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Smerconish S, Schmitt JE. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:440. [PMID: 38674375 PMCID: PMC11050060 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common chromosomal microdeletion, presents as a heterogeneous phenotype characterized by an array of anatomical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities. Individuals with 22q11.2DS exhibit extensive cognitive deficits, both in overall intellectual capacity and focal challenges in executive functioning, attentional control, perceptual abilities, motor skills, verbal processing, as well as socioemotional operations. Heterogeneity is an intrinsic factor of the deletion's clinical manifestation in these cognitive domains. Structural imaging has identified significant changes in volume, thickness, and surface area. These alterations are closely linked and display region-specific variations with an overall increase in abnormalities following a rostral-caudal gradient. Despite the extensive literature developing around the neurocognitive and neuroanatomical profiles associated with 22q11.2DS, comparatively little research has addressed specific structure-function relationships between aberrant morphological features and deficient cognitive processes. The current review attempts to categorize these limited findings alongside comparisons to populations with phenotypic and structural similarities in order to answer to what degree structural findings can explain the characteristic neurocognitive deficits seen in individuals with 22q11.2DS. In integrating findings from structural neuroimaging and cognitive assessments, this review seeks to characterize structural changes associated with the broad neurocognitive challenges faced by individuals with 22q11.2DS.
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Molholm S. Event-related potential (ERP) markers of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and associated psychosis. J Neurodev Disord 2023; 15:19. [PMID: 37328766 PMCID: PMC10273715 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-023-09487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical features, ranging from life-threatening to less severe conditions. One-third of individuals with the deletion live with mild to moderate intellectual disability; approximately 60% meet criteria for at least one psychiatric condition.22q11.2DS has become an important model for several medical, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. We have been particularly interested in understanding the risk for psychosis in this population: Approximately 30% of the individuals with the deletion go on to develop schizophrenia. The characterization of cognitive and neural differences between those individuals who develop schizophrenia and those who do not, despite being at genetic risk, holds important promise in what pertains to the clarification of paths to disease and to the development of tools for early identification and intervention.Here, we review our previous event-related potential (ERP) findings as potential markers for 22q11.2DS and the associated risk for psychosis, while discussing others' work. We focus on auditory processing (auditory-evoked potentials, auditory adaptation, and auditory sensory memory), visual processing (visual-evoked potentials and visual adaptation), and inhibition and error monitoring.The findings discussed suggest basic mechanistic and disease process effects on neural processing in 22q11.2DS that are present in both early sensory and later cognitive processing, with possible implications for phenotype. In early sensory processes, both during auditory and visual processing, two mechanisms that impact neural responses in opposite ways seem to coexist-one related to the deletion, which increases brain responses; another linked to psychosis, decreasing neural activity. Later, higher-order cognitive processes may be equally relevant as markers for psychosis. More specifically, we argue that components related to error monitoring may hold particular promise in the study of risk for schizophrenia in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick J. and Marion A, Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Department of Pediatrics, The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Frederick J. and Marion A, Schindler Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Chen C, Wang Y, Rao J, Tang W, Wu W, Li Y, Xu G, Zhong W. Propofol Versus Sevoflurane General Anaesthesia for Selective Impairment of Attention Networks After Gynaecological Surgery in Middle-Aged Women: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:917766. [PMID: 35911222 PMCID: PMC9330155 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Attention is an essential component of cognitive function that may be impaired after surgery with anaesthesia. Propofol intravenous anaesthesia and sevoflurane inhalational anaesthesia are frequently used in gynaecological surgery. However, which type of anaesthetic has fewer cognitive effects postoperatively remains unclear. We compared the differences in attention network impairment after surgery in women receiving propofol versus sevoflurane general anaesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-three patients with gynaecological diseases who were 40-60 years of age were involved in the study. All patients underwent elective gynaecological surgery under either total intravenous anaesthesia or sevoflurane inhalational anaesthesia, depending on randomisation. The efficiencies of the three attention networks were captured using the attention network test preoperatively and on the 1st and 5th postoperative days. RESULTS Both groups of patients showed differences in impairments on the 1st and 5th postoperative days. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the alerting and orienting networks of patients in the propofol group were impaired to a greater extent than those of patients in the sevoflurane group on the 1st postoperative day, while the executive control network was impaired to a lesser extent. On the 5th postoperative day, the alerting networks of both groups recovered to the baseline level. Patients in the propofol group still showed impairment of the orienting network, while patients in the sevoflurane group recovered to baseline. For the executive control network, patients in the sevoflurane group still exhibited more severe impairment than those in the propofol group. CONCLUSION In middle-aged women, propofol impaired orienting and alerting networks more than sevoflurane, while sevoflurane showed more residual impairment of the executive control network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Rao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weixiang Tang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhai Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanghong Xu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Souchay C, Padula M, Schneider M, Debbané M, Eliez S. Developmental trajectories and brain correlates of directed forgetting in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147683. [PMID: 34626595 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), also known as velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is the most common copy number variant (CNV) in humans caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11.2. The phenotype encompasses heart anomalies, cleft palate and cognitive difficulties. Alongside brain differences in VCFS, such as reduced hippocampal volume, different cognitive developmental trajectories can be observed. The aim of this study was to explore the developmental trajectories of cognitive inhibition in memory using longitudinal data acquired in a large cohort of individuals with 22q11DS and the brain correlates to those developmental changes. 51 participants with 22q11DS (mean age: 13.75 ± 4.26, mean IQ score: 70.50 ± 10.75) and 43 typically developing individuals matched for age (M = 13.50 ± 4.91) and gender were recruited. To explore inhibition in memory, the Directed Forgetting paradigm was used. 30 words were presented, half were 'To be remembered items'(TBR) and the other half 'To be forgotten items' (TBF). To measure source memory, participants were asked during the recognition stage to say if the world was a TBR or a TBF item. Participants were tested during two consecutive visits, with a mean interval of 3 years. T1-weighted images were acquired using a 1.5 T Philips or a 3 T Siemens scanner at both visits. Both groups recognized more TBR than TBF items (Directed forgetting effect), however, participants with 22q11DS recognized fewer TBR items and did not show an increased recognition of TBR items with age. Furthermore, in participants with VCFS increased source memory errors with age was associated with a decline in hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Padula
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Friedrich Miescher Institute of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Clinical Psychology Unit for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Developmental Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Linton SR, Popa AM, Luck SJ, Bolden K, Angkustsiri K, Carter CS, Niendam TA, Simon TJ. Atypical attentional filtering of visual information in youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as indexed by event-related potentials. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 32:102877. [PMID: 34773799 PMCID: PMC8592928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q) face one of the highest genetic risk factors for the development of schizophrenia. Previous research suggests impairments in attentional control and potential interactions with elevated anxiety and reduced adaptive functioning may increase the risk for developing psychosis in this population. Here, we examined how variations in attentional control relate to the presence or severity of psychosis-proneness symptoms in these individuals. METHODS To achieve this, we measured attentional control in youth (12-18 years) with 22q (N = 35) compared to a typically developing group (N = 45), using a flanker task (the Distractor Target task) while measuring neural activity with event-related potentials. RESULTS Similar to previous findings observed in people with schizophrenia, greater attentional capture by, and reduced suppression of, non-target flanker stimuli characterized participants with 22q and was indexed by the N2pc (N2-posterior-contralateral) and PD (distractor positivity) components. Although we observed no relationships between these components and measures of psychosis-proneness in youth with 22q, these individuals endorsed a relatively low incidence of positive symptoms overall. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide neural evidence of an attentional control impairment in youth with 22q that suggests these individuals experience sustained attentional focus on irrelevant information and reduced suppression of distracting stimuli in their environment. Impairments in attentional control might be a valid biomarker of the potential to develop attenuated positive symptoms or frank psychosis in high-risk individuals long before the age at which such symptoms typically arise. The evaluation of such a hypothesis, and the preventive potential for the putative biomarker, should be the focus of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Linton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - A M Popa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - S J Luck
- Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, UC Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - K Bolden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - K Angkustsiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - C S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - T A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - T J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; MIND Institute, UC Davis, 2825 50(th) Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Learning from atypical development: A systematic review of executive functioning in children and adolescents with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Francisco AA, Foxe JJ, Horsthuis DJ, DeMaio D, Molholm S. Assessing auditory processing endophenotypes associated with Schizophrenia in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:85. [PMID: 32139692 PMCID: PMC7058163 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the strongest known molecular risk factor for schizophrenia. Brain responses to auditory stimuli have been studied extensively in schizophrenia and described as potential biomarkers of vulnerability to psychosis. We sought to understand whether these responses might aid in differentiating individuals with 22q11.2DS as a function of psychotic symptoms, and ultimately serve as signals of risk for schizophrenia. A duration oddball paradigm and high-density electrophysiology were used to test auditory processing in 26 individuals with 22q11.2DS (13-35 years old, 17 females) with varying degrees of psychotic symptomatology and in 26 age- and sex-matched neurotypical controls (NT). Presentation rate varied across three levels, to examine the effect of increasing demands on memory and the integrity of sensory adaptation. We tested whether N1 and mismatch negativity (MMN), typically reduced in schizophrenia, related to clinical/cognitive measures, and how they were affected by presentation rate. N1 adaptation effects interacted with psychotic symptomatology: Compared to an NT group, individuals with 22q11.2DS but no psychotic symptomatology presented larger adaptation effects, whereas those with psychotic symptomatology presented smaller effects. In contrast, individuals with 22q11.2DS showed increased effects of presentation rate on MMN amplitude, regardless of the presence of symptoms. While IQ and working memory were lower in the 22q11.2DS group, these measures did not correlate with the electrophysiological data. These findings suggest the presence of two distinct mechanisms: One intrinsic to 22q11.2DS resulting in increased N1 and MMN responses; another related to psychosis leading to a decreased N1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Francisco
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Douwe J Horsthuis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Danielle DeMaio
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, The Ernest J. Del Monde Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Nilsson SRO, Heath CJ, Takillah S, Didienne S, Fejgin K, Nielsen V, Nielsen J, Saksida LM, Mariani J, Faure P, Didriksen M, Robbins TW, Bussey TJ, Mar AC. Continuous performance test impairment in a 22q11.2 microdeletion mouse model: improvement by amphetamine. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:247. [PMID: 30429456 PMCID: PMC6235862 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) confers high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These disorders are associated with attentional impairment, the remediation of which is important for successful therapeutic intervention. We assessed a 22q11.2DS mouse model (Df(h22q11)/+) on a touchscreen rodent continuous performance test (rCPT) of attention and executive function that is analogous to human CPT procedures. Relative to wild-type littermates, Df(h22q11)/+ male mice showed impaired attentional performance as shown by decreased correct response ratio (hit rate) and a reduced ability to discriminate target stimuli from non-target stimuli (discrimination sensitivity, or d'). The Df(h22q11)/+ model exhibited decreased prefrontal cortical-hippocampal oscillatory synchrony within multiple frequency ranges during quiet wakefulness, which may represent a biomarker of cognitive dysfunction. The stimulant amphetamine (0-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently improved d' in Df(h22q11)/+ mice whereas the highest dose of modafinil (40 mg/kg, i.p.) exacerbated their d' impairment. This is the first report to directly implicate attentional impairment in a 22q11.2DS mouse model, mirroring a key endophenotype of the human disorder. The capacity of the rCPT to detect performance impairments in the 22q11.2DS mouse model, and improvement following psychostimulant-treatment, highlights the utility and translational potential of the Df(h22q11)/+ model and this automated behavioral procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. O. Nilsson
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0001 2109 4251grid.240324.3Neuroscience Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Christopher J. Heath
- 0000000096069301grid.10837.3dSchool of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Samir Takillah
- Fatigue and Vigilance team, Neuroscience and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge, France ,0000 0001 2188 0914grid.10992.33VIFASOM team (EA 7330), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France ,0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS, INSERM, U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR 8246 Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Team Neurophysiology and Behavior, Paris, France ,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR 8256 Biological adaptation and ageing (B2A), Team Brain Development, Repair and Ageing, Paris, France ,APHP Hôpital, DHU Fast, Institut de la Longévité, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Steve Didienne
- 0000 0001 2097 0141grid.121334.6Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS, INSERM, U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR 8246 Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Team Neurophysiology and Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Kim Fejgin
- 0000 0004 0476 7612grid.424580.fH. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Nielsen
- 0000 0004 0476 7612grid.424580.fH. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- 0000 0004 0476 7612grid.424580.fH. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa M. Saksida
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Western University, London, ON Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Jean Mariani
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), UMR 8256 Biological adaptation and ageing (B2A), Team Brain Development, Repair and Ageing, Paris, France ,APHP Hôpital, DHU Fast, Institut de la Longévité, Ivry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Faure
- 0000 0001 2188 0914grid.10992.33VIFASOM team (EA 7330), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Michael Didriksen
- 0000 0004 0476 7612grid.424580.fH. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J. Bussey
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute & Department of Physiology, Western University, London, ON Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8884grid.39381.30The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Adam C. Mar
- 0000 0001 2109 4251grid.240324.3Neuroscience Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 8753grid.137628.9Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY USA
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Kopec J, Russo N, Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kates WR. Specific differences in temporal binding aspects of the attentional blink in Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Cortex 2018; 108:67-79. [PMID: 30130634 PMCID: PMC7730721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic syndrome characterized by a variety of cognitive impairments, including difficulty with attention. 22q11DS is the strongest known genetic risk factor for developing schizophrenia, a disorder characterized by impairments in visual attention and temporal binding processes. Here we examine a specific temporal visual attention phenomenon (the attentional blink; AB) within two rapid serial visual presentation tasks, and compare those with 22q11DS to groups of typically developing individuals matched on chronological (CA) and mental age (MA). Performance of individuals with 22q11DS was sensitive to differing task demands. On a Category Task, individuals with 22q11DS performed similarly to control groups on all measures of the AB, with the exception of lower detection accuracy of the first of two targets. In contrast, on a feature-based Color Task which required temporal binding of stimulus features, individuals with 22q11DS differed from CA and MA matched control groups on all AB performance measures, exhibiting lower target accuracy, more temporal binding errors, and a deeper, more protracted AB. Temporal binding in the visual domain is thought to be dependent on a serial attention mechanism that facilitates simultaneous firing of neurons in multiple areas of the visual cortex, activating short-term working memory for storage of bound features. Given the discrepancy between these two tasks, results suggest that temporal binding processes may be significantly affected in individuals with 22q11DS, a finding that importantly, has been previously demonstrated among individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kopec
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Natalie Russo
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M Antshel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wanda Fremont
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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10
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Lattanzi GM, Buzzanca A, Frascarelli M, Di Fabio F. Genetic and clinical features of social cognition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1631-1640. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Maria Lattanzi
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza University; Rome 00185 Italy
- Department of Psychosis Studies; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College; London SE5 8AF United Kingdom
| | - Antonino Buzzanca
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza University; Rome 00185 Italy
| | | | - Fabio Di Fabio
- Department of Human Neurosciences; Sapienza University; Rome 00185 Italy
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Moberg PJ, Richman MJ, Roalf DR, Morse CL, Graefe AC, Brennan L, Vickers K, Tsering W, Kamath V, Turetsky BI, Gur RC, Gur RE. Neurocognitive Functioning in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Meta-Analytic Review. Behav Genet 2018; 48:259-270. [PMID: 29922984 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-018-9903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a known risk factor for development of schizophrenia and is characterized by a complex neuropsychological profile. To date, a quantitative meta-analysis examining cognitive functioning in 22q11.2DS has not been conducted. A systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with 22q11.2DS with age-matched healthy typically developing and sibling comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators were analyzed. Analyses included 43 articles (282 effects) that met inclusion criteria. Very large and heterogeneous effects were seen for global cognition (d = - 1.21) and in specific neuropsychological domains (intellectual functioning, achievement, and executive function; d range = - 0.51 to - 2.43). Moderator analysis revealed a significant role for type of healthy comparison group used (typically developing or siblings), demographics (age, sex) and clinical factors (externalizing behavior). Results revealed significant differences between pediatric and adult samples, with isolated analysis within the pediatric sample yielding large effects in several neuropsychological domains (intellectual functioning, achievement, visual memory; d range = - 0.56 to - 2.50). Large cognitive deficits in intellectual functioning and specific neuropsychological variables in individuals with 22q11.2DS represent a robust finding, but these deficits are influenced by several factors, including type of comparison group utilized, age, sex, and clinical status. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in 22q11.2DS and the importance of considering demographic and clinical moderators in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital of The University of Pennsylvania, 10th Floor, Gates Pavilion, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mara J Richman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Addictology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Morse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna C Graefe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Brennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kayci Vickers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wangchen Tsering
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Earlham College, Richmond, IN, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI), University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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12
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Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Accinni T, Carlone L, Frascarelli M, Lattanzi GM, Currà A, Fattapposta F. Attentional functioning in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome: insight from ERPs. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018. [PMID: 29520614 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), or DiGeorge syndrome (DG), is one of the most common genetic deletion syndromes. DG also carries a high risk for psychiatric disorders, with learning disabilities frequently being reported. Impairments in specific cognitive domains, such as executive functioning and attention, have also been described. The aim of this study was to investigate attentional functioning in a group of subjects with DG using ERPs, and in particular the P300 and CNV components. We studied ten patients with DG and ten healthy subjects that performed a P300 Novelty task and a CNV motor task. P3b amplitude was significantly lower in patients than in controls, while P3b latency was comparable in patients and controls. The P3a parameters were similar in both groups. All CNV amplitudes were significantly lower in DG patients than in controls. DG patients displayed slower reaction times in the CNV motor task than healthy subjects. These results point to a cognitive dysfunction related above all to executive attentional processing in DG patients. In particular, a specific difficulty emerged in selective attention and in the ability to orient and to sustain the anticipatory attention required for an executive motor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Accinni
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Carlone
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Frascarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Lattanzi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, A. Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fattapposta
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
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13
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Suarez NA, Macia A, Muotri AR. LINE-1 retrotransposons in healthy and diseased human brain. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:434-455. [PMID: 29239145 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is a transposable element with the ability to self-mobilize throughout the human genome. The L1 elements found in the human brain is hypothesized to date back 56 million years ago and has survived evolution, currently accounting for 17% of the human genome. L1 retrotransposition has been theorized to contribute to somatic mosaicism. This review focuses on the presence of L1 in the healthy and diseased human brain, such as in autism spectrum disorders. Throughout this exploration, we will discuss the impact L1 has on neurological disorders that can occur throughout the human lifetime. With this, we hope to better understand the complex role of L1 in the human brain development and its implications to human cognition. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 434-455, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Suarez
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Angela Macia
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
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14
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Bostelmann M, Glaser B, Zaharia A, Eliez S, Schneider M. Does differential visual exploration contribute to visual memory impairments in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome? JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2017; 61:1174-1184. [PMID: 29154491 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a genetic syndrome characterised by a unique cognitive profile. Individuals with the syndrome present several non-verbal deficits, including visual memory impairments and atypical exploration of visual information. In this study, we seek to understand how visual attention may contribute to memory difficulties in 22q11.2DS by tracking eye movements during the encoding phase of a visual short-term memory task. METHOD Eye movements were recorded during a computerised version of the multiple-choice Benton Visual Retention Test, which consisted of exploring and then recognising complex visual stimuli. Seventy-four participants affected by 22q11.2DS were compared with 70 typically developing participants. RESULTS Participants with 22q11.2DS performed less well than healthy controls on the task and spent more time and fixations on the principal (larger central) figures and less time and fixations on the smaller peripheral figures within the stimuli. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate visual attention in 22q11.2DS during a memory task. The results delineate impaired processes during encoding that affect visual memory performance. The findings may be especially useful for informing interventions intended to boost visual learning in patients with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bostelmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Research Unit, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Glaser
- Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Research Unit, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Zaharia
- Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Research Unit, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Eliez
- Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Research Unit, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Office Médico-Pédagogique, Research Unit, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Souchay C, Dubourg L, Ballhausen N, Schneider M, Cerf C, Schnitzspahn K, Faivre L, Kliegel M, Eliez S. Time-based prospective memory in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:981-992. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1403652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Souchay
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lydia Dubourg
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Ballhausen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charline Cerf
- Centre de Génétique & FHU-TRANSLAD, Hospital and University of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique & FHU-TRANSLAD, Hospital and University of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Devaraju P, Yu J, Eddins D, Mellado-Lagarde MM, Earls LR, Westmoreland JJ, Quarato G, Green DR, Zakharenko SS. Haploinsufficiency of the 22q11.2 microdeletion gene Mrpl40 disrupts short-term synaptic plasticity and working memory through dysregulation of mitochondrial calcium. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1313-1326. [PMID: 27184122 PMCID: PMC5114177 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemizygous deletion of a 1.5- to 3-megabase region on chromosome 22 causes 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), which constitutes one of the strongest genetic risks for schizophrenia. Mouse models of 22q11DS have abnormal short-term synaptic plasticity that contributes to working-memory deficiencies similar to those in schizophrenia. We screened mutant mice carrying hemizygous deletions of 22q11DS genes and identified haploinsufficiency of Mrpl40 (mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit protein 40) as a contributor to abnormal short-term potentiation (STP), a major form of short-term synaptic plasticity. Two-photon imaging of the genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicator GCaMP6, expressed in presynaptic cytosol or mitochondria, showed that Mrpl40 haploinsufficiency deregulates STP via impaired calcium extrusion from the mitochondrial matrix through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This led to abnormally high cytosolic calcium transients in presynaptic terminals and deficient working memory but did not affect long-term spatial memory. Thus, we propose that mitochondrial calcium deregulation is a novel pathogenic mechanism of cognitive deficiencies in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Devaraju
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J Yu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D Eddins
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M M Mellado-Lagarde
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L R Earls
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - J J Westmoreland
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - G Quarato
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Mail Stop 323, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. E-mail:
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17
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Rothbart MK, Posner MI, Rueda MR, Sheese BE, Tang Y. Enhancing Self - Regulation in School and Clinic. MINNESOTA SYMPOSIA ON CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119466864.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Wang YQ, Pan Y, Zhu S, Wang YG, Shen ZH, Wang K. Selective impairments of alerting and executive control in HIV-infected patients: evidence from attention network test. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2017; 13:11. [PMID: 28651626 PMCID: PMC5485500 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-017-0129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention ability can be subdivided into three functionally independent networks, i.e., alerting network, orienting network, and executive network. Previous literature has documented that deficits in attention are a common consequence of HIV infection. However, the precise nature of deficits of attention in HIV-infected patients is poorly understood. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to identify whether the HIV-infected patients showed a specific attention network deficit or a general attentional impairment. METHODS We investigated 27 HIV-infected patients and 31 normal controls with the Attention Network Test (ANT). RESULTS The patients exhibited less efficient alerting network and executive network than controls. No significant difference was found in orienting network effect between groups. Our results also indicate a tendency for poorer efficiency on alerting attention and executive attention in patients with CD4 ≤ 200. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HIV-infected patients exhibited selective impairments of attention network of alerting and executive control. The link between lower CD4 T cell count and poorer attention network function imply the importance of starting antiretroviral therapy earlier to avoid irreversible neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Quan Wang
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Media and Design, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Zhu
- The Fifth Hospital of Ruian, Ruian, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Guang Wang
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Shen
- Department of Brain Functioning Research, The Seventh Hospital of Hangzhou, 305 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310013, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Institute of Mental Health in Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Abstract
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often demonstrate deficient attentional ability, but the specific nature of the deficit is unclear. The Attention Networks model provides a useful approach to deconstruct this attentional deficit into its component parts. METHOD Fifty-two neurotypical (NT) children and 14 children with ASD performed the child version of the Attention Network Test (ANT). The latter requires participants to indicate the direction of a centre target stimulus, which is presented above/below fixation and sometimes flanked by either congruent or incongruent distractor stimuli. RESULTS Relative to NT children, those with ASD were: (1) slower to react to spatially cued trials and (2) more error prone on executive (conflict) attention trials. CONCLUSIONS Young children with ASD have intact alerting attention, but less-efficient orienting and executive attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Mutreja
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA and
| | - Curtis Craig
- b Department of Psychology , College of Arts and Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Michael W O'Boyle
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock , TX , USA and
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20
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Comparison of the type and severity of early attentional network decline after total intravenous or epidural anesthesia in middle-aged women after gynecological surgery. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 31:293-9. [PMID: 27028371 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared with regional anesthesia, general anesthesia may increase the risk of postoperative cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate the type and severity of attentional network decline and the recovery of attentional networks in middle-aged women after gynecological surgery. A total of 140 consenting women undergoing elective gynecological surgery were enrolled in the study. Patients were assigned randomly to receive either total intravenous anesthesia or epidural anesthesia. To determine the efficacy of the attentional networks, patients were examined for alerting, orienting, and executive networks on the preoperative day and on the first and fifth postoperative days using the attentional network test. Significant differences were observed in the effect scores of the three attentional networks at all time points. These effect scores differed significantly between groups and between 1 and 5 days postoperation (DPO). Participants showed significantly lower effect scores for the alerting and orienting network tasks and had more difficulties in resolving conflict at 1 DPO compared with the baseline. On comparing effect scores between baseline and 5 DPO, no significant differences on the alerting and orienting network tasks were observed in the epidural anesthesia group, a significant difference on the orienting network task was observed in the general anesthesia group, and significant differences on the executive control network were observed in both the groups. Compared with epidural anesthesia, total intravenous anesthesia is more likely to impair and delay the recovery of attentional networks in middle-aged women undergoing elective hysterectomy. The executive control function showed marked damage and there were difficulties in recovery from either type of anesthesia.
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21
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Jacobson D, Bursch M, Lajiness-O'Neill R. Potential Role of Cortisol in Social and Memory Impairments in Individuals with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:150-7. [PMID: 27617156 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by physiological and psychological symptoms. This study investigated the role of cortisol on the social and cognitive impairments in children with 22q11.2. A total of 11 children with 22q11.2 were assessed for baseline cortisol levels and received broad neuropsychological testing. Results were compared with 11 controls. Children with 22q11.2 had significantly higher cortisol levels. A significant negative correlation was observed between the general memory and attention/concentration indices of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, 2nd edition and cortisol concentrations in the control population. These data provide evidence of a possible causal mechanism that underlies social impairments in stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
| | - Megan Bursch
- Department of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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22
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Biswas AB, Furniss F. Cognitive phenotype and psychiatric disorder in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 53-54:242-257. [PMID: 26942704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome syndrome (22q11DS), one of the most common human multiple anomaly syndromes, frequently includes intellectual disability (ID) together with high risk of diagnosis of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. Candidate cognitive endophenotypes include problems with retrieval of contextual information from memory and in executive control and focussing of attention. 22q11DS may offer a model of the relationship between ID and risk of psychiatric disorder. This paper reviews research on the relationship between the cognitive phenotype and the development of psychiatric disorders in 22q11DS. Aspects of cognitive function including verbal I.Q., visual memory, and executive function, are associated with mental health outcome in people with 22q11DS. This relationship may result from a common neurobiological basis for the cognitive difficulties and psychiatric disorders. Some of the cognitive difficulties experienced by people with 22q11DS, especially in attention, memory retrieval, and face processing, may, however, in themselves constitute risk factors for development of hallucinations and paranoid delusions. Future research into factors leading to psychiatric disorder in people with 22q11DS should include assessment of social and psychological factors including life events, symptoms associated with trauma, attachment, and self-esteem, which together with cognitive risk factors may mediate mental health outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit B Biswas
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust & University of Leicester* Leicester Frith Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QF, UK.
| | - Frederick Furniss
- The Hesley Group* Doncaster* U.K. & University of Leicester, 104 Regent Road, Leicester LE1 7LT, UK.
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23
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Scott JA, Goodrich-Hunsaker N, Kalish K, Lee A, Hunsaker MR, Schumann CM, Carmichael OT, Simon TJ. The hippocampi of children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome have localized anterior alterations that predict severity of anxiety. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:203-13. [PMID: 26599134 PMCID: PMC4853211 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have an elevated risk for schizophrenia, which increases with history of childhood anxiety. Altered hippocampal morphology is a common neuroanatomical feature of 22q11.2DS and idiopathic schizophrenia. Relating hippocampal structure in children with 22q11.2DS to anxiety and impaired cognitive ability could lead to hippocampus-based characterization of psychosis-proneness in this at-risk population. METHODS We measured hippocampal volume using a semiautomated approach on MRIs collected from typically developing children and children with 22q11.2DS. We then analyzed hippocampal morphology with Localized Components Analysis. We tested the modulating roles of diagnostic group, hippocampal volume, sex and age on local hippocampal shape components. Lastly, volume and shape components were tested as covariates of IQ and anxiety. RESULTS We included 48 typically developing children and 69 children with 22q11.2DS in our study. Hippocampal volume was reduced bilaterally in children with 22q11.2DS, and these children showed greater variation in the shape of the anterior hippocampus than typically developing children. Children with 22q11.2DS had greater inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus than typically developing children. Greater inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus was associated with greater severity of anxiety, specifically fear of physical injury, within the 22q11.2DS group. LIMITATIONS Shape alterations are not specific to hippocampal subfields. CONCLUSION Alterations in the structure of the anterior hippocampus likely affect function and may impact limbic circuitry. We suggest these alterations potentially contribute to anxiety symptoms in individuals with 22q11.2DS through modulatory pathways. Altered hippocampal morphology may be uniquely linked to anxiety risk factors for schizophrenia, which could be a powerful neuroanatomical marker of schizophrenia risk and hence protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Scott
- Correspondence to: J.A. Scott, Center for Neuroscience, 1544 Newton Court, University of California, Davis CA, United States;
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24
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Hvoslef-Eide M, Nilsson SRO, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. Cognitive Translation Using the Rodent Touchscreen Testing Approach. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 28:423-447. [PMID: 27305921 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutic avenues for the treatment of cognitive deficits in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease is of high importance, yet progress in this field has been slow. One reason for this lack of success may lie in discrepancies between how cognitive functions are assessed in experimental animals and humans. In an attempt to bridge this translational gap, the rodent touchscreen testing platform is suggested as a translational tool. Specific examples of successful cross-species translation are discussed focusing on paired associate learning (PAL), the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), the rodent continuous performance task (rCPT) and reversal learning. With ongoing research assessing the neurocognitive validity of tasks, the touchscreen approach is likely to become increasingly prevalent in translational cognitive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - S R O Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - L M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - T J Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Examining brain structures associated with attention networks in a large sample of young adults: a voxel-based morphometry study. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a chromosomal microdeletion that affects approximately 40 to 50 genes and affects various organs and systems throughout the body. Detection is typically achieved by fluorescence in situ hybridization after diagnosis of one of the major features of the deletion or via chromosomal microarray or noninvasive prenatal testing. The physical phenotype can include congenital heart defects, palatal and pharyngeal anomalies, hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism, skeletal abnormalities, and cranial/brain anomalies, although prevalence rates of all these features are variable. Cognitive function is impaired to some degree in most individuals, with prevalence rates of greater than 90% for motor/speech delays and learning disabilities. Attention, executive function, working memory, visual-spatial abilities, motor skills, and social cognition/social skills are affected. The deletion is also associated with an increased risk for behavioral disorders and psychiatric illness. The early onset of psychiatric symptoms common to 22q11.2DS disrupts the development and quality of life of individuals with the syndrome and is also a potential risk factor for later development of a psychotic disorder. This review discusses prevalence, phenotypic features, and management of psychiatric disorders commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents with 22q11.2DS, including autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia/psychotic disorders. Guidelines for the clinical assessment and management of psychiatric disorders in youth with this syndrome are provided, as are treatment guidelines for the use of psychiatric medications.
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Gur RE, Yi JJ, McDonald-McGinn DM, Tang SX, Calkins ME, Whinna D, Souders MC, Savitt A, Zackai EH, Moberg PJ, Emanuel BS, Gur RC. Neurocognitive development in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: comparison with youth having developmental delay and medical comorbidities. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1205-11. [PMID: 24445907 PMCID: PMC4450860 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) presents with medical and neuropsychiatric manifestations including neurocognitive deficits. Quantitative neurobehavioral measures linked to brain circuitry can help elucidate genetic mechanisms contributing to deficits. To establish the neurocognitive profile and neurocognitive 'growth charts', we compared cross-sectionally 137 individuals with 22q11DS ages 8-21 to 439 demographically matched non-deleted individuals with developmental delay (DD) and medical comorbidities and 443 typically developing (TD) participants. We administered a computerized neurocognitive battery that measures performance accuracy and speed in executive, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition and sensorimotor domains. The accuracy performance profile of 22q11DS showed greater impairment than DD, who were impaired relative to TD. Deficits in 22q11DS were most pronounced for face memory and social cognition, followed by complex cognition. Performance speed was similar for 22q11DS and DD, but 22q11DS individuals were differentially slower in face memory and emotion identification. The growth chart, comparing neurocognitive age based on performance relative to chronological age, indicated that 22q11DS participants lagged behind both groups from the earliest age assessed. The lag ranged from less than 1 year to over 3 years depending on chronological age and neurocognitive domain. The greatest developmental lag across the age range was for social cognition and complex cognition, with the smallest for episodic memory and sensorimotor speed, where lags were similar to DD. The results suggest that 22q11.2 microdeletion confers specific vulnerability that may underlie brain circuitry associated with deficits in several neuropsychiatric disorders, and therefore help identify potential targets and developmental epochs optimal for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E. Gur
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - James J. Yi
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Sunny X. Tang
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Daneen Whinna
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | | | - Adam Savitt
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Paul J. Moberg
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
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Ishigami Y, Klein RM. Repeated Measurement of the Components of Attention With Young Children Using the Attention Network Test: Stability, Isolability, Robustness, and Reliability. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2013.803971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Carmel M, Zarchi O, Michaelovsky E, Frisch A, Patya M, Green T, Gothelf D, Weizman A. Association of COMT and PRODH gene variants with intelligence quotient (IQ) and executive functions in 22q11.2DS subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 56:28-35. [PMID: 24853458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) carries the highest genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. We investigated the association of genetic variants in two schizophrenia candidate genes with executive function (EF) and IQ in 22q11.2DS individuals. Ninety two individuals with 22q11.2 deletion were studied for the genetic association between COMT and PRODH variants and EF and IQ. Subjects were divided into children (under 12 years old), adolescents (between 12 and 18 years old) and adults (older than 18 years), and genotyped for the COMT Val158Met (rs4680) and PRODH Arg185Trp (rs4819756) polymorphisms. The participants underwent psychiatric evaluation and EF assessment. Our main finding is a significant influence of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on both IQ and EF performance. Specifically, 22q11.2DS subjects with Met allele displayed higher IQ scores in all age groups compared to Val carriers, reaching significance in both adolescents and adults. The Met allele carriers performed better than Val carriers in EF tasks, being statistically significant in the adult group. PRODH Arg185Trp variant did not affect IQ or EF in our 22q11.2DS cohort. In conclusion, functional COMT variant, but not PRODH, affects IQ and EF in 22q11.2DS subjects during neurodevelopment with a maximal effect at adulthood. Future studies should monitor the cognitive performance of the same individuals from childhood to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Carmel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.
| | - Omer Zarchi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Rabin Medical Center, 49100 Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Elena Michaelovsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Frisch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Miriam Patya
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Tamar Green
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Nes-Ziyyona-Beer Yaakov Mental Health Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Child Psychiatry Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Geha Mental-Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Carvalho MRS, Vianna G, Oliveira LDFS, Costa AJ, Pinheiro-Chagas P, Sturzenecker R, Zen PRG, Rosa RFM, de Aguiar MJB, Haase VG. Are 22q11.2 distal deletions associated with math difficulties? Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2256-62. [PMID: 24989330 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 6% of school-aged children have math difficulties (MD). A neurogenetic etiology has been suggested due to the presence of MD in some genetic syndromes such as 22q11.2DS. However, the contribution of 22q11.2DS to the MD phenotype has not yet been investigated. This is the first population-based study measuring the frequency of 22q11.2DS among school children with MD. Children (1,564) were identified in the schools through a screening test for language and math. Of these children, 152 (82 with MD and 70 controls) were selected for intelligence, general neuropsychological, and math cognitive assessments and for 22q11.2 microdeletion screening using MLPA. One child in the MD group had a 22q11.2 deletion spanning the LCR22-4 to LCR22-5 interval. This child was an 11-year-old girl with subtle anomalies, normal intelligence, MD attributable to number sense deficit, and difficulties in social interactions. Only 19 patients have been reported with this deletion. Upon reviewing these reports, we were able to characterize a new syndrome, 22q11.2 DS (LCR22-4 to LCR22-5), characterized by prematurity; pre- and postnatal growth restriction; apparent hypotelorism, short/upslanting palpebral fissures; hypoplastic nasal alae; pointed chin and nose; posteriorly rotated ears; congenital heart defects; skeletal abnormalities; developmental delay, particularly compromising the speech; learning disability (including MD, in one child); intellectual disability; and behavioral problems. These results suggest that 22q11.2 DS (LCR22-4 to LCR22-5) may be one of the genetic causes of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raquel Santos Carvalho
- Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Quintero AI, Beaton EA, Harvey DJ, Ross JL, Simon TJ. Common and specific impairments in attention functioning in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, fragile X or Turner syndromes. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24628892 PMCID: PMC3995552 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Turner syndrome (TS) are complex and variable developmental syndromes caused by different genetic abnormalities; yet, they share similar cognitive impairments in the domains of numbers, space, and time. The atypical development of foundational neural networks that underpin the attentional system is thought to result in further impairments in higher-order cognitive functions. The current study investigates whether children with similar higher-order cognitive impairments but different genetic disorders also show similar impairments in alerting, orienting, and executive control of attention. Methods Girls with 22q11.2DS, FXS, or TS and typically developing (TD) girls, aged 7 to 15 years, completed an attention network test, a flanker task with alerting and orienting cues. Exploration of reaction times and accuracy allowed us to test for potential commonalities in attentional functioning in alerting, orienting, and executive control. Linear regression models were used to test whether the predictors of group and chronological age were able to predict differences in attention indices. Results Girls with 22q11.2DS, FXS, or TS demonstrated unimpaired function of the alerting system and impaired function of the executive control system. Diagnosis-specific impairments were found such that girls with FXS made more errors and had a reduced orienting index, while girls with 22q11.2DS showed specific age-related deficits in the executive control system. Conclusions These results suggest that the control but not the implementation of attention is selectively impaired in girls with 22q11.2DS, TS or FXS. Additionally, the age effect on executive control in girls with 22q11.2DS implies a possible altered developmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Quintero
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Wong LM, Riggins T, Harvey D, Cabaral M, Simon TJ. Children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome exhibit impaired spatial working memory. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 119:115-32. [PMID: 24679349 PMCID: PMC4036086 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-119.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have been shown to have impairments in processing spatiotemporal information. The authors examined whether children with 22q11.2DS exhibit impairments in spatial working memory performance due to these weaknesses, even when controlling for maintenance of attention. Children with 22q11.2DS (n = 47) and typically developing controls (n = 49) ages 6-15 years saw images within a grid and after a delay, then indicated the positions of the images in the correct temporal order. Children with 22q11.2DS made more spatial and temporal errors than controls. Females with 22q11.2DS made more spatial and temporal errors than males. These results extend findings of impaired spatiotemporal processing into the memory domain in 22q11.2DS by documenting their influence on working memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling M Wong
- MIND Institute and University of California, Davis, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2825 50th Street, Rm. 1357, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA
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Souchay C, Guillery-Girard B, Pauly-Takacs K, Wojcik DZ, Eustache F. Subjective experience of episodic memory and metacognition: a neurodevelopmental approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:212. [PMID: 24399944 PMCID: PMC3872323 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic retrieval is characterized by the subjective experience of remembering. This experience enables the co-ordination of memory retrieval processes and can be acted on metacognitively. In successful retrieval, the feeling of remembering may be accompanied by recall of important contextual information. On the other hand, when people fail (or struggle) to retrieve information, other feelings, thoughts, and information may come to mind. In this review, we examine the subjective and metacognitive basis of episodic memory function from a neurodevelopmental perspective, looking at recollection paradigms (such as source memory, and the report of recollective experience) and metacognitive paradigms such as the feeling of knowing). We start by considering healthy development, and provide a brief review of the development of episodic memory, with a particular focus on the ability of children to report first-person experiences of remembering. We then consider neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as amnesia acquired in infancy, autism, Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. This review shows that different episodic processes develop at different rates, and that across a broad set of different NDDs there are various types of episodic memory impairment, each with possibly a different character. This literature is in agreement with the idea that episodic memory is a multifaceted process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Souchay
- LEAD UMR CNRS 5022, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bérengère Guillery-Girard
- U1077, INSERM, Caen, France
- UMR-S1077, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
- UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France
- UMR-S1077, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Katalin Pauly-Takacs
- School of Social, Psychological and Communication Sciences, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Francis Eustache
- U1077, INSERM, Caen, France
- UMR-S1077, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
- UMR-S1077, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Caen, France
- UMR-S1077, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
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Copy number variation at 22q11.2: from rare variants to common mechanisms of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1153-65. [PMID: 23917946 PMCID: PMC3852900 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently discovered genome-wide rare copy number variants (CNVs) have unprecedented levels of statistical association with many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, as CNVs often include multiple genes, causal genes responsible for CNV-associated diagnoses and traits are still poorly understood. Mouse models of CNVs are in use to delve into the precise mechanisms through which CNVs contribute to disorders and associated traits. Based on human and mouse model studies on rare CNVs within human chromosome 22q11.2, we propose that alterations of a distinct set of multiple, noncontiguous genes encoded in this chromosomal region, in concert with modulatory impacts of genetic background and environmental factors, variably shift the probabilities of phenotypes along a predetermined developmental trajectory. This model can be further extended to the study of other CNVs and may serve as a guide to help characterize the impact of genes in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Liu G, Ma HJ, Hu PP, Tian YH, Hu S, Fan J, Wang K. Effects of painful stimulation and acupuncture on attention networks in healthy subjects. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2013; 9:23. [PMID: 23758880 PMCID: PMC3680197 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a subjective sensory and emotional experience, and it has been reported that many different brain regions are regulated by pain, and that pain can impact attention. Acupuncture is an important treatment component of Chinese traditional medicine, and has been used for thousands of years to treat a wide variety of conditions. Although several studies have shown that acupuncture improves consciousness, the precise impact of both acupuncture and painful stimulation on attention is unclear. Are all of the attention networks modulated, or do these stimuli act on a specific network? Is the effect of painful stimulation similar to that of acupuncture? We administered the attention network test to 30 participants (15 males) to investigate the relative efficiencies of three independent attention networks (alerting, orienting, and executive control networks) under three conditions: baseline, after painful stimulation, and after acupuncture. The degree of pain experienced was assessed on a horizontally oriented visual analogue scale. The results showed that painful stimulation and acupuncture had similar effects on the orienting and executive control networks; however, there was a significantly different effect between the three conditions on the alerting network. In conclusion, (1) painful stimulation can selectively impact attention; (2) acupuncture can also selectively impact attention; i.e., both have selective influences on the alerting and executive control networks, but not on the orienting network; (3) the effects of acupuncture and painful stimulation are not identical. The mechanisms by which painful stimulation and acupuncture influence attention warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui-juan Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Pan-pan Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Yang-hua Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Shen Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P. R. China
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Liu K, Sun G, Li B, Jiang Q, Yang X, Li M, Li L, Qian S, Zhao L, Zhou Z, von Deneen KM, Liu Y. The impact of passive hyperthermia on human attention networks: an fMRI study. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:220-30. [PMID: 23333840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An attention network test (ANT) provides a behavioral measure of the efficiency of the three attention networks (alerting, orienting and executive networks) within a single task. In the present study, we investigated the effect of passive hyperthermia on the attention network with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral results showed that passive hyperthermia of 50 °C and 40% relative humidity impaired the executive function, but showed no effect on the alerting and orienting networks. The fMRI results showed that: (i) passive hyperthermia enhanced the activity in the right superior frontal gyrus and depressed the activity in the right middle occipital gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule and left culmen in the alerting network, (ii) passive hyperthermia enhanced the activity in the temporal lobe and depressed the activity in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe in the orienting network, and (iii) passive hyperthermia enhanced the activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but did not affect the activity in the anterior cingulate. We concluded that passive hyperthermia impaired executive function, especially the efficiency of resolving conflict and the negative effects of passive hyperthermia on alerting and orienting were overcome through variant regional brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital, Shandong, PR China
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Eggers K, De Nil LF, Van den Bergh BRH. The efficiency of attentional networks in children who stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:946-959. [PMID: 22232392 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0208)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether previously reported questionnaire-based differences in self-regulatory behaviors (Eggers, De Nil, & Van den Bergh, 2009, 2010) between children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) would also be reflected in their underlying attentional networks. METHOD Participants consisted of 41 CWS (mean age = 6;09; years;months) and 41 CWNS (mean age = 6;09) ranging in age from 4;00 to 9;00. Participants were matched on age and gender. The efficiency of the attentional networks was assessed by using the computerized Attention Network Test (Fan, McCandliss, Sommer, Raz, & Posner, 2002). RESULTS Primary results indicated that CWS had a significantly lower efficiency of the orienting network compared with CWNS, whereas no differences were found on the alerting or executive control network. CONCLUSION Current findings corroborate previously found differences in self-regulatory behavior and were taken to suggest a possible role for attentional processes in developmental stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Eggers
- Lessius University College, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Lou JS. Techniques in Assessing Fatigue in Neuromuscular Diseases. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2012; 23:11-22, ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hahn E, Ta TMT, Hahn C, Kuehl LK, Ruehl C, Neuhaus AH, Dettling M. Test-retest reliability of Attention Network Test measures in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 133:218-22. [PMID: 22000937 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a well established behavioral measure in neuropsychological research to assess three different facets of selective attention, i.e., alerting, orienting, and conflict processing. Although the ANT has been applied in healthy individuals and various clinical populations, data on retest reliability are scarce in healthy samples and lacking for clinical populations. The objective of the present study was a longitudinal assessment of relevant ANT network measures in healthy controls and schizophrenic patients. METHODS Forty-five schizophrenic patients and 55 healthy controls were tested with ANT in a test-retest design with an average interval of 7.4 months between test sessions. Test-retest reliability was analyzed with Pearson and Intra-class correlations. RESULTS Healthy controls revealed moderate to high test-retest correlations for mean reaction time, mean accuracy, conflict effect, and conflict error rates. In schizophrenic patients, moderate test-retest correlations for mean reaction time, orienting effect, and conflict effect were found. The analysis of error rates in schizophrenic patients revealed very low test-retest correlations. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides converging statistical evidence that the conflict effect and mean reaction time of ANT yield acceptable test-retest reliabilities in healthy controls and, investigated longitudinally for the first time, also in schizophrenia. Obtained differences of alerting and orienting effects in schizophrenia case-control studies should be considered more carefully. The analysis of error rates revealed heterogeneous results and therefore is not recommended for case control studies in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Furniss F, Biswas AB, Gumber R, Singh N. Cognitive phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome: a review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:2206-2213. [PMID: 21764255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), one of the most common human multiple anomaly syndromes, includes developmental disabilities, frequently including intellectual disability (ID) and high risk of diagnosis of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. VCFS may offer a model of the relationship between ID and risk of major mental health difficulties. This paper reviews literature on the cognitive phenotype and its relationship with a polymorphism of the gene coding for catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene haploinsufficient in VCFS which modulates prefrontal dopamine levels. Principal features of the variable cognitive phenotype of VCFS in young people are ID, superiority of verbal over performance I.Q. and verbal over visuospatial memory, and difficulties with number and object magnitude comparisons, time perception and memory for serial order, and orienting of attention. Despite some improvements with age, problems with higher order attentional tasks involving planning persist, possibly modulated by COMT activity levels. Candidate cognitive endophenotypes include problems with retrieval of contextual information from memory and in executive control and focussing of attention. Longitudinal research using common core batteries of psychometric assessments, and experimental measures of cognitive function capable of direct translation for use with animal models, will further advance understanding of the developmental dynamics of VCFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Furniss
- The Hesley Group, Doncaster, UK & School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Hesley Hall, Stripe Road, Tickhill, Doncaster DN11 9HH, United Kingdom.
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Drew LJ, Crabtree GW, Markx S, Stark KL, Chaverneff F, Xu B, Mukai J, Fenelon K, Hsu PK, Gogos JA, Karayiorgou M. The 22q11.2 microdeletion: fifteen years of insights into the genetic and neural complexity of psychiatric disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:259-81. [PMID: 20920576 PMCID: PMC3074020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years it has become established that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a true genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Carriers of deletions in chromosome 22q11.2 develop schizophrenia at rate of 25-30% and such deletions account for as many as 1-2% of cases of sporadic schizophrenia in the general population. Access to a relatively homogeneous population of individuals that suffer from schizophrenia as the result of a shared etiological factor and the potential to generate etiologically valid mouse models provides an immense opportunity to better understand the pathobiology of this disease. In this review we survey the clinical literature associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions with a focus on neuroanatomical changes. Then, we highlight results from work modeling this structural mutation in animals. The key biological pathways disrupted by the mutation are discussed and how these changes impact the structure and function of neural circuits is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Drew
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Gregg W. Crabtree
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sander Markx
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kimberly L. Stark
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Florence Chaverneff
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jun Mukai
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Karine Fenelon
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biophysical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Kates WR, Bansal R, Fremont W, Antshel KM, Hao X, Higgins AM, Liu J, Shprintzen RJ, Peterson BS. Mapping cortical morphology in youth with velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50:272-282.e2. [PMID: 21334567 PMCID: PMC3078574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS; 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) represents one of the highest known risk factors for schizophrenia. Insofar as up to 30% of individuals with this genetic disorder develop schizophrenia, VCFS constitutes a unique, etiologically homogeneous model for understanding the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. METHOD Using a longitudinal, case-control design, anatomic magnetic resonance images were acquired to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal alterations in surface cortical morphology in a cohort of adolescents with VCFS and age-matched typical controls. All participants were scanned at two time points. RESULTS Compared with controls, youth with VCFS exhibited alterations in inferior frontal, dorsal frontal, occipital, and cerebellar brain regions at both time points. Little change was observed over time in surface morphology of either study group. However, within the VCFS group only, worsening psychosocial functioning over time was associated with time 2 surface contractions in left middle and inferior temporal gyri. Further, prodromal symptoms at time 2 were associated with surface contractions in the left and right orbitofrontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions and surface protrusions of the supramarginal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS These findings advance the understanding of cortical disturbances in VCFS that produce vulnerability for psychosis in this high-risk population.
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Zhou SS, Fan J, Lee TM, Wang CQ, Wang K. Age-related differences in attentional networks of alerting and executive control in young, middle-aged, and older Chinese adults. Brain Cogn 2011; 75:205-10. [PMID: 21251744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Deficiency of Dgcr8, a gene disrupted by the 22q11.2 microdeletion, results in altered short-term plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4447-52. [PMID: 21368174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101219108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with 22q11.2 microdeletions have cognitive and behavioral impairments and the highest known genetic risk for developing schizophrenia. One gene disrupted by the 22q11.2 microdeletion is DGCR8, a component of the "microprocessor" complex that is essential for microRNA production, resulting in abnormal processing of specific brain miRNAs and working memory deficits. Here, we determine the effect of Dgcr8 deficiency on the structure and function of cortical circuits by assessing their laminar organization, as well as the neuronal morphology, and intrinsic and synaptic properties of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of Dgcr8(+/-) mutant mice. We found that heterozygous Dgcr8 mutant mice have slightly fewer cortical layer 2/4 neurons and that the basal dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons have slightly smaller spines. In addition to the modest structural changes, field potential and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings performed in layer 5 of the prefrontal cortex revealed greater short-term synaptic depression during brief stimulation trains applied at 50 Hz to superficial cortical layers. This finding was accompanied by a decrease in the initial phase of synaptic potentiation. Our results identify altered short-term plasticity as a neural substrate underlying the cognitive dysfunction and the increased risk for schizophrenia associated with the 22q11.2 microdeletions.
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Stoddard J, Beckett L, Simon TJ. Atypical development of the executive attention network in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2010; 3:76-85. [PMID: 21475729 PMCID: PMC3056994 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-010-9070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in the executive control of attention has been found in youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). However, how this impairment is modified by other factors, particularly age, is unknown. Forty-six typically developing and 53 children with 22q11.2DS were tested with the attention networks task (ANT) in this cross-sectional study. We used logarithmic transform and linear modeling to assess age effects on the executive index of the ANT. Mixed modeling accounted for between subject variability, age, handedness, catecholamine-O-transferase (COMT; codon 158) genotype, and gender on performance for all experimental conditions (cue × flanker) and their two-level interactions. Children with 22q11.2DS showed a relative, age-dependent executive index impairment but not orienting or alerting network index impairments. In factorial analysis, age was a major predictor of overall performance. There was a significant effect of the 22q11.2DS on overall performance. Of note, children with 22q11.2DS are specifically vulnerable to incongruent flanker interference, especially at younger ages. We did not find an overall effect of COMT genotype or handedness. Children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated age-related impairment in the executive control of attention. Future investigation will likely reveal that there are different developmental trajectories of executive attentional function likely related to the development of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Stoddard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California at Davis Health System, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Laurel Beckett
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California at Davis Health System, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Tian Y, Dong B, Ma J, Zhou S, Zhou N, Wang K. Attention networks in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 19:513-7. [PMID: 20797914 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit is one of the most frequent symptoms in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). However, it is unknown whether this is a global attention deficit or a deficit in a specific attention network. We used the attention network test (ANT) in children with IGE, who were not being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), to determine the efficiencies of three independent attention networks (alerting, orienting, and executive control). Children with IGE showed a significant deficit in their executive control network and in overall reaction time. However, they did not show any deficit in their alerting or orienting networks. These results suggest that IGE specifically affects the executive control network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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Karayiorgou M, Simon TJ, Gogos JA. 22q11.2 microdeletions: linking DNA structural variation to brain dysfunction and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:402-16. [PMID: 20485365 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies are beginning to paint a clear and consistent picture of the impairments in psychological and cognitive competencies that are associated with microdeletions in chromosome 22q11.2. These studies have highlighted a strong link between this genetic lesion and schizophrenia. Parallel studies in humans and animal models are starting to uncover the complex genetic and neural substrates altered by the microdeletion. In addition to offering a deeper understanding of the effects of this genetic lesion, these findings may guide analysis of other copy-number variants associated with cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Campbell LE, Azuma R, Ambery F, Stevens A, Smith A, Morris RG, Murphy DGM, Murphy KC. Executive functions and memory abilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010; 44:364-71. [PMID: 20307169 DOI: 10.3109/00048670903489882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Velo-cardio-facial syndrome or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common known microdeletion syndrome. One of the genes in the deleted region is the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which is thought to have significant effects on cognition through its influence on dopamine metabolism. The aim of the present study was to better characterize the cognitive phenotype in a large cohort children with 22q11DS compared with sibling controls and to investigate if the cognitive deficits in 22q11DS were modulated by COMT expression. METHOD The memory, executive function and attentional abilities of children with 22q11DS (n = 50) compared to sibling controls (n = 31), were measured. Also, within children with 22q11DS, a preliminary exploration was carried out of the relationship between cognitive ability and COMT genotype. RESULTS Overall, the 22q11DS group had significantly reduced scores on tests of memory (especially in visual memory) and executive function (particularly in planning, working memory, and motor organization) compared with sibling controls. No association, however, was identified between COMT genotype and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Although 22q11DS children have specific cognitive deficits, differences in COMT do not account for these findings.
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Beaton EA, Qin Y, Nguyen V, Johnson J, Pinter JD, Simon TJ. Increased incidence and size of cavum septum pellucidum in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2010; 181:108-13. [PMID: 20074913 PMCID: PMC2904971 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a result of a hemizygotic microdeletion that results in a variety of impairments in children including greater risk for psychiatric ailments in adulthood. We used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to accurately quantify the length and, for the first time, volume, of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) in children aged 7 to 14years with 22q11.2DS and typically developing (TD) controls. Significantly greater anteroposterior length and greater CSP volumes were found in children with 22q11.2DS compared with controls. Furthermore, the largest CSP were found only in the 22q11.2DS group and with a much higher incidence than previously reported in the literature. Given the significant midline anomalies in the brains of those affected by 22q11.2DS, large CSP may be a biomarker of atypical brain development. The implication of these larger CSP for cognitive and behavioral development is a topic in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott A. Beaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
,UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
| | - Yufeng Qin
- UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
,Department of Child Development, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
,UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
| | - Joel Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
,UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
| | - Joseph D. Pinter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.
| | - Tony J. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
,UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.
,Corresponding/Reprint Request Author: Tony J. Simon, UC Davis M.I.N.D. Institute, 2825 50th St., Sacramento, CA 95817, Phone: (916) 703-0407, Fax: (916) 734-3384,
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Rockers K, Ousley O, Sutton T, Schoenberg E, Coleman K, Walker E, Cubells JF. Performance on the Modified Card Sorting Test and its relation to psychopathology in adolescents and young adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2009; 53:665-676. [PMID: 19460069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one-third of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a common genetic disorder highly associated with intellectual disabilities, may develop schizophrenia, likely preceded by a mild to moderate cognitive decline. METHODS We examined adolescents and young adults with 22q11DS for the presence of executive function deficits using a modified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MCST) and assessed whether specific performances were associated with concurrent schizophrenia-prodrome symptoms. We also examined possible relationships between MCST performance and broader indices of psychopathology, including self-reported internalising and externalising behavioural symptoms. RESULTS Participants with 22q11DS scored significantly below age-matched controls on seven out of nine MCST measures, and poorer MCST performance was associated with increased positive prodromal and internalising behavioural symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The schizophrenia-prodrome in 22q11DS involves executive dysfunction, and longitudinal investigation is necessary to examine if specific executive function impairments precedes or co-occurs with the emergence of behavioural psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rockers
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Emory Autism Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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