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O'Brien WH, Peijisel C, Koerten H, Bunyarit I, Lim S, Chavanovanich J. Lesser degree of HR and HF-HRV recovery from an evaluative stressor is associated with higher levels of perfectionism and self-compassion. Behav Res Ther 2023; 164:104305. [PMID: 37028227 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Choi JHS, O'Donnell CD, Phan VN, Coe CL, Miyamoto Y. Role of the valuation of nervousness in cortisol responses to psychosocial stress task and task performance in European American and East Asian students. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108495. [PMID: 36634810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
How people perceive and value negative affective states is associated with physiological responses to stressful events and moderates the association between negative feelings and physiological and behavioral outcomes. However, previous studies on valuation of negative affective states have been conducted mostly in Western cultures. Different cultural backgrounds shape how people view negative emotions as well as how people attend to internal emotional states, which may change the effects of valuing negative emotions. The present study thus examined whether valuation of nervousness was associated with the magnitude and duration of cortisol responses to a standardized laboratory stressor and task performance in East Asian and European American students. Two hundred undergraduate students were recruited through a large pool of students taking psychology courses. They engaged in demanding speech and arithmetic tasks as part of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). European American participants who had a higher valuation of nervousness showed lower cortisol reactivity. Valuing nervousness was associated with better speech performance in students from both cultural backgrounds, and the strength of this association was moderated by cortisol level. Our findings call attention to the importance of considering whether negative emotions are viewed as beneficial or an impediment, as well as the cultural context when responding to demanding and threatening situations.
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The Relationship between Flow Experience and Burnout Symptoms: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073865. [PMID: 35409547 PMCID: PMC8998023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: In today’s performance-oriented society, burnout symptoms, defined as consequences of chronic work stress, are an increasing problem. To counteract this development, the important aims are (1) to find protective and modifiable factors that reduce the risk of developing and harboring burnout symptoms and (2) to understand the underlying mechanisms. A phenomenon potentially furthering both aims is flow experience. Based on the earlier literature, we developed a psycho-physiological “Flow-Burnout-Model”, which postulates positive or negative associations between flow and burnout symptoms, depending on the prevailing situational and personal conditions. Methods: To test our Flow-Burnout-Model, we conducted a systematic literature search encompassing flow and burnout symptoms. Eighteen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Results: The findings of the systematic review as a whole suggest a negative association between flow and burnout symptoms, both cross-sectional and longitudinal. According to the findings from longitudinal studies, flow can be interpreted as a protective factor against burnout symptoms, and burnout symptoms can be interpreted as a factor inhibiting flow. In our conclusion, we maintain the assumption of a bidirectional association between flow and burnout symptoms in the Flow-Burnout-Model but modify the initially suggested positive and negative associations between flow and burnout symptoms towards a predominantly negative relationship. Discussion: Mindful of the heterogeneous findings of earlier studies, the resulting comprehensive Flow-Burnout-Model will lay the foundations for future hypothesis-based research. This includes physiological mechanisms explaining the relationship between flow and burnout symptoms, and likewise, the conditions of their longitudinal association.
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Schiweck C, Gholamrezaei A, Hellyn M, Vaessen T, Vrieze E, Claes S. Exhausted Heart Rate Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in Women With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:869608. [PMID: 35509881 PMCID: PMC9058080 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research links depression and blunted cardiac vagal reactivity to chronic stress. Yet, to our knowledge no experiment investigates heart rate (variability) responses to a repeated laboratory stressor in patients with depression. Repeated exposure may provide valuable information on stress reactivity in depression. Fifty-nine women (30 inpatients diagnosed with depression and 29 matched controls) underwent two consecutive runs of a mental arithmetic stress paradigm consisting of one baseline and two exposures to control, stress, and recovery phases of 5 min each, in a case-control design. Subjective stress and electrocardiography were recorded. Variance of heart rate (HR) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) were analyzed using linear mixed models. Overall, physiological parameters (HR and RMSSD) and subjective stress showed a strong group effect (all p < 0.001). In both groups, subjective stress and HR increased in response to stress, but the subjective stress levels of patients with depression did not return to baseline levels after the first stressor and for the remainder of the experiment (all p < 0.004 compared to baseline). Patients' HR reactivity responded oppositely: while HR recovered after the first stress exposure, no reactivity was observed in response to the second exposure. These findings may suggest that the often-reported blunted HR/HRV response to stressors results from exhaustion rather than an incapacity to react to stress. The altered HR reactivity could indicate allostatic (over-) load in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Schiweck
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Gholamrezaei
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Pain Management Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maxim Hellyn
- Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Vaessen
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elske Vrieze
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Witzel DD, Stawski RS. Resolution Status and Age as Moderators for Interpersonal Everyday Stress and Stressor-Related Affect. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:1926-1936. [PMID: 33423065 PMCID: PMC8599050 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine stressor characteristics (i.e., stressor resolution) and individual differences (i.e., age) as moderators of affective reactivity and residue associated with everyday interpersonal stressors, including arguments and avoided arguments. METHOD A sample of 2,022 individuals participated in the second wave of the National Study of Daily Experiences (meanage = 56.25, range = 33-84). Over 8 consecutive evenings, participants completed the Daily Inventory of Stressful Experiences and self-report measures of stressor resolution status and daily negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA). Using multilevel modeling, we examined whether increases in daily NA and decreases in daily PA associated with arguments and avoided arguments occurring on the same day (i.e., reactivity) or the day before (i.e., residue) differed depending on resolution of the interpersonal stressor. We further examined whether such stressor resolution effects were moderated by age. RESULTS Resolution significantly dampened NA and PA reactivity and residue associated with arguments; NA reactivity associated with avoided arguments (ps < .05). Older age was associated with being more likely to resolve both arguments and avoided arguments (ps < .05) and did reduce reactivity associated with avoided arguments. Older age did not moderate PA reactivity or NA or PA residue associated with either arguments or avoided arguments (ps > .05). DISCUSSION Unresolved everyday arguments and avoided arguments are differentially potent in terms of affective reactivity and residue, suggesting resolution may be crucial in emotional downregulation. Future work should focus on exploring resolution of other everyday stressors to garner a comprehensive understanding of what characteristics impact stressor-affect associations and for whom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota D Witzel
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, US
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, US
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Zenker M, Venz J, Koenig J, Voss C, Beesdo-Baum K, Pieper L. Evidence for the association between physiological and emotional states in adolescents and young adults without psychopathology under ecologically valid conditions. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13902. [PMID: 34286859 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Well-powered studies on the physiological concomitants underlying affect and its regulation during emerging adulthood are warranted to provide novel insight into mental health. The association between autonomic nervous system activity and emotional states occurring under natural conditions in daily life was investigated in individuals (N = 549, age 14-21, females 45.6%) without any lifetime mental disorder from an epidemiological cohort study in Germany. Using ecological momentary assessment, mood and optimism/pessimism were assessed over 4 days simultaneously with continuous heart rate monitoring. Lower vagal activity was found in mood states accompanied by high arousal (wakefulness, mania) and greater vagal activity in mood states with low arousal (calmness, pessimism). Findings illustrate important associations between autonomic nervous system activity and mood in youth under ecologically valid conditions. Vagal activity presents a prominent pathway by which mood may influence physiological function or vice versa. In contrast to commonly performed laboratory assessments, the ambulatory assessment in participants' daily life allows an application of the results to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Zenker
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John Venz
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Clinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catharina Voss
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Beesdo-Baum
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars Pieper
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Azza Y, Grueschow M, Karlen W, Seifritz E, Kleim B. How stress affects sleep and mental health: nocturnal heart rate increases during prolonged stress and interacts with childhood trauma exposure to predict anxiety. Sleep 2021; 43:5682806. [PMID: 31863098 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Stress can adversely impact sleep health by eliciting arousal increase and a cascade of endocrine reactions that may impair sleep. To date, little is known regarding continuous effects of real-world stress on physiological sleep characteristics and potential effects on stress-related psychopathology. We examined effects of stress on heart rate (HR) during sleep and total sleep time (TST) during prolonged real-world stress exposure in medical interns. Moreover, we investigated the influence of previous stress and childhood trauma exposure on HR during sleep, TST, and its interaction in predicting anxiety. METHODS We examined a sample of 50 medical students prior to and during their first internship, a well described real-world stressor. HR and TST were continuously collected over 12 weeks non-invasively by a wrist-worn activity monitor. Prior to starting the internship, at baseline, participants reported on their sleep, anxiety, and childhood trauma exposure. They also tracked stress exposure during internship and reported on their anxiety symptoms 3 months after this professional stress. RESULTS Mean HR during sleep increased over time, while TST remained unchanged. This effect was more pronounced in interns exposed to childhood trauma exposure. In multilevel models, childhood trauma exposure also moderated the relation between individual HR increase and development of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged stress may lead to increased HR during sleep, whereas individuals with childhood trauma exposure are more vulnerable. Childhood trauma exposure also moderated the relation between individual HR increase and development of anxiety. These findings may inform prevention and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Azza
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Grueschow
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Sleep & Health Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Held J, Vîslă A, Wolfer C, Messerli-Bürgy N, Flückiger C. Heart rate variability change during a stressful cognitive task in individuals with anxiety and control participants. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:44. [PMID: 33731206 PMCID: PMC7972344 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals suffering from an anxiety disorder are characterized by chronically low heart rate variability (HRV) compared to healthy individuals during resting state conditions. However, when examining HRV and HR in response to a stressor, mixed results have been obtained when comparing anxious and non-anxious groups.
Methods The primary aim of the present study was to investigate HRV and HR responding in 26 clinically anxious and 14 control individuals before, during and after a stressful working memory task. Results Results indicate no between-group differences in HRV and HR at baseline. When starting the working memory task, the control group decreased significantly in HRV and the anxious group did not differ substantially in their change pattern from baseline to the start of the stressor. Finally, during the recovery phase of the working memory task, the clinically anxious and control individuals did not differ in their HFV or HR response compared to baseline. Conclusions From a clinical perspective, the results suggest that screening for the presence of anxiety disorders may help to identify patients with impaired HRV and HR functioning and to intervene on these important patient characteristics early in the treatment process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00551-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Held
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Interventions and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestr. 14/04, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreea Vîslă
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Interventions and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestr. 14/04, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Wolfer
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Interventions and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestr. 14/04, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Messerli-Bürgy
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology and Biological Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Flückiger
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Interventions and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestr. 14/04, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Jukic T, Ihan A, Strojnik V, Stubljar D, Starc A. The effect of active occupational stress management on psychosocial and physiological wellbeing: a pilot study. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:321. [PMID: 33272279 PMCID: PMC7712526 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to address the working population with an occupational stress prevention program using mHealth solution and encourage them for healthy lifestyle choices.
Methods Seventeen participants were randomized from the corporate setting. A 24alife app with a good compliance program was selected. Test battery has been designed to test the physical readiness, psychological evaluation and biological blood markers for stress. Participants were followed up after 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively, within the intervention period. Weight of participants was tracked three times per month. Univariate analysis compared the continuous variables by One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA test when the data were normally distributed, or Wilcoxon rank sum test for abnormal distribution of variables.
Results Participants used the app with a compliance rate of 94.1%. The psychological evaluation revealed higher motivation for work, lower burnout scores and participants gave subjective responses of better general wellbeing. Some of the participants lost up to four kg of body mass. Physical readiness has also improved. Conclusions Results of mHealth projects on corporate could include primary health care institutions and health ministry to extend the existing system to patients’ pockets where they can monitor their disease and increase the ability of self-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Jukic
- Department of Internal medicine, Family medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stubljar
- Department of Research & Development, In-Medico, Mestni trg 11, 8330, Metlika, Slovenia.
| | - Andrej Starc
- Chair of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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van der Ploeg MM, Brosschot JF, Quirin M, Lane RD, Verkuil B. Inducing Unconscious Stress. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Stress-related stimuli may be presented outside of awareness and may ultimately influence health by causing repetitive increases in physiological parameters, such as blood pressure (BP). In this study, we aimed to corroborate previous studies that demonstrated BP effects of subliminally presented stress-related stimuli. This would add evidence to the hypothesis that unconscious manifestations of stress can affect somatic health. Additionally, we suggest that these findings may be extended by measuring affective changes relating to these physiological changes, using measures for self-reported and implicit positive and negative affectivity. Using a repeated measures between-subject design, we presented either the prime word “angry” ( n = 26) or “relax” ( n = 28) subliminally (17 ms) for 100 trials to a student sample and measured systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate (HR), and affect. The “angry” prime, compared to the “relax” prime, did not affect any of the outcome variables. During the priming task, a higher level of implicit negative affect (INA) was associated with a lower systolic BP and diastolic BP. No association was found with HR. Self-reported affect and implicit positive affect were not related to the cardiovascular (CV) activity. In sum, anger and relax primes elicited similar CV activity patterns, but implicit measures of affect may provide a new method to examine the relationship between (unconscious) stress and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. van der Ploeg
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Quirin
- Chair of Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Private University of Applied Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard D. Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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11
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Qin Y, Lü W, Hughes BM, Kaczmarek LD. Trait and state approach-motivated positive affects interactively influence stress cardiovascular recovery. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 146:261-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Birk JL, Cornelius T, Edmondson D, Schwartz JE. Duration of Perseverative Thinking as Related to Perceived Stress and Blood Pressure: An Ambulatory Monitoring Study. Psychosom Med 2019; 81:603-611. [PMID: 31274822 PMCID: PMC6713609 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychological distress may be intensified and prolonged by perseverative thinking (e.g., rumination, worry). The tendency to engage frequently in perseverative thinking has been linked to increased blood pressure (BP). Research is needed to investigate the physiological consequences of time spent perseverating by testing the momentary association between the duration of perseverative thinking and BP. The present study examines the extent to which the duration of perseverative thinking is associated with momentary perceived stress and ambulatory BP elevations during daily life. METHODS Participants (N = 373) drawn from a larger project on BP and cardiovascular health completed 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring accompanied by ecological momentary assessments of their perseverative thoughts and feelings. Multilevel models tested associations among perseveration duration, momentary perceived stress, and systolic and diastolic BP, adjusting for person-level and momentary covariates. RESULTS Higher within-subject perseveration duration was associated with higher stress (B = 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24-0.33; p < .001). Although higher perseveration duration was not associated with substantially higher systolic (B = 0.16 mm Hg; 95% CI = 0.00-0.33 mm Hg; p = .056) or diastolic (B = 0.07 mm Hg; 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.19 mm Hg; p = .25) BP, the associations between higher perseveration duration and higher systolic (p = .032) and diastolic (p = .036) BP were significantly mediated by a higher intensity of momentary perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the clinically important notion that physiological consequences of perceived stress can be maintained and even heightened by maladaptively prolonged mental activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Birk
- From the Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center (Birk, Cornelius, Edmondson, Schwartz), New York, New York
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13
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MacNeil S, Deschênes SS, Caldwell W, Brouillard M, Dang-Vu TT, Gouin JP. High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability Reactivity and Trait Worry Interact to Predict the Development of Sleep Disturbances in Response to a Naturalistic Stressor. Ann Behav Med 2018; 51:912-924. [PMID: 28527014 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) reactivity was proposed as a vulnerability factor for stress-induced sleep disturbances. Its effect may be amplified among individuals with high trait worry or sleep reactivity. PURPOSE This study evaluated whether HF-HRV reactivity to a worry induction, sleep reactivity, and trait worry predict increases in sleep disturbances in response to academic stress, a naturalistic stressor. METHOD A longitudinal study following 102 undergraduate students during an academic semester with well-defined periods of lower and higher academic stress was conducted. HF-HRV reactivity to a worry induction, trait worry using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, and sleep reactivity using the Ford Insomnia Stress Reactivity Test were measured during the low stress period. Sleep disturbances using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were assessed twice during the lower stress period and three times during the higher stress period. RESULTS Greater reductions in HF-HRV in response to the worry induction predicted increases in sleep disturbances from the lower to the higher academic stress period. Trait worry moderated this association: individuals with both higher trait worry and greater HF-HRV reactivity to worry had larger increases in stress-related sleep disturbances over time, compared to participants with lower trait worry and HF-HRV reactivity. A similar, but marginally significant effect was found for sleep reactivity. CONCLUSION This study supports the role of HF-HRV reactivity as a vulnerability factor for stress-induced sleep disturbances. The combination of high trait worry and high HF-HRV reactivity to worry might identify a subgroup of individuals most vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha MacNeil
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sonya S Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Warren Caldwell
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Thien-Thanh Dang-Vu
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal and Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Gouin
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. .,PERFORM Center, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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14
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Versluis A, Verkuil B, Brosschot JF. Converging evidence that subliminal evaluative conditioning does not affect self-esteem or cardiovascular activity. Stress Health 2018; 34:235-246. [PMID: 28795525 PMCID: PMC5901042 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Self-esteem moderates the relationship between stress and (cardiovascular) health, with low self-esteem potentially exacerbating the impact of stressors. Boosting self-esteem may therefore help to buffer against stress. Subliminal evaluative conditioning (SEC), which subliminally couples self-words with positive words, has previously been successfully used to boost self-esteem, but the existing studies are in need of replication. In this article, we aimed to replicate and extend previous SEC studies. The first 2 experiments simultaneously examined whether SEC increased self-esteem (Experiment 1, n = 84) and reduced cardiovascular reactivity to a stressor in high worriers (Experiment 2, n = 77). On the basis of these results, the 3rd experiment was set up to examine whether an adjusted personalized SEC task increased self-esteem and reduced cardiac activity in high worriers (n = 81). Across the 3 experiments, no effects were found of SEC on implicit or explicit self-esteem or affect or on cardiovascular (re)activity compared to a control condition in which the self was coupled with neutral words. The results do not support the use of the subliminal intervention in its current format. As stress is highly prevalent, future studies should focus on developing other cost-effective and evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Versluis
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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Brosschot JF, Verkuil B, Thayer JF. Generalized Unsafety Theory of Stress: Unsafe Environments and Conditions, and the Default Stress Response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E464. [PMID: 29518937 PMCID: PMC5877009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged physiological stress responses form an important risk factor for disease. According to neurobiological and evolution-theoretical insights the stress response is a default response that is always "on" but inhibited by the prefrontal cortex when safety is perceived. Based on these insights the Generalized Unsafety Theory of Stress (GUTS) states that prolonged stress responses are due to generalized and largely unconsciously perceived unsafety rather than stressors. This novel perspective necessitates a reconstruction of current stress theory, which we address in this paper. We discuss a variety of very common situations without stressors but with prolonged stress responses, that are not, or not likely to be caused by stressors, including loneliness, low social status, adult life after prenatal or early life adversity, lack of a natural environment, and less fit bodily states such as obesity or fatigue. We argue that in these situations the default stress response may be chronically disinhibited due to unconsciously perceived generalized unsafety. Also, in chronic stress situations such as work stress, the prolonged stress response may be mainly caused by perceived unsafety in stressor-free contexts. Thus, GUTS identifies and explains far more stress-related physiological activity that is responsible for disease and mortality than current stress theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos F Brosschot
- Institute of Psychology, Unit Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Institute of Psychology, Unit Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Tollenaar MS, Lane RD, Thayer JF. Prolonged Non-metabolic Heart Rate Variability Reduction as a Physiological Marker of Psychological Stress in Daily Life. Ann Behav Med 2017; 50:704-714. [PMID: 27150960 PMCID: PMC5054058 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged cardiac activity that exceeds metabolic needs can be detrimental for somatic health. Psychological stress could result in such “additional cardiac activity.” Purpose In this study, we examined whether prolonged additional reductions in heart rate variability (AddHRVr) can be measured in daily life with an algorithm that filters out changes in HRV that are purely due to metabolic demand, as indexed by movement, using a brief calibration procedure. We tested whether these AddHRVr periods were related to worry, stress, and negative emotions. Methods Movement and the root of the mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in heart rate were measured during a calibration phase and the subsequent 24 h in 32 participants. Worry, stress, explicit and implicit emotions were assessed hourly using smartphones. The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale and resting HRV were used to account for individual differences. During calibration, person-specific relations between movement and RMSSD were determined. The 24-h data were used to detect prolonged periods (i.e., 7.5 min) of AddHRVr. Results AddHRVr periods were associated with worrying, with decreased explicit positive affect, and with increased tension, but not with the frequency of stressful events or implicit emotions. Only in people high in emotional awareness and high in resting HRV did changes in AddHRVr covary with changes in explicit emotions. Conclusions The algorithm can be used to capture prolonged reductions in HRV that are not due to metabolic needs. This enables the real-time assessment of episodes of potentially detrimental cardiac activity and its psychological determinants in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verkuil
- Clinical Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos F Brosschot
- Clinical Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Clinical Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Crosswell AD, Moreno PI, Raposa E, Motivala SJ, Stanton AL, Ganz PA, Bower JE. Effects of mindfulness training on emotional and physiologic recovery from induced negative affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:78-86. [PMID: 28923751 PMCID: PMC5854159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mindfulness training has been shown to improve psychological well-being and physical health. One proposed pathway for the positive effects of mindfulness training is through the development of new emotion regulation strategies, such as the ability to experience emotions by observing and accepting them without judgment. Theoretically, this should facilitate recovery from negative emotional states; however, this has rarely been examined empirically. The goal of the current study was to determine whether mindfulness training is associated with more efficient emotional and cardiovascular recovery from induced negative affect. METHODS The current study tested emotional and cardiovascular recovery from induced negative affect during a personal recall task in women randomly assigned to 6-weeks of mindfulness training (n=39) compared to women assigned to a wait-list control condition (n=32). During baseline, task, and post-task rest, blood pressure and heart rate were monitored at fixed intervals and heart rate variability (HRV) and pre-ejection period (PEP) were monitored continuously. This study was embedded within a randomized trial that evaluated the effects of mindfulness training in a sample of younger breast cancer survivors, a group in need of access to effective psychosocial intervention as they can experience high stress, anxiety, and physical symptoms for many years in to survivorship. RESULTS In response to the personal recall task, women in both the intervention and control groups showed significant increases in sadness, anxiety, and anger, with the intervention group reaching higher levels of sadness and anger than controls. Further, the intervention group showed a significantly steeper decline in sadness and anger, as well as steeper initial decline in diastolic blood pressure compared to women in the wait list control condition. Groups did not differ in their self-reported feelings of anxiety, or in blood pressure, heart rate, or pre-ejection period (PEP) responses to the task. The control group demonstrated an increase in heart rate variability (HRV) during the task (indexed by the root mean square of successive differences in heart rate; RMSSD) while the intervention group remained flat throughout the task. CONCLUSION Compared to the control group, women in the intervention group experienced greater negative emotions when recalling a difficult experience related to their breast cancer, and demonstrated an efficient emotional and blood pressure recovery from the experience. This suggests that mindfulness training may lead to an enhanced emotional experience coupled with the ability to recovery quickly from negative emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Crosswell
- UCLA Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Corresponding author: Tel: +1 415 476 7421.
| | - Patricia I. Moreno
- UCLA Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth Raposa
- UCLA Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarosh J. Motivala
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Annette L. Stanton
- UCLA Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, 300 Medical Plaza, Suite 3148, Los Angeles, CA, 90095,UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patricia A. Ganz
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julienne E. Bower
- UCLA Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, 300 Medical Plaza, Suite 3148, Los Angeles, CA, 90095,UCLA Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Vahle-Hinz T, Mauno S, de Bloom J, Kinnunen U. Rumination for innovation? Analysing the longitudinal effects of work-related rumination on creativity at work and off-job recovery. WORK AND STRESS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2017.1303761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vahle-Hinz
- Occupational Health Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saija Mauno
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jessica de Bloom
- Institute for Advanced Social Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Kinnunen
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities (Psychology), University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Walker FR, Pfingst K, Carnevali L, Sgoifo A, Nalivaiko E. In the search for integrative biomarker of resilience to psychological stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:310-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Stress, whether daily stress, work stress or traumatic stress, is unhealthy. This lecture covers three recent theoretical approaches in explaining the mechanisms underlying the influence of psychological stress on somatic health. It is argued that stress research should focus less on stressors themselves and put more emphasis on prolonged stress responses. Three mechanisms are identified that cause this unhealthy prolonged stress response: first, the partly-proven mechanism of perseverative cognition; second, the mechanism of unconscious stress, which is currently being explored; and third, the notion of the stress response being a default response that is inhibited only when safety is perceived. All three mechanisms are deeply rooted in millions of years of our evolution. Although the dangers of the past have virtually disappeared, many of us remain ever at the ready for events that never happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos F Brosschot
- Institute of Psychology, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Leiden University, RB Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Physiological Load and Psychological Stress During a 24-hour Work Shift Among Finnish Firefighters. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:41-46. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Physiological responses to repeated stress in individuals with high and low trait resilience. Biol Psychol 2016; 120:46-52. [PMID: 27543044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined individual differences in trait resilience in physiological recovery from, and physiological habituation to, repeated stress (i.e. public speaking). Eighty-two college students were categorized as either high (n=40) or low (n=42) on trait resilience, based on the scores of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Subjective and physiological data were collected from participants across seven laboratory stages: baseline, stress anticipation 1, stress 1, post-stress 1, stress anticipation 2, stress 2, and post-stress 2. Results indicated that high-trait-resilient participants exhibited more complete heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) recovery from the first and second stress anticipation exposures as compared to low-trait-resilient participants. High-trait-resilient participants demonstrated higher resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) coupled with more complete RSA recovery from the first and second stress anticipation exposures as compared to their low-trait-resilient counterparts. Moreover, high-trait-resilient participants exhibited pronounced SBP and DBP habituation across two successive stress anticipation exposures, with greater decreases in SBP and DBP reactivity to recurrent stress anticipation as compared to the low-trait-resilient participants. These findings suggest an adaptive physiological response pattern to recurrent stress in high-trait-resilient individuals.
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23
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The association between openness and physiological responses to recurrent social stress. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 106:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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van der Ploeg MM, Brosschot JF, Thayer JF, Verkuil B. The Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test: Validity and Relationship with Cardiovascular Stress-Responses. Front Psychol 2016; 7:425. [PMID: 27065908 PMCID: PMC4811875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-report, i.e., explicit, measures of affect cannot fully explain the cardiovascular (CV) responses to stressors. Measuring affect beyond self-report, i.e., using implicit measures, could add to our understanding of stress-related CV activity. The Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT) was administered in two studies to test its ecological validity and relation with CV responses and self-report measures of affect. In Study 1 students (N = 34) viewed four film clips inducing anger, happiness, fear, or no emotion, and completed the IPANAT and the Positive And Negative Affect Scale at baseline and after each clip. Implicit negative affect (INA) was higher and implicit positive affect (IPA) was lower after the anger inducing clip and vice versa after the happiness inducing clip. In Study 2 students performed a stressful math task with (n = 14) or without anger harassment (n = 15) and completed the IPANAT and a Visual Analog Scale as an explicit measure afterwards. Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were recorded throughout. SBP and DBP were higher and TPR was lower in the harassment condition during the task with a prolonged effect on SBP and DBP during recovery. As expected, explicit negative affect (ENA) was higher and explicit positive affect (EPA) lower after harassment, but ENA and EPA were not related to CV activity. Although neither INA nor IPA differed between the tasks, during both tasks higher INA was related to higher SBP, lower HRV and lower TPR and to slower recovery of DBP after both tasks. Low IPA was related to slower recovery of SBP and DBP after the tasks. Implicit affect was not related to recovery of HR, HRV, and TPR. In conclusion, the IPANAT seems to respond to film clip-induced negative and positive affect and was related to CV activity during and after stressful tasks. These findings support the theory that implicitly measured affect can add to the explanation of prolonged stress-related CV responses that influence CV health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M van der Ploeg
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brosschot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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de la Torre-Luque A, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Bastard T, Vico FJ, Buela-Casal G. Acute stress recovery through listening to Melomics relaxing music: A randomized controlled trial. NORDIC JOURNAL OF MUSIC THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08098131.2015.1131186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Bastard
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Gualberto Buela-Casal
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Johnson JA, Key BL, Routledge FS, Gerin W, Campbell TS. High trait rumination is associated with blunted nighttime diastolic blood pressure dipping. Ann Behav Med 2015; 48:384-91. [PMID: 24706074 PMCID: PMC4223575 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-014-9617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blunted blood pressure (BP) dipping during nighttime sleep has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Psychological traits have been associated with prolonged cardiovascular activation and a lack of cardiovascular recovery. This activation may extend into nighttime sleep and reduce BP dipping. Purpose This study aims to evaluate the association between trait rumination and nighttime BP dipping. Methods Sixty women scoring either high or low on trait rumination underwent one 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring session. Self-reported wake and sleep times were used to calculate nighttime BP. Results High trait rumination was associated with less diastolic blood pressure (DBP) dipping relative to low trait rumination. Awake ambulatory BP, asleep systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP, and asleep SBP dipping were not associated with trait rumination. Conclusions In a sample of young women, high trait rumination was associated with less DBP dipping, suggesting that it may be associated with prolonged cardiovascular activation that extends into nighttime sleep, blunting BP dipping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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27
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Verduyn P, Delaveau P, Rotgé JY, Fossati P, Van Mechelen I. Determinants of Emotion Duration and Underlying Psychological and Neural Mechanisms. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915590618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotions are traditionally considered to be brief states that last for seconds or a few minutes at most. However, due to pioneering theoretical work of Frijda and recent empirical studies, it has become clear that the duration of emotions is actually highly variable with durations ranging from a few seconds to several hours, or even longer. We review research on determinants of emotion duration. Three classes of determinants are identified: features related to the (a) emotion-eliciting event (event duration and event appraisal), (b) emotion itself (nature of the emotion component, nature of the emotion, and emotion intensity), and (c) emotion-experiencing person (dispositions and emotion regulatory actions). Initial evidence on the psychological and neural mechanisms that underlie their effects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Verduyn
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline Delaveau
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, ICM, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Rotgé
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, France
| | - Iven Van Mechelen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Brosschot JF, Geurts SAE, Kruizinga I, Radstaak M, Verkuil B, Quirin M, Kompier MAJ. Does unconscious stress play a role in prolonged cardiovascular stress recovery? Stress Health 2014; 30:179-87. [PMID: 25100269 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
According to recent insights, humans might not be aware of a substantial part of their cognitive stress representations while these still have prolonged physiological effects. 'Unconscious stress' can be measured by implicit affect (IA) tests. It was shown that IA predicts physiological stress responses, in fact better than explicit ('conscious') affect. It is not known yet whether IA is associated with concurrent prolonged stress responses. In two studies (n = 62 and 123), anger harassment was used to induce stress. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously. During BP and HR recovery, IA was measured by an 'anger' version of the implicit association test (IAT) or the implicit positive and negative affect test (IPANAT). Blood pressure and HR increased during anger harassment and recovery afterwards. When using the IPANAT BP recovery levels were lower when positive IA was high and higher when negative IA was high, independent of explicit affect and rumination. These results were not found using the IAT. These results provide preliminary evidence that physiological stress recovery is associated with IA. This is in line with the theory that unconscious stress is responsible for a-possibly considerable-part of unhealthy prolonged stress-related physiological activity.
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Rosen CC, Hochwarter WA. Looking back and falling further behind: The moderating role of rumination on the relationship between organizational politics and employee attitudes, well-being, and performance. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Crum-Cianflone NF, Bagnell ME, Schaller E, Boyko EJ, Smith B, Maynard C, Ulmer CS, Vernalis M, Smith TC. Impact of Combat Deployment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Newly Reported Coronary Heart Disease Among US Active Duty and Reserve Forces. Circulation 2014; 129:1813-20. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.005407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background—
The recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have exposed thousands of service members to intense stress, and as a result, many have developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The role of military deployment experiences and PTSD in coronary heart disease (CHD) is not well defined, especially in young US service members with recent combat exposure.
Methods and Results—
We conducted a prospective cohort study to investigate the relationships between wartime experiences, PTSD, and CHD. Current and former US military personnel from all service branches participating in the Millennium Cohort Study during 2001 to 2008 (n=60 025) were evaluated for newly self-reported CHD. Electronic medical record review for
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
codes for CHD was conducted among a subpopulation of active duty members (n=23 794). Logistic regression models examined the associations between combat experiences and PTSD with CHD with adjustment for established CHD risk factors. A total of 627 participants (1.0%) newly reported CHD over an average of 5.6 years of follow-up. Deployers with combat experiences had an increased odds of newly reporting CHD (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.40) and having a diagnosis code for new-onset CHD (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–2.84) compared with noncombat deployers. Screening positive for PTSD symptoms was associated with self-reported CHD before but not after adjustment for depression and anxiety and was not associated with a new diagnosis code for CHD.
Conclusions—
Combat deployments are associated with new-onset CHD among young US service members and veterans. Experiences of intense stress may increase the risk for CHD over a relatively short period among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F. Crum-Cianflone
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Melissa E. Bagnell
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Emma Schaller
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Edward J. Boyko
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Besa Smith
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Charles Maynard
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Christi S. Ulmer
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Marina Vernalis
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
| | - Tyler C. Smith
- From the Deployment Health Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA (N.F.C.-C., M.E.B., E.S., B.S., T.C.S.); Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (E.J.B., C.M.); Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (C.S.U.); and Cardiology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington DC (M.V.)
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Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Thayer JF. Cardiac reactivity to and recovery from acute stress: Temporal associations with implicit anxiety. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 92:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Metacognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis: A Systematic Case Series. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-014-9615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brewer LC, Carson KA, Williams DR, Allen A, Jones CP, Cooper LA. Association of race consciousness with the patient-physician relationship, medication adherence, and blood pressure in urban primary care patients. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1346-52. [PMID: 23864583 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race consciousness (the frequency with which one thinks about his or her own race) is a measure that may be useful in assessing whether racial discrimination negatively impacts blood pressure (BP). However, the relation between race consciousness and BP has yet to be empirically tested, especially within the context of the patient-physician relationship and medication adherence. METHODS Race-stratified generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship of race consciousness on BP, measures of the patient-physician relationship, and self-reported medication adherence, controlling for patients being nested within physicians and for patient age and sex. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 61.3 years, 62% were black, and 65% were women. Black patients were more likely to ever think about race than were white patients (49% vs. 21%; P < 0.001). Race-conscious blacks had significantly higher diastolic BP (79.4 vs. 74.5 mm Hg; P = 0.004) and somewhat higher systolic BP (138.8 vs. 134.7 mm Hg; P = 0.13) than blacks who were not race conscious. Race-conscious whites were more likely to perceive respect from their physician (57.1% vs. 25.8%; P = 0.01) but had lower medication adherence (62.4% vs. 82.9%; P = 0.05) than whites who were not race-conscious. CONCLUSIONS Among blacks, race consciousness was associated with higher diastolic BP. In contrast, among whites, there was no association between race consciousness and BP, but race consciousness was associated with poor ratings of adherence, despite more favorable ratings of the patient-physician relationship. Future work should explore disparities in race consciousness and its impact on health and health-care disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaPrincess C Brewer
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kathryn A Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Allyssa Allen
- Department of Community & Applied Social Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Camara P Jones
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lisa A Cooper
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
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The effects of poor sleep on cognitive, affective, and physiological responses to a laboratory stressor. Ann Behav Med 2013; 46:40-51. [PMID: 23504562 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-013-9482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research suggests that poor sleep may be associated with altered stress regulation. PURPOSE This study aims to examine the associations between prior-night and prior-month sleep measures and affective, cognitive, and physiological responses to a laboratory stressor. METHODS Ninety-eight (50 % female) young adults completed measures of sleep quality in the context of a laboratory stress study. Measures included positive (PA) and negative affects (NA) and blood pressure (BP) reactivity, as well as change in pre-sleep arousal. RESULTS Prior-month poor sleep quality and sleep disturbances predicted dampened BP reactivity. Both prior-night and prior-month sleep quality predicted greater decrease in PA. Sleep-associated monitoring predicted NA reactivity and prolonged cognitive and affective activation. Prior-month sleep continuity predicted greater cognitive pre-sleep arousal change, and prior-month sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, and disturbances predicted prolonged cognitive and affective activation. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that inadequate sleep confers vulnerability to poor cognitive, affective, and physiological responses to stress.
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Disruption of social bonds induces behavioral and physiological dysregulation in male and female prairie voles. Auton Neurosci 2013; 180:9-16. [PMID: 24161576 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The social disruption of losing a partner may have particularly strong adverse effects on psychological and physiological functioning. More specifically, social stressors may play a mediating role in the association between mood disorders and cardiovascular dysfunction. This study investigated the hypothesis that the disruption of established social bonds between male and female prairie voles would produce depressive behaviors and cardiac dysregulation, coupled with endocrine and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. In Experiment 1, behaviors related to depression, cardiac function, and autonomic nervous system regulation were monitored in male prairie voles during social bonding with a female partner, social isolation from the bonded partner, and a behavioral stressor. Social isolation produced depressive behaviors, increased heart rate, heart rhythm dysregulation, and autonomic imbalance characterized by increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic drive to the heart. In Experiment 2, behaviors related to depression and endocrine function were measured following social bonding and social isolation in both male and female prairie voles. Social isolation produced similar levels of depressive behaviors in both sexes, as well as significant elevations of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone. These alterations in behavioral and physiological functioning provide insight into the mechanisms by which social stressors negatively influence emotional and cardiovascular health in humans.
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Lackner JM, Ma CX, Keefer LA, Brenner DM, Gudleski GD, Satchidanand N, Firth R, Sitrin MD, Katz L, Krasner SS, Ballou SK, Naliboff BD, Mayer EA. Type, rather than number, of mental and physical comorbidities increases the severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:1147-57. [PMID: 23524278 PMCID: PMC3779619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has significant mental and physical comorbidities. However, little is known about the day-to-day burden these comorbidities place on quality of life (QOL), physical and mental function, distress, and symptoms of patients. METHODS We collected cross-sectional data from 175 patients with IBS, which was diagnosed on the basis of Rome III criteria (median age, 41 years; 78% women), who were referred to 2 specialty care clinics. Patients completed psychiatric interviews, a physical comorbidity checklist, the IBS Symptom Severity Scale, the IBS-QOL instrument, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the abdominal pain intensity scale, and the Short Form-12 Health Survey. RESULTS Patients with IBS reported an average of 5 comorbidities (1 mental, 4 physical). Subjects with more comorbidities reported worse QOL after adjusting for confounding variables. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that comorbidity type was more consistently and strongly associated with illness burden indicators than disease counts. Of 10,296 possible physical-mental comorbidity pairs, 6 of the 10 most frequent dyads involved specific conditions (generalized anxiety, depression, back pain, agoraphobia, tension headache, and insomnia). These combinations were consistently associated with greater illness and symptom burdens (QOL, mental and physical function, distress, more severe symptoms of IBS, and pain). CONCLUSIONS Comorbidities are common among patients with IBS. They are associated with distress and reduced QOL. Specific comorbidities are associated with more severe symptoms of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Lackner
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Chang-Xing Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions University at Buffalo
| | - Laurie A. Keefer
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Darren M. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory D. Gudleski
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nikhil Satchidanand
- Department of Family Medicine, University at Buffalo School Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca Firth
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael D. Sitrin
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Leonard Katz
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Susan S. Krasner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo School of Medicine, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Sarah K Ballou
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce D. Naliboff
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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The impact of unemployment on heart rate variability: the evidence from the Czech Republic. Biol Psychol 2012; 91:238-44. [PMID: 22789730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between unemployment and heart rate variability (HRV) in a region of high unemployment in the Czech Republic. The study involved 21 involuntarily unemployed and 21 employed men and women aged 30-49 years, matched on number of potentially confounding factors, including age, gender, type of job, health related behavior and body mass index. HRV was assessed in response to a modified orthostatic test. Compared with the employed group, unemployed participants had decreased high frequency HRV (p=0.018), lower root mean square of successive differences (p=0.050), and lower total spectral variability (p=0.022). These findings suggest that unemployment is a potential chronic stressor that may lead to suppression of vagal activity. This may be one mechanism linking unemployment with cardiovascular disease risk.
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Willmann M, Langlet C, Hainaut JP, Bolmont B. The time course of autonomic parameters and muscle tension during recovery following a moderate cognitive stressor: Dependency on trait anxiety level. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 84:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Verkuil B, Brosschot JF, Meerman EE, Thayer JF. Effects of momentary assessed stressful events and worry episodes on somatic health complaints. Psychol Health 2012; 27:141-58. [DOI: 10.1080/08870441003653470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Papousek I, Paechter M, Lackner HK. Delayed psychophysiological recovery after self-concept-inconsistent negative performance feedback. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 82:275-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Radstaak M, Geurts SA, Brosschot JF, Cillessen AH, Kompier MA. The role of affect and rumination in cardiovascular recovery from stress. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Allen MT, Bocek CM, Burch AE. Gender differences and the relationships of perceived background stress and psychological distress with cardiovascular responses to laboratory stressors. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cardiovascular and psychological reactivity and recovery from harassment in a biracial sample of high and low hostile men and women. Int J Behav Med 2011; 18:52-64. [PMID: 20635176 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-010-9110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study emphasizes the importance of studying the emotional, motivational, and cognitive characteristics accompanying and the potential hemodynamic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular reactivity to and recovery from interpersonal conflict. PURPOSE The relation of dispositional hostility to cardiovascular reactivity during a frustrating anagram task and post-task recovery was investigated. METHODS The sample was composed of 99 healthy participants (age, 18-30 years; 53% women; 51% Caucasian; 49% African American)-half randomly assigned to a harassment condition. High and low hostility groups were created by a median split specific to sex and race subgroup score distributions on the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. It was hypothesized that hostility would interact with harassment such that harassed, high hostile individuals would display the greatest cardiovascular and emotional reactivity and slowest recovery of the four groups. Participants completed a 10-min baseline, a 6-min anagram task, and a 5-min recovery period with blood pressure, heart rate, pre-ejection period, stroke index, cardiac index, and total peripheral resistance index measured. RESULTS Harassed participants displayed significantly greater cardiovascular responses and lower positive affect to the task and slower systolic blood pressure (SBP) recovery than did nonharassed participants. The high hostile group, irrespective of harassment, showed blunted cardiovascular responses during the task and delayed SBP recovery than the low hostile group. CONCLUSION Although the predicted interaction between hostility and harassment was not supported in the context of cardiovascular responses, such an interaction was observed in the context of blame attributions, whereby harassed hostile participants were found to blame others for their task performance than the other subgroups.
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Newman MG, Llera SJ. A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31:371-82. [PMID: 21334285 PMCID: PMC3073849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An important emphasis of the literature on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been to achieve a greater understanding of the function of emotion (e.g., avoidance, dysregulation) in the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. The purpose of the following paper is to propose a new way of conceptualizing emotional sequelae in GAD by detailing the Contrast Avoidance Model of Worry. In presenting this model, we review theory and data that led to our current position, which is that individuals with GAD are more sensitive to feeling emotionally vulnerable to unexpected negative events, and that worry (the key pathological feature of GAD) is employed to prolong and maintain a negative emotional state thereby avoiding an unexpected negative emotional shift, or contrast experience. We also discuss implications for treatment given the presence of a new target for emotional exposure techniques. Finally, we establish the Contrast Avoidance Model within the framework of extant theories and models of pathogenic processes of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Newman
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-3103, USA.
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Hynynen E, Konttinen N, Kinnunen U, Kyröläinen H, Rusko H. The incidence of stress symptoms and heart rate variability during sleep and orthostatic test. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:733-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brosschot JF, Verkuil B, Thayer JF. Conscious and unconscious perseverative cognition: is a large part of prolonged physiological activity due to unconscious stress? J Psychosom Res 2010; 69:407-16. [PMID: 20846542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged physiological activity is believed to be a key factor mediating between stress and later disease outcomes. Few studies, however, have investigated the crucial psychological factors that cause prolonged activity. This article proposes that conscious as well as unconscious perseverative cognition are the critical factors. Perseverative cognition indicates repetitive or sustained activation of cognitive representations of past stressful events or feared events in the future. In daily life, most prolonged physiological activity is not due to stressful events but to perseverative cognition about them. We and others have already found evidence that conscious perseverative cognition, i.e., worry, has physiological effects, in both laboratory and real life settings, and that perseverative cognition mediates prolonged responses to stressful events. Yet, there are convincing reasons to expect that unconscious perseverative cognition has an even larger role in stress-related prolonged activity. Firstly, since the greater part of cognitive processing operates without awareness, a considerable part of perseverative cognition is likely to be unconscious too. People may not be aware of most of their stress-related cognitive processes. Secondly, our recent studies have shown that increased activity of the autonomic nervous system continues after conscious perseverative cognition has stopped: It goes on for several hours and even during sleep. This and several other findings suggest that a considerable part of increased physiological activity may be due to unconscious perseverative cognition. The article closes with suggesting methods to test unconscious perseverative cognition and ways to change it, and concludes with stating that the notion of unconscious perseverative cognition potentially opens an entirely new area within stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos F Brosschot
- Leiden University Institute for Psychological Research, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesize that increased heart rate (HR) and decreased heart rate variability (HRV) are not only due to concurrent stressful events and worries but also to stressors and worries occurring in the preceding hours or stressors anticipated to occur in the next hour. Worry was expected to mediate at least part of the prolonged effects of stressors. METHODS Ambulatory HR and HRV of 73 teachers were recorded for 4 days, during which the participants reported occurrence and duration of worry episodes and stressful events on an hourly basis, using computerized diaries. Multilevel regression models were used, accounting for effects of several biobehavioral variables. RESULTS Stressful events were not associated with changes in HR or HRV. However, worry episodes had effects on concurrent HR and HRV (2.55 beats/minute; -5.76 milliseconds) and HR and HRV in the succeeding hour (3.05 beats/minute; -5.80 milliseconds) and 2 hours later (1.52 beats/minute; -3.14 milliseconds). These findings were independent of emotions, physical activity, posture, and other biobehavioral factors. CONCLUSION Worry has effects on cardiac activity, and these effects were still visible after 2 hours. The latter finding suggests that a considerable part of prolonged activation may be induced by unconscious stress-related cognition.
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Mezick EJ, Matthews KA, Hall M, Kamarck TW, Strollo PJ, Buysse DJ, Owens JF, Reis SE. Low life purpose and high hostility are related to an attenuated decline in nocturnal blood pressure. Health Psychol 2010; 29:196-204. [PMID: 20230093 DOI: 10.1037/a0017790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An attenuation of the nighttime decline in blood pressure (BP) predicts cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular-related mortality, beyond daytime BP levels. We investigated whether positive and negative psychological attributes were associated with sleep-wake BP ratios and examined sleep parameters as potential mediators of these relationships. DESIGN Two hundred twenty-four participants (50% men; 43% Black; mean age = 60 years) underwent ambulatory BP monitoring for 2 days and nights. Self-reports of positive and negative psychological attributes were collected. In-home polysomnography was conducted for 2 nights, and a wrist actigraph was worn for 9 nights. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sleep-wake mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratios. RESULTS After adjustment for demographics, body mass index, and hypertensive status, low life purpose and high hostility were associated with high sleep-wake MAP ratios. Depression, anxiety, and optimism were not related to MAP ratios. Sleep latency, fragmentation, architecture, and the apnea-hypopnea index were examined as potential mediators between psychological attributes and MAP ratios; only long sleep latency mediated the relationship between hostility and MAP ratios. CONCLUSION Low life purpose and high hostility are associated with high sleep-wake BP ratios in Black and White adults, and these relationships are largely independent of sleep.
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Gevers J, Van Erven P, De Jonge J, Maas M, De Jong J. Effect of acute and chronic job demands on effective individual teamwork behaviour in medical emergencies. J Adv Nurs 2010; 66:1573-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ehrenthal JC, Herrmann-Lingen C, Fey M, Schauenburg H. Altered cardiovascular adaptability in depressed patients without heart disease. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:586-93. [PMID: 20218928 DOI: 10.3109/15622970903397714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite its clinical importance and relevance for health care policy, the pathways between depression and stress regulation remain poorly understood. The objective of our study was to compare cardiovascular and autonomic responses to brief psychosocial stress in a group of severely depressed subjects without heart disease and a non-depressed control-group. METHODS We recorded cardiovascular and autonomic reactions to two different stress tasks including anger recall and mental arithmetic in a sample of 25 severely depressed and 25 non-depressed subjects. Aggregated data were compared with repeated-measures MANOVA. We used contrasts to evaluate different response patterns concerning cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity vs. recovery. RESULTS Depressed subjects showed overall reduced high-frequency heart rate variability and an altered cardiovascular adaptability concerning heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and, on a trend level, peripheral resistance. With few exceptions, we found no differences between reactivity vs. recovery response patterns. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further evidence for altered cardiovascular reactivity and impaired cardiac autonomic functioning in depression. Further research is needed on psychophysiological response to either more disease-oriented or more personality-oriented stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Ehrenthal
- Clinic for Psychosomatic and General Clinical Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Thibautstrasse 2, Heidelberg, Germany.
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