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Belošević M, Ferić M. Contribution of Leisure Context, Motivation and Experience to the Frequency of Participation in Structured Leisure Activities among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:877. [PMID: 35055696 PMCID: PMC8775510 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leisure time is considered an important context for adolescent development. The purpose of this article is to investigate what contributes to the frequency of adolescents' participation in structured leisure activities (SLA). Participants were aged 14-21 years (M = 18.87, SD = 1.23) and 44.8% of participants were female. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results indicate that boys and adolescents who perceive the context of participation in SLA as safe, are externally or intrinsically motivated, and perceive that participation has contributed to their identity development and experiences of initiative, as well as their experiences of stress, are more likely to participate frequently in SLA. On the other hand, these findings indicate that girls and adolescents who are unmotivated to participate in SLA and who experience negative peer influences while participating in SLA are less likely to frequently participate in SLA. It can be concluded that it is important to think much more broadly than just the setting of the activities themselves when promoting young people's participation in SLA. Some of the features of SLA that promote positive youth development are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Belošević
- Laboratory for Prevention Research (PrevLab), Department of Behavioural Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Borongajska Cesta 83f, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Participation in Play and Leisure Activities of Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children in Taiwan: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115787. [PMID: 34072276 PMCID: PMC8198266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Participation in enjoyable activities is essential for the health and development of young children with and without disabilities. For preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is limited knowledge regarding their participation in play, learning, recreation, and social activities. This was a preliminary study that compares the participation between children 2–6 years of age with ASD (n = 25) and age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) (n = 25) children. The Chinese version of the Assessment of Preschool Children’s Participation (APCP-C) measures participation in play, skill development, active physical recreation, and social activities. Parents of the children in this study completed the APCP-C by structured interview. The results showed that children with ASD had lower participation diversity and intensity than TD children in play activities. A lower percentage of children participating in individual activity was found for children with ASD than TD children in most APCP-C activities. Professionals that serve young children with special needs are encouraged to partner with parents to provide playful and socially enhancing activities for preschool children with ASD.
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Hughes S, Rondeau M, Shannon S, Sharp J, Ivins G, Lee J, Taylor I, Bendixsen B. A Holistic Self-learning Approach for Young Adult Depression and Anxiety Compared to Medication-Based Treatment-As-Usual. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:392-402. [PMID: 32577998 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A package of biopsychosocial services for young adults experiencing psychological distress was evaluated and compared to usual outpatient psychiatric care. Young adults (18-25) with moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety (n = 26) were enrolled in a 13-week intervention consisting of nutritional coaching and multi-vitamin supplements, weekly educational and peer support groups, and a modest financial stipend to engage with physical or expressive activities. A comparison group (n = 13) continued with their usual medication-based outpatient care. Program participants reported significantly improved depression, anxiety, severity of distress, overall quality of life, and empowerment over 4 months, with progress maintained or further improved at 2-month follow-up. No evidence of change on any outcome was observed for comparison group participants. Although long-term impacts on mental health trajectories and reliance on psychotropic medications remain unknown, a holistic self-learning approach is a viable alternative to standard outpatient psychiatric care for young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hughes
- School of Social Work, Colorado State University, 1586 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA.
| | | | | | - Julia Sharp
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Grace Ivins
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - JeongJin Lee
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Ian Taylor
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Hughes S, Colbert R, Baugh A. Valuing whole complex lives: Young adults' experiences of recovery-related principles in mental healthcare in the United States. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:357-365. [PMID: 31578768 PMCID: PMC7027744 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One in five young adults (aged 18-25 years) in the United States experiences a past year mental disorder, commonly including depression or anxiety. Yet, 1.5 million each year do not receive needed mental health services and are unlikely, in general, to seek formal mental healthcare. We aimed to inform the development of a novel programme for young adult mental health by first eliciting their positive and negative prior experiences with mental health providers. Four focus groups with 19 young adults (aged 19-26 years) recruited from the community and with moderate to severe depression and/or anxiety were conducted in 2018 in a western US state. Participants' prior experiences with services/providers were elicited along six pre-defined recovery-related concepts: feeling listened to and validated, inclusivity, full information and consent, hope and optimism, connectedness, and change. Focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and uploaded into NVivo version 12 software. Two independent coders used deductive thematic analysis to identify patterned responses. Feeling listened to and validated appeared as a cornerstone of other recovery concepts. Participants discussed past negative experiences with psychiatrists and regret for being put on medications in their teenage years without information or options. Hope and optimism were low because of a general focus by professionals to address immediate symptom-based issues, rather than on improving their overall lives. Service providers' focus on medication-taking, and other one-size-fits-all tools, was interpreted as lacking a sincere desire to help. Young adults were particularly sensitive to inauthentic interactions and superficial strategies, which left them craving care that incorporated their whole lives, acknowledged biopsychosocial interconnections and prioritised improving their lives over 'feeling better' in a given moment. Mental health providers should consider developing programmes that shift focus away from an exclusively medical understanding of distress and towards holistic, educational or relational approaches that value body, mind, self-exploration and authentic connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hughes
- School of Social WorkColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
- Department of Community and Behavioral HealthColorado School of Public HealthFort CollinsColorado
| | | | - Ashley Baugh
- Children's Immunodeficiency ProgramChildren's HospitalAuroraColorado
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Xie H, Weybright EH, Caldwell LL, Wegner L, Smith EA. Parenting Practice, Leisure Experience, and Substance Use Among South African Adolescents. JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH 2019; 51:36-55. [PMID: 32981966 PMCID: PMC7518372 DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2019.1620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is limited understanding of parents' role in positive youth/adolescent development through leisure in developing countries. Using a sample of 6626 8th grade students in South Africa, this study examined the interrelationships among parenting practice, adolescents' leisure experience, and substance use. Results of structural equation modeling showed that parental leisure involvement was associated with less substance use, while parental leisure over-control was associated with greater substance use. The relationship of parental leisure involvement to substance use was mediated by healthy leisure engagement. The relationship of parental leisure over-control to substance use, on the other hand, was mediated by leisure boredom and healthy leisure engagement. The model path coefficients had little variation between genders and socioeconomic groups except that parental leisure over-control had a stronger positive relationship with leisure boredom for males than females. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Corresponding Author , Phone: (818) 677-5896; Fax: (818) 677-2695
| | | | - Linda L. Caldwell
- The Pennsylvania State University, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lisa Wegner
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Edward A. Smith
- The Pennsylvania State University, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
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Weybright EH, Palen LA, Caldwell LL, Wegner L, Jacobs JJ, Smith E. Profiles of Adolescent Leisure Motivation and Substance Use in the HealthWise South Africa Research Trial: A Person-Centered Approach. LEISURE SCIENCES 2018; 42:482-501. [PMID: 33487781 PMCID: PMC7821964 DOI: 10.1080/01490400.2018.1499055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engaging in intrinsically motivated behaviors, both within and outside of the leisure context, is associated with well-being. However, individuals can be driven by multiple types of motivation simultaneously, and the impact of constellations of leisure motivation is relatively unknown. The current study uses South African adolescents in the HealthWise South Africa efficacy trial (N=2,204; M age =14.0) to identify profiles of leisure motivation, examine the association between profiles and substance use, and evaluate the impact of HealthWise on changes in motivation profiles over time. Results indicate three distinct profiles: high consistent motivation, low consistent motivation, and high intrinsic motivation. Members of the high intrinsic profile had the lowest odds of substance use. Profiles were fairly stable across all time points except for females in a high-training intervention school. Results illustrate the importance of identifying and understanding typologies of leisure motivation and health across time, which can be used to promote positive development in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori-Ann Palen
- Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Linda L Caldwell
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lisa Wegner
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Joachim J Jacobs
- HIV & AIDS Programme, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Edward Smith
- Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
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Assessment of Free Time Motivation on a Sample of 11 to 18 Year-Old Catalan-Speaking Spanish Adolescents. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 21:E24. [PMID: 30056811 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2018.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Free time is considered to be a very important aspect of adolescents' psychosocial development. One of the instruments that has been developed to explore motivation in relation to free time activities is Baldwin and Caldwell's (2003) Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents (FTMS-A), based on Ryan and Deci (2000) Self-Determination Theory. The main aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of the FTM S-A after its translation and adaptation to Catalan, administering it to a sample of 2,263 adolescents aged between 11 and 18 (M = 14.99; SD = 1.79) from Catalonia, Spain. To explore structural validity we follow two steps: Firstly, we analyze how the scale fits with the original model by conducting a CFA on the whole sample; secondly, we conduct an EFA on one half of the sample and a CFA on the other half in order to identify which structure best suits the sample. We also analyze convergent validity using three indicators of subjective well-being: The Personal Well-Being Index (PWI), the Satisfaction with Life scale (SWLS) and the Overall Life Satisfaction scale (OLS). The initial CFA produces a 5-factor model like the original, but with goodness of fit indices that do not reach the acceptable minimum. The EFA and the second CFA show a good fit for a 3-dimensional model (χ2(90) = 320.293; RMSEA = .048; NNFI = .92; CFI = .94) comprising introjected motivation, intrinsic motivation and amotivation. The correlations obtained between the FTMS-A and the three measures of subjective well-being scales show an association between free time motivations and this construct. Due to the model of scale used in the present study differs from the original, it is proposed that the new scale structure with 16 items be tested in the future in different cultural contexts.
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Gilboa Y, Fuchs R. Participation Patterns of Preschool Children With Intellectual Developmental Disabilities. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2018; 38:261-268. [PMID: 29649939 DOI: 10.1177/1539449218766888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We aim to examine the pattern of participation of children with intellectual developmental disabilities (IDD) or global developmental delay (GDD) in comparison with typically developing preschoolers. In addition, to identify environmental and personal factors associated with their participation, 20 children with mild to moderate GDD or IDD, and 24 age- and gender-matched controls, aged 3 to 6 years, were assessed using the Assessment of Preschool Children's Participation and the Environmental Restriction Questionnaire. Significant differences were found between the groups, both for general scales of participation and for each activity area. For the IDD/GDD group, participation was significantly negatively correlated with environmental restrictions at home. For the control group, participation was correlated with demographic variables. Typically developing children participate at a higher frequency and in a more diverse range of activities compared with children with IDD/GDD. Associations between participation and contextual factors varied depending on the child's health condition.
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Zimmerman MA, Eisman AB, Reischl TM, Morrel-Samuels S, Stoddard S, Miller AL, Hutchison P, Franzen S, Rupp L. Youth Empowerment Solutions: Evaluation of an After-School Program to Engage Middle School Students in Community Change. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2018; 45:20-31. [PMID: 28580810 PMCID: PMC5816934 DOI: 10.1177/1090198117710491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on an effectiveness evaluation of the Youth Empowerment Solutions (YES) program. YES applies empowerment theory to an after-school program for middle school students. YES is an active learning curriculum designed to help youth gain confidence in themselves, think critically about their community, and work with adults to create positive community change. We employed a modified randomized control group design to test the hypothesis that the curriculum would enhance youth empowerment, increase positive developmental outcomes, and decrease problem behaviors. Our sample included 367 youth from 13 urban and suburban middle schools. Controlling for demographic characteristics and pretest outcome measures, we found that youth who received more components of the curriculum reported more psychological empowerment and prosocial outcomes and less antisocial outcomes than youth who received fewer of the intervention components. The results support both empowerment theory and program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laney Rupp
- 1 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Biolcati R, Mancini G, Trombini E. Proneness to Boredom and Risk Behaviors During Adolescents' Free Time. Psychol Rep 2017; 121:303-323. [PMID: 28776483 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117724447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a clinical condition, boredom is an emotional state, widespread among young people, characterized by unpleasant feelings, lack of motivation, and low physiological arousal in which the level of stimulation is perceived as unsatisfactorily low. Boredom is an important emotional state due to its spread among young people. Recent research has mainly studied the complex connection between boredom and leisure-time experiences, which may be involved in adolescents' risk-taking behaviors. The current study aims to investigate boredom proneness, conceived as a personality trait, in adolescents' free time, and its involvement in more extreme behaviors, such as binge drinking and addictive Internet use, which may represent ways to cope with the search for additional stimuli. Data from a large sample of Italian adolescents ( n = 478, aged between 14 years and 19 years, M = 16.31, SD = 1.47) revealed significant differences between low-boredom and high-boredom subjects. Both girls and boys with high boredom proneness used technology more, engaged less in hobbies and activities such as sports, more frequently consumed strong drinks and binge drank, and were more at risk of Internet addiction than non-bored adolescents. These findings suggest a hypothetical risk profile linked to boredom proneness in adolescence. The results are discussed in light of the literature from a psychosocial and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Biolcati
- Department of Education, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mancini
- Department of Education, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Trombini
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Eichas K, Montgomery MJ, Meca A, Kurtines WM. Empowering Marginalized Youth: A Self-Transformative Intervention for Promoting Positive Youth Development. Child Dev 2017; 88:1115-1124. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Forgeard MJC, Benson L. Extracurricular involvement and psychological adjustment in the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood: The role of mastery and creative self-efficacy. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2017.1288124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Benjamin TE, Lucas-Thompson RG, Little LM, Davies PL, Khetani MA. Participation in Early Childhood Educational Environments for Young Children with and Without Developmental Disabilities and Delays: A Mixed Methods Study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017; 37:87-107. [PMID: 26930134 PMCID: PMC5209297 DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2015.1130007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This mixed methods study examined: 1) how young children with and without developmental disabilities and delays participate in daycare or preschool activities; 2) similarities and differences in environmental factors impacting daycare or preschool participation; and 3) strategies used by parents who desired a change in their child's participation. METHODS Data were drawn from 129 parents of young children with and without developmental disabilities and delays (mean age = 49.3 months) residing in North America. Summary and item-level group differences based on disability status were assessed for participation and environmental supports to participation. Narrative data on parental strategies were content coded, transformed into numerical counts, and summarized to identify strategies commonly employed by parents to promote their child's participation. RESULTS Moderate to large disability related group differences in participation and environmental support to participation were found even after controlling for confounding effects of child age, child gender, and family income. Parents commonly described strategies focused on "child care tasks" and "child peer groups," irrespective of the type(s) of change they desired. CONCLUSIONS Study findings suggest that discrepancies in school participation between young children with and without disabilities and delays can be detected and intervened on during the early childhood period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Benjamin
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Rachel G Lucas-Thompson
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Lauren M Little
- b Department of Occupational Therapy Education , University of Kansas , Kansas City , Kansas , USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Mary A Khetani
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
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Bonaiuto M, Mao Y, Roberts S, Psalti A, Ariccio S, Ganucci Cancellieri U, Csikszentmihalyi M. Optimal Experience and Personal Growth: Flow and the Consolidation of Place Identity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1654. [PMID: 27872600 PMCID: PMC5097910 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between flow experience and place identity, based on eudaimonistic identity theory (EIT) which prioritizes self-defining activities as important for an individual’s identification of his/her goals, values, beliefs, and interests corresponding to one’s own identity development or enhancement. This study focuses on place identity, the identity’s features relating to a person’s relation with her/his place. The study is also based on flow theory, according to which some salient features of an activity experience are important for happiness and well-being. Questionnaire surveys on Italian and Greek residents focused on their perceived flow and place identity in relation to their own specific local place experiences. The overall findings revealed that flow experience occurring in one’s own preferred place is widely reported as resulting from a range of self-defining activities, irrespective of gender or age, and it is positively and significantly associated with one’s own place identity. Such findings provide the first quantitative evidence about the link between flow experienced during meaningfully located self-defining activities and identity experienced at the place level, similarly to the corresponding personal and social levels that had been previously already empirically tested. Results are also discussed in terms of their implications for EIT’s understanding and enrichment, especially by its generalization from the traditional, personal identity level up to that of place identity. More generally, this study has implications for maintaining or enhancing one’s own place identity, and therefore people–place relations, by means of facilitating a person’s flow experience within psychologically meaningful places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Bonaiuto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Psicologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
| | - Yanhui Mao
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, China
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Psalti
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Silvia Ariccio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dei Processi di Sviluppo e Socializzazione, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy
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Chilenski SM, Welsh JA, Perkins DF, Feinberg ME, Greenberg MT. Universal Prevention Exposure as a Moderator of the Community Context: Findings from the PROSPER Project. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 57:8-19. [PMID: 27217308 PMCID: PMC4880454 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how participation in a universal family skills-building program may interact with community risks and resources to produce youth outcomes. Prior research has noted community-level variability in risk and protective factors, but thus far no study has examined the role that participation on a community-wide intervention may play in moderating the effects of community risks or resources. The study included 14 communities (seven in Iowa, seven in Pennsylvania) that implemented a family focused evidence-based program as part of the PROSPER project. Community level variables included both risk factors (percent of low income families, the availability of alcohol and tobacco, norms regarding adolescent substance use, incidence of drug-related crimes) and community resources (proactive school leadership, availability of youth-serving organizations, and student involvement in youth activities). The proximal youth and family outcomes included youth perceptions of their parents' management skills, parent-child activities, and family cohesion. Results indicated that the Strengthening Families Program:10-14 may have moderated the impact of the community risks and resources on community-level youth outcomes; risk levels meaningfully associated with community-level change in program participants, though these results varied somewhat by outcome. Generally, higher levels of resources also meaningfully associated with more positive change after participating in the family-focused intervention. These results suggest that the effect of some evidence-based programs may be even stronger in some communities than others; more research in this area is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Chilenski
- Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- The Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Janet A Welsh
- Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- The Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Daniel F Perkins
- The Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- The Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Mark E Feinberg
- Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Mark T Greenberg
- Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Mao Y, Roberts S, Pagliaro S, Csikszentmihalyi M, Bonaiuto M. Optimal Experience and Optimal Identity: A Multinational Study of the Associations Between Flow and Social Identity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26924995 PMCID: PMC4760053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudaimonistic identity theory posits a link between activity and identity, where a self-defining activity promotes the strength of a person’s identity. An activity engaged in with high enjoyment, full involvement, and high concentration can facilitate the subjective experience of flow. In the present paper, we hypothesized in accordance with the theory of psychological selection that beyond the promotion of individual development and complexity at the personal level, the relationship between flow and identity at the social level is also positive through participation in self-defining activities. Three different samples (i.e., American, Chinese, and Spanish) filled in measures for flow and social identity, with reference to four previously self-reported activities, characterized by four different combinations of skills (low vs. high) and challenges (low vs. high). Findings indicated that flow was positively associated with social identity across each of the above samples, regardless of participants’ gender and age. The results have implications for increasing social identity via participation in self-defining group activities that could facilitate flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Psychology, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Ramey HL, Rose-Krasnor L, Busseri MA, Gadbois S, Bowker A, Findlay L. Measuring psychological engagement in youth activity involvement. J Adolesc 2015; 45:237-49. [PMID: 26519874 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although psychological engagement (e.g., enjoyment, concentration) may be critical in fostering positive outcomes of youth activity participation, too few studies have been conducted to establish its role in development. Furthermore, an established measurement tool is lacking. In the current study, we evaluated a brief engagement measure with two Canadian samples of youth (Sample 1, N = 290, mean age = 16.9 years, 62% female; Sample 2, N = 1827, mean age = 13.1 years, 54% female). We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling to examine the hypothesized structure of the model. We also assessed the measure's validity by testing relations between engagement and both perceived outcomes and positive features of activity settings. Psychological engagement was best captured by three latent cognitive, affective, and relational/spiritual factors and a second-order latent factor. Also, as anticipated, psychological engagement was associated with features of the activity setting and perceived impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Ramey
- School of Social and Community Services, Humber Institute of Technology & Advanced Learning, Canada; Department of Child & Youth Studies, Brock University, Canada.
| | - Linda Rose-Krasnor
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, Canada; Centre of Excellence for Youth Engagement, Canada
| | | | | | - Anne Bowker
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Canada
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Singh AP, Misra G. Pattern of leisure-lifestyles among Indian school adolescents: Contextual influences and implications for emerging health concerns. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2015.1050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pratap Singh
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, MG International Hindi University, Wardha 442001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girishwar Misra
- MG International Hindi University, Wardha 442001, Maharashtra, India
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Sharp EH, Tucker CJ, Baril ME, Van Gundy KT, Rebellon CJ. Breadth of participation in organized and unstructured leisure activities over time and rural adolescents' functioning. J Youth Adolesc 2014; 44:62-76. [PMID: 25037909 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-014-0153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Discretionary time outside of school offers a distinct context that can promote adolescent development; however, potential for growth depends in part on how this time is used. In this study, person-centered analyses were used to examine patterns of breadth of participation in both organized and unstructured leisure activities among rural adolescents (N = 276, 49% female) across grades 7, 8, and 10. Adjusting for self-selection factors, the study associated these patterns with 10th grade outcomes. Three profiles of participation emerged: consistently low breadth, consistently average breadth, and consistently high breadth of involvement in both organized and unstructured leisure activities over time. The most popular activity types across profile groups were hanging out with friends, team sports, and outdoor activities. Adolescents involved in a greater breadth of organized activities reported the greatest breadth of involvement in unstructured leisure and the best functioning. Adolescents with low breadth of involvement in both organized and unstructured leisure activities consistently showed poorer outcomes. Adolescents in the high breadth of involvement profile were engaged in all activity types at higher rates than adolescents in the average and low breadth of involvement profiles. We advocate for continued efforts to increase adolescent participation in a variety of different types of out-of-school activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hiley Sharp
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of New Hampshire, Pettee Hall, Room 202, 55 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA,
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DesRoches A, Willoughby T. Bidirectional Associations Between Valued Activities and Adolescent Positive Adjustment in a Longitudinal Study: Positive Mood as a Mediator. J Youth Adolesc 2013; 43:208-20. [PMID: 23625185 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-013-9957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DesRoches
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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Law M, King G, Petrenchik T, Kertoy M, Anaby D. The assessment of preschool children's participation: internal consistency and construct validity. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2012; 32:272-87. [PMID: 22385259 DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2012.662584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Participation in activities provides the means for young children to learn, play, develop skills, and develop a sense of personal identity. The Assessment of Preschool Children's Participation (APCP) is a newly developed measure to capture the participation of children aged 2 to 5 years and 11 months in the areas of play, skill development, active physical recreation, and social activities. Data from a clinical trial involving 120 children with cerebral palsy indicated that the APCP has moderate to very good internal consistency. The measure distinguishes between children below or above 4 years of age across levels of the Gross Motor Classification System, and between income levels below or above the median regional income range. The APCP, with a focus on preschool children, has potential use for assessment and identification of activity areas in which the child is participating and areas in which participation may be restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Law
- CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research and School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Exploring the Positive Peer and Identity Experiences Occurring in Australian Adolescents' Leisure Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/edp.2012.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the degree to which social networking sites and structured extracurricular activities provided adolescents with positive developmental experiences. Given the relatively unique nature of social networking sites as a leisure context for adolescents, and the extremely fast rate at which this leisure activity has been adopted by the majority of youth in countries where the technology is easily accessible, it is important that research explores how this leisure context compares to more traditional extracurricular activities. Adolescents from eight high schools across the state of Western Australia were surveyed. The results showed that traditional structured leisure activities (e.g., sport, art) provided adolescents with more experiences of identity exploration and reflection and positive peer interactions than social networking site use. Further analysis compared differences within social networking site use and found that both the frequency with which an adolescent visited their social networking site, and the degree of investment they had in their social networking site, positively predicted greater experiences of identity exploration and reflection and positive peer interactions. Though social networking sites are a popular adolescent leisure activity, they do not provide the same level of positive developmental experiences that are afforded through adolescent participation in traditional structured extracurricular activities.
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Sharp EH, Coatsworth JD. Adolescent Future Orientation: The Role of Identity Discovery in Self-Defining Activities and Context in Two Rural Samples. IDENTITY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY AND RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2012.668731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Palen LA, Caldwell LL, Smith EA, Gleeson SL, Patrick ME. A mixed-method analysis of free-time involvement and motivation among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. LEISURE (WATERLOO, ONT.) 2011; 35:227-252. [PMID: 23055820 PMCID: PMC3466084 DOI: 10.1080/14927713.2011.615641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Using focus group (N = 114) and survey (N = 946) data, this study employed Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as an organizing framework to examine free-time use and motivation among predominantly mixed-race adolescents from one area in South Africa. Adolescents reported participating in a broad range of activities, with socializing, media use, sports, risk behaviour, and performing arts being most frequently mentioned. All of the motivation types proposed by SDT were spontaneously mentioned by focus group participants. Free time was most strongly characterized by intrinsic motivations, such as competence, relatedness, and positive affect. Activities were also seen as a way to achieve outside goals. With few exceptions, multiple motivations were identified for the same activities, and specific motivations were reported across multiple activity types. The findings suggest that positive motivational experiences were not limited to a specific subset of activities. However, future longitudinal research on participation, motivation, and outcomes is needed to determine the developmental implications of different forms of free-time motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori-Ann Palen
- Risk Behavior and Family Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194 USA
| | - Linda L. Caldwell
- Department of Recreation, Park & Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Edward A. Smith
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Sarah L. Gleeson
- Department of Recreation, Park & Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1248 USA
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Blomfield CJ, Barber BL. Developmental Experiences During Extracurricular Activities and Australian Adolescents’ Self-Concept: Particularly Important for Youth from Disadvantaged Schools. J Youth Adolesc 2010; 40:582-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Busseri MA, Rose-Krasnor L. Breadth and intensity: salient, separable, and developmentally significant dimensions of structured youth activity involvement. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 27:907-33. [PMID: 19994486 DOI: 10.1348/026151008x397017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an impressive volume of evidence has accumulated demonstrating that youth involvement in structured, organized activities (e.g. school sports, community clubs) may facilitate positive youth development. We present a theory-based framework for studying structured activity involvement (SAI) as a context for positive youth development based on two key dimensions: breadth and intensity of involvement. Our main goal is to demonstrate the separability, salience, and developmental significance of these two dimensions. We review three developmental theoretical approaches (identity development, life-span selection-optimization-compensation theory, and affordances) that support our conceptualization of breadth and intensity as salient and significant dimensions of SAI. We also summarize our recent program of research on SAI demonstrating the separability of breadth and intensity dimensions, which shows links between these dimensions and indicators of positive development. Finally, we discuss how the proposed breadth-intensity approach could be used to extend research on the linkage between youth SAI and successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Busseri
- Lifespan Development Research Centre, PL 518B, Brock University, Saint Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Caldwell LL, Patrick ME, Smith EA, Palen LA, Wegner L. Influencing Adolescent Leisure Motivation: Intervention Effects of HealthWise South Africa. JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH 2010; 42:203-220. [PMID: 25429164 PMCID: PMC4241774 DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2010.11950202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates changes in self-reported motivation for leisure due to participation in HealthWise, a high school curriculum aimed at decreasing risk behavior and promoting health behavior. Participants were 2,193 mixed race adolescents (M = 14 years old) from 9 schools (4 intervention, 5 control) near Cape Town, South Africa. Students in the HealthWise school with the greatest involvement in teacher training and implementation fidelity reported increased intrinsic and identified motivation and decreased introjected motivation and amotivation compared to students in control schools. These results point to the potential for intervention programming to influence leisure motivation among adolescents in South Africa and represent a first step toward identifying leisure motivation as a mediator of program effects.
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Palen LA, Coatsworth JD. Activity-based identity experiences and their relations to problem behavior and psychological well-being in adolescence. J Adolesc 2007; 30:721-37. [PMID: 17222899 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the associations between activity-based identity experiences and youth outcomes. Participants were 107 high school students and one parent or guardian of each from three communities in a Northeastern state. Youth completed a measure of activity-based identity experiences (Personally Expressive Activities Questionnaire (PEAQ) [Waterman, A. S. (1990). Personal expressiveness: Philosophical and psychological foundations. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11, 47-74]), as well as measures of psychological well-being, substance use, and delinquency. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist [Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry]. Together, three identity experiences derived from the PEAQ, personal expressiveness, goal-directed behavior, and flow, were significant predictors of adolescent-reported delinquency and well-being. Goal-directed behavior also uniquely predicted adolescent-reported delinquency and well-being. Suggestions for future research and potential implications for intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori-Ann Palen
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, S-113 Henderson Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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