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Simon SL, Snell-Bergeon JK, Schäfer M, Barker AJ, Browne LP, Truong U, Tell SS, Vigers T, Baumgartner AD, Lyon E, Polsky S, Schauer IE, Nadeau KJ. Sleep duration and association with cardiometabolic health in adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes: Results from the BCQR-T1D study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:2662-2672. [PMID: 38584515 PMCID: PMC11150084 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
AIM Type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases the risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, and insufficient sleep is prevalent. Emerging evidence suggests a link between sleep and cardiometabolic health, but this has not been examined across the lifespan in individuals with T1D. We aimed to examine associations between sleep and cardiometabolic health in adolescents and adults with T1D in a secondary analysis of data from a 4-week double-blind, random-order, placebo-controlled crossover trial of bromocriptine quick release (BCQR) therapy with a 4-week washout in between conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two adults (19-60 years) and 42 adolescents (12-18 years) with T1D >9 months completed 1 week of home monitoring with wrist-worn actigraphy to estimate sleep duration and continuous glucose monitoring, anthropometrics, arterial stiffness, magnetic resonance imaging (adolescents only), and fasting laboratory testing at each treatment phase. RESULTS Sixty-two per cent of adolescents and 74% of adults obtained <7 h of sleep per night at baseline. After adjustment for age, sex and diabetes duration, baseline sleep <7 h per night was associated with a higher body mass index, a higher waist circumference, a higher systolic blood pressure, worse arterial stiffness and a lower estimated insulin sensitivity (all p < .05). When examined by age group, associations between sleep duration and cardiometabolic health outcomes remained significant, predominantly for adolescents. In adolescents only, wake time was significantly later (p = .027) and time in bed was significantly longer with BCQR versus placebo (p = .049). CONCLUSIONS Objectively measured sleep <7 h per night was prevalent in adolescents and adults with T1D and associated with poorer cardiometabolic health markers. Small changes in sleep were seen following BCQR treatment in adolescents only. Sleep may be an important and novel target for improving cardiometabolic health in individuals with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Janet K. Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO USA
| | - Michal Schäfer
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Alex J Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Lorna P Browne
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Uyen Truong
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC USA
| | - Shoshana S. Tell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Timothy Vigers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Amy D. Baumgartner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Ellen Lyon
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Sarit Polsky
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO USA
| | - Irene E. Schauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Endocrinology Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Kristen J. Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
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2
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Methnani J, Brahim MM, Elhraiech A, Ach T, Latiri I, Zaouali M, Rouatbi S, Bouslama A, Brun JF, Omezzine A, Bouhlel E. Timing matters: diurnal variation of maximal fat oxidation and substrate oxidation rates in metabolic syndrome-a randomized crossover study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05518-y. [PMID: 38832982 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate if diurnal oscillation in maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and substrate oxidation rates during exercise exists in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS In a randomized crossover design, 14 MetS patients were assigned to two graded exercise tests conditions performed in the morning (between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m) and in the afternoon (between 4:00 and 5:00 p.m). MFO was defined as the highest absolute value of fat oxidation obtained from the average of last 2-min stages during an indirect calorimetry test. RESULTS MFO increased by 20.6% from morning to afternoon (p = 0.0002, Cohen's d = 0.52). There was a significant time of day, (p < 0.0001, η2p = 0.76) and intensity effect (p = 0.002, η2p = 0.32) in fat oxidation (Fatox) rates indicating that Fatox was higher in the afternoon than in the morning. CONCLUSION Our study extends previous findings on the existence of diurnal variation in maximal fat oxidation to MetS patients, highlighting the afternoon as a more favorable time for fat utilization during exercise. These findings have practical implications for optimizing training timing in MetS patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR202306776991260.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabeur Methnani
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Manouba, Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia.
- LR19ES09, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Physiopathologie: de l'Intégré au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine et Santé, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4002, Sousse, Tunisia.
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Mustapha Brahim
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Manouba, Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR19ES09, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Physiopathologie: de l'Intégré au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine et Santé, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4002, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Elhraiech
- Service of Cardiology, University of Sousse, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Taieb Ach
- LR19ES09, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Physiopathologie: de l'Intégré au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine et Santé, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4002, Sousse, Tunisia
- Service of Endocrinology, University of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imed Latiri
- LR12SP09, Research Laboratory, Heart Failure, University of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Service of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Monia Zaouali
- LR19ES09, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Physiopathologie: de l'Intégré au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine et Santé, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4002, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Rouatbi
- LR12SP09, Research Laboratory, Heart Failure, University of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Service of Physiology and Functional Explorations, University of Sousse, Farhat HACHED University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ali Bouslama
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Fréderic Brun
- PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Asma Omezzine
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ezdine Bouhlel
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Manouba, Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR19ES09, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice et Physiopathologie: de l'Intégré au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine et Santé, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4002, Sousse, Tunisia
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3
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Chauhan YV, Gada JV, Misra S, Dhole CB, Palekar AV, Varthakavi PK, Bhagwat NM. Early Dinner Improves the Glycemic Profile in Habitual Late Eaters With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Short Term. Cureus 2024; 16:e59504. [PMID: 38826926 PMCID: PMC11144034 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Late dinner (LD) can worsen the glucose profile in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We assessed the short-term effect of early dinner (ED) on glycemic control in habitual late eaters with uncontrolled T2D. Methodology This interventional, single-arm, within-group trial recruited 10 habitual late eaters with uncontrolled T2D (glycosylated hemoglobin: 7-9% and either fasting plasma glucose (FPG): ≥140 mg/dl or post-prandial plasma glucose: ≥200 mg/dl). They had their usual LD (beyond 22:00 hours) on Days 0-3 and ED (before 20:00 hours) on Days 4-10. Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) parameters, two-hour post-dinner, and fasting (10-hour post-dinner) investigations were analyzed. Bedtime hunger was assessed using a Labeled Magnitude Satiety Scale. Results The mean dinner time was reduced from 22:28 hours to 19:29 hours. CGMS revealed that ED lowered the 10-hour post-dinner incremental area under the curve (22,587.9 ± 5,168.3 mg/dl×mins vs. 15,886.3 ± 4,288.7 mg/dl×mins, P < 0.002), 10-hour post-dinner average blood glucose (ABG) (137.5 ± 9.3 mg/dl vs. 125 ± 7.9 mg/dl, P < 0.002), 24-hour ABG (132.2 ± 7.5 mg/dl vs. 124.8 ± 5.4 mg/dl, P = 0.037), and night mean amplitude of glucose excursion (83.7 ± 5.8 mg/dl vs. 69.3 ± 7.5 mg/dl, P = 0.027). ED also reduced FPG (119.8 ± 7.3 mg/dl vs. 105.2 ± 5.7 mg/dl, P = 0.015), fasting insulin (15.0 ± 4.3 µIU/ml vs. 9.7 ± 2.7 µIU/ml, P < 0.002), and HOMA-IR (4.36 ± 1.2 vs. 2.56 ± 0.79, P < 0.002). Post-dinner glucose, insulin, and inflammatory markers were unchanged. Bedtime hunger increased significantly on Days 4 and 5 but returned to baseline by Day 10. Conclusions A simple modification of dinner time in habitual late eaters with uncontrolled T2D improves FPG, glycemic control, and insulin resistance in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash V Chauhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Jugal V Gada
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Sukirti Misra
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Charushila B Dhole
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Anagha V Palekar
- Department of Dietetics, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Premlata K Varthakavi
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | - Nikhil M Bhagwat
- Department of Endocrinology, Topiwala National Medical College and Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, IND
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Lal H, Verma SK, Wang Y, Xie M, Young ME. Circadian Rhythms in Cardiovascular Metabolism. Circ Res 2024; 134:635-658. [PMID: 38484029 PMCID: PMC10947116 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Energetic demand and nutrient supply fluctuate as a function of time-of-day, in alignment with sleep-wake and fasting-feeding cycles. These daily rhythms are mirrored by 24-hour oscillations in numerous cardiovascular functional parameters, including blood pressure, heart rate, and myocardial contractility. It is, therefore, not surprising that metabolic processes also fluctuate over the course of the day, to ensure temporal needs for ATP, building blocks, and metabolism-based signaling molecules are met. What has become increasingly clear is that in addition to classic signal-response coupling (termed reactionary mechanisms), cardiovascular-relevant cells use autonomous circadian clocks to temporally orchestrate metabolic pathways in preparation for predicted stimuli/stresses (termed anticipatory mechanisms). Here, we review current knowledge regarding circadian regulation of metabolism, how metabolic rhythms are synchronized with cardiovascular function, and whether circadian misalignment/disruption of metabolic processes contribute toward the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yajing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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5
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Miller MA, Howarth NE. Sleep and cardiovascular disease. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:457-466. [PMID: 38084859 PMCID: PMC10754327 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This review centres around the recent evidence in examining the intersection of sleep and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sleep in this review will be further subdivided to consider both sleep quantity and quality along and will also consider some of the more common sleep disorders, such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea, in the context of CVD. Sleep disorders have been further explored in several specific populations which are both at risk of sleep disorders and CVD. Secondly, the review will present some of the risk factors for CVD that are affected by sleep and sleep disorders which include hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. It will also examine the potential underlying mechanisms including inflammation, appetite control, endocrine, and genetic processes that are affected by sleep and sleep disorders leading to increased risk of CVD development. In addition, we will consider the observed bi-directional relationships between sleep and cardiovascular risk factors. For example, obesity, a risk factor for CVD can be affected by sleep, but in turn can increase the risk of certain sleep disorder development which disrupts sleep, leading to further risk of obesity development and increased CVD risk. Finally, the review will explore emerging evidence around lifestyle interventions that have included a sleep component and how it impacts the management of CVD risk factor. The need for increased awareness of the health effects of poor sleep and sleep disorders will be discussed alongside the need for policy intervention to improve sleep to facilitate better health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Miller
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health and Wellbeing), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Nathan E. Howarth
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health and Wellbeing), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Fasipe B, Laher I. Nrf2 modulates the benefits of evening exercise in type 2 diabetes. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:251-258. [PMID: 38314046 PMCID: PMC10831386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise has well-characterized therapeutic benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most of the beneficial effects of exercise arise from the impact of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation of glucose metabolism. Nrf2 is an essential controller of cellular anti-oxidative capacity and circadian rhythms. The circadian rhythm of Nrf2 is influenced by circadian genes on its expression, where the timing of exercise effects the activation of Nrf2 and the rhythmicity of Nrf2 and signaling, such that the timing of exercise has differential physiological effects. Exercise in the evening has beneficial effects on diabetes management, such as lowering of blood glucose and weight. The mechanisms responsible for these effects have not yet been associated with the influence of exercise on the circadian rhythm of Nrf2 activity. A better understanding of exercise-induced Nrf2 activation on Nrf2 rhythm and signaling can improve our appreciation of the distinct effects of morning and evening exercise. This review hypothesizes that activation of Nrf2 by exercise in the morning, when Nrf2 level is already at high levels, leads to hyperactivation and decrease in Nrf2 signaling, while activation of Nrf2 in the evening, when Nrf2 levels are at nadir levels, improves Nrf2 signaling and lowers blood glucose levels and increases fatty acid oxidation. Exploring the effects of Nrf2 activators on rhythmic signaling could also provide valuable insights into the optimal timing of their application, while also holding promise for timed treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Fasipe
- Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Laher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Wen S, Li H, Tao R. A 2-dimensional model framework for blood glucose prediction based on iterative learning control architecture. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:2593-2606. [PMID: 37395886 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The accurate, timely, and personalized prediction for future blood glucose (BG) levels is undoubtedly needed for further advancement of diabetes management technologies. Human inherent circadian rhythm and regular lifestyle resulting in similarity of daily glycemic dynamics play a positive role in the prediction of blood glucose. Inspired by the iterative learning control (ILC) method in the field of automatic control, a 2-dimensional (2-D) model framework is constructed to predict the future blood glucose levels by taking both the short-range information within a day (intra-day) and long-range information between days (inter-day) into account. In this framework, the radial basis function neural network was applied to capture nonlinear relationships in glycemic metabolism, that is, short-range temporal dependence and long-range contemporaneous dependence on previous days. We build models for each patient, and the models were tested on the in silico datasets at various prediction horizons (PHs). The learning model developed in the 2-D framework successfully increases the accuracy and reduces the delay of predictions. This modeling framework provides a new point of view for BG level prediction and contributes to the development of personalized glucose management, such as hypoglycemia warning and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wen
- College of Information Sciences and Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 11 St. 3, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongru Li
- College of Information Sciences and Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 11 St. 3, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Tao
- College of Information Sciences and Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 11 St. 3, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
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8
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Kim HS, Lee H, Provido SMP, Chung GH, Hong S, Yu SH, Lee JE, Lee CB. Association between Sleep Duration and Metabolic Disorders among Filipino Immigrant Women: The Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study (FiLWHEL). J Obes Metab Syndr 2023; 32:224-235. [PMID: 37718118 PMCID: PMC10583772 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep plays a complex role in metabolic regulation, and the underlying linkage has not been clearly defined. We investigated the association between sleep duration and metabolic disorders in Filipino immigrants in Korea. Methods We analyzed 410 participants from the 2014 to 2016 baseline population of the Filipino Women's Diet and Health Study. Usual sleep duration was self-reported, and anthropometric parameters were measured directly. Blood glucose, lipid, and insulin levels were examined from fasting serum samples. We used general linear models to acquire least squares (LS) means and logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios to test the cross-sectional association between sleep duration and metabolic markers with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results We found a statistically significant linear association between increased sleep duration and elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). LS means (95% CI) of <5, 5-6, 7-8, and >8 hours of sleep were 81.74 (71.43 to 93.54), 85.15 (76.65 to 94.59), 86.33 (77.84 to 95.75), and 105.22 (88.07 to 125.71), respectively, for triglycerides (P trend=0.049) and 174.52 (165.02 to 184.57), 180.50 (172.79 to 188.55), 182.51 (174.83 to 190.53), and 190.16 (176.61 to 204.74), respectively, for total cholesterol (P trend= 0.042). For LDL-C, the LS means (95% CI) were 97.34 (88.80 to 106.71), 100.69 (93.73 to 108.18), 104.47 (97.35 to 112.10), and 109.43 (96.94 to 123.54), respectively (P trend=0.047). Statistical significance persisted after additional adjustment for body mass index. The association with triglycerides was limited to current alcohol drinkers (P interaction=0.048). Conclusion Longer sleep duration was associated with increased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels. The association with triglycerides was more pronounced among moderate alcohol drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Grace H. Chung
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangmo Hong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Beom Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
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Petersen MC, Gallop MR, Flores Ramos S, Zarrinpar A, Broussard JL, Chondronikola M, Chaix A, Klein S. Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1991-2034. [PMID: 35834774 PMCID: PMC9423781 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary intervention that limits food consumption to a specific time window each day. The effect of TRE on body weight and physiological functions has been extensively studied in rodent models, which have shown considerable therapeutic effects of TRE and important interactions among time of eating, circadian biology, and metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the effect of TRE in people because of the heterogeneity in results, TRE regimens, and study populations. In this review, we 1) provide a background of the history of meal consumption in people and the normal physiology of eating and fasting; 2) discuss the interaction between circadian molecular metabolism and TRE; 3) integrate the results of preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of TRE on body weight and physiological functions; 4) summarize other time-related dietary interventions that have been studied in people; and 4) identify current gaps in knowledge and provide a framework for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephany Flores Ramos
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Departments of Nutrition and Radiology, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Chan K, Wong FS, Pearson JA. Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920261. [PMID: 36034454 PMCID: PMC9399605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Chan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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11
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Mantantzis K, Campos V, Darimont C, Martin FP. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Profile on Nocturnal Metabolism, Sleep, and Wellbeing: A Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:931781. [PMID: 35910892 PMCID: PMC9326315 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.931781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a crucial biological function and a well-established driver of health and wellbeing across the lifespan. In this review, we describe how sleep in humans is associated with specific circadian metabolic and physiological changes, and how the organization of sleep-wake states is related to regulation of nocturnal metabolism during fasting. Among the modifiable factors that can contribute to sleep-related benefits, emerging evidence suggests that diet and nocturnal changes in glucose regulation are strong determinants of sleep quality. Here, we review studies that have explored the importance of quantity and quality of dietary carbohydrates and proteins in modulation of sleep and sleep-related health benefits. Future research may guide the creation of nutritional solutions to improve sleep, which could lead to positive changes in health, wellbeing, and overall quality of life.
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12
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Meal timing across the day modulates daily energy intake in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1470-1477. [PMID: 35388164 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We assessed the association between the timing of meals across the day with diet composition and metabolic parameters in patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS/METHODS Eighty adults (55.2 ± 6.8 years, 45% males) patients with T2D (without insulin therapy) were included. Three non-consecutive dietary records assessed food intake. The onset time of each consumed meal/beverage was identified and assigned to one of three periods of the day: Period 1 (P1, 06:00-11:59 h), Period 2 (P2, 12:00-17:59 h), and Period 3 (P3, 18:00-00:30 h). RESULTS Energy intake in P1 was lower compared to P2 and P3 (22.8 ± 7.9%, 37.5 ± 9.6%, and 39.7 ± 9.9%, respectively, P < 0.001). The same pattern was found for both total protein and fat intake, but carbohydrate intake was similar among periods. Patients with greater daily energy intake (as % of total energy) in P3 showed increased total food consumption, total energy, protein, and fat intake (all P < 0.05). The opposite pattern was observed in patients with greater daily energy intake in P1 (all P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that daily energy intake was significantly reduced when a higher proportion of carbohydrates was eaten in P1 (vs. P3, P < 0.04). CONCLUSION Increased energy intake late during the day is related to increased total food and daily energy intake in patients with T2D. A greater proportion of total carbohydrates eaten early during the day relates to lower total energy intake. Our results suggest that earlier food intake may be a nutritional tool for dietary and metabolic control in these patients.
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Meal Timing and Macronutrient Composition Modulate Human Metabolism and Reward-Related Drive to Eat. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030562. [PMID: 35276920 PMCID: PMC8839823 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘time-of-day’ modifies the metabolic response to meals, but less data exist on the diurnal variations in the hedonic drive to eat. In the present paper, we evaluate the effects of meal timing and macronutrient composition on metabolic responses and the homeostatic vs. hedonic regulation of appetite. In study 1, 84 young, healthy adults completed an online computer-based task assessing the homeostatic and hedonic drive to eat in the morning and evening. In study 2, 24 healthy, young men received 2 identical (850 kcal each) meals in the morning (8:45 h) and evening (18:00 h), of 2 experimental conditions: (i) regular carbohydrate (CH) meals (regular-CH), and (ii) high carbohydrate (high-CH) meals, containing 50 and 80% of energy from CHs, respectively. Serial blood samples were obtained, and the postprandial feelings of hunger, satiety, wanting and liking were assessed. Study 1 revealed a higher hedonic drive to eat in the evening compared to the morning. Study 2 confirmed this diurnal pattern of hedonic appetite regulation and, moreover, showed increased glucose and insulin responses to the evening meal. Postprandial ghrelin and leptin as well as feelings of hunger and satiety were not different between the mealtimes nor between the macronutrient conditions. In line with this, the homeostatic drive to eat was neither affected by the mealtime nor macronutrient composition. Increased the hedonic drive to eat in the evening may represent a vulnerability to palatable food and, thus, energy overconsumption. Together with lower evening glucose tolerance, these findings reflect an adverse metabolic constellation at the end of the day, especially after the ingestion of CH-rich foods.
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Lentjes MAH, Oude Griep LM, Mulligan AA, Montgomery S, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Face Validity of Observed Meal Patterns Reported with 7-Day Diet Diaries in a Large Population-Based Cohort Using Diurnal Variation in Concentration Biomarkers of Dietary Intake. Nutrients 2022; 14:238. [PMID: 35057419 PMCID: PMC8780432 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort (United Kingdom, N = 21,318, 1993-1998), we studied how associations between meal patterns and non-fasting triglyceride and glucose concentrations were influenced by the hour of day at which the blood sample was collected to ascertain face validity of reported meal patterns, as well as the influence of reporting bias (assessed using formula of energy expenditure) on this association. Meal size (i.e., reported energy content), mealtime and meal frequency were reported using pre-structured 7-day diet diaries. In ANCOVA, sex-specific means of biomarker concentrations were calculated by hour of blood sample collection for quartiles of reported energy intake at breakfast, lunch and dinner (meal size). Significant interactions were observed between breakfast size, sampling time and triglyceride concentrations and between lunch size, sampling time and triglyceride, as well as glucose concentrations. Those skipping breakfast had the lowest triglyceride concentrations in the morning and those skipping lunch had the lowest triglyceride and glucose concentrations in the afternoon, especially among acceptable energy reporters. Eating and drinking occasion frequency was weakly associated with glucose concentrations in women and positively associated with triglyceride concentrations in both sexes; stronger associations were observed for larger vs. smaller meals and among acceptable energy reporters. Associations between meal patterns and concentration biomarkers can be observed when accounting for diurnal variation and underreporting. These findings support the use of 7-day diet diaries for studying associations between meal patterns and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen A. H. Lentjes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (A.A.M.); (K.-T.K.)
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics/Nutrition Gut Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Linda M. Oude Griep
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (L.M.O.G.); (N.J.W.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Diet, Anthropometry and Physical Activity (DAPA) Group, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Angela A. Mulligan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (A.A.M.); (K.-T.K.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Diet, Anthropometry and Physical Activity (DAPA) Group, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Scott Montgomery
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics/Nutrition Gut Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden;
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (L.M.O.G.); (N.J.W.)
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; (A.A.M.); (K.-T.K.)
- School of Clinical Medicine/Clinical Gerontology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
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A Growing Link between Circadian Rhythms, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010504. [PMID: 35008933 PMCID: PMC8745289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mounting evidence suggests the emerging important role of circadian rhythms in many diseases. Circadian rhythm disruption is considered to contribute to both T2DM and AD. Here, we review the relationship among circadian rhythm disruption, T2DM and AD, and suggest that the occurrence and progression of T2DM and AD may in part be associated with circadian disruption. Then, we summarize the promising therapeutic strategies targeting circadian dysfunction for T2DM and AD, including pharmacological treatment such as melatonin, orexin, and circadian molecules, as well as non-pharmacological treatments like light therapy, feeding behavior, and exercise.
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Kim HK, Furuhashi S, Takahashi M, Chijiki H, Nanba T, Inami T, Radak Z, Sakamoto S, Shibata S. Late-afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and blood lipid levels. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:957239. [PMID: 35928886 PMCID: PMC9343590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.957239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose and lipid tolerance reportedly exhibit diurnal variations, being lower in the evening than in the morning. Therefore, the effects of exercise on glucose and blood lipid levels at different times of the day may differ. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term endurance exercise intervention in the morning versus late afternoon on 24-h blood glucose variability and blood lipid levels. METHODS Twelve healthy young men participated in a randomized crossover trial. The participants were assigned to morning (09:00-11:00) or late afternoon (16:00-18:00) endurance exercise for a week, consisting of supervised exercise sessions on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the morning and evening trials, the participants walked for 60 min on a treadmill at approximately 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Following a 2-week wash-out period, the participants performed the exercise training regimen at another time point. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to evaluate blood glucose fluctuations during each 24-h trial period. Blood samples were collected before and after each intervention to examine blood lipid and hormonal responses. RESULTS Examination of the area under the curve (AUC) of the glucose level changes for 24 h after the late afternoon versus morning exercise intervention revealed significantly lower values for the former versus the latter (P < 0.01). The AUC of glucose level changes after each meal was also lower after the late afternoon versus morning intervention, and significantly lower values were observed in the late afternoon versus morning trial for breakfast and dinner (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In addition, a significant decrease in triglycerides (TG) and TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was noted after versus before the late afternoon intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that late afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ki Kim
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hyeon-Ki Kim,
| | - Shota Furuhashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Chijiki
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Nanba
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Surugadai University, Saitama, Japan
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Kass L, Sanderson JC, Desai T, Hurst R. The relationship between the elevation of haemoglobin A1c level, sleep quality and sleep duration in clinically diagnosed pre-diabetic patients in a nationally representative sample. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641211067421. [PMID: 35166578 PMCID: PMC8851951 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211067421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in the United Kingdom accounting for approximately 15% of deaths per year. Growing evidence suggests that sleep duration and quality contributes towards this. This study aimed to determine whether there was a significant relationship between the elevation of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, sleep quality (SQ) and sleep duration (SD) in clinically diagnosed pre-diabetic patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS Following referral from a relevant healthcare professional, participants (n = 40) were registered on the National Health Service England, funded Healthier You: National Diabetes Prevention Programme and completed a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire to evaluate SQ and SD. RESULTS A Spearman's correlation showed an association between HbA1c, SQ and SD measures. A simple linear regression showed a significant large positive association (rs = 0.913, p < 0.001) and significant regression (F (1) = 39, p < 0.001) with an R2 of 0.842 between HbA1c level and SQ. Additionally, a significant large negative association (rs = 0.757, p < 0.001) and significant regression was found (F (1) = 39, p < 0.001) with an R2 of 0.570 between HbA1c and SD. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a relationship between SQ, SD and the elevation of HbA1c which may contribute towards prevalence of T2DM and may help to increase adherence to diabetes prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsy Kass
- School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Lindsy Kass, School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Institute of Sport, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK.
| | - Julia C Sanderson
- School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Terun Desai
- School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Rebecca Hurst
- School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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18
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Tily H, Patridge E, Cai Y, Gopu V, Gline S, Genkin M, Lindau H, Sjue A, Slavov I, Perlina A, Klitgord N, Messier H, Vuyisich M, Banavar G. Gut Microbiome Activity Contributes to Prediction of Individual Variation in Glycemic Response in Adults. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:89-111. [PMID: 34799839 PMCID: PMC8776936 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limiting postprandial glycemic response (PPGR) is an important intervention in reducing the risk of chronic metabolic diseases and has been shown to impart significant health benefits in people with elevated levels of blood sugar. In this study, we collected gut microbiome activity data by assessing the metatranscriptome, and we measured the glycemic responses of 550 adults who consumed more than 30,000 meals, collectively, from omnivore or vegetarian/gluten-free diets. We demonstrate that gut microbiome activity, anthropometric factors, and food macronutrients modulate individual variation in glycemic response. We employ two predictive models, including a mixed-effects linear regression model (R = 0.77) and a gradient boosting machine model (Rtrain = 0.80/R2train = 0.64; Rtest = 0.64/R2test = 0.40), which demonstrate variation in PPGR between individuals when ingesting the same foods. All features in the final mixed-effects linear regression model were significant (p < 0.05) except for two features which were retained as suggestive: glutamine production pathways (p = 0.08) and the interaction between tyrosine metabolizers and carbs (p = 0.06). We introduce molecular functions as features in these two models, aggregated from microbial activity data, and show their statistically significant contributions to glycemic control. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that metatranscriptomic activity of the gut microbiome is correlated with PPGR among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal Tily
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Eric Patridge
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Ying Cai
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Vishakh Gopu
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Stephanie Gline
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Matvey Genkin
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Haely Lindau
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, USA
| | - Alisson Sjue
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, USA
| | - Iordan Slavov
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA
| | - Ally Perlina
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, USA
| | - Niels Klitgord
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, USA
| | - Helen Messier
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Guruduth Banavar
- Viome Research Institute, Viome Life Sciences, Inc, New York City, USA.
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Barrea L, Vetrani C, Altieri B, Verde L, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. The Importance of Being a 'Lark' in Post-Menopausal Women with Obesity: A Ploy to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113762. [PMID: 34836019 PMCID: PMC8619613 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotype is defined as the behavioral manifestation of circadian rhythms related to the external light–dark cycle. Evening chronotype has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. Menopause is a lifestage associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and a change in circadian rhythmicity compared to pre-menopause. However, the prevalence of chronotype categories in menopause and their role in determining menopause-related cardiometabolic risk, mostly in obesity, have not been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronotype categories in post-menopausal women with obesity and their role in menopause-related cardiometabolic risk. In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 49 pre-menopausal and 74 post-menopausal women with obesity. Anthropometric parameters, lifestyle habits, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), sleep quality, chronotype and the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were studied. No significance differences were detected in terms of lifestyle and adherence to the MD between pre- and post-menopausal women. Chronotype was classified as morning in 66 (53.6%), evening in 20 (16.3%) and intermediate in 37 (30.1%) women. In addition, pre-menopausal women with obesity showed a significantly higher chance to have an intermediate chronotype (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.28–3.83; p = 0.004), whereas post-menopausal women with obesity showed a trend to have a higher morning chronotype (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.98–2.06; p = 0.051), although this did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were detected in terms of prevalence of evening chronotype between the two groups. However, the evening chronotype had a significantly higher risk to have T2DM compared to the morning (OR = 17.29, 95% CI 2.40–124.27; p = 0.005) and intermediate chronotypes (OR = 30.86, 95% CI 2.05–464.32; p = 0.013) in both pre- and post-menopausal women with obesity. In conclusion, the intermediate chronotype was significantly more prevalent in pre-menopausal women with obesity compared to post-menopausal women. Evening chronotype was associated to T2DM in both pre- and post-menopause. These results support the importance of including the assessment of chronotype in the management of women with obesity in post-menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, isola F2, 80143 Naples, Italy;
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
- Cattedra Unesco “Educazione Alla Salute e Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile”, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
- Cattedra Unesco “Educazione Alla Salute e Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile”, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817463779; Fax: +30-0817463688
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20
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Reproducibility and discrimination of different indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258476. [PMID: 34679116 PMCID: PMC8549015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion can be estimated by multiple indices from fasting blood samples or blood samples obtained during oral glucose tolerance tests. The test-retest reliability of these indices in repeated measurements within the same individuals can strongly vary. Methods We analyzed data of persons without diabetes who underwent two repeated OGTTs. For each measurement pair, we calculated multiple commonly used indices for the assessment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. We then evaluated the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) and discriminant ratio for each index. Results 89 persons underwent two OGTTs with a median interval of 86 days (IQR 64–249). Among indices of insulin sensitivity derived from fasting blood samples, the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index had the smallest coefficient of variation (2.8 ± 2.1%) whereas the C-peptide based homeostasis model assessment 2 had the highest discriminant ratio (1.97 (1.65–2.39)). As for insulin sensitivity indices that are based on OGTT, the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index had the smallest coefficient of variation (6.5 ± 5.1%). The highest discriminant ratio was found for the non-esterified fatty acids-based insulin sensitivity index (NEFA-ISI, 2.70 (2.30–3.22)). For the assessment of insulin secretion from fasting variables, the lowest mean coefficient of variation was found for C-peptide based homeostasis model assessment 2 beta with 10.8 ± 8% and the highest discriminant ratio for the C-peptide / Glucose-Ratio (2.18 (1.84–2.63)). Among indices assessing insulin secretion from an OGTT, the lowest coefficient of variation was found for the ratio of the areas under the C-peptide and glucose curves from 0 to 120 minutes with 11.3 ± 9.7%. Conclusion The data reveal large differences in the reproducibility and the discrimination capability of different indices that assess insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion. Our findings can aid the selection of an appropriate index in clinical studies.
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Oriyama S, Yamashita K. Effects of a snack on performance and errors during a simulated 16-h night shift: A randomized, crossover-controlled, pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258569. [PMID: 34679125 PMCID: PMC8535457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Night shift workers might not eat due to their busy schedules during the night shift. However, food may not only satisfy hunger, but also affect performance and errors. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of a snack on performance and errors during 2-day, 16-h, simulated night shifts. METHODS A randomized, repeated-measure, crossover study was performed to investigate subjective and cognitive performance in 15 healthy female adults (mean age, 21.7 years) after they consumed a snack (352 kcal) during a simulated night shift (16:00 to 09:00) from October to November 2018. The participants were kept awake from waking up in the morning to the next day at 09:00. Subjects were tested for performance on the Uchida-Kraepelin test, as well as for subjective feeling, body temperature, psychomotor vigilance test, and heart rate variability, before and after they consumed the snack. One day before the experiment, all participants wore an actigraphy monitoring device to determine their sleep state. RESULTS There was no difference between having (Snack condition) and not having (Skipping condition) the snack in sleep states the day before the experiment. On the day of the experiment, between 16:00 and 09:00, subjective sleepiness, fatigue, and body temperature were not different between the two conditions. Subjects maintained performance on the Uchida-Kraepelin test and showed a significant improvement in false starts on the psychomotor vigilance test, the primary outcome measure, in the Snack condition compared with the Skipping condition. The Snack condition was also associated with decreased high-frequency power, a decreased low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio, and increased heart rate in the vagally mediated heart rate variability indices, which may reflect a higher ability to modulate cognitive and behavioral processes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that providing a snack to shift workers during night shifts might improve work safety and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Oriyama
- Division of Nursing Science Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kotomi Yamashita
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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22
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Williams J, Gilchrist M, Strain WD, Fraser D, Shore A. 24-h Glycaemic profiles in peritoneal dialysis patients and non-dialysis controls with advanced kidney disease. Perit Dial Int 2021; 42:497-504. [PMID: 34579595 DOI: 10.1177/08968608211047787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), the deleterious effects of high concentrations of dialysate glucose on the peritoneal membrane are well-documented. Systemic effects of peritoneally absorbed glucose are more poorly defined. Using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), we aimed to describe 24-h glycaemic profiles of PD patients without diabetes and compare with non-dialysis controls with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD-5). METHODS In this cross-sectional, case-control study, 15 patients on PD (9 automated PD (APD) and 6 continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD)) and 16 CKD-5 controls underwent 72 h of CGM and metabolic profiling. CGM was used to derive average glucose concentrations and within-participant standard deviation (SD) of glucose. Data were analysed for the whole 72-h monitoring period and as daytime (09.00 to 21.00) and night-time (21.00 to 09.00). RESULTS Average glucose concentrations and within-participant SD of glucose for the whole monitoring period were not different between the three groups (p ≥ 0.5). Daytime average glucose concentrations were also similar across the three groups (p = 0.729). APD was associated with a significantly higher nocturnal glucose than CAPD (5.25 mmol/L ± 0.65 vs. 4.28 ± 0.5, p = 0.026). A significant drop in nocturnal glucose compared with daytime average seen in both CAPD patients and controls was absent in APD patients. CONCLUSIONS Systematically different glycaemic patterns were observed in non-diabetic APD and CAPD patients, including an absence of physiological nocturnal glucose dipping in patients on APD. Comprehensive CGM data sets highlight subtleties not appreciated by traditional metabolic biomarkers; this has implications when choosing the most appropriate outcome measures in future research addressing the metabolic impact of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Williams
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, UK
| | - Mark Gilchrist
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, UK
| | - William David Strain
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, UK
| | | | - Angela Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, UK
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23
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Moholdt T, Parr EB, Devlin BL, Debik J, Giskeødegård G, Hawley JA. The effect of morning vs evening exercise training on glycaemic control and serum metabolites in overweight/obese men: a randomised trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2061-2076. [PMID: 34009435 PMCID: PMC8382617 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We determined whether the time of day of exercise training (morning vs evening) would modulate the effects of consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) on glycaemic control, whole-body health markers and serum metabolomics. METHODS In this three-armed parallel-group randomised trial undertaken at a university in Melbourne, Australia, overweight/obese men consumed an HFD (65% of energy from fat) for 11 consecutive days. Participants were recruited via social media and community advertisements. Eligibility criteria for participation were male sex, age 30-45 years, BMI 27.0-35.0 kg/m2 and sedentary lifestyle. The main exclusion criteria were known CVD or type 2 diabetes, taking prescription medications, and shift-work. After 5 days, participants were allocated using a computer random generator to either exercise in the morning (06:30 hours), exercise in the evening (18:30 hours) or no exercise for the subsequent 5 days. Participants and researchers were not blinded to group assignment. Changes in serum metabolites, circulating lipids, cardiorespiratory fitness, BP, and glycaemic control (from continuous glucose monitoring) were compared between groups. RESULTS Twenty-five participants were randomised (morning exercise n = 9; evening exercise n = 8; no exercise n = 8) and 24 participants completed the study and were included in analyses (n = 8 per group). Five days of HFD induced marked perturbations in serum metabolites related to lipid and amino acid metabolism. Exercise training had a smaller impact than the HFD on changes in circulating metabolites, and only exercise undertaken in the evening was able to partly reverse some of the HFD-induced changes in metabolomic profiles. Twenty-four-hour glucose concentrations were lower after 5 days of HFD compared with the participants' habitual diet (5.3 ± 0.4 vs 5.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, p = 0.001). There were no significant changes in 24 h glucose concentrations for either exercise group but lower nocturnal glucose levels were observed in participants who trained in the evening, compared with when they consumed the HFD alone (4.9 ± 0.4 vs 5.3 ± 0.3 mmol/l, p = 0.04). Compared with the no-exercise group, peak oxygen uptake improved after both morning (estimated effect 1.3 ml min-1 kg-1 [95% CI 0.5, 2.0], p = 0.003) and evening exercise (estimated effect 1.4 ml min-1 kg-1 [95% CI 0.6, 2.2], p = 0.001). Fasting blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased only in participants allocated to evening exercise training. There were no unintended or adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A short-term HFD in overweight/obese men induced substantial alterations in lipid- and amino acid-related serum metabolites. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness were similar regardless of the time of day of exercise training. However, improvements in glycaemic control and partial reversal of HFD-induced changes in metabolic profiles were only observed when participants exercise trained in the evening. TRIAL REGISTRATION anzctr.org.au registration no. ACTRN12617000304336. FUNDING This study was funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF14OC0011493).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Moholdt
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Women's Clinic, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Evelyn B Parr
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia Debik
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro Giskeødegård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Chen P, Baylin A, Lee J, Dunietz GL, Cantoral A, Tellez Rojo MM, Peterson KE, Jansen EC. The Association Between Sleep Duration and Sleep Timing and Insulin Resistance Among Adolescents in Mexico City. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:57-63. [PMID: 33221190 PMCID: PMC8244572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence suggests that short sleep duration and delayed sleep timing may be independently related to insulin resistance (IR), although findings are mixed. Our aim was to investigate associations between sleep duration and timing with insulin resistance among adolescents. METHODS The analytic sample included 384 Mexican adolescents from a birth cohort study who took part in a follow-up study beginning in 2015. Insulin and glucose were measured in fasting serum, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated (marker of insulin resistance; [insulin x glucose]/22.5). Sleep duration and midpoint were measured by actigraphy for 7 days after the visit and for analysis were separated by weekdays and weekends. In full and sex-stratified regression analysis, sleep duration and midpoint were exposures, and the log HOMA-IR was the outcome, adjusting for age. RESULTS The mean age of the sample was 13.8 ± 1.93 with 51% female. Shorter sleep duration on weekdays was associated with higher log HOMA-IR (β = -.049, 95% confidence interval [CI] -.097 to -.0009). Later midpoints on weekdays and the weekend were independently associated with higher log HOMA-IR (β = .0408, 95% CI -.0049 to .087, and β = .0486, 95% CI .0042 to .093, respectively). Girls showed stronger associations than boys for both sleep duration and timing with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Sleep duration and sleep timing were independently associated with insulin resistance, and associations were more pronounced among girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ana Baylin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joyce Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Galit Levi Dunietz
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- CONACYT, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico,Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Martha Maria Tellez Rojo
- Center for Research on Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Erica C. Jansen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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A Smartphone Intervention to Promote Time Restricted Eating Reduces Body Weight and Blood Pressure in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072148. [PMID: 34201442 PMCID: PMC8308240 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of time restricted eating (TRE) in adults with overweight and obesity. Participants (n = 50) logged all eating occasions (>0 kcal) for a 2-week run-in period using a smartphone application. Participants with eating duration ≥14 h enrolled in an open label, non-randomized, prospective 90-day TRE intervention, with a self-selected reduced eating window of 10 h. No dietary counseling was provided. Changes in anthropometrics, eating patterns and adherence after TRE were analyzed using t-tests or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test. The mean duration of the baseline eating window was 14 h 32 m ± 2 h 36 m (n = 50) with 56% of participants with duration ≥14 h. TRE participants (n = 16) successfully decreased their eating window from 16 h 04 m ± 1 h 24 m to 11 h 54 m ± 2 h 06 m (p < 0.001), and reduced the number of daily eating occasions by half (p < 0.001). Adherence to logging and to the reduced eating window was 64% ± 22% and 47% ± 19%, respectively. TRE resulted in decreases in body weight (−2.1 ± 3.0 kg, p = 0.017), waist circumference (−2.2 ± 4.6 cm, p = 0.002) and systolic blood pressure (−12 ± 11 mmHg, p = 0.002). This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of TRE administered via a smartphone, in adults with overweight and obesity.
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26
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Pre-Sleep Casein Supplementation, Metabolism, and Appetite: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061872. [PMID: 34070862 PMCID: PMC8229753 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein intake is an important factor for augmenting the response to resistance training in healthy individuals. Although food intake can help with anabolism during the day, the period of time during sleep is typically characterized by catabolism and other metabolic shifts. Research on the application of nighttime casein protein supplementation has introduced a new research paradigm related to protein timing. Pre-sleep casein supplementation has been attributed to improved adaptive response by skeletal muscle to resistance training through increases in muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass, and strength. However, it remains unclear what the effect of this nutritional strategy is on non-muscular parameters such as metabolism and appetite in both healthy and unhealthy populations. The purpose of this systematic review is to understand the effects of pre-sleep casein protein on energy expenditure, lipolysis, appetite, and food intake in both healthy and overweight or obese individuals. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane, and SPORTDiscus during March 2021, and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. A summary of the main findings shows limited to no effects on metabolism or appetite when ingesting 24-48 g of casein 30 min before sleep, but data are limited, and future research is needed to clarify the relationships observed.
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27
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Charlot A, Hutt F, Sabatier E, Zoll J. Beneficial Effects of Early Time-Restricted Feeding on Metabolic Diseases: Importance of Aligning Food Habits with the Circadian Clock. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051405. [PMID: 33921979 PMCID: PMC8143522 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of metabolic health is a major societal concern due to the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and various cardiovascular diseases. The circadian clock is clearly implicated in the development of these metabolic diseases. Indeed, it regulates physiological processes by hormone modulation, thus helping the body to perform them at the ideal time of day. Since the industrial revolution, the actions and rhythms of everyday life have been modified and are characterized by changes in sleep pattern, work schedules, and eating habits. These modifications have in turn lead to night shift, social jetlag, late-night eating, and meal skipping, a group of customs that causes circadian rhythm disruption and leads to an increase in metabolic risks. Intermittent fasting, especially the time-restricted eating, proposes a solution: restraining the feeding window from 6 to 10 h per day to match it with the circadian clock. This approach seems to improve metabolic health markers and could be a therapeutic solution to fight against metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the importance of matching life habits with circadian rhythms for metabolic health and assesses the advantages and limits of the application of time-restricted fasting with the objective of treating and preventing metabolic diseases.
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28
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Ding G, Li X, Hou X, Zhou W, Gong Y, Liu F, He Y, Song J, Wang J, Basil P, Li W, Qian S, Saha P, Wang J, Cui C, Yang T, Zou K, Han Y, Amos CI, Xu Y, Chen L, Sun Z. REV-ERB in GABAergic neurons controls diurnal hepatic insulin sensitivity. Nature 2021; 592:763-767. [PMID: 33762728 PMCID: PMC8085086 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic insulin sensitivity shows a diurnal rhythm with a peak upon waking1,2. The molecular mechanism that underlies this temporal pattern is unclear. Here we show that the nuclear receptors REV-ERB-α and REV-ERB-β (referred to here as 'REV-ERB') in the GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid-producing) neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (SCNGABA neurons) control the diurnal rhythm of insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production in mice, without affecting diurnal eating or locomotor behaviours during regular light-dark cycles. REV-ERB regulates the rhythmic expression of genes that are involved in neurotransmission in the SCN, and modulates the oscillatory firing activity of SCNGABA neurons. Chemogenetic stimulation of SCNGABA neurons at waking leads to glucose intolerance, whereas restoration of the temporal pattern of either SCNGABA neuron firing or REV-ERB expression rescues the time-dependent glucose metabolic phenotype caused by REV-ERB depletion. In individuals with diabetes, an increased level of blood glucose after waking is a defining feature of the 'extended dawn phenomenon'3,4. Patients with type 2 diabetes with the extended dawn phenomenon exhibit a differential temporal pattern of expression of REV-ERB genes compared to patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have the extended dawn phenomenon. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how the central circadian clock regulates the diurnal rhythm of hepatic insulin sensitivity, with implications for our understanding of the extended dawn phenomenon in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolian Ding
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingyun Gong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanlin He
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Brain Glycemia and Metabolism Control, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Paul Basil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sichong Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinbang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kexin Zou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Younghun Han
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Özcürümez M, Arzideh F, Torge A, Figge A, Haeckel R, Streichert T. The influence of sampling time on indirect reference limits, decision limits, and the estimation of biological variation of random plasma glucose concentrations. J LAB MED 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/labmed-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Plasma glucose concentrations exhibit a pronounced daytime-dependent variation. The oscillations responsible for this are currently not considered in the determination of reference limits (RL) and decision limits.
Methods
We characterized the daily variation inherent in large-scale laboratory data from two different university hospitals (site 1 n=513,682, site 2 n=204,001). Continuous and distinct RL for daytime and night were estimated. Diurnal characteristics of glucose concentrations were further investigated by quantile regression analyses introducing age and cosinor-functions as predictors in the model.
Results
Diurnal variations expressed as amplitude/Midline Estimating Statistic of Rhythm (MESOR) ratio, averaged 7.7% (range 5.9–9.3%). The amplitude of glucose levels decreased with increasing concentrations. Between 06:00 and 10:00 h an average decrease of 4% has to be considered. Nocturnal glucose samples accounted for only 5% of the total amount but contributed to 19.5% of all findings over 11.1 mmol/L. Partitioning of RL between day and night is merely justified for the upper reference limit. The nocturnal upper RLs for both genders differed from those obtained during the day by 11.0 and 10.6% at site 1 and by 7.6 and 7.5% at site 2.
Conclusions
We conclude that indirect approaches to estimate upper RL of random plasma glucose concentrations require stratification concerning the time of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Özcürümez
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Farhad Arzideh
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Antje Torge
- Institut für Klinische Chemie , Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein , Kiel , Germany
| | - Anja Figge
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Rainer Haeckel
- Bremer Zentrum für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum Bremen Mitte , Bremen , Germany
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30
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Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Aprano S, Framondi L, Di Matteo R, Altieri B, Laudisio D, Pugliese G, Savastano S, Colao A. Chronotype and cardio metabolic health in obesity: does nutrition matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:892-900. [PMID: 33759693 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1885017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the association of chronotype categories with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 172 middle-aged adults (71.5% females; 51.8 ± 15.7 years). Anthropometric parameters, lifestyle habits, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), sleep quality, chronotype and the presence of T2DM and CVD were studied. Chronotype was classified as morning in 58.1% of subjects, evening in 12.8% and intermediate in 28.1%. Subjects with evening chronotype followed an unhealthier lifestyle than other chronotypes; indeed, they significantly performed less regular activity and were more frequently smokers. Furthermore, they had significantly higher risk to have T2DM [Odds Ratio (OR)=3.36 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-35.42; p = 0.03] and CVD [Odds Ratio (OR)= 5.89 95% CI 1.14-30.60; p = 0.035](CI) 2.24-407.54); p = 0.01] compared to morning chronotype after adjustment for gender, body mass index (BMI), sleep quality and adherence to the MD. The confidence intervals were wide, indicating that the sample size was too small. Thus, these data need to be replicated in a larger sample size. In addition, nutritional assessment was limited since only PREDIMED questionnaire was carried out. However, the main strengths of this study included a random sample and a population-based approach, although the cross-sectional design cannot establish causality. Although study population was unbalanced per gender and smoking and age group representing only middle-aged people,we adjusted the statistical analysis for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, the evening chronotype has an increased risk to be associated to T2DM and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Muscogiuri
- aDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Aprano
- Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lydia Framondi
- Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Di Matteo
- Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Laudisio
- Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università "Federico II" di Napoli, Naples, Italy.,Centro italiano per la cura e il benessere del paziente obeso (C.I.B.O) Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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31
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Heile M, Hollstegge B, Broxterman L, Cai A, Close K. Automated Insulin Delivery: Easy Enough to Use in Primary Care? Clin Diabetes 2020; 38:474-485. [PMID: 33384472 PMCID: PMC7755048 DOI: 10.2337/cd20-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are three automated insulin delivery devices on the U.S. market, two of which are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. These systems have already made a significant impact for the people who use them in improving diabetes outcomes, including glycemic control and hypoglycemia prevention. This article aims to help primary care and endocrinology providers better understand the components, differences, limitations, and potential fit of these systems into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heile
- TriHealth Physician Partners–Family Medicine and Diabetology, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Betty Hollstegge
- TriHealth Physician Partners–Family Medicine and Diabetology, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Laura Broxterman
- TriHealth Physician Partners–Family Medicine and Diabetology, Cincinnati, OH
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Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120422. [PMID: 33256267 PMCID: PMC7760351 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is important to decide what to eat and what not to eat in the life. Children are likely to reject new foods. When eating a new food results in a negative experience, the child will avoid that specific food in the future. This phenomenon is called ‘conditioned taste aversion’ in mammals, and it is considered necessary for survival by preventing subsequent ingestion of sickening foods. Many researchers study the same kind of phenomenon in invertebrates, too. For example, the formation of conditioned taste aversion was found in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, with the selective associability between a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. A sweet food attracts many kinds of animals, resulting in the feeding response, whereas a KCl solution is an aversive stimulus, inducing a withdrawal response in snails. After repeated temporally-contingent presentations of these two stimuli, the sucrose solution no longer elicits a feeding response, and this phenomenon persists for a long term. In the present review, we first outline the mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion in mammals, then introduce the conditioned taste aversion in snails, and compare them. Furthermore, the molecular events in snails are discussed, suggesting the general mechanism in conditioned taste aversion. Abstract Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA.
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Parr EB, Devlin BL, Lim KHC, Moresi LNZ, Geils C, Brennan L, Hawley JA. Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113228. [PMID: 33105701 PMCID: PMC7690416 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) require a long-term dietary strategy for blood glucose management and may benefit from time-restricted eating (TRE, where the duration between the first and last energy intake is restricted to 8–10 h/day). We aimed to determine the feasibility of TRE for individuals with T2D. Participants with T2D (HbA1c >6.5 to <9%, eating window >12 h/day) were recruited to a pre-post, non-randomised intervention consisting of a 2-week Habitual period to establish baseline dietary intake, followed by a 4-weeks TRE intervention during which they were instructed to limit all eating occasions to between 10:00 and 19:00 h on as many days of each week as possible. Recruitment, retention, acceptability, and safety were recorded throughout the study as indicators of feasibility. Dietary intake, glycaemic control, psychological well-being, acceptability, cognitive outcomes, and physiological measures were explored as secondary outcomes. From 594 interested persons, and 27 eligible individuals, 24 participants enrolled and 19 participants (mean ± SD; age: 50 ± 9 years, BMI: 34 ± 5 kg/m2, HbA1c: 7.6 ± 1.1%) completed the 6-week study. Overall daily dietary intake did not change between Habitual (~8400 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 41% fat, 1% alcohol) and TRE periods (~8500 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 19% protein, 42% fat, 1% alcohol). Compliance to the 9 h TRE period was 72 ± 24% of 28 days (i.e., ~5 days/week), with varied adherence (range: 4–100%). Comparisons of adherent vs. non-adherent TRE days showed that adherence to the 9-h TRE window reduced daily energy intake through lower absolute carbohydrate and alcohol intakes. Overall, TRE did not significantly improve measures of glycaemic control (HbA1c −0.2 ± 0.4%; p = 0.053) or reduce body mass. TRE did not impair or improve psychological well-being, with variable effects on cognitive function. Participants described hunger, daily stressors, and emotions as the main barriers to adherence. We demonstrate that 4-weeks of TRE is feasible and achievable for these individuals with T2D to adhere to for at least 5 days/week. The degree of adherence to TRE strongly influenced daily energy intake. Future trials may benefit from supporting participants to incorporate TRE in regular daily life and to overcome barriers to adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn B. Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Victoria 3000, Australia; (K.H.C.L.); (J.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9230-8278
| | - Brooke L. Devlin
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Plenty Road and Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia;
| | - Karen H. C. Lim
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Victoria 3000, Australia; (K.H.C.L.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Laura N. Z. Moresi
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria Melbourne 3065, Australia; (L.N.Z.M.); (C.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Claudia Geils
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria Melbourne 3065, Australia; (L.N.Z.M.); (C.G.); (L.B.)
| | - Leah Brennan
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria Melbourne 3065, Australia; (L.N.Z.M.); (C.G.); (L.B.)
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Albury-Wodonga Campus, 133 McKoy Street, West Wodonga, Victoria 3690, Australia
| | - John A. Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Victoria 3000, Australia; (K.H.C.L.); (J.A.H.)
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Byun JI, Cha KS, Jun JE, Kim TJ, Jung KY, Jeong IK, Shin WC. Dynamic changes in nocturnal blood glucose levels are associated with sleep-related features in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17877. [PMID: 33087786 PMCID: PMC7578637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a bidirectional relationship with insulin resistance conditions; however, the mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to compare dynamic nocturnal glucose changes among patients with OSA of varying levels of severity and evaluate temporal changes associated with the cardinal features of OSA (sympathetic hyperactivation, intermittent hypoxemia, and sleep fragmentation) in nondiabetic subjects. Nocturnal glucose was measured with a continuous glucose monitoring device every 5 min during polysomnography (PSG). The OSA features were evaluated using heart rate variability (HRV), minimum saturation, and electroencephalography. Eleven subjects with moderate to severe OSA and 12 subjects with no or mild OSA were evaluated. Those with moderate to severe OSA showed an increasing trend in blood glucose levels after sleep onset, whereas those without or with mild OSA showed a decreasing trend (F = 8.933, p < 0.001). Delta band power also showed different trends during sleep between the two groups (F = 2.991, p = 0.009), and minimum saturation remained lower in the moderate to severe OSA group than in the no or mild OSA group. High degrees of coupling between nocturnal glucose levels and each OSA feature were observed. Altered trends in nocturnal glucose in moderate to severe OSA may reflect glucose intolerance and result in metabolic consequences. Managing the features of sleep-related OSA may have implications for metabolic management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ick Byun
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital At Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Republic of South Korea
| | - Kwang Su Cha
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Jun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital At Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Republic of South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - In-Kyung Jeong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital At Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Republic of South Korea.
| | - Won Chul Shin
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital At Gangdong, 892 Dongnam-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Republic of South Korea.
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Imam A, Winnebeck EC, Buchholz N, Froguel P, Bonnefond A, Solimena M, Ivanova A, Bouvier M, Plouffe B, Charpentier G, Karamitri A, Jockers R, Roenneberg T, Vetter C. Circadian, Sleep and Caloric Intake Phenotyping in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Rare Melatonin Receptor 2 Mutations and Controls: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2020; 11:564140. [PMID: 33162895 PMCID: PMC7583701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.564140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melatonin modulates circadian rhythms in physiology and sleep initiation. Genetic variants of the MTNR1B locus, encoding the melatonin MT2 receptor, have been associated with increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Carriers of the common intronic MTNR1B rs10830963 T2D risk variant have modified sleep and circadian traits such as changes of the melatonin profile. However, it is currently unknown whether rare variants in the MT2 coding region are also associated with altered sleep and circadian phenotypes, including meal timing. Materials and Methods In this pilot study, 28 individuals [50% male; 46–82 years old; 50% with rare MT2 mutations (T2D MT2)] wore actigraphy devices and filled out daily food logs for 4 weeks. We computed circadian, sleep, and caloric intake phenotypes, including sleep duration, timing, and regularity [assessed by the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI)]; composite phase deviations (CPD) as well a sleep timing-based proxy for circadian misalignment; and caloric intake patterns throughout the day. Using regression analyses, we estimated age- and sex-adjusted mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) between the two patient groups. Secondary analyses also compare T2D MT2 to 15 healthy controls. Results Patients with rare MT2 mutations had a later sleep onset (MD = 1.23, 95%CI = 0.42;2.04), and midsleep time (MD = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.12;1.70), slept more irregularly (MD in SRI = −8.98, 95%CI = −16.36;−1.60), had higher levels of behavioral circadian misalignment (MD in CPD = 1.21, 95%CI = 0.51;1.92), were more variable in regard to duration between first caloric intake and average sleep offset (MD = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.07;2.08), and had more caloric episodes in a 24 h day (MD = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.26;1.90), in comparison to T2D controls. Secondary analyses showed similar patterns between T2D MT2 and non-diabetic controls. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that compared to diabetic controls, T2D MT2 patients display a number of adverse sleep, circadian, and caloric intake phenotypes, including more irregular behavioral timing. A prospective study is needed to determine the role of these behavioral phenotypes in T2D onset and severity, especially in view of rare MT2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Imam
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eva C Winnebeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Buchholz
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.,Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Ivanova
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Charpentier
- Centre d'Études et de Recherches pour l'Intensification du Traitement du Diabète (CERITD), Sud-Francilien Hospital, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.,Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Totani Y, Nakai J, Hatakeyama D, Ito E. Memory-enhancing effects of short-term fasting. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1827053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Totani
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. Nakai
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D. Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - E. Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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37
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Marot LP, Rosa DE, Lopes TDVC, Moreno CRDC, Crispim CA. Eating Duration throughout a Rotating Shift Schedule: A Case Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:624-631. [PMID: 32970537 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1814899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of the rotation between different shifts and free days within a short period of time on the food consumption is poorly addressed in the literature. Our objective was to characterize the eating duration (ED) over 10 d of clockwise rotating and to associate it with the intake of energy and macronutrients. METHODS Thirty male shift-workers from a mining company were evaluated over a complete rotation shift schedule of 10 consecutive days (2 d of morning shifts, 2 d of afternoon shifts, 24 h free-day, 2 d of night shifts, and three free days). ED was defined as the interval between the first meal after awaking and last meal before sleep onset. Sleep/wake periods and food intake were evaluated by actigraphy and 24 h recalls, respectively. Generalized models were used to analyze the variation in ED and its association with nutrient intake over the shift schedule. RESULTS ED periods showed significant variations throughout shift rotation and were associated with energy intake. The highest energy intake (3410 ± 235 kcal) and longest ED (20.7 ± 1.2 h) were found on Day 5, the day between afternoon and night shifts, and a part of Day 6 (night shift), i.e., in the longest period of wakefulness and the shortest sleep duration (4.7 ± 0.3 h) (p < 0.05 for all). The lowest energy intake (1284 ± 125 kcal) and shortest ED (4.96 ± 0.7 h) (p < 0.05) occurred after the last night shift (Day 7). The balance between the percentage of macronutrients did not differ statistically between the ED periods. CONCLUSIONS In general, longer periods of wakefulness showed greater energy intake, demonstrating the tendency of workers to eat around the clock during their shift. Even with the energy intake variation, the balance of macronutrients remained the same over the ED periods. Despite the need of confirmation in future studies, these results suggest that the management of ED period could be considered in the nutritional approach of shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Roberta de Castro Moreno
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Benedito-Silva AA, Evans S, Viana Mendes J, Castro J, Gonçalves BDSB, Ruiz FS, Beijamini F, Evangelista FS, Vallada H, Krieger JE, von Schantz M, Pereira AC, Pedrazzoli M. Association between light exposure and metabolic syndrome in a rural Brazilian town. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238772. [PMID: 32946454 PMCID: PMC7500684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex condition comprising a ‘clustering’ of components representing cardiometabolic risk factors for heart disease and diabetes; its prevalence rate is high and consequences serious. Evidence suggests that light exposure patterns and misalignment of circadian rhythms might contribute to MetS etiology by impacting energy metabolism and glucose regulation. Objective We hypothesised that individuals with MetS would show disrupted circadian and sleep parameters alongside differences in light exposure profiles. We investigated this using data from a cohort study in Brazil. Methods Data from 103 individuals from the Baependi Heart Cohort Study aged between 50 and 70 were analysed. Motor activity and light exposure were measured using wrist-worn actigraphy devices. Cardiometabolic data were used to calculate the number of MetS components present in each participant, and participants grouped as MetS/non-MetS according to standard guidelines. Between-group comparisons were made for the actigraphy measures; additionally, correlation analyses were conducted. Results Motor activity and circadian profiles showed no differences between groups. However, the MetS group presented lower light exposure during the day and higher light exposure at night. Correlation analyses, including all participants, showed that greater daytime light exposure and greater light exposure difference between day and night were associated with reduced MetS risk (a lower number of MetS components). Also, the light exposure difference between day and night correlated with body mass index across all participants. Conclusions The observed results suggest a direct association between light exposure and MetS which appears to not be attributable to disruptions in circadian activity rhythm nor to sleep parameters. This link between light exposure patterns and MetS risk could inform possible prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Evans
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana Viana Mendes
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Castro
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francieli S. Ruiz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Beijamini
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Realeza, Brazil
| | | | - Homero Vallada
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Malcolm von Schantz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre C. Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Pedrazzoli
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kubo M. Diurnal Rhythmicity Programs of Microbiota and Transcriptional Oscillation of Circadian Regulator, NFIL3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:552188. [PMID: 33013924 PMCID: PMC7511535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are a very exquisite mechanism to influence on transcriptional levels and physiological activities of various molecules that affect cell metabolic pathways. Long-term alteration of circadian rhythms increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome. A drastic change in dietary patterns can affect synchronizing the circadian clock within the metabolic system. Therefore, the interaction between the host and the bacterial community colonizing the mammalian gastrointestinal tract has a great impact on the circadian clock in diurnal programs. Here, we propose that the microbiota regulates body composition through the transcriptional oscillation of circadian regulators. The transcriptional regulator, NFIL3 (also called E4BP4) is a good example. Compositional change of the commensal bacteria influences the rhythmic expression of NFIL3 in the epithelium, which subsequently controls obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, control of circadian regulators would be a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
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40
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Muilwijk M, Stenvers DJ, Nicolaou M, Kalsbeek A, van Valkengoed IG. Behavioral Circadian Timing System Disruptors and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in a Nonshift Working Multiethnic Population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S55-S62. [PMID: 32438513 PMCID: PMC7496413 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe distributions of behavioral circadian disruptors in a free-living setting among a nonshift working multiethnic population, estimate the associated risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and determine whether disruptors account for ethnic differences in T2D. METHODS Participants from six ethnic groups were included (Amsterdam, the Netherlands; n = 1,347-3,077 per group). Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate ethnic differences in disruptors, such as skipping breakfast, eating erratically, and sleep duration. Associations between disruptors and incident T2D and the interaction by ethnicity were studied by Cox regression. RESULTS Ethnic minority populations skipped breakfast more often, timed meals differently, had longer periods of fasting, ate more erratically, and had more short/long sleep durations than the Dutch. Night snacking from 4 am to 6 am (HR: 5.82; 95% CI: 1.42-23.91) and both short (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.03-2.12) and long sleep (HR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.54-6.22), but no other disruptors, were associated with T2D. The higher T2D risk among ethnic minority populations compared with Dutch did not decrease after adjustment for last snack or length of sleep. CONCLUSIONS Although prevalence of circadian disruptors was higher among ethnic minority populations and some disruptors were associated with T2D, disruptors did not account for ethnic differences in T2D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirthe Muilwijk
- Department of Public HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mary Nicolaou
- Department of Public HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Irene G.M. van Valkengoed
- Department of Public HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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41
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Hashemipour S, Yazdi Z, Mahabad N. Association of Evening Chronotype with Poor Control of Type 2 Diabetes: Roles of Sleep Duration and Insomnia Level. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2020; 18:e99701. [PMID: 33281907 PMCID: PMC7699824 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.99701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evening chronotype is usually associated with insomnia and short sleep duration. OBJECTIVES To investigate the independent association of chronotype with diabetes control. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 140 patients with type 2 diabetes were studied. The insomnia score was examined by a 7-item questionnaire. Also, chronotype was assessed by a 19-item questionnaire, and using the questionnaire, the patients were divided into three groups of morning, intermediate, and evening. This questionnaire has been developed for evaluating the preference for performing mental and physical activities at a special time of day. The Multivariate hierarchical analysis was applied for investigating the independent association of chronotype and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). RESULTS The fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels were significantly different across all the three chronotype groups such that it had the highest value in the evening group and the lowest value in the morning group (FBS = 164.5 ± 34.1 mg/dL and HbA1c = 8.7% ± 1.7, in the evening group, and FBS = 132.7 ± 23.1 mg/dL and HbA1c = 6.9% ± 0.4 in the morning group, P < 0.001). The morning group had longer sleep duration and less insomnia than other groups. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that the chronotype explained 28.4% of the variance of HbA1c. Results of the final model demonstrated that the chronotype had a relationship with HbA1c, independent of body mass index (BMI), time of going to bed, and insomnia score. CONCLUSIONS Evening chronotype is associated with poorer control of diabetes, independent of BMI and sleep variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zohreh Yazdi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Niloofar Mahabad
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Isidori AM, Arnaldi G, Boscaro M, Falorni A, Giordano C, Giordano R, Pivonello R, Pozza C, Sbardella E, Simeoli C, Scaroni C, Lenzi A. Towards the tailoring of glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency: the Italian Society of Endocrinology Expert Opinion. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:683-696. [PMID: 31773582 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) is life saving. After over 50 years of conventional GC treatment, novel formulations are now entering routine clinical practice. METHODS Given the spectrum of medications currently available and new insights into the understanding of AI, the authors reviewed relevant medical literature with emphasis on original studies, prospective observational data and randomized controlled trials performed in the past 35 years. The Expert Opinion of a panel of selected endocrinologists was sought to answer specific clinical questions. The objective was to provide an evidence-supported guide, for the use of GC in various settings from university hospitals to outpatient clinics, that offers specific advice tailored to the individual patient. RESULTS The Panel reviewed available GC replacement therapies, comprising short-acting, intermediate and long-acting oral formulations, subcutaneous formulations and the novel modified-release hydrocortisone. Advantages and disadvantages of these formulations were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS In the Panel's opinion, achieving the optimal GC timing and dosing is needed to improve the outcome of AI. No-single formulation offers the best option for every patients. Recent data suggest that more emphasis should be given to the timing of intake. Tailoring of GS should be attempted in all patients-by experts-on a case-by-case basis. The Panel identified specific subgroups of AI patients that could be help by this process. Long-term studies are needed to confirm the short-term benefits associated with the modified-release GCs. The impact of GC tailoring has yet to be proven in terms of hospitalization rate, morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Arnaldi
- Clinica di Endocrinologia e Malattie del Metabolismo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Boscaro
- UOC Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina DIMED, Azienda Ospedaliera-Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A Falorni
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Giordano
- Section of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Giordano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism-Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - C Pozza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - C Simeoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - C Scaroni
- UOC Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina DIMED, Azienda Ospedaliera-Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Induction of LTM following an Insulin Injection. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0088-20.2020. [PMID: 32291265 PMCID: PMC7218004 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0088-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis learns conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and consolidates it into long-term memory (LTM). One-day food-deprived snails (day 1 snails) show the best CTA learning and memory, whereas more severely food-deprived snails (5 d) do not express good memory. However, previous studies showed that CTA-LTM was indeed formed in 5-d food-deprived snails (day 5 snails), but its recall was prevented by the effects of food deprivation. CTA-LTM recall in day 5 snails was expressed following 7 d of feeding and then 1 d of food deprivation (day 13 snails). In the present study, we thus hypothesized that memory recall occurs because day 13 snails are in an optimal internal state. One day of food deprivation before the memory test in day 13 snails increased the mRNA level of molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP) in the CNS. Thus, we further hypothesized that an injection of insulin into day 5 snails following seven additional days with access to food (day 12 snails) activates CTA neurons and mimics the food deprivation state before the memory test in day 13 snails. Day 12 snails injected with insulin could recall the memory. In addition, the simultaneous injection of an anti-insulin receptor antibody and insulin into day 12 snails did not allow memory recall. Insulin injection also decreased the hemolymph glucose concentration. Together, the results suggest that an optimal internal state (i.e., a spike in insulin release and specific glucose levels) are necessary for LTM recall following CTA training in snails.
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Myocardium Metabolism in Physiological and Pathophysiological States: Implications of Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072641. [PMID: 32290181 PMCID: PMC7177518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main energy substrate of adult cardiomyocytes for their contractility are the fatty acids. Its metabolism generates high ATP levels at the expense of high oxygen consumption in the mitochondria. Under low oxygen supply, they can get energy from other substrates, mainly glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, etc., but the mitochondrial dysfunction, in pathological conditions, reduces the oxidative metabolism. In consequence, fatty acids are stored into epicardial fat and its accumulation provokes inflammation, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, which enhance the myocardium dysfunction. Some therapies focused on improvement the fatty acids entry into mitochondria have failed to demonstrate benefits on cardiovascular disorders. Oppositely, those therapies with effects on epicardial fat volume and inflammation might improve the oxidative metabolism of myocardium and might reduce the cardiovascular disease progression. This review aims at explain (a) the energy substrate adaptation of myocardium in physiological conditions, (b) the reduction of oxidative metabolism in pathological conditions and consequences on epicardial fat accumulation and insulin resistance, and (c) the reduction of cardiovascular outcomes after regulation by some therapies.
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Clemmensen KKB, Quist JS, Vistisen D, Witte DR, Jonsson A, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Holst JJ, Lauritzen T, Jørgensen ME, Torekov S, Færch K. Role of fasting duration and weekday in incretin and glucose regulation. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:279-288. [PMID: 32163918 PMCID: PMC7159259 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fasting duration has been associated with lower fasting blood glucose levels, but higher 2-h post-load levels, and research has indicated an adverse effect of 'weekend behavior' on human metabolism. We investigated associations of fasting duration and weekday of examination with glucose, insulin, glucagon and incretin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This cross-sectional study is based on data from the ADDITION-PRO study, where 2082 individuals attended a health examination including an OGTT. Linear regression analysis was applied to study the associations of overnight fasting duration and day of the week with glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses to an OGTT. We found that a 1 h longer fasting duration was associated with 1.7% (95% CI: 0.8,2.5) higher 2-h glucose levels, as well as a 3.0% (95% CI: 1.3,4.7) higher GIP and 2.3% (95% CI: 0.3,4.4) higher GLP-1 response. Fasting insulin levels were 20.6% (95% CI: 11.2,30.7) higher on Mondays compared to the other weekdays, with similar fasting glucose levels (1.7%, 95% CI: 0.0,3.4). In this study, longer overnight fasting duration was associated with a worsening of glucose tolerance and increased incretin response to oral glucose. We found higher fasting insulin levels on Mondays compared to the other days of the week, potentially indicating a worsened glucose regulation after the weekend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim K B Clemmensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to K K Clemmensen:
| | - Jonas S Quist
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Dorte Vistisen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna Jonsson
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Torekov
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Færch
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Haldar S, Egli L, De Castro CA, Tay SL, Koh MXN, Darimont C, Mace K, Henry CJ. High or low glycemic index (GI) meals at dinner results in greater postprandial glycemia compared with breakfast: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001099. [PMID: 32327444 PMCID: PMC7202752 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While circadian control of glucose metabolism is well known, how glycemic index (GI) of carbohydrate-rich meals interacts with time of consumption (breakfast or dinner) to influence postprandial (PP) glucose homeostasis is less well established. The objective of the study was to assess markers of PP glucose homeostasis following high or low GI test meals (TM) consumed either at breakfast or at dinner and following consumption of the subsequent standardized meals (SSM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Randomized crossover trial in 34 healthy, Chinese, elderly volunteers (mean±SEM age, 56.8±0.83 years), who completed 4 separate study sessions per-protocol, consisting of a high-GI breakfast, low-GI breakfast, high-GI dinner and low-GI dinner TM, followed by a SSM at the subsequent eating occasion. Blood samples were taken for 3 hours after each TM and SSM for glucose, insulin, glucagon, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) measurements. RESULTS Consuming TM at dinner produced greater PP glycemia than breakfast both after TM and SSM (both p<0.0001), irrespective of GI. High-GI TM also produced greater PP glycemia than low-GI TM, both after TM and SSM (both p<0.01), irrespective of time of consumption. No interaction between GI and time were found on PP glycemia, indicating parallel, but independent effects. Combined total areas under the curve of TM+SSM for PP glucose (p<0.0001), PP TG (p<0.0001) and PP FFA (p<0.0001) were all greater when TM taken during dinner compared with breakfast. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate-rich meals consumed at dinner leads to significantly worse PP glucose homeostasis than when consumed at breakfast, on top of the independent GI effect of the meal. This may have implications to future type 2 diabetes risk. Moreover, future studies investigating GI/glycemic load (GL) and disease risk associations should factor in timing of GL consumption as an additional variable. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02927600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Leonie Egli
- Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Shia Lyn Tay
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Melvin Xu Nian Koh
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | | | - Katherine Mace
- Nestle Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Mason IC, Qian J, Adler GK, Scheer FAJL. Impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism: implications for type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2020; 63:462-472. [PMID: 31915891 PMCID: PMC7002226 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system generates endogenous rhythms of approximately 24 h, the synchronisation of which are vital for healthy bodily function. The timing of many physiological processes, including glucose metabolism, are coordinated by the circadian system, and circadian disruptions that desynchronise or misalign these rhythms can result in adverse health outcomes. In this review, we cover the role of the circadian system and its disruption in glucose metabolism in healthy individuals and individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We begin by defining circadian rhythms and circadian disruption and then we provide an overview of circadian regulation of glucose metabolism. We next discuss the impact of circadian disruptions on glucose control and type 2 diabetes. Given the concurrent high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and circadian disruption, understanding the mechanisms underlying the impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism may aid in improving glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy C Mason
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gail K Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Moreno JP, Crowley SJ, Alfano CA, Thompson D. Physiological mechanisms underlying children's circannual growth patterns and their contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12973. [PMID: 31737994 PMCID: PMC7002188 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies since the 1990s have demonstrated that children increase their body mass index at a faster rate during summer months compared with the school year, leading some to conclude that the out-of-school summer environment is responsible. Other studies, however, have suggested that seasonality may play a role in children's height and weight changes across the year. This article reviews evidence for seasonal differences in the rate of children's height and weight gain and proposes potential physiological mechanisms that may explain these seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennette P Moreno
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Biological Rhythm Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston (SACH), Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Garaulet M, Qian J, Florez JC, Arendt J, Saxena R, Scheer FAJL. Melatonin Effects on Glucose Metabolism: Time To Unlock the Controversy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:192-204. [PMID: 31901302 PMCID: PMC7349733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a revival of interest in the hormone melatonin, partly attributable to the discovery that genetic variation in MTNR1B - the melatonin receptor gene - is a risk factor for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite intensive investigation, there is considerable confusion and seemingly conflicting data on the metabolic effects of melatonin and MTNR1B variation, and disagreement on whether melatonin is metabolically beneficial or deleterious, a crucial issue for melatonin agonist/antagonist drug development and dosing time. We provide a conceptual framework - anchored in the dimension of 'time' - to reconcile paradoxical findings in the literature. We propose that the relative timing between elevated melatonin concentrations and glycemic challenge should be considered to better understand the mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities of melatonin signaling in glycemic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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50
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Hart CN, Jelalian E, Raynor HA. Behavioral and social routines and biological rhythms in prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020; 75:152-162. [PMID: 32052991 PMCID: PMC7839074 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research supports the potential importance of behavioral and social routines for children's health promotion and obesity risk reduction. Evidence in support of this comes from multiple lines of research, which suggest that specific behavioral routines, namely, eating and sleep routines, may be protective against excessive weight gain and development of pediatric obesity. Emerging work also supports the potential importance of the timing of these behavioral routines. From a circadian perspective, alignment of behavioral and social routines with underlying circadian rhythms may be particularly important for enhancing children's weight regulation. Specifically, engaging in appropriately timed behavioral routines may serve to entrain circadian rhythms that affect metabolism and weight regulation. Thus, in addition to promoting healthier eating, activity, and sleep behaviors for prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity, it may also be important to consider promotion of consistency in, and optimal timing of, these behaviors in an effort to enhance extant prevention and treatment approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle N Hart
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Hollie A Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, College of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee
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