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Sommerfeld LC, Holmes AP, Yu TY, O'Shea C, Kavanagh DM, Pike JM, Wright T, Syeda F, Aljehani A, Kew T, Cardoso VR, Kabir SN, Hepburn C, Menon PR, Broadway-Stringer S, O'Reilly M, Witten A, Fortmueller L, Lutz S, Kulle A, Gkoutos GV, Pavlovic D, Arlt W, Lavery GG, Steeds R, Gehmlich K, Stoll M, Kirchhof P, Fabritz L. Reduced plakoglobin increases the risk of sodium current defects and atrial conduction abnormalities in response to androgenic anabolic steroid abuse. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38345865 DOI: 10.1113/jp284597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are commonly abused by young men. Male sex and increased AAS levels are associated with earlier and more severe manifestation of common cardiac conditions, such as atrial fibrillation, and rare ones, such as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Clinical observations suggest a potential atrial involvement in ARVC. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is caused by desmosomal gene defects, including reduced plakoglobin expression. Here, we analysed clinical records from 146 ARVC patients to identify that ARVC is more common in males than females. Patients with ARVC also had an increased incidence of atrial arrhythmias and P wave changes. To study desmosomal vulnerability and the effects of AAS on the atria, young adult male mice, heterozygously deficient for plakoglobin (Plako+/- ), and wild type (WT) littermates were chronically exposed to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or placebo. The DHT increased atrial expression of pro-hypertrophic, fibrotic and inflammatory transcripts. In mice with reduced plakoglobin, DHT exaggerated P wave abnormalities, atrial conduction slowing, sodium current depletion, action potential amplitude reduction and the fall in action potential depolarization rate. Super-resolution microscopy revealed a decrease in NaV 1.5 membrane clustering in Plako+/- atrial cardiomyocytes after DHT exposure. In summary, AAS combined with plakoglobin deficiency cause pathological atrial electrical remodelling in young male hearts. Male sex is likely to increase the risk of atrial arrhythmia, particularly in those with desmosomal gene variants. This risk is likely to be exaggerated further by AAS use. KEY POINTS: Androgenic male sex hormones, such as testosterone, might increase the risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), which is often caused by desmosomal gene defects (e.g. reduced plakoglobin expression). In this study, we observed a significantly higher proportion of males who had ARVC compared with females, and atrial arrhythmias and P wave changes represented a common observation in advanced ARVC stages. In mice with reduced plakoglobin expression, chronic administration of 5α-dihydrotestosterone led to P wave abnormalities, atrial conduction slowing, sodium current depletion and a decrease in membrane-localized NaV 1.5 clusters. 5α-Dihydrotestosterone, therefore, represents a stimulus aggravating the pro-arrhythmic phenotype in carriers of desmosomal mutations and can affect atrial electrical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Sommerfeld
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Standort Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew P Holmes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ting Y Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Research and Training Centre in Physical Sciences for Health, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher O'Shea
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Research and Training Centre in Physical Sciences for Health, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deirdre M Kavanagh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy M Pike
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Wright
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fahima Syeda
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Areej Aljehani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tania Kew
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Victor R Cardoso
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Nashitha Kabir
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claire Hepburn
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Priyanka R Menon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Molly O'Reilly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anika Witten
- Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Core Facility Genomics of the Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Fortmueller
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Standort Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kulle
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Georgios V Gkoutos
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR), Midlands Site, UK
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London UK & Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Steeds
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katja Gehmlich
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Monika Stoll
- Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Core Facility Genomics of the Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Standort Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, UKE Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Standort Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Meakin AS, Nathanielsz PW, Li C, Clifton VL, Wiese MD, Morrison JL. Maternal obesity impacts fetal liver androgen signalling in a sex-specific manner. Life Sci 2024; 337:122344. [PMID: 38081408 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity (MO) increases fetal androgen concentrations, the prevalence of macrosomia, and predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction in later life, especially males. These risks may be, in part, the result of increased liver-specific androgen signalling pathway activity in utero. Androgen signalling activity can be suppressed by androgen metabolism via cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes (CYP2B6, CYP3A) or through inhibition of the full-length androgen receptor (AR-FL) via the antagonistic isoform, AR-45. We hypothesised MO impairs CYP enzyme activity and AR-45 expression in male fetal livers, thereby enhancing activity of androgen signalling pathways. METHODS Nine months prior to pregnancy, nulliparous female baboons were assigned to either ad libitum control or high fat diet. At 165 day (d) gestation (term, 180 d) fetal liver was collected (n = 6/sex/group). CYP activity was quantified using functional assays; subcellular AR expression was measured using Western blot. RESULTS CYP2B6 and CYP3A activity, and nuclear expression of AR-45, was reduced in MO males only. Nuclear AR-45 expression was inversely related with fetal body weight of MO males only. CONCLUSIONS Reduced CYP2B6 and CYP3A activity in conjunction with decreased nuclear AR-45 expression may enhance liver androgen signalling in males from MO pregnancies, thereby increasing the risk of macrosomia, as well as metabolic dysfunction in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Meakin
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | - Cun Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Vicki L Clifton
- Mater Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael D Wiese
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Melnik BC. Acne Transcriptomics: Fundamentals of Acne Pathogenesis and Isotretinoin Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:2600. [PMID: 37998335 PMCID: PMC10670572 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review on acne transcriptomics allows for deeper insights into the pathogenesis of acne and isotretinoin's mode of action. Puberty-induced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin and androgen signaling activate the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). A Western diet (hyperglycemic carbohydrates and milk/dairy products) also co-stimulates AKT/mTORC1 signaling. The AKT-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear FoxO1 and FoxO3 results in their extrusion into the cytoplasm, a critical switch which enhances the transactivation of lipogenic and proinflammatory transcription factors, including androgen receptor (AR), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but reduces the FoxO1-dependent expression of GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6), the key transcription factor for infundibular keratinocyte homeostasis. The AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the p53-binding protein MDM2 promotes the degradation of p53. In contrast, isotretinoin enhances the expression of p53, FoxO1 and FoxO3 in the sebaceous glands of acne patients. The overexpression of these proapoptotic transcription factors explains isotretinoin's desirable sebum-suppressive effect via the induction of sebocyte apoptosis and the depletion of BLIMP1(+) sebocyte progenitor cells; it also explains its adverse effects, including teratogenicity (neural crest cell apoptosis), a reduced ovarian reserve (granulosa cell apoptosis), the risk of depression (the apoptosis of hypothalamic neurons), VLDL hyperlipidemia, intracranial hypertension and dry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Woodman IL. Modelling the distinct roles of epithelial and stromal androgen receptor in the regulation of prostate epithelial dynamics. FEBS J 2023; 290:5270-5291. [PMID: 37424435 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is an androgen-responsive organ, but the complex cellular and molecular interactions that mediate these responses remain incompletely defined. Here, I synthesise the existing literature to derive a simple conceptual framework describing the androgen-dependent regulation of prostate epithelial dynamics. In this framework, epithelial androgen receptor (AR) cell-autonomously controls luminal cell height, whereas stromal AR regulates the synthesis of growth factors that promote luminal cell survival and proliferation. With the additional aid of a reanalysis of single-cell RNA-seq data, I also propose that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) functions as a key androgen-dependent growth factor coordinating stromal-to-epithelial paracrine communication. A novel mathematical model based on this framework was able to quantitatively fit experimental data describing prostate regression and regeneration. Model analysis demonstrates how the luminal cell population can maintain a stable equilibrium size via competition for and degradation of stroma-derived IGF1 and how this population size can be controlled by androgen levels, without a requirement for distinct luminal cell subsets. Moreover, model simulations were able to qualitatively recapitulate experimental observations in inflammatory and cancerous states, thereby providing insights into potential disease mechanisms. This simple model could therefore serve as a foundation for more comprehensive modelling of both the healthy and diseased prostate.
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Androgen action on myogenesis throughout the lifespan; comparison with neurogenesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 71:101101. [PMID: 37669703 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgens' pleiotropic actions in promoting sex differences present not only a challenge to providing a comprehensive account of their function, but also an opportunity to gain insights by comparing androgenic actions across organ systems. Although often overlooked by neuroscientists, skeletal muscle is another androgen-responsive organ system which shares with the nervous system properties of electrochemical excitability, behavioral relevance, and remarkable capacity for adaptive plasticity. Here we review androgenic regulation of mitogenic plasticity in skeletal muscle with the goal of identifying areas of interest to those researching androgenic mechanisms mediating sexual differentiation of neurogenesis. We use an organizational-activational framework to relate broad areas of similarity and difference between androgen effects on mitogenesis in muscle and brain throughout the lifespan, from early organogenesis, through pubertal organization, adult activation, and aging. The focus of the review is androgenic regulation of muscle-specific stem cells (satellite cells), which share with neural stem cells essential functions in development, plasticity, and repair, albeit with distinct, muscle-specific features. Also considered are areas of paracrine and endocrine interaction between androgen action on muscle and nervous system, including mediation of neural plasticity of innervating and distal neural populations by muscle-produced trophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tzivia Barsky
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Douglas Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Landen S, Hiam D, Voisin S, Jacques M, Lamon S, Eynon N. Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. J Physiol 2023; 601:419-434. [PMID: 34762308 DOI: 10.1113/jp279499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and genetics. Studies investigating exercise physiology frequently include only males or do not take sex differences into consideration. Although there is still an underrepresentation of female participants in exercise research, existing studies have identified sex differences in physiological and molecular responses to exercise training. The observed sex differences in exercise physiology are underpinned by the sex chromosome complement, sex hormones and, on a molecular level, the epigenome and transcriptome. Future research in the field should aim to include both sexes, control for menstrual cycle factors, conduct large-scale and ethnically diverse studies, conduct meta-analyses to consolidate findings from various studies, leverage unique cohorts (such as post-menopausal, transgender, and those with sex chromosome abnormalities), as well as integrate tissue and cell-specific -omics data. This knowledge is essential for developing deeper insight into sex-specific physiological responses to exercise training, thus directing future exercise physiology studies and practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Rosato E, Sciarra F, Anastasiadou E, Lenzi A, Venneri MA. Revisiting the physiological role of androgens in women. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:547-561. [PMID: 36352537 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2144834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extensive research underlines the critical functions of androgens in females. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms of their action are poorly understood. Here, we review the existing literature regarding the physiological role of androgens in women throughout life. AREAS COVERED Several studies show that androgen receptors (ARs) are broadly expressed in numerous female tissues. They are essential for many physiological processes, including reproductive, sexual, cardiovascular, bone, muscle, and brain health. They are also involved in adipose tissue and liver function. Androgen levels change with the menstrual cycle and decrease in the first decades of life, independently of menopause. EXPERT OPINION To date, studies are limited by including small numbers of women, the difficulty of dosing androgens, and their cyclical variations. In particular, whether androgens play any significant role in regulating the establishment of pregnancy is poorly understood. The neural functions of ARs have also been investigated less thoroughly, although it is expressed at high levels in brain structures. Moreover, the mechanism underlying the decline of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) with age is unclear. Other factors, including estrogen's effect on adrenal androgen production, reciprocal regulation of ARs, and non-classical effects of androgens, remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sciarra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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8
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Holder ER, Alibhai FJ, Caudle SL, McDermott JC, Tobin SW. The importance of biological sex in cardiac cachexia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H609-H627. [PMID: 35960634 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00187.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia is a catabolic muscle wasting syndrome observed in approximately 1 in 10 heart failure patients. Increased skeletal muscle atrophy leads to frailty and limits mobility which impacts quality of life, exacerbates clinical care, and is associated with higher rates of mortality. Heart failure is known to exhibit a wide range of prevalence and severity when examined across individuals of different ages and with co-morbidities related to diabetes, renal failure and pulmonary dysfunction. It is also recognized that men and women exhibit striking differences in the pathophysiology of heart failure as well as skeletal muscle homeostasis. Given that both skeletal muscle and heart failure physiology are in-part sex dependent, the diagnosis and treatment of cachexia in heart failure patients may depend on a comprehensive examination of how these organs interact. In this review we explore the potential for sex-specific differences in cardiac cachexia. We summarize advantages and disadvantages of clinical methods used to measure muscle mass and function and provide alternative measurements that should be considered in preclinical studies. Additionally, we summarize sex-dependent effects on muscle wasting in preclinical models of heart failure, disuse, and cancer. Lastly, we discuss the endocrine function of the heart and outline unanswered questions that could directly impact patient care.
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9
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Landen S, Jacques M, Hiam D, Alvarez-Romero J, Harvey NR, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Lamon S, Voisin S, Eynon N. Skeletal muscle methylome and transcriptome integration reveals profound sex differences related to muscle function and substrate metabolism. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:202. [PMID: 34732242 PMCID: PMC8567658 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all human complex traits and diseases exhibit some degree of sex differences, with epigenetics being one of the main contributing factors. Various tissues display sex differences in DNA methylation; however, this has not yet been explored in skeletal muscle, despite skeletal muscle being among the tissues with the most transcriptomic sex differences. For the first time, we investigated the effect of sex on autosomal DNA methylation in human skeletal muscle across three independent cohorts (Gene SMART, FUSION, and GSE38291) using a meta-analysis approach, totalling 369 human muscle samples (222 males and 147 females), and integrated this with known sex-biased transcriptomics. We found 10,240 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at FDR < 0.005, 94% of which were hypomethylated in males, and gene set enrichment analysis revealed that differentially methylated genes were involved in muscle contraction and substrate metabolism. We then investigated biological factors underlying DNA methylation sex differences and found that circulating hormones were not associated with differential methylation at sex-biased DNA methylation loci; however, these sex-specific loci were enriched for binding sites of hormone-related transcription factors (with top TFs including androgen (AR), estrogen (ESR1), and glucocorticoid (NR3C1) receptors). Fibre type proportions were associated with differential methylation across the genome, as well as across 16% of sex-biased DNA methylation loci (FDR < 0.005). Integration of DNA methylomic results with transcriptomic data from the GTEx database and the FUSION cohort revealed 326 autosomal genes that display sex differences at both the epigenome and transcriptome levels. Importantly, transcriptional sex-biased genes were overrepresented among epigenetic sex-biased genes (p value = 4.6e−13), suggesting differential DNA methylation and gene expression between male and female muscle are functionally linked. Finally, we validated expression of three genes with large effect sizes (FOXO3A, ALDH1A1, and GGT7) in the Gene SMART cohort with qPCR. GGT7, involved in antioxidant metabolism, displays male-biased expression as well as lower methylation in males across the three cohorts. In conclusion, we uncovered 8420 genes that exhibit DNA methylation differences between males and females in human skeletal muscle that may modulate mechanisms controlling muscle metabolism and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez-Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
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10
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Bianchi VE, Bresciani E, Meanti R, Rizzi L, Omeljaniuk RJ, Torsello A. The role of androgens in women's health and wellbeing. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105758. [PMID: 34242799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgens in women, as well as in men, are intrinsic to maintenance of (i) reproductive competency, (ii) cardiac health, (iii) appropriate bone remodeling and mass retention, (iii) muscle tone and mass, and (iv) brain function, in part, through their mitigation of neurodegenerative disease effects. In recognition of the pluripotency of endogenous androgens, exogenous androgens, and selected congeners, have been prescribed off-label for several decades to treat low libido and sexual dysfunction in menopausal women, as well as, to improve physical performance. However, long-term safety and efficacy of androgen administration has yet to be fully elucidated. Side effects often observed include (i) hirsutism, (ii) acne, (iii) deepening of the voice, and (iv) weight gain but are associated most frequently with supra-physiological doses. By contrast, short-term clinical trials suggest that the use of low-dose testosterone therapy in women appears to be effective, safe and economical. There are, however, few clinical studies, which have focused on effects of androgen therapy on pre- and post-menopausal women; moreover, androgen mechanisms of action have not yet been thoroughly explained in these subjects. This review considers clinical effects of androgens on women's health in order to prevent chronic diseases and reduce cancer risk in gynecological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio E Bianchi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Center Stella Maris, Strada Rovereta 42, Falciano 47891, San Marino.
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy.
| | - Ramona Meanti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy.
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy.
| | - Robert J Omeljaniuk
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza 20900, Italy.
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11
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Messersmith EM, Smerchek DT, Hansen SL. The Crossroads between Zinc and Steroidal Implant-Induced Growth of Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1914. [PMID: 34199133 PMCID: PMC8300159 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth-promoting technologies such as steroidal implants have been utilized in the beef industry for over 60 years and remain an indispensable tool for improving economic returns through consistently improved average daily gain via increased skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Zinc has been implicated in skeletal muscle growth through protein synthesis, satellite cell function, and many other growth processes. Therefore, the objective of this review was to present the available literature linking Zn to steroidal implant-induced protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. Herein, steroidal implants and their mode of action, the biological importance of Zn, and several connections between steroidal implants and Zn related to growth processes are discussed. These include the influence of Zn on hormone receptor signaling, circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations, glucose metabolism, protein synthesis via mTOR, and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation. Supplemental Zn has also been implicated in improved growth rates of cattle utilizing growth-promoting technologies, and steroidal implants appear to alter liver and circulating Zn concentrations. Therefore, this review provides evidence of the role of Zn in steroidal implant-induced growth yet reveals gaps in the current knowledge base related to optimizing Zn supplementation strategies to best capture growth performance improvements offered through steroidal implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie L. Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.M.M.); (D.T.S.)
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12
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Tomas D, McLeod VM, Chiam MDF, Wanniarachchillage N, Boon WC, Turner BJ. Dissociation of disease onset, progression and sex differences from androgen receptor levels in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9255. [PMID: 33927243 PMCID: PMC8085012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of motor neurons. ALS incidence is skewed towards males with typically earlier age of onset and limb site of onset. The androgen receptor (AR) is the major mediator of androgen effects in the body and is present extensively throughout the central nervous system, including motor neurons. Mutations in the AR gene lead to selective lower motor neuron degeneration in male spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) patients, emphasising the importance of AR in maintaining motor neuron health and survival. To evaluate a potential role of AR in onset and progression of ALS, we generated SOD1G93A mice with either neural AR deletion or global human AR overexpression. Using a Cre-LoxP conditional gene knockout strategy, we report that neural deletion of AR has minimal impact on the disease course in SOD1G93A male mice. This outcome was potentially confounded by the metabolically disrupted Nestin-Cre phenotype, which likely conferred the profound lifespan extension observed in the SOD1G93A double transgenic male mice. In addition, overexpression of human AR produced no benefit to disease onset and progression in SOD1G93A mice. In conclusion, the disease course of SOD1G93A mice is independent of AR expression levels, implicating other mechanisms involved in mediating the sex differences in ALS. Our findings using Nestin-Cre mice, which show an inherent metabolic phenotype, led us to hypothesise that targeting hypermetabolism associated with ALS may be a more potent modulator of disease, than AR in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Tomas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Victoria M McLeod
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mathew D F Chiam
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Nayomi Wanniarachchillage
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Wah C Boon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6150, Australia.
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13
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Bleach R, Sherlock M, O'Reilly MW, McIlroy M. Growth Hormone/Insulin Growth Factor Axis in Sex Steroid Associated Disorders and Related Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630503. [PMID: 33816477 PMCID: PMC8012538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, almost all solid malignancies have implicated insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling as a driver of tumour growth. However, the remarkable level of crosstalk between sex hormones, the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and its ligands IGF-1 and 2 in endocrine driven cancers is incompletely understood. Similar to the sex steroids, IGF signalling is essential in normal development as well as growth and tissue homoeostasis, and undergoes a steady decline with advancing age and increasing visceral adiposity. Interestingly, IGF-1 has been found to play a compensatory role for both estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) by augmenting hormonal responses in the absence of, or where low levels of ligand are present. Furthermore, experimental, and epidemiological evidence supports a role for dysregulated IGF signalling in breast and prostate cancers. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) molecules can regulate the bioavailability of IGF-1 and are frequently expressed in these hormonally regulated tissues. The link between age-related disease and the role of IGF-1 in the process of ageing and longevity has gained much attention over the last few decades, spurring the development of numerous IGF targeted therapies that have, to date, failed to deliver on their therapeutic potential. This review will provide an overview of the sexually dimorphic nature of IGF signalling in humans and how this is impacted by the reduction in sex steroids in mid-life. It will also explore the latest links with metabolic syndromes, hormonal imbalances associated with ageing and targeting of IGF signalling in endocrine-related tumour growth with an emphasis on post-menopausal breast cancer and the impact of the steroidal milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bleach
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and RCSI Medical School, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael W O'Reilly
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and RCSI Medical School, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie McIlroy
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Kim Y. Emerging Treatment Options for Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030250. [PMID: 33803020 PMCID: PMC8002763 DOI: 10.3390/life11030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by a skeletal muscle disorder with progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and function, and it increases the risk of adverse outcomes with considerable prevalence in patients with chronic liver disease. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease underlies complicated and multifactorial mechanisms for pathogenesis, including alterations in protein turnover, hyperammonemia, energy disposal, hormonal changes, and chronic inflammation. The key contribution to sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver diseases can be the hyperammonemia-induced upregulation of myostatin, which causes muscle atrophy via the expression of atrophy-related genes. Several clinical studies on emerging treatment options for sarcopenia have been reported, but only a few have focused on patients with chronic liver diseases, with mostly nutritional and behavioral interventions being carried out. The inhibition of the myostatin-activin receptor signaling pathway and hormonal therapy might be the most promising therapeutic options in combination with an ammonia-lowering approach in sarcopenic patients with chronic liver diseases. This review focuses on current and emerging treatment options for sarcopenia in chronic liver diseases with underlying mechanisms to counteract this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kim
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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15
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Allen SL, Quinlan JI, Dhaliwal A, Armstrong MJ, Elsharkawy AM, Greig CA, Lord JM, Lavery GG, Breen L. Sarcopenia in chronic liver disease: mechanisms and countermeasures. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G241-G257. [PMID: 33236953 PMCID: PMC8609568 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00373.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a condition of low muscle mass, quality, and strength, is commonly found in patients with cirrhosis and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes including reduction in quality of life, increased mortality, and posttransplant complications. In chronic liver disease (CLD), sarcopenia is most commonly defined through the measurement of the skeletal muscle index of the third lumbar spine. A major contributor to sarcopenia in CLD is the imbalance in muscle protein turnover, which likely occurs due to a decrease in muscle protein synthesis and an elevation in muscle protein breakdown. This imbalance is assumed to arise due to several factors including accelerated starvation, hyperammonemia, amino acid deprivation, chronic inflammation, excessive alcohol intake, and physical inactivity. In particular, hyperammonemia is a key mediator of the liver-gut axis and is known to contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and an increase in myostatin expression. Currently, the use of nutritional interventions such as late-evening snacks, branched-chain amino acid supplementation, and physical activity have been proposed to help the management and treatment of sarcopenia. However, little evidence exists to comprehensively support their use in clinical settings. Several new pharmacological strategies, including myostatin inhibition and the nutraceutical Urolithin A, have recently been proposed to treat age-related sarcopenia and may also be of use in CLD. This review highlights the potential molecular mechanisms contributing to sarcopenia in CLD alongside a discussion of existing and potential new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Allen
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I. Quinlan
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amritpal Dhaliwal
- 2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,3Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,4Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Armstrong
- 2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,4Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. Elsharkawy
- 2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,3Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,4Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,5MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Lord
- 2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,3Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,5MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- 2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,6Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,7Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partner, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- 1School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,2National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom,5MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Bianchi VE, Rizzi L, Bresciani E, Omeljaniuk RJ, Torsello A. Androgen Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa120. [PMID: 33094209 PMCID: PMC7568521 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease, are characterized by the loss of neurons as well as neuronal function in multiple regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several studies in animal models have shown that androgens have neuroprotective effects in the brain and stimulate axonal regeneration. The presence of neuronal androgen receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system suggests that androgen therapy might be useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. To illustrate, androgen therapy reduced inflammation, amyloid-β deposition, and cognitive impairment in patients with AD. As well, improvements in remyelination in MS have been reported; by comparison, only variable results are observed in androgen treatment of PD. In ALS, androgen administration stimulated motoneuron recovery from progressive damage and regenerated both axons and dendrites. Only a few clinical studies are available in human individuals despite the safety and low cost of androgen therapy. Clinical evaluations of the effects of androgen therapy on these devastating diseases using large populations of patients are strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Center Stella Maris, Strada Rovereta, Falciano, San Marino
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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17
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Smith ZK, Johnson BJ. Mechanisms of steroidal implants to improve beef cattle growth: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1751642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K. Smith
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Bradley J. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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18
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Analysis of Transcriptome, Selected Intracellular Signaling Pathways, Proliferation and Apoptosis of LNCaP Cells Exposed to High Leptin Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215412. [PMID: 31671654 PMCID: PMC6861914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, the first discovered adipokine, has been connected to various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cancerogenesis. Increasing evidence confirms its influence on prostate cancer cells. However, studies on the effects of leptin on the proliferation and apoptosis of the androgen-sensitive LNCaP line of prostate cancer cells brought conflicting results. Therefore, we performed studies on the effects of high LEP concentration (1 × 10−6 M) on gene expression profile, change of selected signaling pathways, proliferation and apoptosis of LNCaP cells. RTCA (real-time cell analyzer) revealed inhibitory effect of LEP on cell proliferation, but lower LEP concentrations (10−8 and 10−10 M) did not affect cell division. Moreover, flow cytometry with a specific antibody for Cleaved PARP-1, an apoptosis marker, confirmed the activation of apoptosis in leptin-exposed LNCaP line of prostate cancer cells. Within 24 h LEP (10−6 M) increases expression of 297 genes and decreases expression of 119 genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to functional annotation and clusterization using the DAVID bioinformatics tools. Most ontological groups are associated with proliferation and apoptosis (seven groups), immune response (six) and extracellular matrix (two). These results were confirmed by the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The leptin’s effect on apoptosis stimulation was also confirmed using Pathview library. These results were also confirmed by qPCR method. The results of Western Blot analysis (exposure to LEP 10 min, 1, 2, 4 and 24 h) suggest (after 24 h) decrease of p38 MAPK, p44-42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Bcl-2 phosphorylated at threonine 56. Moreover, exposure of LNCaP cells to LEP significantly stimulates the secretion of matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP7). Obtained results suggest activation of apoptotic processes in LNCaP cells cultured at high LEP concentration. At the same time, this activation is accompanied by inhibition of proliferation of the tested cells.
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19
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Englund DA, Peck BD, Murach KA, Neal AC, Caldwell HA, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA, Dupont-Versteegden EE. Resident muscle stem cells are not required for testosterone-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C719-C724. [PMID: 31314585 PMCID: PMC6851003 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00260.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is postulated that testosterone-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is driven by myonuclear accretion as the result of satellite cell fusion. To directly test this hypothesis, we utilized the Pax7-DTA mouse model to deplete satellite cells in skeletal muscle followed by testosterone administration. Pax7-DTA mice (6 mo of age) were treated for 5 days with either vehicle [satellite cell replete (SC+)] or tamoxifen [satellite cell depleted (SC-)]. Following a washout period, a testosterone propionate or sham pellet was implanted for 21 days. Testosterone administration caused a significant increase in muscle fiber cross-sectional area in SC+ and SC- mice in both oxidative (soleus) and glycolytic (plantaris and extensor digitorum longus) muscles. In SC+ mice treated with testosterone, there was a significant increase in both satellite cell abundance and myonuclei that was completely absent in testosterone-treated SC- mice. These findings provide direct evidence that testosterone-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy does not require an increase in satellite cell abundance or myonuclear accretion.Listen to a podcast about this Rapid Report with senior author E. E. Dupont-Versteegden (https://ajpcell.podbean.com/e/podcast-on-paper-that-shows-testosterone-induced-skeletal-muscle-hypertrophy-does-not-need-muscle-stem-cells/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Englund
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bailey D Peck
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ally C Neal
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hannah A Caldwell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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20
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Simitsidellis I, Esnal-Zuffiaure A, Kelepouri O, O’Flaherty E, Gibson DA, Saunders PTK. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have specific impacts on the mouse uterus. J Endocrinol 2019; 242:227-239. [PMID: 31319382 PMCID: PMC6690265 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have been proposed as therapeutics for women suffering from breast cancer, muscle wasting or urinary incontinence. The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in the uterus but the impact of SARMs on the function of this organ is unknown. We used a mouse model to compare the impact of SARMs (GTx-007/Andarine®, GTx-024/Enobosarm®), Danazol (a synthetic androstane steroid) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on tissue architecture, cell proliferation and gene expression. Ovariectomised mice were treated daily for 7 days with compound or vehicle control (VC). Uterine morphometric characteristics were quantified using high-throughput image analysis (StrataQuest; TissueGnostics), protein and gene expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR, respectively. Treatment with GTx-024, Danazol or DHT induced significant increases in body weight, uterine weight and the surface area of the endometrial stromal and epithelial compartments compared to VC. Treatment with GTx-007 had no impact on these parameters. GTx-024, Danazol and DHT all significantly increased the percentage of Ki67-positive cells in the stroma, but only GTx-024 had an impact on epithelial cell proliferation. GTx-007 significantly increased uterine expression of Wnt4 and Wnt7a, whereas GTx-024 and Danazol decreased their expression. In summary, the impact of GTx-024 and Danazol on uterine cells mirrored that of DHT, whereas GTx-007 had minimal impact on the tested parameters. This study has identified endpoints that have revealed differences in the effects of SARMs on uterine tissue and provides a template for preclinical studies comparing the impact of compounds targeting the AR on endometrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Simitsidellis
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Arantza Esnal-Zuffiaure
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olympia Kelepouri
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elisabeth O’Flaherty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Douglas A Gibson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to P T K Saunders:
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21
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Semerdjieva IB, Zheljazkov VD. Chemical Constituents, Biological Properties, and Uses of Tribulus terrestris: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19868394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) (puncturevine) is a common weed that grows in many countries worldwide and in some places is considered as a noxious weed. The plant has been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicines and is now considered as one of the most popular aphrodisiacs. It is known for its healing properties for sexual difficulties, impotence, and human and animal hormonal imbalance. It is also used as a sexual booster. Because of the plant’s active substances that can be used for curing sexual and other disorders, interest in it is increasing, and it is currently one of the most studied medicinal plants. The products and preparations manufactured from the aboveground plant parts are especially popular among athletes and people with health issues and diseases such as hormonal imbalance, sexual problems, heart problems, and various kidney and skin diseases. The aim of this review is a comprehensive and critical assessment of the scientific publications involving TT, with special reference to its chemical constituents and biological properties that may facilitate current understanding and future studies of this fascinating plant species. The objectives of this review were (1) to find knowledge gaps, (2) to discuss critically relevant publications and issues with materials and methods that may be prerequisites for contradictory results, and (3) to identify research and development areas. It was found that some of the studies on TT extracts as aphrodisiacs are controversial. A significant number of research publications claim that TT extracts and nutritional supplements containing TT improve muscle tone, have a common biostimulating effect, and improve spermogenesis. However, there are a growing number of publications that dispute these claims, as there are no empirical data on commonly accepted mechanisms of action. The main biologically active substances in TT are steroidal saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and lignan amides, the most studied being the steroidal saponins. Multiyear data on the metabolic profile of the species are generally lacking. There are a variety of methods used for extracting plant material, differences in methodologies and saponin analyses, and scientific instruments that were used. Lack of common standards could be a reason for differences in the pharmacological activity and composition of the TT preparations. Development of standard procedures and methods for collection of plant material and analyses are recommended. Selection and breeding efforts and agronomic studies of promising clones of TT would need to be conducted in order to develop TT as a new crop. This will provide consistency of supply and quality of the feedstock for the pharmaceutical industry and could provide a new cash crop for growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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22
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Wang CL, Kung HN, Wu CH, Huang CJ. Dietary wild bitter gourd displays selective androgen receptor modulator like activity and improves the muscle decline of orchidectomized mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:125-139. [PMID: 30600821 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength is often associated with disability and poor quality of life. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are under development as potential treatment. This study aims at examining the potential of wild bitter gourd (BG) as a SARM and its effects on the muscle decline induced by orchiectomy. In the cell-based androgen receptor (AR) transactivation assay, the BGP extract showed weak agonistic and antagonistic activities, resembling those of some SARMs. Male C57BL/6J mice were sham-operated (Sham group) or castrated (Cast groups) and fed a modified AIN-93G high sucrose diet supplemented without (Cast group) or with 5% lyophilized BG powder (Cast + BGP) or with testosterone propionate (7 mg TP per kg diet, Cast + TP) for 23 weeks. In contrast to the Cast + TP group, the BGP supplementation did not affect the serum testosterone concentration, and prostate and seminal vesicle mass. Both TP and BGP supplementation increased the weight of androgen responsive muscles, bulbocavernosus (BC) and levator ani (LA) (p < 0.05). The grip strength and the performance on a rotarod of the Cast + BGP group were comparable to those of the Cast + TP group (p > 0.05). The number of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-positive fibers of the Cast + BGP group was not significantly different from that of the Sham and Cast + TP groups (p > 0.05). The BGP supplementation up-regulated the Pgc1α, Ucp2 or Ucp3 gene expressions in skeletal muscles of castrated mice (p < 0.05). BGP showed some characteristics of the SARM and might improve skeletal muscle function through the up-regulation of mitochondrial biogenic genes and oxidative capacity, and ameliorated the castration-induced decline of skeletal muscle function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ling Wang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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23
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Abstract
One critical determinant of levels of gene expression is binding of transcription factors to cognate DNA sequences in promoter and enhancer regions of target genes. Transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins to which transcriptional co-regulators are bound, ultimately resulting in histone modifications that change chromatin structure to regulate transcription. Examples of transcription factors include hormone-activated transcription factors such as the glucocorticoid receptor, transcription factors regulated by cell surface receptors such as FOXO1 and Smad2/Smad3, and many others. Promoter regions typically contain multiple, diverse transcription factor-binding sites. Binding sites for cell-type-specific transcription factors involved in cell fate determination such as Runx2, MyoD, or myogenin are frequently observed. Promoter regions are located within ~2 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site, whereas enhancers may be located at some distance from promoter sequences and exert long-range effects. Here, we will discuss classical and emerging technologies by which one can understand the role of binding of specific transcription factors in regulation of transcription of FOXO genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Cardozo
- Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Özdamar MY, Şahin S, Zengin K, Seçkin S, Gürdal M. Detection of insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 in the human cremaster muscle and its role in the etiology of the undescended testis. Asian J Surg 2019; 42:290-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Vassilakos G, Barton ER. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Regulation and Its Actions in Skeletal Muscle. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:413-438. [PMID: 30549022 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway is essential for promoting growth and survival of virtually all tissues. It bears high homology to its related protein insulin, and as such, there is an interplay between these molecules with regard to their anabolic and metabolic functions. Skeletal muscle produces a significant proportion of IGF-1, and is highly responsive to its actions, including increased muscle mass and improved regenerative capacity. In this overview, the regulation of IGF-1 production, stability, and activity in skeletal muscle will be described. Second, the physiological significance of the forms of IGF-1 produced will be discussed. Last, the interaction of IGF-1 with other pathways will be addressed. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:413-438, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Vassilakos
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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26
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Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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27
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Guddati AK. Current and potential targets for drug design in the androgen receptor pathway for prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:489-496. [PMID: 29621897 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1455662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modulating the androgen axis by different agents has been one of the most successful therapeutic interventions in the field of prostate cancer therapy. Newer agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide have been widely adapted and have contributed to an increase in the overall survival of prostate cancer patients. However, most of these patients will develop resistance to these agents and will need chemotherapy. Areas covered: In this review, this author discusses current agents which modulate the androgen axis, the mechanisms of resistance to these agents and investigative agents which are designed to bypass these mechanisms of resistance. Potential targets in the androgen axis and related biochemical pathways are, furthermore, identified. Expert opinion: Understanding the mechanism of resistance to these agents is crucial in developing third generation anti-androgen agents which can potentially contribute to the longevity of prostate cancer patients to a greater extent. Besides developing more potent agents, it is also important to formulate new strategies to resensitize patients to current anti-androgen agents by carefully sequencing chemotherapy regimens and abrogating genetic changes which are known to cause resistance to anti-androgens. Combinatorial approach with immunotherapy offers prospects which may yield better results and need to be thoroughly explored.
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Sullivan DA, Dana R, Sullivan RM, Krenzer KL, Sahin A, Arica B, Liu Y, Kam WR, Papas AS, Cermak JM. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Primary and Secondary Sjögren Syndrome. Ophthalmic Res 2018; 59:193-205. [PMID: 29627826 DOI: 10.1159/000487487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that women with primary (pSS) and secondary Sjögren syndrome (sSS; with systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE] or rheumatoid arthritis [RA]) have meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). We sought to test our hypothesis. METHODS Subjects with pSS, sSS + SLE, sSS + RA, and non-SS-related MGD were recruited from the Sjögren's Syndrome Foundation or outpatient clinics at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine or Brigham and Women's Hospital. The control population was recruited from the Greater Boston area. After providing written informed consent, the subjects underwent an eye examination and/or completed two questionnaires that assess symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). RESULTS Our results demonstrate that pSS and sSS patients have MGD. These subjects had meibomian gland orifice metaplasia, an increased number of occluded meibomian gland orifices, and a reduced quality of meibomian gland secretions. Further, patients with pSS, sSS + SLE, sSS + RA, and MGD had significant alterations in their tear film, lid margin, cornea, and conjunctiva. Symptoms of DED were increased ∼10-fold in all pSS, sSS, and MGD groups relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support our hypothesis and show that individuals with pSS, sSS + SLE, and sSS + RA have MGD. In addition, our study indicates that patients with pSS and sSS have both aqueous-deficient and evaporative DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kathleen L Krenzer
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Koç University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beril Arica
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy R Kam
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athena S Papas
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cermak
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Omar HA, Tolba MF. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester guards against benign prostate hypertrophy in rats: Role of IGF-1R/protein kinase-B (Akt)/β-catenin signaling. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:519-528. [PMID: 29603556 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) is among the most common diseases with a huge impact on the quality of life of elderly men. There is a current need for the development of well-tolerated and effective preventive strategies to improve the clinical outcome. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an important active ingredient isolated from honey-bee propolis with potent anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These properties promote CAPE as a promising candidate to be tested as an alternative therapy for BPH, which is still uninvestigated. Herein, we tested the ability of CAPE to guard against testosterone-induced BPH and investigated the involvement of IGF1-R/Akt/β-catenin signaling as a protective mechanism in testosterone-induced BPH rat model. Treatment with CAPE reduced testosterone-induced increase in the prostate index and histopathological alterations. In addition, co-treatment with CAPE significantly suppressed insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)/Akt/β-catenin/cyclinD1 axis as well as tumor necrosis factor-α level and nuclear factor (NF)-kB activity. Furthermore, the treatment with CAPE replenished the antioxidant defense systems, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) with subsequent reduction in prostate tissue lipid peroxides. This study highlights the potential merit of CAPE-enriched propolis formulations to protect elderly men against the development of BPH. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(6):519-528, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.,Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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30
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Zou Y, Dong Y, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Li N. Incorporation of a skeletal muscle-specific enhancer in the regulatory region of Igf1 upregulates IGF1 expression and induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2781. [PMID: 29426944 PMCID: PMC5807547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we upregulated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) expression specifically in skeletal muscle by engineering an enhancer into its non-coding regions and verified the expected phenotype in a mouse model. To select an appropriate site for introducing a skeletal muscle-specific myosin light chain (MLC) enhancer, three candidate sites that exhibited the least evolutionary conservation were chosen and validated in C2C12 single-cell colonies harbouring the MLC enhancer at each site. IGF1 was dramatically upregulated in only the site 2 single-cell colony series, and it exhibited functional activity leading to the formation of extra myotubes. Therefore, we chose site 2 to generate a genetically modified (GM) mouse model with the MLC enhancer incorporated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The GM mice exhibited dramatically elevated IGF1 levels, which stimulated downstream pathways in skeletal muscle. Female GM mice exhibited more conspicuous muscle hypertrophy than male GM mice. The GM mice possessed similar circulating IGF1 levels and tibia length as their WT littermates; they also did not exhibit heart abnormalities. Our findings demonstrate that genetically modifying a non-coding region is a feasible method to upregulate gene expression and obtain animals with desirable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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31
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Matsuyama T, Yabe K, Kuwata C, Ito K, Ando Y, Iida H, Mori K. Transcriptional profile of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:105-112. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1320406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Matsuyama
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Yabe
- Daiichi Sankyo India Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Chiharu Kuwata
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ito
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ando
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iida
- Laboratory of Zoology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Gill R, O'Brien LC, Lavis T, Castillo T, Cifu DX, Savas J, Khan R, Cardozo C, Lesnefsky EJ, Gater DR, Adler RA. Effects of Testosterone and Evoked Resistance Exercise after Spinal Cord Injury (TEREX-SCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014125. [PMID: 28377392 PMCID: PMC5387951 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a lifelong risk of obesity and chronic metabolic disorders including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Within a few weeks of injury, there is a significant decline in whole body fat-free mass, particularly lower extremity skeletal muscle mass, and subsequent increase in fat mass (FM). This is accompanied by a decrease in anabolic hormones including testosterone. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mass and improve metabolic profile. Additionally, resistance training (RT) has been shown to increase lean mass and reduce metabolic disturbances in SCI and other clinical populations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 26 individuals with chronic, motor complete SCI between 18 and 50 years old were randomly assigned to a RT+TRT group (n=13) or a TRT group (n=13). 22 participants completed the initial 16-week training phase of the study and 4 participants withdrew. 12 participants of the 22 completed 16 weeks of detraining. The TRT was provided via transdermal testosterone patches (4-6 mg/day). The RT+TRT group had 16 weeks of supervised unilateral progressive RT using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation with ankle weights. This study will investigate the effects of evoked RT+TRT or TRT alone on body composition (muscle cross-sectional area, visceral adipose tissue, %FM) and metabolic profile (glucose and lipid metabolism) in individuals with motor complete SCI. Findings from this study may help in designing exercise therapies to alleviate the deterioration in body composition after SCI and decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders in this clinical population. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is currently approved by the McGuire VA Medical Center and Virginia Commonwealth University. All participants read and signed approved consent forms. Results will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Pre-result, NCT01652040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Gorgey
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Refka E Khalil
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ranjodh Gill
- Endocrinology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine¸ Richmond, Virginia,USA
| | - Laura C O'Brien
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy Lavis
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Teodoro Castillo
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David X Cifu
- Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Center, Hunter Holmes McGuire VAMC, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeannie Savas
- Surgical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Rehan Khan
- Radiology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Cardiology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pauley Heart Center Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Gater
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A Adler
- Endocrinology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine¸ Richmond, Virginia,USA
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Sinclair M, Grossmann M, Hoermann R, Angus PW, Gow PJ. Testosterone therapy increases muscle mass in men with cirrhosis and low testosterone: A randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 2016; 65:906-913. [PMID: 27312945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Low testosterone and sarcopenia are common in men with cirrhosis and both are associated with increased mortality. Whether testosterone therapy in cirrhosis improves muscle mass and other outcomes is unknown. METHODS We conducted a 12-month, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of intramuscular testosterone undecanoate in 101 men with established cirrhosis and low serum testosterone (total testosterone <12nmol/L or free testosterone <230pmol/L) in a single tertiary centre. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline, 6 and 12months. RESULTS At study completion, appendicular lean mass was significant higher in testosterone-treated subjects, with a mean adjusted difference (MAD) of +1.69kg, (CI +0.40; +2.97kg, p=0.021). Secondary outcomes included a substantially higher total lean mass in the active group (MAD +4.74kg, CI +1.75; +7.74kg, p=0.008), matched by reduced fat mass (MAD -4.34kg, CI -6.65; -2.04, p<0.001). Total bone mass increased (MAD +0.08kg, CI +0.01; +0.15kg, p=0.009) as did bone mineral density at the femoral neck (MAD +0.287points, CI +0.140; +0.434, p<0.001). Haemoglobin was higher with testosterone therapy (MAD +10.2g/L, CI +1.50; +18.9g/L, p=0.041) and percentage glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) lower (MAD -0.35%, CI -0.05; -0.54, p=0.028). Mortality was non-significantly lower in testosterone-treated patients (16% vs. 25.5%, p=0.352). There was no increase in adverse events in testosterone-treated subjects. CONCLUSION Testosterone therapy in men with cirrhosis and low serum testosterone safely increases muscle mass, bone mass and haemoglobin, and reduces fat mass and HbA1c. This is the first evidence-based therapy for sarcopenia in cirrhosis and thus requires larger-scale investigation into its potential impact on mortality. LAY SUMMARY Both low testosterone and muscle wasting are associated with increased risk of death in men with severe liver disease. Administering testosterone to men with liver disease who have low testosterone levels significantly increases their muscle mass. In addition, testosterone has non-muscle beneficial effects which may be able to increase survival in this population. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry trial number ACTRN 12614000526673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sinclair
- The University of Melbourne, Australia; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- The University of Melbourne, Australia; Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter W Angus
- The University of Melbourne, Australia; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul J Gow
- The University of Melbourne, Australia; Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Yamaguchi A, Takanashi K. FUS interacts with nuclear matrix-associated protein SAFB1 as well as Matrin3 to regulate splicing and ligand-mediated transcription. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35195. [PMID: 27731383 PMCID: PMC5059712 DOI: 10.1038/srep35195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FUS (Fused-in-Sarcoma) is a multifunctional DNA/RNA binding protein linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD). Since FUS is localized mainly in the nucleus with nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, it is critical to understand physiological functions in the nucleus to clarify pathogenesis. Here we report a yeast two-hybrid screening identified FUS interaction with nuclear matrix-associated protein SAFB1 (scaffold attachment factor B1). FUS and SAFB1, abundant in chromatin-bound fraction, interact in a DNA-dependent manner. N-terminal SAP domain of SAFB1, a DNA-binding motif, was required for its localization to chromatin-bound fraction and splicing regulation. In addition, depletion of SAFB1 reduced FUS’s localization to chromatin-bound fraction and splicing activity, suggesting SAFB1 could tether FUS to chromatin compartment thorough N-terminal DNA-binding motif. FUS and SAFB1 also interact with Androgen Receptor (AR) regulating ligand-dependent transcription. Moreover, FUS interacts with another nuclear matrix-associated protein Matrin3, which is muted in a subset of familial ALS cases and reportedly interacts with TDP-43. Interestingly, ectopic ALS-linked FUS mutant sequestered endogenous Matrin3 and SAFB1 in the cytoplasmic aggregates. These findings indicate SAFB1 could be a FUS’s functional platform in chromatin compartment to regulate RNA splicing and ligand-dependent transcription and shed light on the etiological significance of nuclear matrix-associated proteins in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takanashi
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Bilodeau PA, Coyne ES, Wing SS. The ubiquitin proteasome system in atrophying skeletal muscle: roles and regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C392-403. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00125.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy complicates many diseases as well as aging, and its presence predicts both decreased quality of life and survival. Much work has been conducted to define the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining protein homeostasis in muscle. To date, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been shown to play an important role in mediating muscle wasting. In this review, we have collated the enzymes in the UPS whose roles in muscle wasting have been confirmed through loss-of-function studies. We have integrated information on their mechanisms of action to create a model of how they work together to produce muscle atrophy. These enzymes are involved in promoting myofibrillar disassembly and degradation, activation of autophagy, inhibition of myogenesis as well as in modulating the signaling pathways that control these processes. Many anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways are involved in regulating these UPS genes, but none appear to coordinately regulate a large number of these genes. A number of catabolic signaling pathways appear to instead function by inhibition of the insulin/IGF-I/protein kinase B anabolic pathway. This pathway is a critical determinant of muscle mass, since it can suppress key ubiquitin ligases and autophagy, activate protein synthesis, and promote myogenesis through its downstream mediators such as forkhead box O, mammalian target of rapamycin, and GSK3β, respectively. Although much progress has been made, a more complete inventory of the UPS genes involved in mediating muscle atrophy, their mechanisms of action, and their regulation will be useful for identifying novel therapeutic approaches to this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Bilodeau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Erin S. Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon S. Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mukherjee A, Alzhanov D, Rotwein P. Defining human insulin-like growth factor I gene regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E519-29. [PMID: 27406741 PMCID: PMC5005972 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00212.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) plays an essential role in controlling somatic growth and in regulating multiple physiological processes in humans and other species. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), a conserved, secreted 70-amino acid peptide, is a critical mediator of many of the biological effects of GH. Previous studies have demonstrated that GH rapidly and potently promotes IGF-I gene expression in rodents and in some other mammals through the transcription factor STAT5b, leading to accumulation of IGF-I mRNAs and production of IGF-I. Despite this progress, very little is known about how GH or other trophic factors control human IGF1 gene expression, in large part because of the absence of any cellular model systems that robustly express IGF-I. Here, we have addressed mechanisms of regulation of human IGF-I by GH after generating cells in which the IGF1 chromosomal locus has been incorporated into a mouse cell line. Using this model, we found that physiological levels of GH rapidly stimulate human IGF1 gene transcription and identify several potential transcriptional enhancers in chromatin that bind STAT5b in a GH-regulated way. Each of the putative enhancers also activates a human IGF1 gene promoter in reconstitution experiments in the presence of the GH receptor, STAT5b, and GH. Thus we have developed a novel experimental platform that now may be used to determine how human IGF1 gene expression is controlled under different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Damir Alzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
| | - Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas
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Yin L, Wang Q, Wang X, Song LN. Effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins on exercise performance in overtraining rats and the underlying mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:1193-1201. [PMID: 27482746 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) saponins on exercise performance and the underlying mechanisms. A rat overtraining model was established and animals were treated with TT extracts (120 mg/kg body mass) 30 min before each training session. Serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone and levels of androgen receptor (AR) and insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the liver, gastrocnemius, and soleus were determined by ELISA and Western blot. Treatment of rats with TT saponins significantly improved the performance of the overtraining rats, reflected by the extension of time to exhaustion, with a concomitant increase in body mass, relative mass, and protein levels of gastrocnemius. Overtraining alone induced a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone. In contrast, treatment with TT saponins dramatically increased the serum level of testosterone in overtraining rats to about 150% of control and 216% of overtraining groups, respectively. In addition, TT saponins resulted in a further significant increase in AR in gastrocnemius and significantly suppressed the overtraining-induced increase in IGF-1R in the liver. These results indicated that TT saponins increased performance, body mass, and gastrocnemius mass of rats undergoing overtraining, which might be attributed to the changes in androgen-AR axis and IGF-1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yin
- a Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qian Wang
- a Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- a Department of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liang-Nian Song
- b Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Simitsidellis I, Gibson DA, Cousins FL, Esnal-Zufiaurre A, Saunders PTK. A Role for Androgens in Epithelial Proliferation and Formation of Glands in the Mouse Uterus. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2116-28. [PMID: 26963473 PMCID: PMC4870887 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endometrium consists of stromal and epithelial compartments (luminal and glandular) with distinct functions in the regulation of uterine homeostasis. Ovarian sex steroids, namely 17β-estradiol and progesterone, play essential roles in modulating uterine cell proliferation, stromal-epithelial cross-talk and differentiation in preparation for pregnancy. The effect of androgens on uterine function remains poorly understood. The current study investigated the effect of the non-aromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on mouse endometrial function. Ovx female mice were given a single sc injection (short treatment) or 7 daily injections (long treatment) of vehicle alone (5% ethanol, 0.4% methylcellulose) or vehicle with the addition of 0.2 mg DHT (n=8/group) and a single injection of bromodeoxyuridine 2 hours prior to tissue recovery. Treatment with DHT increased uterine weight, the area of the endometrial compartment and immunoexpression of the androgen receptor in the luminal and glandular epithelium. Treatment-dependent proliferation of epithelial cells was identified by immunostaining for MKi67 and bromodeoxyuridine. Real-time PCR identified significant DHT-dependent changes in the concentrations of mRNAs encoded by genes implicated in the regulation of the cell cycle (Wee1, Ccnd1, Rb1) and stromal-epithelial interactions (Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Cdh1, Vcl, Igf1, Prl8, Prlr) as well as a striking effect on the number of endometrial glands. This study has revealed a novel role for androgens in regulating uterine function with an effect on the glandular compartment of the endometrium. This previously unrecognized role for androgens has implications for our understanding of the role of androgens in regulation of endometrial function and fertility in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Simitsidellis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas A Gibson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona L Cousins
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arantza Esnal-Zufiaurre
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Liao RS, Ma S, Miao L, Li R, Yin Y, Raj GV. Androgen receptor-mediated non-genomic regulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation. Transl Androl Urol 2016; 2:187-96. [PMID: 26816736 PMCID: PMC4708176 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2013.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling is necessary for prostate cancer cell proliferation and an important target for therapeutic drug development. Canonically, AR signals through a genomic or transcriptional pathway, involving the translocation of androgen-bound AR to the nucleus, its binding to cognate androgen response elements on promoter, with ensuing modulation of target gene expression, leading to cell proliferation. However, prostate cancer cells can show dose-dependent proliferation responses to androgen within minutes, without the need for genomic AR signaling. This proliferation response known as the non-genomic AR signaling is mediated by cytoplasmic AR, which facilitates the activation of kinase-signaling cascades, including the Ras-Raf-1, phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and protein kinase C (PKC), which in turn converge on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, leading to cell proliferation. Further, since activated ERK may also phosphorylate AR and its coactivators, the non-genomic AR signaling may enhance AR genomic activity. Non-genomic AR signaling may occur in an ERK-independent manner, via activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, or modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration through plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These data suggest that therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing AR nuclear translocation and genomic AR signaling alone may not completely abrogate AR signaling. Thus, elucidation of mechanisms that underlie non-genomic AR signaling may identify potential mechanisms of resistance to current anti-androgens and help developing novel therapies that abolish all AR signaling in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Liao
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lu Miao
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Ben-Eltriki M, Deb S, Guns EST. Calcitriol in Combination Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions. J Cancer 2016; 7:391-407. [PMID: 26918053 PMCID: PMC4749360 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency could have an etiological role in prostate cancer. In addition, calcitriol, used in combination with currently available drugs, has the potential to potentiate their anticancer effects or act synergistically by inhibiting distinct mechanisms involved in prostate cancer growth. Clinical data have not yet provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate benefit of vitamin D due to the limited and underpowered studies that have been published to date. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical studies that describe the activity of calcitriol, applied either alone or in combination and assessed the mechanistic basis of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with calcitriol. Important considerations for calcitriol use in combination therapy with respect to safety and clinical outcomes have been discussed. Many of these combinations have therapeutic potential for the treatment of several cancer types and it is anticipated that future clinical research will put emphasis on well‑designed clinical trials to establish efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ben-Eltriki
- 1. The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- 2. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- 4. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy at Roosevelt University, Schaumburg, IL, USA
| | - Emma S. Tomlinson Guns
- 1. The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- 3. Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada
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Shen JS, Meng XL, Wight-Carter M, Day TS, Goetsch SC, Forni S, Schneider JW, Liu ZP, Schiffmann R. Blocking hyperactive androgen receptor signaling ameliorates cardiac and renal hypertrophy in Fabry mice. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3181-91. [PMID: 25701874 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is caused by deficient activity of lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The enzyme deficiency results in intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and renal insufficiency. The mechanism through which glycosphingolipid accumulation causes these manifestations remains unclear. Current treatment, especially when initiated at later stage of the disease, does not produce completely satisfactory results. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of Fabry disease is therefore crucial to developing new treatments. We found increased activity of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in Fabry disease. We subsequently also found that blockade of AR signaling either through castration or AR-antagonist prevented and reversed cardiac and kidney hypertrophic phenotype in a mouse model of Fabry disease. Our findings implicate abnormal AR pathway in the pathogenesis of Fabry disease and suggest blocking AR signaling as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Shen
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Xing-Li Meng
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | | | - Taniqua S Day
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Sean C Goetsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabrina Forni
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
| | - Jay W Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhi-Ping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX 75226, USA
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Wen S, Chang HC, Tian J, Shang Z, Niu Y, Chang C. Stromal androgen receptor roles in the development of normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:293-301. [PMID: 25432062 PMCID: PMC4305176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is an androgen-sensitive organ that needs proper androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signals for normal development. The progression of prostate diseases, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), also needs proper androgen/AR signals. Tissue recombination studies report that stromal, but not epithelial, AR plays more critical roles via the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions to influence the early process of prostate development. However, in BPH and PCa, much more attention has been focused on epithelial AR roles. However, accumulating evidence indicates that stromal AR is also irreplaceable and plays critical roles in prostate disease progression. Herein, we summarize the roles of stromal AR in the development of normal prostate, BPH, and PCa, with evidence from the recent results of in vitro cell line studies, tissue recombination experiments, and AR knockout animal models. Current evidence suggests that stromal AR may play positive roles to promote BPH and PCa progression, and targeting stromal AR selectively with AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9, may allow development of better therapies with fewer adverse effects to battle BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jing Tian
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Josiak K, Jankowska EA, Piepoli MF, Banasiak W, Ponikowski P. Skeletal myopathy in patients with chronic heart failure: significance of anabolic-androgenic hormones. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:287-96. [PMID: 25081949 PMCID: PMC4248408 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-014-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In heart failure, impairment of cardiac muscle function leads to numerous neurohormonal and metabolic disorders, including an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes, in favour of the latter. These disorders cause loss of muscle mass with structural and functional changes within the skeletal muscles, known as skeletal myopathy. This phenomenon constitutes an important mechanism that participates in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure. both its clinical symptoms and the progression of the disease. Attempts to reverse the above-mentioned pathologic processes by exploiting the anabolic action of androgenic hormones could provide a potentially attractive treatment option. The current concepts of anabolic androgen deficiency and resultant skeletal myopathy in patients with heart failure are reviewed, and the potential role of anabolic-androgenic hormones as an emerging therapeutic option for targeting heart failure is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Josiak
- Clinic for Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland,
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44
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Adams GR, Bamman MM. Characterization and regulation of mechanical loading-induced compensatory muscle hypertrophy. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2829-70. [PMID: 23720267 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian systems, skeletal muscle exists in a dynamic state that monitors and regulates the physiological investment in muscle size to meet the current level of functional demand. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge concerning development of the compensatory hypertrophy that occurs in response to a sustained increase in the mechanical loading of skeletal muscle. Topics covered include: defining and measuring compensatory hypertrophy, experimental models, loading stimulus parameters, acute responses to increased loading, hyperplasia, myofiber-type adaptations, the involvement of satellite cells, mRNA translational control, mechanotransduction, and endocrinology. The authors conclude with their impressions of current knowledge gaps in the field that are ripe for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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45
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Knapczyk-Stwora K, Grzesiak M, Duda M, Koziorowski M, Slomczynska M. Effect of flutamide on folliculogenesis in the fetal porcine ovary – Regulation by Kit ligand/c-Kit and IGF1/IGF1R systems. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 142:160-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2163-72. [PMID: 23806868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological states characterized by muscle atrophy (e.g., sepsis, cachexia, starvation, metabolic acidosis and severe insulinopenia) are associated with an increase in circulating glucocorticoids (GC) levels, suggesting that GC could trigger the muscle atrophy observed in these conditions. GC-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch, glycolytic muscles atrophy illustrated by decreased fiber cross-sectional area and reduced myofibrillar protein content. GC-induced muscle atrophy results from increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis. Increased muscle proteolysis, in particular through the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome and the lysosomal systems, is considered to play a major role in the catabolic action of GC. The stimulation by GC of these two proteolytic systems is mediated through the increased expression of several Atrogenes ("genes involved in atrophy"), such as FOXO, Atrogin-1, and MuRF-1. The inhibitory effect of GC on muscle protein synthesis is thought to result mainly from the inhibition of the mTOR/S6 kinase 1 pathway. These changes in muscle protein turnover could be explained by changes in the muscle production of two growth factors, namely Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, a muscle anabolic growth factor and Myostatin, a muscle catabolic growth factor. This review will discuss the recent progress made in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in GC-induced muscle atrophy and consider the implications of these advancements in the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating GC-induced myopathy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Tesei A, Leonetti C, Di Donato M, Gabucci E, Porru M, Varchi G, Guerrini A, Amadori D, Arienti C, Pignatta S, Paganelli G, Caraglia M, Castoria G, Zoli W. Effect of small molecules modulating androgen receptor (SARMs) in human prostate cancer models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62657. [PMID: 23667504 PMCID: PMC3648536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of hormone-refractory prostate cancer represents a major challenge in the therapy of this tumor, and identification of novel androgen receptor antagonists is needed to render treatment more effective. We analyzed the activity of two novel androgen receptor antagonists, (S)-11 and (R)-9, in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of hormone-sensitive or castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In vitro experiments were performed on LNCaP, LNCaP-AR, LNCaP-Rbic and VCaP human prostate cancer cells. Cytotoxic activity was assessed by SRB and BrdU uptake, AR transactivation by luciferase reporter assay and PSA levels by Real Time RT-PCR and ELISA assays. Cell cycle progression-related markers were evaluated by western blot. In vivo experiments were performed on SCID mice xenografted with cells with different sensitivity to hormonal treatment. In hormone-sensitive LNCaP and LNCaP-AR cells, the latter expressing high androgen receptor levels, (R)-9 and (S)-11 exhibited a higher cytotoxic effect compared to that of the reference compound ((R)-bicalutamide), also in the presence of the synthetic androgen R1881. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect produced by (R)-9 was higher than that of (S)-11 in the two hormone-resistant LNCaP-AR and VCaP cells. A significant reduction in PSA levels was observed after exposure to both molecules. Moreover, (S)-11 and (R)-9 inhibited DNA synthesis by blocking the androgen-induced increase in cyclin D1 protein levels. In vivo studies on the toxicological profile of (R)-9 did not reveal the presence of adverse events. Furthermore, (R)-9 inhibited tumor growth in various in vivo models, especially LNCaP-Rbic xenografts, representative of recurrent disease. Our in vitro results highlight the antitumor activity of the two novel molecules (R)-9 and (S)-11, making them a potentially attractive option for the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tesei
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
- * E-mail: (AT); (CL)
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Preclinical Chemotherapy, National Cancer Institute “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AT); (CL)
| | - Marzia Di Donato
- Department of General Pathology, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Gabucci
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Manuela Porru
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Preclinical Chemotherapy, National Cancer Institute “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Photoreactivity, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Photoreactivity, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dino Amadori
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Arienti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatta
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Giulia Paganelli
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Wainer Zoli
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
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48
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Rolland AD, Lardenois A, Goupil AS, Lareyre JJ, Houlgatte R, Chalmel F, Le Gac F. Profiling of androgen response in rainbow trout pubertal testis: relevance to male gonad development and spermatogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53302. [PMID: 23301058 PMCID: PMC3536770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of testicular somatic cells to promote and sustain germ cell differentiation is largely regulated by sexual steroids and notably androgens. In fish species the importance of androgens is emphasized by their ability to induce sex reversal of the developing fries and to trigger spermatogenesis. Here we studied the influence of androgens on testicular gene expression in trout testis using microarrays. Following treatment of immature males with physiological doses of testosterone or 11-ketotestosterone, 418 genes that exhibit changes in expression were identified. Interestingly, the activity of testosterone appeared stronger than that of 11-ketotestosterone. Expression profiles of responsive genes throughout testis development and in isolated germ cells confirmed androgens to mainly affect gene expression in somatic cells. Furthermore, specific clusters of genes that exhibit regulation coincidently with changes in the natural circulating levels of androgens during the reproductive cycle were highlighted, reinforcing the physiological significance of these data. Among somatic genes, a phylogenetic footprinting study identified putative androgen response elements within the proximal promoter regions of 42 potential direct androgen target genes. Finally, androgens were also found to alter the germ line towards meiotic expression profiles, supporting the hypothesis of a role for the somatic responsive genes in driving germ cell fate. This study significantly increases our understanding of molecular pathways regulated by androgens in vertebrates. The highly cyclic testicular development in trout together with functions associated with regulated genes reveal potential mechanisms for androgen actions in tubule formation, steroid production, germ cell development and sperm secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine D. Rolland
- INRA, UR1037 LPGP, SFR Biosit, Biogenouest, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Inserm, U1085, IRSET, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Goupil
- INRA, UR1037 LPGP, SFR Biosit, Biogenouest, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | - Rémi Houlgatte
- Inserm, UMR1087, l’institut du thorax IRT - UN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Inserm, U1085, IRSET, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Le Gac
- INRA, UR1037 LPGP, SFR Biosit, Biogenouest, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Green SM, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Androgen action and metabolism in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 360:3-13. [PMID: 22453214 PMCID: PMC4124858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional programs regulated through the activity of the androgen receptor (AR) modulate normal prostate development and the maintenance of prostatic functions at maturity. AR signaling also controls key survival and growth functions operative in prostate cancer. Inhibiting the AR program remains the key target in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, and suppressing AR also holds great potential for preventing the development or progression of early stage prostate cancer. In this review, we detail molecular mechanisms of AR activity, cellular components contributing to the maintenance of AR signaling despite AR-ligand suppression, and discuss treatment strategies designed to target components of resistance to AR-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Green
- Divisions of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
- Corresponding Author Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center 1100 Fairview Ave NE, MS D4-100 Seattle, WA 98109 phone 206-667-3377 fax 206-667-2917
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Giannoulis MG, Martin FC, Nair KS, Umpleby AM, Sonksen P. Hormone replacement therapy and physical function in healthy older men. Time to talk hormones? Endocr Rev 2012; 33:314-77. [PMID: 22433122 PMCID: PMC5393154 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Improving physical function and mobility in a continuously expanding elderly population emerges as a high priority of medicine today. Muscle mass, strength/power, and maximal exercise capacity are major determinants of physical function, and all decline with aging. This contributes to the incidence of frailty and disability observed in older men. Furthermore, it facilitates the accumulation of body fat and development of insulin resistance. Muscle adaptation to exercise is strongly influenced by anabolic endocrine hormones and local load-sensitive autocrine/paracrine growth factors. GH, IGF-I, and testosterone (T) are directly involved in muscle adaptation to exercise because they promote muscle protein synthesis, whereas T and locally expressed IGF-I have been reported to activate muscle stem cells. Although exercise programs improve physical function, in the long-term most older men fail to comply. The GH/IGF-I axis and T levels decline markedly with aging, whereas accumulating evidence supports their indispensable role in maintaining physical function integrity. Several studies have reported that the administration of T improves lean body mass and maximal voluntary strength in healthy older men. On the other hand, most studies have shown that administration of GH alone failed to improve muscle strength despite amelioration of the detrimental somatic changes of aging. Both GH and T are anabolic agents that promote muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy but work through separate mechanisms, and the combined administration of GH and T, albeit in only a few studies, has resulted in greater efficacy than either hormone alone. Although it is clear that this combined approach is effective, this review concludes that further studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of combined hormone replacement therapy in older men before the medical rationale of prescribing hormone replacement therapy for combating the sarcopenia of aging can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Finbarr C. Martin
- Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust (F.C.M.), and Institute of Gerontology (F.C.M.), King's College, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. Margot Umpleby
- Department of Human Metabolism, Diabetes, and Metabolic Medicine (A.M.U.), Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sonksen
- St. Thomas' Hospital and King's College (P.S.), London SE1 7EW, United Kingdom; and Southampton University (P.S.), SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
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