occurred mostly in infants <1 year of age (84.0%, 1352/1610). In etiology-confirmed cases, the pathogens were isolated from CSF culture in 515 (32.0%), 400 (24.8%) in blood culture, and 186 (11.6%) both in CSF and blood culture. In total, 126 pathogens were identified through CSF mNGS in 330 CABM cases; 21 S. pneumoniae isolates were detected in 83 CABM cases by antigen detection method. Major pathogens were E. coli (195, 24.7%), GBS (170, 21.5%), and S. pneumoniae (157, 19.9%). GBS (29.3%, 22/75) was the first pathogen of CABM in neonates aged 0-6 days old, while E. coli (44.7%, 76/170) in 7 to 28 days of age; S. pneumoniae (96.2%, 151/157) was the most common pathogen in >3 months old cases. About 9.7% (19/195) strains of E. coli produced ultra‑broad‑spectrum β‑lactamases. The common intracranial imaging complications were subdural effusion and (or) empyema in 349 (21.7%), hydrocephalus in 233 (14.5%), and cerebral abscess in 178 (11.1%). A total of 389 (24.2%) cases were completely cured and 1088 (67.6%) cases improved. Among 166 patients (10.3%) with adverse outcomes, 32 cases (2.0%) died, and 37 cases (2.3%) relapsed. Conclusion The onset age of CABM in children is usually within 1 year of age, especially <3 months. The primary pathogens in infants less than 3 months old are E. coli and GBS, and the dominant pathogen in children older than 3 months old is S. pneumoniae. Subdural effusion and (or) empyema and hydrocephalus are common complications. CABM should not be excluded even if CSF leukocyte counts are within normal range. Due to the low detection rate of pathogens in children with CABM, standardized CSF bacteriological examination should be paid more attention to increase the pathogen detection rate. Non‑culture CSF detection methods may facilitate pathogenic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biquan Chen
- Department of Infection, Anhui Province Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/ West China Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Du
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Pediatric Inpatient Ward, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisu Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Li
- Outpatient Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sainan Shu
- Department of Pediatric Infection and Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghu Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - On behalf of The CPBMS Study Group
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infection, Anhui Province Children’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/ West China Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pediatric Inpatient Ward, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Outpatient Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Infection and Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Nakayama T, Sawada A, Ito T. Comparison of cytokine production in mice inoculated with messenger RNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 67:120-128. [PMID: 36480238 PMCID: PMC9878178 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 were licensed. The most common adverse event is regional pain at the injection site in 80%. As systemic reactions, fatigue and headache were noted in 40%-60% and febrile illness in 10%-40% of the recipients. To investigate the mechanism of adverse events, cytokine profiles were investigated in mice. Muscle tissue and serum samples were obtained on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7, and at 2 and 4 weeks after the first dose. The second dose was given 4 weeks after the first dose and samples were obtained. After inoculation with 0.1 mL of mRNA-1273, IFN-γ and IL-2 were detected in muscle tissues and serum samples on day 1 of the second doses, and similar profiles were observed for IL-4, IL-5, and IL-12 production. mRNA-1273 induced higher levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. TNF-α was induced in muscle tissues on day 1 of the first dose and enhanced on day 1 of the second dose after inoculation with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. IL-6 was also detected in muscle tissue on day 1 of the first dose, but it decreased after day 3, and enhanced production was demonstrated on day 1 of the second dose. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in muscle tissues showed a similar profile. The induction of inflammatory cytokines in the mouse model is related to the cause of adverse events in humans, with a higher incidence of adverse events after the second dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral InfectionÖmura Satoshi Memorial InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral InfectionÖmura Satoshi Memorial InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral InfectionÖmura Satoshi Memorial InstituteTokyoJapan,Department of PediatricsKitasato University HospitalSagamiharaKanagawaJapan
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5
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Bizymi N, Georgopoulou A, Mastrogamvraki N, Matheakakis A, Gontika I, Fragiadaki I, Mavroudi I, Papadaki HA. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) in the Umbilical Cord Blood: Biological Significance and Possible Therapeutic Applications. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030727. [PMID: 35160177 PMCID: PMC8836851 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that suppress immune responses in cancer, infection, and trauma. They mainly act by inhibiting T-cells, natural-killer cells, and dendritic cells, and also by inducing T-regulatory cells, and modulating macrophages. Although they are mostly associated with adverse prognosis of the underlying disease entity, they may display positive effects in specific situations, such as in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), where they suppress graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). They also contribute to the feto-maternal tolerance, and in the fetus growth process, whereas several pregnancy complications have been associated with their defects. Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source rich in MDSCs and their myeloid progenitor cells. Recently, a number of studies have investigated the generation, isolation, and expansion of UCB-MDSCs for potential clinical application associated with their immunosuppressive properties, such as GVHD, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Given that a significant proportion of UCB units in cord blood banks are not suitable for clinical use in HSCT, they might be used as a significant source of MDSCs for research and clinical purposes. The current review summarizes the roles of MDSCs in the UCB, as well as their promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Bizymi
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.B.); (A.M.); (I.M.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anthie Georgopoulou
- Public Cord Blood Bank of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.G.); (N.M.); (I.G.); (I.F.)
| | - Natalia Mastrogamvraki
- Public Cord Blood Bank of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.G.); (N.M.); (I.G.); (I.F.)
| | - Angelos Matheakakis
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.B.); (A.M.); (I.M.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioanna Gontika
- Public Cord Blood Bank of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.G.); (N.M.); (I.G.); (I.F.)
| | - Irene Fragiadaki
- Public Cord Blood Bank of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.G.); (N.M.); (I.G.); (I.F.)
| | - Irene Mavroudi
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.B.); (A.M.); (I.M.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Public Cord Blood Bank of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.G.); (N.M.); (I.G.); (I.F.)
| | - Helen A. Papadaki
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (N.B.); (A.M.); (I.M.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Public Cord Blood Bank of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; (A.G.); (N.M.); (I.G.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810394637
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Verma P, Mohanty N, Pruseth B, Sahoo S, Katiyar A, Singh H, Jena SK, Das RR, Som TK, Sahoo SK, Nanda P, Ghosh A. Identification of Candidate Immune System MicroRNAs Differentially Found in Colostrum and Milk Exosomes. Microrna 2022; 11:216-226. [PMID: 35786199 DOI: 10.2174/2211536611666220630102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fetus grows in a sterile womb environment. After birth, the newborn immune system has two immediate hurdles to clear. First immediate suppression of the womb compatible immune system and turn on the immune system of the newborn that can counter the antigenic world. The underlying mechanism of immune fluctuation by milk microRNAs (miRNAs) can be crucial for the treatment of critical or premature newborn. METHODS We collected fourteen samples of each colostrum and mature milk from lactating mothers, four samples of each were used for microarray analysis, and the other ten were used for miRNA expression profiling by real-time PCR. RESULTS From the microarray, 154 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, whereas 49 miRNAs were revealed as immune-related miRNAs based on a literature study. Among the 49 miRNAs, 33 were already shown as strongly validated immune-related miRNAs (validated by qPCR, Western Blot, and Luciferase assay) and were considered for further analysis. Twenty-two miRNA expressions were analysed by real-time PCR as their Ct values were within considerable limits. Twelve numbers of miRNAs were significantly downregulated in mature milk compared to colostrum, which were again subjected to bioinformatics analysis to predict the biological mechanisms behind the differentially expressed miRNAs. CONCLUSION This study shed light on the human milk exosome miRNA expression dynamics during lactation and their possible role in the gradual skewing of the newborns' immune system. The information is crucial for the development and onset of sepsis in premature newborns in the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Verma
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Niharika Mohanty
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Babita Pruseth
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Sonali Sahoo
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Amit Katiyar
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Saubhagya Kumar Jena
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Das
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Som
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | | | - Pranati Nanda
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
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7
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Yee Mon KJ, Zhu H, Daly CWP, Vu LT, Smith NL, Patel R, Topham DJ, Scheible K, Jambo K, Le MTN, Rudd BD, Grimson A. MicroRNA-29 specifies age-related differences in the CD8+ T cell immune response. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109969. [PMID: 34758312 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of cell fate in the CD8+ T cell response to infection. Although there are several examples of miRNAs acting on effector CD8+ T cells after infection, it is unclear whether differential expression of one or more miRNAs in the naive state is consequential in altering their long-term trajectory. To answer this question, we examine the role of miR-29 in neonatal and adult CD8+ T cells, which express different amounts of miR-29 only prior to infection and adopt profoundly different fates after immune challenge. We find that manipulation of miR-29 expression in the naive state is sufficient for age-adjusting the phenotype and function of CD8+ T cells, including their regulatory landscapes and long-term differentiation trajectories after infection. Thus, miR-29 acts as a developmental switch by controlling the balance between a rapid effector response in neonates and the generation of long-lived memory in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel J Yee Mon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hongya Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ciarán W P Daly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Luyen T Vu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Norah L Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kristin Scheible
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kondwani Jambo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian D Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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8
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Sarfas C, White AD, Sibley L, Morrison AL, Gullick J, Lawrence S, Dennis MJ, Marsh PD, Fletcher HA, Sharpe SA. Characterization of the Infant Immune System and the Influence and Immunogenicity of BCG Vaccination in Infant and Adult Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754589. [PMID: 34707617 PMCID: PMC8542880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given as close to birth as possible to protect infants and children from severe forms of TB. However, BCG has variable efficacy and is not as effective against adult pulmonary TB. At present, most animal models used to study novel TB vaccine candidates rely on the use of adult animals. Human studies show that the infant immune system is different to that of an adult. Understanding how the phenotypic profile and functional ability of the immature host immune system compares to that of a mature adult, together with the subsequent BCG immune response, is critical to ensuring that new TB vaccines are tested in the most appropriate models. BCG-specific immune responses were detected in macaques vaccinated within a week of birth from six weeks after immunization indicating that neonatal macaques are able to generate a functional cellular response to the vaccine. However, the responses measured were significantly lower than those typically observed following BCG vaccination in adult rhesus macaques and infant profiles were skewed towards the activation and attraction of macrophages and monocytes and the synthesis in addition to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. The frequency of specific immune cell populations changed significantly through the first three years of life as the infants developed into young adult macaques. Notably, the CD4:CD8 ratio significantly declined as the macaques aged due to a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4+ T-cells relative to a significant increase in CD8+ T-cells. Also, the frequency of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing the memory marker CD95, and memory subset populations including effector memory, central memory and stem cell memory, increased significantly as animals matured. Infant macaques, vaccinated with BCG within a week of birth, possessed a significantly higher frequency of CD14+ classical monocytes and granulocytes which remained different throughout the first three years of life compared to unvaccinated age matched animals. These findings, along with the increase in monokines following vaccination in infants, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which vaccination with BCG is able to provide non-specific immunity against non-mycobacterial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Gullick
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Dennis
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Marsh
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Sharpe
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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9
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Role of macrophages in fetal development and perinatal disorders. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:513-523. [PMID: 33070164 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the fetus and the neonate, altered macrophage function has been implicated not only in inflammatory disorders but also in developmental abnormalities marked by altered onset, interruption, or imbalance of key structural changes. The developmental role of macrophages were first noted nearly a century ago, at about the same time when these cells were being identified as central effectors in phagocytosis and elimination of microbes. Since that time, we have made considerable progress in understanding the diverse roles that these cells play in both physiology and disease. Here, we review the role of fetal and neonatal macrophages in immune surveillance, innate immunity, homeostasis, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and repair of damaged tissues. We also discuss the possibility of therapeutic manipulation of the relative abundance and activation status of macrophage subsets in various diseases. This article combines peer-reviewed evidence from our own studies with results of an extensive literature search in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. IMPACT: We have reviewed the structure, differentiation, and classification of macrophages in the neonatal period. Neonatal macrophages are derived from embryonic, hepatic, and bone marrow precursors. Macrophages play major roles in tissue homeostasis, innate immunity, inflammation, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and apoptosis of various cellular lineages in various infectious and inflammatory disorders. Macrophages and related inflammatory mediators could be important therapeutic targets in several neonatal diseases.
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10
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Vijaya Chandra SH, Srinivas R, Dawson TL, Common JE. Cutaneous Malassezia: Commensal, Pathogen, or Protector? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614446. [PMID: 33575223 PMCID: PMC7870721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microbial community is a multifunctional ecosystem aiding prevention of infections from transient pathogens, maintenance of host immune homeostasis, and skin health. A better understanding of the complex milieu of microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions will be required to define the ecosystem's optimal function and enable rational design of microbiome targeted interventions. Malassezia, a fungal genus currently comprising 18 species and numerous functionally distinct strains, are lipid-dependent basidiomycetous yeasts and integral components of the skin microbiome. The high proportion of Malassezia in the skin microbiome makes understanding their role in healthy and diseased skin crucial to development of functional skin health knowledge and understanding of normal, healthy skin homeostasis. Over the last decade, new tools for Malassezia culture, detection, and genetic manipulation have revealed not only the ubiquity of Malassezia on skin but new pathogenic roles in seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, and pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Application of these tools continues to peel back the layers of Malassezia/skin interactions, including clear examples of pathogenicity, commensalism, and potential protective or beneficial activities creating mutualism. Our increased understanding of host- and microbe-specific interactions should lead to identification of key factors that maintain skin in a state of healthy mutualism or, in turn, initiate pathogenic changes. These approaches are leading toward development of new therapeutic targets and treatment options. This review discusses recent developments that have expanded our understanding of Malassezia's role in the skin microbiome, with a focus on its multiple roles in health and disease as commensal, pathogen, and protector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramasamy Srinivas
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas L Dawson
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John E Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783
expr 839529059 + 832255227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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12
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Lukacs NW, Malinczak CA. Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:783. [PMID: 33371275 PMCID: PMC7766447 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Hussen J, Shawaf T, Al-Mubarak AIA, Al Humam NA, Almathen F, Schuberth HJ. Dromedary camel CD14 high MHCII high monocytes display inflammatory properties and are reduced in newborn camel calves. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:62. [PMID: 32070351 PMCID: PMC7027094 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In human and different animal species, blood monocytes are classified based on their expression pattern of different monocytic markers into phenotypically and functionally different subsets. In the current study, we used flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies to CD172a, CD14, CD163 and MHCII to identify monocyte subsets in peripheral blood of dromedary camels. Results Based on CD14, CD163 and MHCII expression, camel CD172a + monocytes were divided into three subsets: The major subpopulation of camel monocytes (mo-I) showed high expression of CD14 and CD163, but low expression of MHCII. A second subset of monocytes (mo-II) expressed highly all three markers, CD14, CD163 and MHCII. A third monocyte subset (mo-III) displayed low expression of CD14 and CD163 with high MHCII expression. While the two MHCIIhigh subsets (mo-II and mo-III) showed higher expression of CD11a in comparison to the MHCIIlow subset (mo-I), CD18 and CD11b were highest expressed on the two CD14high subsets (mo-I and mo-II). Bacterial stimulation of camel leukocytes identified mo-II cells as an antimicrobial monocyte subset with the highest phagocytic and ROS production capacity. The comparison of monocyte counts and phenotype between newborn calves and adult camels revealed significantly reduced numbers of mo-II cells in newborn animals. Monocytes of newborns expressed significantly more CD172a and CD163 molecules but less CD14 and MHCII molecules than monocytes of adult camels. Conclusions Camel monocyte subsets, mo-I, mo-II and mo-III are counterparts of bovine classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes respectively. The distribution of camel monocyte subsets is influenced by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser Abdallah Al Humam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,The Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Jalbert E, Williamson KM, Kroehl ME, Johnson MJ, Cutland C, Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Weinberg A. HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Have Increased Regulatory T Cells That Correlate With Decreased T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:595. [PMID: 30972079 PMCID: PMC6445326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) are at higher risk of severe infections, hospitalizations and death compared with HIV-unexposed uninfected infants (HUU), but the immune deficit underlying it is not known. To address this gap, we investigated T cell functionality and its relationship to phenotypic profiles of T cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) in HEU and HUU. Methods: Blood mononuclear cells from 55 HEU and 16 HUU were stimulated with Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) or mock for 72 h, and tested by flow cytometry for proliferation and expression of Th1, Th2, and regulatory (Treg) markers. In parallel, cells were phenotypically assessed for differentiation profiles of Treg, conventional T cell (Tconv) and APC in unstimulated cells. Results: HEU had lower CD4+ functional responses to SEB/mock and similar CD8+ responses compared with HUU. In the phenotypic T cell panel, HEU showed higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg expressing IL10, FOXP3, and CD25; higher effector Tconv and Treg; and lower naïve and CD4+TGFβ+ Treg compared with HUU. In the phenotypic APC panel, HEU showed higher proportions of CD1c+ cDC2, CD123+ pDC, CD16+ inflammatory monocytes and cDC and higher expression of CD103 on CD1c-CD123-CD16-cDC1 compared with HUU. Regression analyses adjusted for HIV exposure and multiple comparisons showed that higher CD8+IL10+ and CD8+FOXP3+ Treg in unstimulated cells were associated with lower CD8+ T cell functional responses to SEB/mock. Functionality was not affected by Tconv differentiation, but higher APC activation in aggregate was associated with higher CD8+IL10+ Treg responses to SEB. Conclusions: T cell functionality was decreased in HEU compared with HUU. High CD8+ Treg proportions were the most important predictors of decreased T cell functionality in HEU and HUU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jalbert
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kayla M Williamson
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Miranda E Kroehl
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael J Johnson
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clare Cutland
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Marta C Nunes
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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15
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Curtis AD, Walter KA, Nabi R, Jensen K, Dwivedi A, Pollara J, Ferrari G, Van Rompay KK, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, De Paris K. Oral Coadministration of an Intramuscular DNA/Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Is Associated with Better Control of Infection in Orally Exposed Infant Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:310-325. [PMID: 30303405 PMCID: PMC6434602 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infections in infants are acquired orally through breastfeeding. Toward development of a pediatric HIV vaccine to prevent breastmilk transmission, we tested the efficacy of a simultaneous oral and intramuscular (IM) vaccination regimen for preventing oral simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission in infant rhesus macaques. Two groups of neonatal macaques were immunized with DNA encoding SIV virus-like particles (DNA-SIV) on weeks 0 and 3, then boosted with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing SIV antigens (MVA-SIV) on weeks 6 and 9. One group was prime/boosted by the IM route only. Another group was immunized with DNA by both the IM and topical oral (O) buccal routes, and boosted with MVA-SIV by both the IM and sublingual (SL) routes. A third group of control animals received saline by O + IM routes on weeks 0 and 3, and empty MVA by SL + IM routes on weeks 6 and 9. On week 12, infants were orally challenged once weekly with SIVmac251 until infected. The vaccine regimen that included oral routes resulted in reduced peak viremia. The rate of infection acquisition in vaccinated infants was found to be associated with prechallenge intestinal immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to SIV gp120 and V1V2. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with postinfection intestinal IgG responses to gp120, gp41, and V1V2. These results suggest that codelivery of a pediatric HIV vaccine by an oral route may be superior to IM-only regimens for generating mucosal antibodies and preventing HIV breastmilk transmission in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Korey A. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aanini Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University Medical Center, Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University Medical Center, Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory University and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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16
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Verhoeven D. Immunometabolism and innate immunity in the context of immunological maturation and respiratory pathogens in young children. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:301-308. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0518-204rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Verhoeven
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative MedicineIowa State University Ames Iowa USA
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17
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Garg R, Latimer L, Gomis S, Gerdts V, Potter A, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Maternal vaccination with a novel chimeric glycoprotein formulated with a polymer-based adjuvant provides protection from human parainfluenza virus type 3 in newborn lambs. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:54-60. [PMID: 30550799 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are major causative agents of serious respiratory tract illness in newborns and infants. Maternal vaccination could be a promising approach to provide immediate protection against severe PIV3 and RSV infection in young infants. Previously, we demonstrated that maternal immunization with a subunit vaccine consisting of the RSV fusion (F) protein formulated with TriAdj, an adjuvant consisting of poly(I:C), immune defense regulatory peptide and polyphosphazene, protects newborn lambs from RSV. In the present study we evaluated the protective efficacy of a novel bivalent RSV-PIV3 vaccine candidate, FRipScHN/TriAdj, as a maternal vaccine against PIV3 infection in a neonatal lamb model. This vaccine consists of the pre-fusion form of the RSV F protein linked to the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of PIV3, formulated with TriAdj. First, we successfully established PIV3 infection in neonatal lambs. Lambs infected with human PIV3 showed gross pathology, bronchointerstitial pneumonia and viral replication in the lungs. Subsequently, ewes were immunized with FRipScHN/TriAdj. RSV FRipSc- and PIV3 HN-specific antibodies with virus-neutralizing activity were detected in both the serum and the colostrum of the vaccinated ewes. The newborn lambs had RSV- and PIV3- neutralizing antibodies in their serum, which demonstrates that maternal antibodies were transferred to the neonates. At three days of age, the newborn lambs received an intrapulmonary challenge with PIV3. The lung pathology and virus production were significantly reduced in lambs that had received PIV3-specific maternal antibodies compared to lambs born to non-vaccinated ewes. These results suggest that maternal vaccination with a bivalent FRipScHN/TriAdj vaccine might be an effective method to provide protection against both PIV3 and RSV in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - L Latimer
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - S Gomis
- Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - V Gerdts
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4E, Canada
| | - A Potter
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4E, Canada
| | - S van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada; Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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18
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Nakayama T, Kumagai T, Kashiwagi Y, Yoshii H, Honjo K, Kubota-Koketsu R, Okuno Y, Suga S. Cytokine production in whole-blood cultures following immunization with an influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2990-2998. [PMID: 30036123 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1498435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A clinical trial of a quadrivalent split influenza vaccine was performed in the 2014/15 season. Sixty-four subjects aged 6 months to 18 years were enrolled in order to investigate the relationship between cellular and humoral immune responses. Subjects were categorized into two groups by measuring neutralizing antibodies: non-primed naïve/primed or seroconverted/non-seroconverted groups. Whole-blood cultures were stimulated with the H1N1 split antigen before immunization and one month after the first and second immunizations for subjects < 13 years and before and one month after the first dose for those ≥ 13 years in order to investigate cytokine production. Significant amounts of IL-2, IL-12, IL-13, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and TNF-α were detected from one month after the first dose in the naïve group. In addition to these cytokines, the production of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, G-CSF, and IFN-γ was enhanced one month after the second dose. No significant increase was noted in the primed group, except in the production of IL-10. In seroconverted subjects, the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ increased one month after the first dose, which was earlier than in the naïve group, whereas no significant cytokine response was noted in subjects without seroconversion. Subjects ≥ 13 years were primed and the production of G-CSF, IL-4, and IL-1β increased in subjects with seroconversion. Whole-blood cultures were also stimulated with the H3N2 split antigen and similar cytokine profiles were obtained. Many cytokines and chemokines, including inflammatory cytokines, were produced in seroconverted, but not non-seroconverted subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- a Laboratory of Viral Infection , Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- c Department of Pediatrics , Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshii
- d Surveillance Section , The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kenta Honjo
- d Surveillance Section , The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- e Clinical Research Section , The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Okuno
- f Department of Infectious Diseases , Osaka Institute of Public Health , Osaka , Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- g Department of Pediatrics , National Mie Hospital , Mie , Japan
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19
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Osiowy C. From infancy and beyond… ensuring a lifetime of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine-induced immunity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2093-2097. [PMID: 29641290 PMCID: PMC6150009 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1462428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the long-term efficacy and immune persistence observed following HBV vaccination of infants, the need for a booster dose following infant immunization continues to be deliberated. Evidence from HBV booster dose response studies and long-term immunization program reviews are the basis for the recommendation that a vaccine booster is not necessary. However, further studies continue to emerge and highlight the need for standardization among observational studies in order to appropriately compare outcomes. There is an assumption that neonatal and infant (within 12 months of age) vaccine immune responses are equivalent; however, evidence exists for distinct vaccine responses within the first year of life. HBV vaccine programs have evolved over time, particularly regarding the type and dosage of vaccine used. Several universal neonatal immunization programs initially incorporated a 2.5 μg dosage (Recombivax-HB, Merck). This dosage has been shown in multiple long-term studies and meta-analyses to be associated with a lower primary response, decreased antibody persistence over time, and a reduced booster response 10 to 20 years following immunization. Ongoing surveillance of this and other HBV neonatally-vaccinated populations, particularly in low endemic regions, is necessary to understand the impact on long-term protection in order to ensure lifelong protection against hepatitis B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Osiowy
- a National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
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20
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Nakayama T, Kashiwagi Y, Kawashima H. Long-term regulation of local cytokine production following immunization in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:124-131. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection; Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Shirokane 5-9-1; Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawashima
- Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
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21
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Coates BM, Staricha KL, Koch CM, Cheng Y, Shumaker DK, Budinger GRS, Perlman H, Misharin AV, Ridge KM. Inflammatory Monocytes Drive Influenza A Virus-Mediated Lung Injury in Juvenile Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2391-2404. [PMID: 29445006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Healthy children are more likely to die of influenza A virus (IAV) infection than healthy adults. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the impact of young age on the development of life-threatening IAV infection. We report increased mortality in juvenile mice compared with adult mice at each infectious dose of IAV. Juvenile mice had sustained elevation of type I IFNs and persistent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the lungs, both of which were independent of viral titer. Juvenile mice, but not adult mice, had increased MCP-1 levels that remained high even after viral clearance. Importantly, continued production of MCP-1 was associated with persistent recruitment of monocytes to the lungs and prolonged elevation of inflammatory cytokines. Transcriptional signatures of recruited monocytes to the juvenile and adult IAV-infected lungs were assessed by RNA-seq. Genes associated with a proinflammatory signature were upregulated in the juvenile monocytes compared with adult monocytes. Depletion of monocytes with anti-CCR2 Ab decreased type I IFN secretion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and lung injury in juvenile mice. This suggests an exaggerated inflammatory response mediated by increased recruitment of monocytes to the lung, and not an inability to control viral replication, is responsible for severe IAV infection in juvenile mice. This study provides insight into severe IAV infection in juveniles and identifies key inflammatory monocytes that may be central to pediatric acute lung injury secondary to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria M Coates
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; .,Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kelly L Staricha
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Clarissa M Koch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Dale K Shumaker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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22
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Weinberg A, Lindsey J, Bosch R, Persaud D, Sato P, Ogwu A, Asmelash A, Bwakura-Dangarambezi M, Chi BH, Canniff J, Lockman S, Gaseitsiwe S, Moyo S, Smith CE, Moraka NO, Levin MJ. B and T Cell Phenotypic Profiles of African HIV-Infected and HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants: Associations with Antibody Responses to the Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2002. [PMID: 29403482 PMCID: PMC5780413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined associations between B and T cell phenotypic profiles and antibody responses to the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) in perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV) infants on antiretroviral therapy and in HIV-exposed uninfected (PHEU) infants enrolled in International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials P1072 study (NCT00880698). Of 17 B and T cell subsets analyzed, PHIV and PHEU differed only in the number of CD4+ T cells and frequency of naive B cells, which were higher in PHEU than in PHIV. In contrast, the B and T cell phenotypic profiles of PHIV and PHEU markedly differed from those of geographically matched contemporary HIV-unexposed infants. The frequency of regulatory T and B cells (Treg, Breg) of PHIV and PHEU displayed two patterns of associations: FOXP3+ CD25+ Treg positively correlated with CD4+ T cell numbers; while TGFβ+ Treg and IL10+ Treg and Breg positively correlated with the frequencies of inflammatory and activated T cells. Moreover, the frequencies of activated and inflammatory T cells of PHIV and PHEU positively correlated with the frequency of immature B cells. Correlations were not affected by HIV status and persisted over time. PHIV and PHEU antibody responses to RV5 positively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts and negatively with the proportion of immature B cells, similarly to what has been previously described in chronic HIV infection. Unique to PHIV and PHEU, anti-RV5 antibodies positively correlated with CD4+/CD8+FOXP3+CD25+% and negatively with CD4+IL10+% Tregs. In conclusion, PHEU shared with PHIV abnormal B and T cell phenotypic profiles. PHIV and PHEU antibody responses to RV5 were modulated by typical HIV-associated immune response modifiers except for the association between CD4+/CD8+FOXP3+CD25+Treg and increased antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pathology, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jane Lindsey
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronald Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah Persaud
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul Sato
- Maternal Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Mutsa Bwakura-Dangarambezi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Benjamin H Chi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Canniff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Christiana Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Myron J Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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23
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Di Mauro A, Cortese F, Laforgia N, Pantaleo B, Giuliani R, Bonifazi D, Ciccone MM, Giordano P. Neonatal bacterial meningitis: a systematic review of European available data. Minerva Pediatr 2017; 71:201-208. [PMID: 29160642 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4946.17.05124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advances in neonatal intensive care and the improvements in surveillance, prevention and vaccination programs, neonatal meningitis still represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality in infants, with the highest mortality in the newborn population. The aim of this article was to summarize current knowledge about this topic with particular attention to management of neonatal meningitis in order to provide a useful tool for clinicians. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We reviewed the existent literature from five European Countries (France, German, Italy, Spain and UK) on the effectiveness of treatments for bacterial meningitis in newborns taking into consideration the antibiotic resistance phenomenon. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There are few data available on this topic; bacterial neonatal meningitis treatment and management is currently based more on experience than on high quality evidences. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the knowledge gaps may stimulate researchers to design new studies aiming to better define management strategies of bacterial meningitis in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortese
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy -
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pantaleo
- Consortium for Biological and Pharmacological Evaluation, Bari, Italy
| | - Rachele Giuliani
- Consortium for Biological and Pharmacological Evaluation, Bari, Italy
| | - Donato Bonifazi
- Consortium for Biological and Pharmacological Evaluation, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco M Ciccone
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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24
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Coates BM, Staricha KL, Ravindran N, Koch CM, Cheng Y, Davis JM, Shumaker DK, Ridge KM. Inhibition of the NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 Inflammasome Is Protective in Juvenile Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:782. [PMID: 28740490 PMCID: PMC5502347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant cause of life-threatening lower respiratory tract infections in children. Antiviral therapy is the mainstay of treatment, but its effectiveness in this age group has been questioned. In addition, damage inflicted on the lungs by the immune response to the virus may be as important to the development of severe lung injury during IAV infection as the cytotoxic effects of the virus itself. A crucial step in the immune response to IAV is activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the subsequent secretion of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). The IAV matrix 2 proton channel (M2) has been shown to be an important activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome during IAV infection. We sought to interrupt this ion channel-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through inhibition of NLRP3 or the cytokine downstream from its activation, IL-1β. Using our juvenile mouse model of IAV infection, we show that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the small molecule inhibitor, MCC950, beginning 3 days after infection with IAV, improves survival in juvenile mice. Treatment with MCC950 reduces NLRP3 levels in lung homogenates, decreases IL-18 secretion into the alveolar space, and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in alveolar macrophages. Importantly, inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 does not impair viral clearance. In contrast, inhibition of IL-1β signaling with the IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, is insufficient to protect juvenile mice from IAV. Our findings suggest that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in juvenile IAV infection may improve disease outcomes in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria M. Coates
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kelly L. Staricha
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nandini Ravindran
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Clarissa M. Koch
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dale K. Shumaker
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Nissen TN, Birk NM, Smits G, Jeppesen DL, Stensballe LG, Netea MG, van der Klis F, Benn CS, Pryds O, Andersen A, Kjærgaard J, Thøstesen LM, Pihl GT, Hoffmann T, Kofoed PE, Aaby P. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination at birth and antibody responses to childhood vaccines. A randomised clinical trial. Vaccine 2017; 35:2084-2091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Ives R, Humphrey L. Patterns of long bone growth in a mid-19th century documented sample of the urban poor from Bethnal Green, London, UK. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:173-186. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ives
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
- AOC Archaeology Group; Twickenham TW1 1JS United Kingdom
| | - Louise Humphrey
- Department of Earth Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD United Kingdom
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27
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Lawrence SM, Corriden R, Nizet V. Age-Appropriate Functions and Dysfunctions of the Neonatal Neutrophil. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:23. [PMID: 28293548 PMCID: PMC5329040 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal and adult neutrophils are distinctly different from one another due to well-defined and documented deficiencies in neonatal cells, including impaired functions, reduced concentrations of microbicidal proteins and enzymes necessary for pathogen destruction, and variances in cell surface receptors. Neutrophil maturation is clearly demonstrated throughout pregnancy from the earliest hematopoietic precursors in the yolk sac to the well-developed myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow around the seventh month of gestation. Notable deficiencies of neonatal neutrophils are generally correlated with gestational age and clinical condition, so that the least functional neutrophils are found in the youngest, sickest neonates. Interruption of normal gestation secondary to preterm birth exposes these shortcomings and places the neonate at an exceptionally high rate of infection and sepsis-related mortality. Because the fetus develops in a sterile environment, neonatal adaptive immune responses are deficient from lack of antigen exposure in utero. Newborns must therefore rely on innate immunity to protect against early infection. Neutrophils are a vital component of innate immunity since they are the first cells to respond to and defend against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. However, notable phenotypic and functional disparities exist between neonatal and adult cells. Below is review of neutrophil ontogeny, as well as a discussion regarding known differences between preterm and term neonatal and adult neutrophils with respect to cell membrane receptors and functions. Our analysis will also explain how these variations decrease with postnatal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Melissa Lawrence
- Pediatrics, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ross Corriden
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA; Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Surendran N, Nicolosi T, Kaur R, Morris M, Pichichero M. Prospective study of the innate cellular immune response in low vaccine responder children. Innate Immun 2016; 23:89-96. [PMID: 27864558 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916678471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported our findings from a longitudinal, prospective study where we identified 10% infants who were low vaccine responders (LVR) at age 9-12 mo following routine primary series vaccine schedule. We found multiple cellular deficiencies in LVR children, including low number of memory B cells, reduced polyclonal stimulation of naïve/memory T cell response and suboptimal APC response. These children outgrew their poor vaccine response by the time they received booster doses of vaccine. Studies in human infant innate immunity are rare because of the unique challenges in specimen collection. As innate immunity instructs adaptive immunity, we hypothesized that the primary immune defect lies with innate immunity and in this study we sought to determine the ontogeny of innate immune response in LVR children between 6 and 36 mo of age. Interestingly, suboptimal APC response observed in LVR children at 6-9 mo of age characterized by significantly ( P < 0.05) low basal MHC II expression, low R848 induced IRF7 fold change, as well as low IFN-α, IL-12p70 and IL-1β levels, came to parity with normal vaccine responders by 12-15 mo of age, suggesting that the observed immune deficiency in LVR children may be the result of delayed maturation of immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Surendran
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ted Nicolosi
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Morris
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
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29
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Attia S, Versloot CJ, Voskuijl W, van Vliet SJ, Di Giovanni V, Zhang L, Richardson S, Bourdon C, Netea MG, Berkley JA, van Rheenen PF, Bandsma RH. Mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition is related to intestinal and systemic inflammation: an observational cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1441-1449. [PMID: 27655441 PMCID: PMC5081715 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea affects a large proportion of children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, its etiology and clinical consequences remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated diarrhea, enteropathogens, and systemic and intestinal inflammation for their interrelation and their associations with mortality in children with SAM. DESIGN Intestinal pathogens (n = 15), cytokines (n = 29), fecal calprotectin, and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate and propionate were determined in children aged 6-59 mo (n = 79) hospitalized in Malawi for complicated SAM. The relation between variables, diarrhea, and death was assessed with partial least squares (PLS) path modeling. RESULTS Fatal subjects (n = 14; 18%) were younger (mean ± SD age: 17 ± 11 compared with 25 ± 11 mo; P = 0.01) with higher prevalence of diarrhea (46% compared with 18%, P = 0.03). Intestinal pathogens Shigella (36%), Giardia (33%), and Campylobacter (30%) predominated, but their presence was not associated with death or diarrhea. Calprotectin was significantly higher in children who died [median (IQR): 1360 mg/kg feces (2443-535 mg/kg feces) compared with 698 mg/kg feces (1438-244 mg/kg feces), P = 0.03]. Butyrate [median (IQR): 31 ng/mL (112-22 ng/mL) compared with 2036 ng/mL (5800-149 ng/mL), P = 0.02] and propionate [median (IQR): 167 ng/mL (831-131 ng/mL) compared with 3174 ng/mL (5819-357 ng/mL), P = 0.04] were lower in those who died. Mortality was directly related to high systemic inflammation (path coefficient = 0.49), whereas diarrhea, high calprotectin, and low SCFA production related to death indirectly via their more direct association with systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Diarrhea, high intestinal inflammation, low concentrations of fecal SCFAs, and high systemic inflammation are significantly related to mortality in SAM. However, these relations were not mediated by the presence of intestinal pathogens. These findings offer an important understanding of inflammatory changes in SAM, which may lead to improved therapies. This trial was registered at www.controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN13916953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Attia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Christian J Versloot
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Global Child Health Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sara J van Vliet
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Valeria Di Giovanni
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning
| | - Ling Zhang
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning
| | | | - Céline Bourdon
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - James A Berkley
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; and.,Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN)
| | - Patrick F van Rheenen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert Hj Bandsma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, .,Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning.,Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Groningen, Netherlands.,Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network (CHAIN)
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30
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Nakayama T. An inflammatory response is essential for the development of adaptive immunity-immunogenicity and immunotoxicity. Vaccine 2016; 34:5815-5818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Surendran N, Nicolosi T, Pichichero M. Infants with low vaccine antibody responses have altered innate cytokine response. Vaccine 2016; 34:5700-5703. [PMID: 27745950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified a population of 10% of infants who respond with sub-protective antibody levels to most routine primary pediatric vaccinations due to altered innate and adaptive immune responses. We term these infants as low vaccine responders (LVRs). Here we report new data showing that TLR7/8 agonist - R848 stimulation of PBMCs of LVR infants elicit significantly lower IFN-α, IL-12p70 and IL-1β, while inducing higher levels of CCL5 (RANTES) compared to normal vaccine responder (NVR) infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Surendran
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ted Nicolosi
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester Regional Health System, 1425 Portland Ave, Rochester, NY, United States; Legacy Pediatrics, Rochester, NY, United States.
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32
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Wisgrill L, Groschopf A, Herndl E, Sadeghi K, Spittler A, Berger A, Förster-Waldl E. Reduced TNF-α response in preterm neonates is associated with impaired nonclassic monocyte function. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:607-12. [PMID: 26965638 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0116-001rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature infants are highly susceptible to severe bacterial infections. The impaired infection control related to the functional immaturity of the neonatal innate immune system is an important cause of infection. Different monocyte subpopulations have been described and functionally characterized. However, data from preterm infants are scarce. We analyzed constitutive monocyte TLR2, TLR4, CD163, and HLA-DR expression in preterm cord blood. We further investigated activation of the signaling proteins ERK1/2 and NF-κB in monocyte subpopulations after ex vivo stimulation with the bacterial TLR agonists LPS and lipoteichoic acid. The functional outcome of the stimulation was determined by the intracellular production of TNF. Furthermore, the phagocytic activity was measured via flow cytometry. TLR4 and HLA-DR showed a gestational age-dependent increase. However, activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB was impaired in neonatal monocyte subpopulations after stimulation with TLR agonists. Accordingly, intracellular TNF was diminished in preterm monocytes, especially in nonclassic monocytes. Premature monocytes showed high phagocytic activity, with significantly lower acidification of the phagosome. The reduced functional response of nonclassic monocytes of preterm neonates appears to be part of the diminished early immune response to bacterial cell wall components and is likely to contribute to their susceptibility to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Groschopf
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Herndl
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kambis Sadeghi
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of Surgery and Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Förster-Waldl
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Pichichero ME, Casey JR, Almudevar A, Basha S, Surendran N, Kaur R, Morris M, Livingstone AM, Mosmann TR. Functional Immune Cell Differences Associated With Low Vaccine Responses in Infants. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:2014-9. [PMID: 26908730 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to understand why some children respond poorly to vaccinations in the first year of life. METHODS A total of 499 children (6-36 months old) provided serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples after their primary and booster vaccination. Vaccine antigen-specific antibody levels were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and frequency of memory B cells, functional T-cell responses, and antigen-presenting cell responses were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples with flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS Eleven percent of children were low vaccine responders, defined a priori as those with subprotective immunoglobulin G antibody levels to ≥66% of vaccines tested. Low vaccine responders generated fewer memory B cells, had reduced activation by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells on polyclonal stimulation, and displayed lower major histocompatibility complex II expression by antigen-presenting cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that subprotective vaccine responses in infants are associated with a distinct immunologic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital
| | | | | | - Saleem Basha
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital
| | - Naveen Surendran
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital
| | - Ravinder Kaur
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital
| | - Matthew Morris
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Immunology, Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital
| | | | - Tim R Mosmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, New York
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Garg R, Latimer L, Wang Y, Simko E, Gerdts V, Potter A, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from RSV in newborn lambs. Vaccine 2016; 34:261-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. While it is apparent that adequate activation of the innate immune system is essential for pathogen clearance and host survival, an excessive inflammatory response to infection is detrimental to the young host. A review of the literature indicates that innate immune responses change throughout childhood. Whether these changes are genetically programmed or triggered by environmental cues is unknown. The objectives of this review are to summarize the role of innate immunity in influenza A virus infection in the young child and to highlight possible differences between children and adults that may make children more susceptible to severe influenza A infection. A better understanding of age-related differences in innate immune signaling will be essential to improve care for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria M. Coates
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois2Division of Critical Care Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly L. Staricha
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristin M. Wiese
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois4Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Ladell K, Hazenberg MD, Fitch M, Emson C, McEvoy-Hein Asgarian BK, Mold JE, Miller C, Busch R, Price DA, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM. Continuous Antigenic Stimulation of DO11.10 TCR Transgenic Mice in the Presence or Absence of IL-1β: Possible Implications for Mechanisms of T Cell Depletion in HIV Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4096-105. [PMID: 26416271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Untreated HIV disease is associated with chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T cell depletion. A variety of mechanisms have been invoked to account for CD4(+) T cell depletion in this setting, but the quantitative contributions of these proposed mechanisms over time remain unclear. We turned to the DO11.10 TCR transgenic mouse model, where OVA is recognized in the context of H-2(d), to explore the impact of chronic antigenic stimulation on CD4(+) T cell dynamics. To model dichotomous states of persistent Ag exposure in the presence or absence of proinflammatory stimulation, we administered OVA peptide to these mice on a continuous basis with or without the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. In both cases, circulating Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells were depleted. However, in the absence of IL-1β, there was limited proliferation and effector/memory conversion of Ag-specific T cells, depletion of peripheral CD4(+) T cells in hematolymphoid organs, and systemic induction of regulatory Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells, as often observed in late-stage HIV disease. By contrast, when OVA peptide was administered in the presence of IL-1β, effector/memory phenotype T cells expanded and the typical symptoms of heightened immune activation were observed. Acknowledging the imperfect and incomplete relationship between Ag-stimulated DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice and HIV-infected humans, our data suggest that CD4(+) T cell depletion in the setting of HIV disease may reflect, at least in part, chronic Ag exposure in the absence of proinflammatory signals and/or appropriate APC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Ladell
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
| | - Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720; KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608
| | | | - Jeff E Mold
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Corey Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720; KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
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Blakney AK, Tchakoute CT, Hesseling AC, Kidzeru EB, Jones CE, Passmore JAS, Sodora DL, Gray CM, Jaspan HB. Delayed BCG vaccination results in minimal alterations in T cell immunogenicity of acellular pertussis and tetanus immunizations in HIV-exposed infants. Vaccine 2015; 33:4782-9. [PMID: 26259542 PMCID: PMC4562895 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is effective in preventing disseminated tuberculosis (TB) in children but may also have non-specific benefits, and is thought to improve immunity to unrelated antigens through trained innate immunity. In HIV-infected infants, there is a risk of BCG-associated adverse events. We aimed to explore whether delaying BCG vaccination by 8 weeks, in utero or perinatal HIV infection is excluded, affected T-cell responses to B. pertussis (BP) and tetanus toxoid (TT), in HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. METHODS Infants were randomized to receive BCG vaccination at birth or 8 weeks of age. At 8 and 14 weeks, T cell proliferation and intracellular cytokine (IL-2, IL-13, IL-17, and IFN-γ) expression was analyzed in response to BP, TT and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) antigens. RESULTS Delaying BCG vaccination did not alter T-cell proliferation to BP or TT antigens. Infants immunized with BCG at birth had higher CD4+ T cell proliferation to SEB at 14 weeks of age (p=0.018). Birth-vaccinated infants had increased CD8+ IL-2 expression in response to BP, but not TT or SEB, at 8 weeks. Infants vaccinated with BCG at 8 weeks had significantly lower IL-13 expression by BP-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at 14 weeks (p=0.032 and p=0.0035, respectively). There were no observed differences in multifunctional cytokine response to TT, BP or SEB between infants vaccinated with BCG at birth versus 8 weeks of age. CONCLUSION Delaying BCG vaccination until 8 weeks of age results in robust T-cellular responses to BP and TT in HIV-exposed infants. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NCT02062580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Blakney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, United States; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christophe Toukam Tchakoute
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elvis B Kidzeru
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christine E Jones
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Donald L Sodora
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (Formerly Seattle Biomed), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Seattle Children's Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of WA, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Maternal lipopolysaccharide alters the newborn oxidative stress and C-reactive protein levels in response to an inflammatory stress. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 3:358-63. [PMID: 25102265 DOI: 10.1017/s204017441200027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection is associated with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory responses. We have previously shown that maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at E18 alters the subsequent offspring immune response. As immune responses are mediated, in part, by OS, we sought to determine if maternal inflammation during pregnancy programs offspring OS and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of saline or LPS at 18 days' gestation (n = 4), and pups delivered spontaneously at term. At postnatal day 24, male and female offspring received i.p. injection of LPS. Serum lipid peroxides formation (PD) and CRP levels were determined before and at 4 h following the LPS injection. Pups of LPS-exposed dams had significantly higher basal OS (PD 29.4 ± 5.4 v. 10.1 ± 4.8 nmol/ml) compared with controls. In response to LPS, CRP levels (20.4 ± 2.8 v. 5.7 ± 1.0 ng/ml) were significantly higher among pups of LPS-exposed dams than controls. Prenatal maternal exposure to LPS increases baseline OS levels in neonates and CRP levels in response to LPS. These results suggest that maternal inflammation during the antenatal period may induce long-term sequelae in the offspring that may predispose to adult disease.
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Alexander-Miller MA. Vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens for use in neonates: opportunities and challenges. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5363-9. [PMID: 25411431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first six months of life reflect a time of high susceptibility to severe disease following respiratory virus infection. Although this could be improved significantly by immunization, current vaccines are not approved for use in these very young individuals. This is the result of the combined effects of poor immune responsiveness and safety concerns regarding the use of live attenuated vaccines or potent adjuvants in this population. Vaccines to effectively combat respiratory viral infection ideally would result in robust CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, as well as high-affinity Ab. Inclusion of TLR agonists or single-cycle viruses is an attractive approach for provision of signals that can act as potent stimulators of dendritic cell maturation, as well as direct activators of T and/or B cells. In this article, I discuss the challenges associated with generation of a robust immune response in neonates and the potential for adjuvants to overcome these obstacles.
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40
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TLR-mediated inflammatory response to neonatal pathogens and co-infection in neonatal immune cells. Cytokine 2014; 69:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sharma A, Wendland R, Sung B, Wu W, Grunwald T, Worgall S. Maternal immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus expressing RSV fusion protein protects against neonatal RSV pulmonary infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:5761-8. [PMID: 25171847 PMCID: PMC4713013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease with high morbidity and mortality in young infants and children. Despite numerous efforts, a licensed vaccine against RSV remains elusive. Since young infants form the primary target group of RSV disease, maternal immunization to boost the protection in neonates is an attractive strategy. In this study we tested the efficacy of maternal immunization with a chimpanzee adenovirus expressing codon-optimized RSV fusion protein (AdC7-Fsyn) to protect infants against RSV infection. Single intranasal immunization of mice by AdC7-Fsyn induced robust anti-RSV systemic and mucosal immunity that protected against RSV without causing vaccine-enhanced RSV disease. RSV humoral immunity was transferred to pups born to immunized mothers that provided protection against RSV. Immunization with AdC7-Fsyn was effective even in the presence of Ad5 preimmunity. The maternally derived immunity was durable with the half-life of 14.63 days that reduced the viral replication up to 15 weeks of age. Notably, the passively immunized mice could be actively re-immunized with AdC7-Fsyn to boost and extend the protection. This substantiates maternal immunization with an AdC7-based vaccine expressing RSV F as feasible approach to protect against RSV early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca Wendland
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Biin Sung
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenzhu Wu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Worgall
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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Ndure J, Flanagan KL. Targeting regulatory T cells to improve vaccine immunogenicity in early life. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:477. [PMID: 25309517 PMCID: PMC4161046 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human newborns and infants are bombarded with multiple pathogens on leaving the sterile intra-uterine environment, and yet have suboptimal innate immunity and limited immunological memory, thus leading to increased susceptibility to infections in early life. They are thus the target age group for a host of vaccines against common bacterial and viral pathogens. They are also the target group for many vaccines in development, including those against tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and HIV infection. However, neonatal and infant responses too many vaccines are suboptimal, and in the case of the polysaccharide vaccines, it has been necessary to develop the alternative conjugated formulations in order to induce immunity in early life. Immunoregulatory factors are an intrinsic component of natural immunity necessary to dampen or control immune responses, with the caveat that they may also decrease immunity to infections or lead to chronic infection. This review explores the key immunoregulatory factors at play in early life, with a particular emphasis on regulatory T cells (Tregs). It goes on to explore the role that Tregs play in limiting vaccine immunogenicity, and describes animal and human studies in which Tregs have been depleted in order to enhance vaccine responses. A deeper understanding of the role that Tregs play in limiting or controlling vaccine-induced immunity would provide strategies to improve vaccine immunogenicity in this critical age group. New adjuvants and drugs are being developed that can transiently suppress Treg function, and their use as part of human vaccination strategies against infections is becoming a real prospect for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorjoh Ndure
- Infant Immunology Group, Vaccinology Theme, Medical Research Council Laboratories Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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43
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Gantt S, Gervassi A, Jaspan H, Horton H. The role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in immune ontogeny. Front Immunol 2014; 5:387. [PMID: 25165466 PMCID: PMC4131407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous population of granulocytic or monocytic cells that suppress innate as well as adaptive immune responses. In healthy adults, immature myeloid cells differentiate into macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes in the bone marrow and MDSC are rarely detected in peripheral blood. However, in certain pathologies, in particular malignancies and chronic infection, differentiation of these cells is altered resulting in accumulation of circulating suppressive myeloid cells. MDSC express suppressive factors such as arginase-1, reactive oxygen species, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which have the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation and cytoxicity, induce the expansion of regulatory T cells, and block natural killer cell activation. It is increasingly recognized that MDSC alter the immune response to several cancers, and perhaps chronic viral infections, in clinically important ways. In this review, we outline the potential contribution of MDSC to the generation of feto-maternal tolerance and to the ineffective immune responses to many infections and vaccines observed in early post-natal life. Granulocytic MDSC are present in large numbers in pregnant women and in cord blood, and wane rapidly during infancy. Furthermore, cord blood MDSC suppress in vitro T cell and NK responses, suggesting that they may play a significant role in human immune ontogeny. However, there are currently no data that demonstrate in vivo effects of MDSC on feto-maternal tolerance or immune ontogeny. Studies are ongoing to evaluate the functional importance of MDSC, including their effects on control of infection and response to vaccination in infancy. Importantly, several pharmacologic interventions have the potential to reverse MDSC function. Understanding the role of MDSC in infant ontogeny and their mechanisms of action could lead to interventions that reduce mortality due to early-life infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Gantt
- Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | | | - Heather Jaspan
- Seattle BioMed , Seattle, WA , USA ; Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Helen Horton
- Seattle BioMed , Seattle, WA , USA ; Janssen ID&V Research and Development , Antwerp , Belgium
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Glaser K, Speer CP. Toll-like receptor signaling in neonatal sepsis and inflammation: a matter of orchestration and conditioning. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:1239-52. [PMID: 24215412 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.857275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered neonatal Toll-like receptor (TLR) function is hypothesized to contribute to the heightened susceptibility to infection and perpetuated inflammation in term and preterm neonates, clinically evident in neonatal sepsis and increased rates of inflammatory disorders. Current data indicate that basal TLR expression in term neonates equals adult expression patterns, while expression in preterm infants seems to increase, depending on gestational age. Regarding TLR signaling, some studies suggest TLR incompetence in neonates associated with impaired pro-inflammatory responses, others describe neonatal TLR function well developed and allude to its hyper-inflammation tendency. We discuss the competing positions and considerable limitations of research approaches and conclude that neonatal innate immunity is not generally less able to respond to TLR stimulation. Moreover, we describe pre-conditioning factors other than immaturity having a comparable impact. In the long term, better understanding of the complex interplay of pre- and postnatal conditions and maturation-dependent neonatal TLR function may provide new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Glaser
- University Children's Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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45
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Pichichero ME. Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children. Vaccine 2014; 32:3886-94. [PMID: 24837502 PMCID: PMC4135535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All neonates, infants and young children receive multiple priming doses and booster vaccinations in the 1st and 2nd year of life to prevent infections by viral and bacterial pathogens. Despite high vaccine compliance, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable infections are occurring worldwide. These data strongly argue for an improved understanding of the immune responses of neonates, infants and young children to vaccine antigens and further study of the exploitable mechanisms to achieve more robust and prolonged immunity with fewer primary and booster vaccinations in the pediatric population. This review will focus on our recent work involving infant and young child immunity following routine recommended vaccinations. The discussion will address vaccine responses with respect to four areas: (1) systemic antibody responses, (2) memory B-cell generation, (3) CD4 T-cell responses, and (4) APC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, United States of America.
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46
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Kashiwagi Y, Maeda M, Kawashima H, Nakayama T. Inflammatory responses following intramuscular and subcutaneous immunization with aluminum-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:3393-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Winterberg T, Vieten G, Feldmann L, Yu Y, Hansen G, Hennig C, Ure BM, Kuebler JF. Neonatal murine macrophages show enhanced chemotactic capacity upon toll-like receptor stimulation. Pediatr Surg Int 2014; 30:159-64. [PMID: 24378954 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-013-3457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neonatal surgical patient is threatened by exuberant inflammatory reactions. Neonatal macrophages are key players in this process. We investigated the ability of neonatal macrophages to initiate a local inflammatory reaction upon exposure to different bacterial or viral ligands to toll-like receptors (TLRs). METHODS Peritoneal wash outs from neonatal (<24 h) and adult (42 days) C57BL/6J mice were gained by peritoneal lavages. In a first set of experiments, macrophages were purified and stimulated for 6 h by four different TLR ligands. mRNA was extracted for transcriptome analysis. In a second set of experiments, lipopolysaccharide was applied into peritoneal cavities. After 6 h of incubation, the cellular composition of the inflamed cavities was evaluated by cytological staining as well as chipcytometry. RESULTS Neonatal murine peritoneal macrophages differed significantly in the expression of pro- and anti-chemotactic genes. Functional assignment of these genes revealed enhanced chemotactic potential of neonatal macrophages and was confirmed by a higher influx of pro-inflammatory cells into neonatal peritoneal cavities. CONCLUSION Neonatal peritoneal macrophages demonstrated an enhanced chemotactic potential upon stimulation with four TLR ligands. This was associated with an increased influx of inflammatory cells to the peritoneal cavity. This might contribute to the strong inflammatory responses of neonates and preterms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Winterberg
- Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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Libraty DH, Zhang L, Woda M, Acosta LP, Obcena A, Brion JD, Capeding RZ. Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with enhanced T-helper 1 immune responses to heterologous infant vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:1-5. [PMID: 24611083 PMCID: PMC3943168 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to have beneficial effects beyond preventing infantile tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. We hypothesized that BCG vaccine given at birth would enhance T-helper 1 (Th1) immune responses to the first vaccines given later in infancy. We conducted a nested case-control study of neonatal BCG vaccination and its heterologous Th1 immune effects in 2–3 months old infants. BCG vaccination at birth was associated with an increased frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) producing spot-forming cells (SFC) to tetanus toxoid 2–3 months later. The frequency of IFN-γ producing SFC to polioviruses 1–3 also trended higher among infants who received BCG vaccination at birth. The frequency of IFN-γ+/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)+CD45RO+CD4+ T-cells upon stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin was higher in 2–3 months old infants who received BCG vaccination at birth compared to those who did not. The circulating frequency of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ CD45RO+ regulatory CD4+ T-cells also trended lower in these infants. Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with heterologous Th1 immune effects 2–3 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Libraty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcia Woda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luz P Acosta
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Anamae Obcena
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - Job D Brion
- San Pablo City Health Office, San Pablo, Philippines
| | - Rosario Z Capeding
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines ; Department of Microbiology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
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49
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Maniar-Hew K, Clay CC, Postlethwait EM, Evans MJ, Fontaine JH, Miller LA. Innate immune response to LPS in airway epithelium is dependent on chronological age and antecedent exposures. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:710-20. [PMID: 23600597 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0321oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune mechanisms for neonatal susceptibility to respiratory pathogens are poorly understood. Given that mucosal surfaces serve as a first line of host defense, we hypothesized that the innate immune response to infectious agents may be developmentally regulated in airway epithelium. To test this hypothesis, we determined whether the expression of IL-8 and IL-6 in airway epithelium after LPS exposure is dependent on chronological age. Tracheas from infant, juvenile, and adult rhesus monkeys were first exposed to LPS ex vivo, and then processed for air-liquid interface primary airway epithelial cell cultures and secondary LPS treatment in vitro. Compared with adult cultures, infant and juvenile cultures expressed significantly reduced concentrations of IL-8 after LPS treatment. IL-8 protein in cultures increased with animal age, whereas LPS-induced IL-6 protein was predominantly associated with juvenile cultures. Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway RT-PCR arrays showed differential expressions of multiple mRNAs in infant cultures relative to adult cultures, including IL-1α, TLR10, and the peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP2. To determine whether the age-dependent cytokine response to LPS is reflective of antecedent exposures, we assessed primary airway epithelial cell cultures established from juvenile monkeys housed in filtered air since birth. Filtered air-housed animal cultures exhibited LPS-induced IL-8 and IL-6 expression that was discordant with age-matched ambient air-housed animals. A single LPS aerosol in vivo also affected this cytokine profile. Cumulatively, our findings demonstrate that the innate immune response to LPS in airway epithelium is variable with age, and may be modulated by previous environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Maniar-Hew
- 1 California National Primate Research Center and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, and
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50
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Kashiwagi Y, Miyata A, Kumagai T, Maehara K, Suzuki E, Nagai T, Ozaki T, Nishimura N, Okada K, Kawashima H, Nakayama T. Production of inflammatory cytokines in response to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT), haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and 7-valent pneumococcal (PCV7) vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:677-85. [PMID: 24589970 PMCID: PMC4130255 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and 7-valent pneumococcal (PCV7) vaccines both became recommended in Japan in 2010. In this study, cytokine production was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultures stimulated with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined with acellular pertussis vaccine (DPT), Hib, and PCV7 separately or concurrent different combinations, all as final off-the-shelf vaccines without the individual vaccine components as controls. Higher IL-1β levels were produced when cultures were stimulated with PCV than with DPT or Hib, and the concurrent stimulation including PCV7 enhanced the production of IL-1β. Although Hib induced higher levels of IL-6, no significant difference was observed in IL-6 production with the concurrent stimulation. The concurrent stimulation with Hib/PCV7 and DPT/Hib/PCV7 produced higher levels of TNF-α and human G-CSF. Cytokine profiles were examined in serum samples obtained from 61 vaccine recipients with febrile reactions and 18 recipients without febrile illness within 24 h of vaccination. No significant difference was observed in cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, MIP-1, TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in sera between the two groups. However, significantly higher levels of human G-CSF were observed in recipients with febrile illness than in those without febrile reactions. Further investigations of the significance of elevated serum G-CSF levels are required in vaccine recipients with febrile illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I; Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences; Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyata
- Miyata Pediatric Clinic; Tachikawa; Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Eitarou Suzuki
- Suzuki Pediatric Clinic; Ube, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takao Nagai
- Nagai Pediatric Clinic; Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takao Ozaki
- Department of Pediatrics; Konan Kosei Hospital; Konan; Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics; Konan Kosei Hospital; Konan; Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Pediatrics; National Fukuoka Hospital; Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I; Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences; Tokyo, Japan
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