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Growth Hormone Alters Circulating Levels of Glycine and Hydroxyproline in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020191. [PMID: 36837810 PMCID: PMC9959592 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has established effects on protein metabolism, such as increasing protein synthesis and decreasing amino acid degradation, but its effects on circulating amino acid levels are less studied. To investigate this relationship, metabolomic analyses were used to measure amino acid concentrations in plasma and feces of mice with alterations to the GH axis, namely bovine GH transgenic (bGH; increased GH action) and GH receptor knockout (GHRKO; GH resistant) mice. To determine the effects of acute GH treatment, GH-injected GH knockout (GHKO) mice were used to measure serum glycine. Furthermore, liver gene expression of glycine metabolism genes was assessed in bGH, GHRKO, and GH-injected GHKO mice. bGH mice had significantly decreased plasma glycine and increased hydroxyproline in both sexes, while GHRKO mice had increased plasma glycine in both sexes and decreased hydroxyproline in males. Glycine synthesis gene expression was decreased in bGH mice (Shmt1 in females and Shmt2 in males) and increased in GHRKO mice (Shmt2 in males). Acute GH treatment of GHKO mice caused decreased liver Shmt1 and Shmt2 expression and decreased serum glycine. In conclusion, GH alters circulating glycine and hydroxyproline levels in opposing directions, with the glycine changes at least partially driven by decreased glycine synthesis.
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Kopchick JJ, Basu R, Berryman DE, Jorgensen JOL, Johannsson G, Puri V. Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:558-573. [PMID: 35750929 PMCID: PMC9703363 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery nearly a century ago, over 100,000 studies of growth hormone (GH) have investigated its structure, how it interacts with the GH receptor and its multiple actions. These include effects on growth, substrate metabolism, body composition, bone mineral density, the cardiovascular system and brain function, among many others. Recombinant human GH is approved for use to promote growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD), along with several additional clinical indications. Studies of humans and animals with altered levels of GH, from complete or partial GHD to GH excess, have revealed several covert or hidden actions of GH, such as effects on fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer. In this Review, we do not concentrate on the classic and controversial indications for GH therapy, nor do we cover all covert actions of GH. Instead, we stress the importance of the relationship between GH and fibrosis, and how fibrosis (or lack thereof) might be an emerging factor in both cardiovascular and cancer pathologies. We highlight clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GHD, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel phenotypes and molecular pathways responsible for these actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Jensen EA, Young JA, Jackson Z, Busken J, Kuhn J, Onusko M, Carroll RK, List EO, Brown JM, Kopchick JJ, Murphy ER, Berryman DE. Excess Growth Hormone Alters the Male Mouse Gut Microbiome in an Age-dependent Manner. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6591911. [PMID: 35617141 PMCID: PMC9167039 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has an important role in host development, metabolism, growth, and aging. Recent research points toward potential crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis. Our laboratory previously showed that GH excess and deficiency are associated with an altered gut microbial composition in adult mice. Yet, no study to date has examined the influence of GH on the gut microbiome over time. Our study thus tracked the effect of excess GH action on the longitudinal changes in the gut microbial profile (ie, abundance, diversity/maturity, predictive metabolic function, and short-chain fatty acid [SCFA] levels) of bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice at age 3, 6, and 12 months compared to littermate controls in the context of metabolism, intestinal phenotype, and premature aging. The bGH mice displayed age-dependent changes in microbial abundance, richness, and evenness. Microbial maturity was significantly explained by genotype and age. Moreover, several bacteria (ie, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibaculum), predictive metabolic pathways (such as SCFA, vitamin B12, folate, menaquinol, peptidoglycan, and heme B biosynthesis), and SCFA levels (acetate, butyrate, lactate, and propionate) were consistently altered across all 3 time points, differentiating the longitudinal bGH microbiome from controls. Of note, the bGH mice also had significantly impaired intestinal fat absorption with increased fecal output. Collectively, these findings suggest that excess GH alters the gut microbiome in an age-dependent manner with distinct longitudinal microbial and predicted metabolic pathway signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jensen
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Zachary Jackson
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Joshua Busken
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Jaycie Kuhn
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Maria Onusko
- The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Institute, Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, and The Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701USA
| | - Erin R Murphy
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Institute, Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Parks Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701USA
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Jensen EA, Young JA, Kuhn J, Onusko M, Busken J, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Growth hormone alters gross anatomy and morphology of the small and large intestines in age- and sex-dependent manners. Pituitary 2022; 25:116-130. [PMID: 34373994 PMCID: PMC8905484 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growth hormone (GH) has an important role in intestinal barrier function, and abnormalities in GH action have been associated with intestinal complications. Yet, the impact of altered GH on intestinal gross anatomy and morphology remains unclear. METHODS This study investigated the influence of GH signaling on gross anatomy, morphology, and fibrosis by characterizing the small and large intestines in male and female bovine growth hormone transgenic (bGH) mice and GH receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-/-) mice at multiple timepoints. RESULTS The length, weight, and circumference of the small and large intestines were increased in bGH mice and decreased in GHR-/- mice across all ages. Colon circumference was significantly increased in bGH mice in a sex-dependent manner while significantly decreased in male GHR-/- mice. Villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness of the small intestine were generally increased in bGH mice and decreased in GHR-/- mice compared to controls with age- and sex-dependent exceptions. Colonic crypt depth and muscle thickness in bGH and GHR-/- mice were significantly altered in an age- and sex-dependent manner. Fibrosis was increased in the small intestine of bGH males at 4 months of age, but no significant differences were seen between genotypes at other timepoints. CONCLUSION This study observed notable opposing findings in the intestinal phenotype between mouse lines with GH action positively associated with intestinal gross anatomy (i.e. length, weight, and circumference). Moreover, GH action appears to alter morphology of the small and large intestines in an age- and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jensen
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jaycie Kuhn
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria Onusko
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joshua Busken
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Parks Hall Suite 142, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Office of Research and Grants, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine Hall 220B, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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Duran-Ortiz S, Young JA, Jara A, Jensen EA, Basu R, List EO, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Differential gene signature in adipose tissue depots of growth hormone transgenic mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12893. [PMID: 33043505 PMCID: PMC7606825 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenic mice mimic the clinical condition of acromegaly, having high circulating growth hormone (GH) levels. These mice are giant, have decreased adipose tissue (AT) mass, impaired glucose metabolism and a shortened lifespan. The detrimental effects of excess GH have been suggested, in part, to be a result of its depot-specific actions on AT. To investigate this relationship, we evaluated gene expression, biological mechanisms, cellular pathways and predicted microRNA (miRNA) in two AT depots (subcutaneous [Subq] and epididymal [Epi]) from bGH and littermate controls using RNA sequencing analysis. Two analyses on the differentially expressed genes (DEG) were performed: (i) comparison of the same AT depot between bGH and wild-type (WT) mice (genotype comparison) and (ii) comparison of Subq and Epi AT depots within the same genotype (depot comparison). For the genotype comparison, we found a higher number of significant DEG in the Subq AT depot of bGH mice compared to WT controls, corroborating previous reports that GH has a greater impact on the Subq depot. Furthermore, most of the DEG in bGH mice were not shared by WT mice, suggesting that excess GH induces the expression of genes not commonly present in AT. Through gene ontology and pathway analysis, the genotype comparison revealed that the DEG of the Subq depot of bGH mice relate to fatty acid oxidation, branched-chain amino acid degradation and the immune system. Additionally, the AT depot comparison showed that the immune cell activation and T-cell response appear up-regulated in the Subq compared to the Epi AT depot. The miRNA prediction also suggested a modulation of T-cell-related biological process in Subq. In summary, the present study provides a unique resource for understanding the specific differences in gene expression that are driven by both excess GH action and AT depot location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Jonathan A. Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | | | | | | | | | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, OH
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH
- Corresponding Author at: Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Gardiner R, Hajek P. Municipal waste generation, R&D intensity, and economic growth nexus - A case of EU regions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 114:124-135. [PMID: 32659685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between economic growth and waste generation is a major global concern. Previous studies provided no conclusive evidence as to the causality between these two concepts, which can be attributed to at least two problems. First, R&D intensity is increasingly recognized as being an important determinant of environmental quality. Second, the regional level is considered to be important for the implementation of waste management policies, as regions and municipalities, among others, are responsible for separate collection systems and for establishing and managing treatment facilities. Previous studies failed to reflect the heterogeneity of the regions, which may lead to biased results. To address these problems, the panel vector error correction model was employed to examine the Granger causality in EU regions. The results provide empirical support for the existence of short- and long-run bidirectional causality between waste generation and economic growth in EU regions. A bidirectional link among waste generation, heating energy, and R&D intensity was also observed. The policy implication is that traditional economic development policies are not enough to reduce waste generation in EU regions. Economic tools, such as charges and incentives, and eco-innovation policies should be introduced to promote the region's shift towards a circular economy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gardiner
- Institute of System Engineering and Informatics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Hajek
- Institute of System Engineering and Informatics, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Pardubice, Studentská 84, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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McDonough CW, Magvanjav O, Sá ACC, El Rouby NM, Dave C, Deitchman AN, Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Mei W, Shen Y, Singh RSP, Solayman M, Bailey KR, Boerwinkle E, Chapman AB, Gums JG, Webb A, Scherer SE, Sadee W, Turner ST, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Gong Y, Johnson JA. Genetic Variants Influencing Plasma Renin Activity in Hypertensive Patients From the PEAR Study (Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses). CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 11:e001854. [PMID: 29650764 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma renin is an important regulator of blood pressure (BP). Plasma renin activity (PRA) has been shown to correlate with variability in BP response to antihypertensive agents. We conducted a genome-wide association study to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with baseline PRA using data from the PEAR study (Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses). METHODS Multiple linear regression analysis was performed in 461 whites and 297 blacks using an additive model, adjusting for age, sex, and ancestry-specific principal components. Top SNPs were prioritized by testing the expected direction of association for BP response to atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide. Top regions from the BP response prioritization were tested for functional evidence through differences in gene expression by genotype using RNA sequencing data. Regions with functional evidence were assessed for replication with baseline PRA in an independent study (PEAR-2). RESULTS Our top SNP rs3784921 was in the SNN-TXNDC11 gene region. The G allele of rs3784921 was associated with higher baseline PRA (β=0.47; P=2.09×10-6) and smaller systolic BP reduction in response to hydrochlorothiazide (β=2.97; 1-sided P=0.006). In addition, TXNDC11 expression differed by rs3784921 genotype (P=0.007), and rs1802409, a proxy SNP for rs3784921 (r2=0.98-1.00), replicated in PEAR-2 (β=0.15; 1-sided P=0.038). Additional SNPs associated with baseline PRA that passed BP response prioritization were in/near the genes CHD9, XIRP2, and GHR. CONCLUSIONS: We identified multiple regions associated with baseline PRA that were prioritized through BP response signals to 2 mechanistically different antihypertensive drugs. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00246519.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin W McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.).
| | - Oyunbileg Magvanjav
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Ana C C Sá
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Nihal M El Rouby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Chintan Dave
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Amelia N Deitchman
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Marina Kawaguchi-Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Ravi Shankar Prasad Singh
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Mohamed Solayman
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Kent R Bailey
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Arlene B Chapman
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - John G Gums
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Steven E Scherer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Stephen T Turner
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics (C.W.M., O.M., A.C.C.S., N.M.E.R., M.K.-S., M.S., J.G.G., R.M.C.-D., Y.G., J.A.J.), Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (C.D.), Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy (A.N.D., R.S.P.S.), Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute (A.C.C.S., Y.S.), Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (W.M.), Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine (J.G.G.), and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (R.M.C.-D., J.A.J.), University of Florida, Gainesville; School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR (M.K.-S.); Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (M.S.); Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research (K.R.B.) and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (S.T.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Human Genetics Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston (E.B.); Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL (A.B.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Pharmacogenomics (A.W.) and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine (W.S.), Ohio State University, Columbus; and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (S.E.S.)
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Maffei P, Dassie F, Wennberg A, Parolin M, Vettor R. The Endothelium in Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:437. [PMID: 31396153 PMCID: PMC6667653 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) excess induce well-known deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, especially after long-term exposition. Acromegaly, a condition of chronic GH and IGF-1 hypersecretion, is frequently associated to cardiovascular complications, although recent studies have shown a reduction in the prevalence of these comorbidities in well-controlled patients and a mortality risk similar to normal aging population. Many factors could contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk of acromegaly patients. Among these factors, the endothelium plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques and could be considered an early marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular dysfunction. In this review we examined the relationship between GH/IGF-1 excess and the endothelium, from basic studies to clinical evidence. Many studies involving various arterial districts (microvascular arteries of retina, kidney and brain, and major vessels as carotid and aorta) showed that GH/IGF-1 excess promotes endothelial dysfunction via several different mechanisms. Increased endothelial proliferation, dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, increased oxidative stress, and compromised oxidative defenses are the main factors that are associated with endothelial dysfunction. In the general population, these alterations are associated with the development of atherosclerosis with an increased incidence of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular complications. However, in acromegaly this is still a debated issue, despite the presence of many pro-atherogenic factors and comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnoea, and metabolic syndrome. Preclinical markers of atherosclerosis as arterial intima media thickness, pulse wave velocity and flow mediated dilation seem to be impaired in acromegaly and partly mediated by the endothelium dysfunction. In conclusion, the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction in the condition of GH and IGF-1 excess remains a crucial area of investigation to fully dissect the association of acromegaly with cardiovascular disease complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Maffei
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Maffei
| | - Francesca Dassie
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Alexandra Wennberg
- Clinica Neurologica, Department of Neurosciences (DNS), Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Parolin
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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9
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Vila G, Jørgensen JOL, Luger A, Stalla GK. Insulin Resistance in Patients With Acromegaly. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:509. [PMID: 31417493 PMCID: PMC6683662 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is characterized by chronic overproduction of growth hormone (GH) that leads to insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and, ultimately, diabetes. The GH-induced sustained stimulation of lipolysis plays a major role not only in the development of insulin resistance and prediabetes/diabetes, but also in the reduction of lipid accumulation, making acromegaly a unique case of severe insulin resistance in the presence of reduced body fat. In the present review, we elucidate the effects of GH hypersecretion on metabolic organs, describing the pathophysiology of impaired glucose tolerance in acromegaly, as well as the impact of acromegaly-specific therapies on glucose metabolism. In addition, we highlight the role of insulin resistance in the development of acromegaly-associated complications such as hypertension, cardiac disease, sleep apnea, polycystic ovaries, bone disease, and cancer. Taken together, insulin resistance is an important metabolic hallmark of acromegaly, which is strongly related to disease activity, the development of comorbidities, and might even impact the response to drugs used in the treatment of acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greisa Vila
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Otto L. Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anton Luger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter K. Stalla
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Günter K. Stalla ;
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10
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Jiao Y, Jiang H, Lu H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Liu H. Deficiency of hypoxia inducible factor-1α promoted progression of diabetic nephropathy with hypertension. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3658-3662. [PMID: 30233722 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) on diabetic nephropathy (DN) with hypertension. HIF-1α deficient mice (Mx/HIF-1α-/-) were constructed and treated with streptozotocin (STZ) injection for hypertensive DN induction. Normal C57BL/6 mice received STZ or no treatment (normal) were considered as controls. Three days post STZ administration; body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 24 h urinary albumin and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured weekly. Periodic acid-Schiff's staining was performed for histologic analysis of glomeruli damage. In comparison with the normal control, significant upregulation and downregulation of HIF-1α was, respectively, detected in diabetic and HIF-1α-/- mice (P<0.01). In comparison with STZ-induced diabetic mice, HIF-1α-/- + STZ mice displayed reduced body weight, and increased FBG, urinary albumin and SBP. PAS showed HIF-1α-/- + STZ mice had damaged kidney tissues, with more renal fibrosis and apparent glomerular hypertrophy. These results demonstrated that HIF-1α deficiency accelerated DN progression with increasing hypertension in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiang Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471033, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471033, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471033, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
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11
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Hjortebjerg R. IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:7-22. [PMID: 29864720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a modulator of the IGF system, exerting both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on IGF-induced cellular growth. IGFBP-4 is the principal substrate for the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Through IGF-dependent cleavage of IGFBP-4 in the vicinity of the IGF receptor, PAPP-A is able to increase IGF bioavailability and stimulate IGF-mediated growth. Recently, the stanniocalcins (STCs) were identified as novel inhibitors of PAPP-A proteolytic activity, hereby adding additional members to the seemingly endless list of proteins belonging to the IGF family. Our understanding of these proteins has advanced throughout recent years, and there is evidence to suggest that the role of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in defining the relationship between total IGF and IGF bioactivity can be linked to a number of pathological conditions. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical findings on the IGFBP-4/PAPP-A/STC axis as a regulator of IGF activity and examines the conundrum surrounding extrapolation of circulating concentrations to tissue action of these proteins. The primary focus will be on the biological significance of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and in pathophysiology with emphasis on metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Finally, the review assesses current new trajectories of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
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12
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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13
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Householder LA, Comisford R, Duran-Ortiz S, Lee K, Troike K, Wilson C, Jara A, Harberson M, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Increased fibrosis: A novel means by which GH influences white adipose tissue function. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 39:45-53. [PMID: 29279183 PMCID: PMC5858978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White adipose tissue (WAT) fibrosis - the buildup of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, primarily collagen - is now a recognized hallmark of tissue dysfunction and is increased with obesity and lipodystrophy. While growth hormone (GH) is known to increase collagen in several tissues, no previous research has addressed its effect on ECM in WAT. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine if GH influences WAT fibrosis. DESIGN This study examined WAT from four distinct strains of GH-altered mice (bGH and GHA transgenic mice as well as two tissue specific GH receptor gene disrupted lines, fat growth hormone receptor knockout or FaGHRKO and liver growth hormone receptor knockout or LiGHRKO mice). Collagen content and adipocyte size were studied in all cohorts and compared to littermate controls. In addition, mRNA expression of fibrosis-associated genes was assessed in one cohort (6month old male bovine GH transgenic and WT mice) and cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with GH. RESULTS Collagen stained area was increased in WAT from bGH mice, was depot-dependent, and increased with age. Furthermore, increased collagen content was associated with decreased adipocyte size in all depots but more dramatic changes in the subcutaneous fat pad. Notably, the increase in collagen was not associated with an increase in collagen gene expression or other genes known to promote fibrosis in WAT, but collagen gene expression was increased with acute GH administration in 3T3-LI cells. In contrast, evaluation of 6month old GH antagonist (GHA) male mice showed significantly decreased collagen in the subcutaneous depot. Lastly, to assess if GH induced collagen deposition directly or indirectly (via IGF-1), fat (Fa) and liver (Li) specific GHRKO mice were evaluated. Decreased fibrosis in FaGHRKO and increased fibrosis in LiGHRKO mice suggest GH is primarily responsible for the alterations in collagen. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that GH action is positively associated with an increase in WAT collagen content as well as a decrease in adipocyte size, particularly in the subcutaneous depot. This effect appears to be due to GH and not IGF-1 and reveals a novel means by which GH regulates WAT accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Householder
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, United States
| | - Ross Comisford
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, United States
| | - Kevin Lee
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Katie Troike
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, United States
| | - Cody Wilson
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell Harberson
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J Kopchick
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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14
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Mice overexpressing growth hormone exhibit increased skeletal muscle myostatin and MuRF1 with attenuation of muscle mass. Skelet Muscle 2017; 7:17. [PMID: 28870245 PMCID: PMC5583757 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-017-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to the acute effects of growth hormone (GH) on skeletal muscle protein synthesis, long-term GH treatment appears to have negligible effects on muscle mass. Despite this knowledge, little is known regarding the chronic effects of GH on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and atrophy signaling pathways. The purpose of this study was to determine if protein synthesis pathways are attenuated and/or muscle atrophy intracellular signaling pathways are altered in the skeletal muscle of transgenic bovine GH (bGH) mice. Methods The gastrocnemius and soleus from 5-month-old male bGH mice (n = 9) and wild type (WT) controls (n = 9) were harvested and analyzed for proteins involved in the protein synthesis (Akt/mTOR), growth and proliferation (MAPK), and muscle atrophy (MuRF1 and myostatin) pathways. Results Total body mass was significantly increased in bGH mice compared to WT controls (49%, P < 0.0001). When expressed relative to total body mass, the gastrocnemius (− 28%, P < 0.0001), but not the soleus, was significantly lower in mice overexpressing GH, compared to controls. Transgenic bGH mice had elevated phosphorylation levels of protein kinase b (Akt1), 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), p70 S6 kinase, p42/44, and p38 (P < 0.05) compared to WT littermates. Mature myostatin (26 kDa), premature myostatin (52 kDa), and activin receptor type IIB (AcvR2B) protein levels were increased in bGH mice (P < 0.05), along with elevated phosphorylation levels of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad2) (59%, P < 0.0001). Mice overexpressing GH had increased MuRF1 expression (30%, P < 0.05) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) serine phosphorylation (44%, P < 0.05) in the gastrocnemius, but not the soleus, when compared to controls. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that chronic elevations in circulating GH have a critical impact on signaling pathways involved in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and atrophy, and suggest that MuRF1, myostatin, and IRS1 serine phosphorylation may act to inhibit exaggerated glycolytic muscle growth, in environments of chronic GH/IGF-1 excess.
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15
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Duran-Ortiz S, Brittain AL, Kopchick JJ. The impact of growth hormone on proteomic profiles: a review of mouse and adult human studies. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:24. [PMID: 28670222 PMCID: PMC5492507 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a protein that is known to stimulate postnatal growth, counter regulate insulin's action and induce expression of insulin-like growth factor-1. GH exerts anabolic or catabolic effects depending upon on the targeted tissue. For instance, GH increases skeletal muscle and decreases adipose tissue mass. Our laboratory has spent the past two decades studying these effects, including the effects of GH excess and depletion, on the proteome of several mouse and human tissues. This review first discusses proteomic techniques that are commonly used for these types of studies. We then examine the proteomic differences found in mice with excess circulating GH (bGH mice) or mice with disruption of the GH receptor gene (GHR-/-). We also describe the effects of increased and decreased GH action on the proteome of adult patients with either acromegaly, GH deficiency or patients after short-term GH treatment. Finally, we explain how these proteomic studies resulted in the discovery of potential biomarkers for GH action, particularly those related with the effects of GH on aging, glucose metabolism and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
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16
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Hjortebjerg R, Berryman DE, Comisford R, Frank SJ, List EO, Bjerre M, Frystyk J, Kopchick JJ. Insulin, IGF-1, and GH Receptors Are Altered in an Adipose Tissue Depot-Specific Manner in Male Mice With Modified GH Action. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1406-1418. [PMID: 28323915 PMCID: PMC5460824 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a determinant of glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue (AT) function. Using 7-month-old transgenic mice expressing the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene and growth hormone receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice, we examined whether changes in GH action affect glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance and AT expression of proteins involved in the interrelated signaling pathways of GH, insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and insulin. Furthermore, we searched for AT depot-specific differences in control mice. Glycated hemoglobin levels were reduced in bGH and GHR-/- mice, and bGH mice displayed impaired gluconeogenesis as judged by pyruvate tolerance testing. Serum IGF-1 was elevated by 90% in bGH mice, whereas IGF-1 and insulin were reduced by 97% and 61% in GHR-/- mice, respectively. Igf1 RNA was increased in subcutaneous, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots in bGH mice (mean increase ± standard error of the mean in all five depots, 153% ± 27%) and decreased in all depots in GHR-/- mice (mean decrease, 62% ± 4%). IGF-1 receptor expression was decreased in all AT depots of bGH mice (mean decrease, 49% ± 6%) and increased in all AT depots of GHR-/- mice (mean increase, 94% ± 8%). Insulin receptor expression was reduced in retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and BAT depots in bGH mice (mean decrease in all depots, 56% ± 4%) and augmented in subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and BAT depots in GHR-/- mice (mean increase: 51% ± 1%). Collectively, our findings indicate a role for GH in influencing hormone signaling in AT in a depot-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Ross Comisford
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Stuart J. Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35924
- Medical Service, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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17
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Brooks NE, Hjortebjerg R, Henry BE, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Fibroblast growth factor 21, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, and β-Klotho expression in bovine growth hormone transgenic and growth hormone receptor knockout mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:22-30. [PMID: 27585733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although growth hormone (GH) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) have a reported relationship, FGF21 and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and cofactor β-Klotho (KLB), have not been analyzed in chronic states of altered GH action. The objective of this study was to quantify circulating FGF21 and tissue specific expression of Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb in mice with modified GH action. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice will be FGF21 resistant and GH receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice will have normal FGF21 action. DESIGN Seven-month-old male bGH mice (n=9) and wild type (WT) controls (n=10), and GHR-/- mice (n=8) and WT controls (n=8) were used for all measurements. Body composition was determined before dissection, and tissue weights were measured at the time of dissection. Serum FGF21 levels were evaluated by ELISA. Expression of Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb mRNA in white adipose tissue (AT), brown AT, and liver were evaluated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. RESULTS As expected, bGH mice had increased body weight (p=3.70E-8) but decreased percent fat mass (p=4.87E-4). Likewise, GHR-/- mice had decreased body weight (p=1.78E-10) but increased percent fat mass (p=1.52E-9), due to increased size of the subcutaneous AT depot when normalized to body weight (p=1.60E-10). Serum FGF21 levels were significantly elevated in bGH mice (p=0.041) and unchanged in GHR-/- mice (p=0.88). Expression of Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb mRNA in white AT and liver were downregulated or unchanged in both bGH and GHR-/- mice. The only exception was Fgf21 expression in brown AT of GHR-/-, which trended toward increased expression (p=0.075). CONCLUSIONS In accordance with our hypothesis, we provide evidence that circulating FGF21 is increased in bGH animals, but remains unchanged in GHR-/- mice. Downregulation or no change in Fgf21, Fgfr1, and Klb expression are seen in white AT, brown AT, and liver of bGH and GHR-/- mice when compared to their respective controls, except for an increase in brown AT Fgf21 expression in GHR-/- mice, which could suggest a possible link to increased thermogenic potential in these mice. Overall, these results suggest possible modulation of FGF21 by GH resulting in FGF21 resistance or changes in FGF21 levels due to GH induced changes in liver size or kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Brooks
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Brooke E Henry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute at Ohio University, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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18
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Jara A, Liu X, Sim D, Benner CM, Duran-Ortiz S, Qian Y, List EO, Berryman DE, Kim JK, Kopchick JJ. Cardiac-Specific Disruption of GH Receptor Alters Glucose Homeostasis While Maintaining Normal Cardiac Performance in Adult Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1929-41. [PMID: 27035649 PMCID: PMC4870885 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GH is considered necessary for the proper development and maintenance of several tissues, including the heart. Studies conducted in both GH receptor null and bovine GH transgenic mice have demonstrated specific cardiac structural and functional changes. In each of these mouse lines, however, GH-induced signaling is altered systemically, being decreased in GH receptor null mice and increased in bovine GH transgenic mice. Therefore, to clarify the direct effects GH has on cardiac tissue, we developed a tamoxifen-inducible, cardiac-specific GHR disrupted (iC-GHRKO) mouse line. Cardiac GH receptor was disrupted in 4-month-old iC-GHRKO mice to avoid developmental effects due to perinatal GHR gene disruption. Surprisingly, iC-GHRKO mice showed no difference vs controls in baseline or postdobutamine stress test echocardiography measurements, nor did iC-GHRKO mice show differences in longitudinal systolic blood pressure measurements. Interestingly, iC-GHRKO mice had decreased fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity at 6.5 months of age. By 12.5 months of age, however, iC-GHRKO mice no longer had significant decreases in fat mass and had developed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, investigation via immunoblot analysis demonstrated that iC-GHRKO mice had appreciably decreased insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation, specifically in heart and liver, but not in epididymal white adipose tissue. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in circulating IGF-1 levels in 12.5-month-old iC-GHRKO mice. These data indicate that whereas the disruption of cardiomyocyte GH-induced signaling in adult mice does not affect cardiac function, it does play a role in systemic glucose homeostasis, in part through modulation of circulating IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jara
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Xingbo Liu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Don Sim
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Chance M Benner
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jason K Kim
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (A.J., X.L., D.S., C.M.B., S.D.-O., Y.Q., E.O.L., D.E.B., J.J.K.), Departments of Biomedical Sciences (A.J., D.E.B., J.J.K.) and Specialty Medicine (E.O.L.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences (S.D.-O., J.J.K.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (X.L., C.M.B., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions, Department of Social and Public Health (D.S.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701; and Program in Molecular Medicine (J.K.K.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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19
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Dal J, List EO, Jørgensen JOL, Berryman DE. Glucose and Fat Metabolism in Acromegaly: From Mice Models to Patient Care. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:96-105. [PMID: 25925240 DOI: 10.1159/000430819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with active acromegaly are frequently insulin resistant, glucose intolerant, and at risk for developing overt type 2 diabetes. At the same time, these patients have a relatively lean phenotype associated with mobilization and oxidation of free fatty acids. These features are reversed by curative surgical removal of the growth hormone (GH)-producing adenoma. Mouse models of acromegaly share many of these characteristics, including a lean phenotype and proneness to type 2 diabetes. There are, however, also species differences with respect to oxidation rates of glucose and fat as well as the specific mechanisms underlying GH-induced insulin resistance. The impact of acromegaly treatment on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance depends on the treatment modality (e.g. somatostatin analogs also suppress insulin secretion, whereas the GH antagonist restores insulin sensitivity). The interplay between animal research and clinical studies has proven useful in the field of acromegaly and should be continued in order to understand the metabolic actions of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Dal
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Sehgal PB, Yang YM, Yuan H, Miller EJ. STAT5a/b contribute to sex bias in vascular disease: A neuroendocrine perspective. JAKSTAT 2015; 4:1-20. [PMID: 27141328 DOI: 10.1080/21623996.2015.1090658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have elucidated a neuroendocrine mechanism consisting of the hypothalamus (growth hormone releasing hormone, GHRH) - pituitary (growth hormone, GH) - STAT5a/b axis that underlies sex-biased gene expression in the liver. It is now established that male vs female patterned secretion of GHRH, and thus of circulating GH levels ("pulsatile" vs "more continuous" respectively), leading to differently patterned activation of PY-STAT5a/b in hepatocytes results in sex-biased gene expression of cohorts of hundreds of downstream genes. This review outlines new data in support of a STAT5a/b-based mechanism of sex bias in the vascular disease pulmonary hypertension (PH). Puzzling observations in PH include its 2-4-fold higher prevalence in women but a male-dominance in many rodent models, and, paradoxically, inhibition of PH development by estrogens in such models. We observed that conditional deletion of STAT5a/b in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) in mice converted the male-dominant model of chronic hypoxia-induced PH into a female-dominant phenotype. In human idiopathic PH, there was reduced STAT5a/b and PY-STAT5 in cells in late-stage obliterative pulmonary arterial lesions in both men and women. A juxtaposition of the prior liver data with the newer PH-related data drew attention to the hypothalamus-GH-STAT5 axis, which is the major target of estrogens at the level of the hypothalamus. This hypothesis explains many of the puzzling aspects of sex bias in PH in humans and rodent models. The extension of STAT5-anchored mechanisms of sex bias to vascular disease emphasizes the contribution of central neuroendocrine processes in generating sexual dimorphism in different tissues and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin B Sehgal
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy; New York Medical College; Valhalla, NY USA; Department of Medicine; New York Medical College; Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Yang-Ming Yang
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy; New York Medical College ; Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Huijuan Yuan
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy; New York Medical College ; Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Edmund J Miller
- Center for Heart and Lung Research; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research ; Manhasset, NY USA
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21
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Cordoba-Chacon J, Majumdar N, Pokala NK, Gahete MD, Kineman RD. Islet insulin content and release are increased in male mice with elevated endogenous GH and IGF-I, without evidence of systemic insulin resistance or alterations in β-cell mass. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:189-195. [PMID: 25936582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is clear that elevations in circulating GH can lead to an increase in insulin levels. This increase in insulin may be due to GH-mediated insulin resistance and enhanced lipolysis. However, there is also in vitro and in vivo evidence that GH acts directly to increase β-cell proliferation and insulin production. Our laboratory recently developed an animal model with elevated endogenous GH levels associated with a small (25%), but significant, increase in IGF-I (HiGH mice). As expected, insulin levels were elevated in HiGH mice; however, whole body insulin sensitivity was not altered and glucose tolerance was improved. This metabolic phenotype suggests that modest elevations in circulating GH and IGF-I may enhance β-cell mass and/or function, in the absence of systemic insulin resistance, thus improving glucose homeostasis. OBJECTIVE To determine if β-cell mass and/or function is altered in HiGH mice. DESIGN Male HiGH mice and their littermate controls were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Body composition and circulating metabolic endpoints were monitored overtime. The pancreas was recovered and processed for assessment of β-cell mass or in vitro basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. RESULTS HiGH mice showed elevated circulating insulin and normal glucose levels, while non-esterified FFA levels and triglycerides were reduced or normal, depending on diet and age. β-cell mass did not differ between HiGH and control mice, within diet. However, islets from HiGH mice contained and released more insulin under basal conditions, as compared to control islets, while the relative glucose-stimulated insulin release did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest moderate elevations in circulating GH and IGF-I can directly increase basal insulin secretion without impacting β-cell mass, independent of changes in whole body insulin sensitivity and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Neena Majumdar
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Naveen K Pokala
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14014, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, 14014, Spain; CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, 14014, Spain
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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22
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Olarescu NC, Berryman DE, Householder LA, Lubbers ER, List EO, Benencia F, Kopchick JJ, Bollerslev J. GH action influences adipogenesis of mouse adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:13-23. [PMID: 25943560 PMCID: PMC4560118 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GH influences adipocyte differentiation, but both stimulatory and inhibitory effects have been described. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) are multipotent and are able to differentiate into adipocytes, among other cells. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation impairs adipogenesis. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of GH on AT-MSC adipogenesis using cells isolated from male GH receptor knockout (GHRKO), bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice, and wild-type littermate control (WT) mice. AT-MSCs from subcutaneous (sc), epididiymal (epi), and mesenteric (mes) AT depots were identified and isolated by flow cytometry (Pdgfrα+ Sca1+ Cd45- Ter119- cells). Their in vitro adipogenic differentiation capacity was determined by cell morphology and real-time RT-PCR. Using identical in vitro conditions, adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs was only achieved in the sc depot, and not in epi and mes depots. Notably, we observed an increased differentiation in cells isolated from sc-GHRKO and an impaired differentiation of sc-bGH cells as compared to sc-WT cells. Axin2, a marker of Wnt/β-catenin activation, was increased in mature sc-bGH adipocytes, which suggests that activation of this pathway may be responsible for the decreased adipogenesis. Thus, the present study demonstrates that (i) adipose tissue in mice has a well-defined population of Pdgfrα+ Sca1+ MSCs; (ii) the differentiation capacity of AT-MSCs varies from depot to depot regardless of GH genotype; (iii) the lack of GH action increases adipogenesis in the sc depot; and iv) activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway might mediate the GH effect on AT-MSCs. Taken together, the present results suggest that GH diminishes fat mass in part by altering adipogenesis of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta C Olarescu
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lara A Householder
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ellen R Lubbers
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA Section of Specialized EndocrinologyDepartment of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, N-0424 Oslo, NorwayFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayEdison Biotechnology InstituteOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USAHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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23
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Benencia F, Harshman S, Duran-Ortiz S, Lubbers ER, List EO, Householder L, Al-Naeeli M, Liang X, Welch L, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Male bovine GH transgenic mice have decreased adiposity with an adipose depot-specific increase in immune cell populations. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1794-803. [PMID: 25521584 PMCID: PMC4398765 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is composed of mature adipocytes and a stromal vascular fraction (SVF), which contains a variety of cells, including immune cells that vary among the different WAT depots. Growth hormone (GH) impacts immune function and adiposity in an adipose depot-specific manner. However, its effects on WAT immune cell populations remain unstudied. Bovine GH transgenic (bGH) mice are commonly used to study the in vivo effects of GH. These giant mice have an excess of GH action, impaired glucose metabolism, decreased adiposity, increased lean mass, and a shortened lifespan. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the WAT depot-specific differences in immune cell populations in the presence of excess GH in vivo. Three WAT depots were assessed: inguinal (sc), epididymal (EPI), and mesenteric (MES). Subcutaneous and MES bGH WAT depots showed a significantly higher number of total SVF cells, yet only MES bGH WAT had higher leukocyte counts compared with control samples. By means of flow cytometry analysis of the SVF, we detected greater macrophage and regulatory T-cell infiltration in sc and MES bGH WAT depots compared with controls. However, no differences were observed in the EPI WAT depot. RNA-sequencing confirmed significant alterations in pathways related to T-cell infiltration and activation in the sc depot with fewer significant changes in the EPI bGH WAT depot. These findings collectively point to a previously unrecognized role for GH in influencing the distribution of WAT immune cell populations in a depot-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (F.B., J.J.K., D.E.B.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine; Russ College of Engineering and Technology (F.B.); Diabetes Institute (F.B., E.O.L., M.A.-N., J.J.K., D.E.B.); Edison Biotechnology Institute (S.H., S.D.-O., E.R.L., E.O.L., L.H., J.J.K., D.E.B.); School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness (S.H., S.D.-O., D.E.B.), College of Health Sciences and Professions; Department of Biological Sciences (M.A.-N.), Ohio University Zanesville; School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (X.L., L.W.); and Biomedical Engineering Program (L.W.), Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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24
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Cordoba-Chacon J, Gahete MD, McGuinness OP, Kineman RD. Differential impact of selective GH deficiency and endogenous GH excess on insulin-mediated actions in muscle and liver of male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E928-34. [PMID: 25269484 PMCID: PMC4233257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00420.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A reciprocal relationship between insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance has been reported in some mouse models and humans with isolated changes in growth hormone (GH) production and signaling. To determine if this could be explained in part by tissue-specific changes in insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed in mice with adult-onset, isolated GH deficiency and in mice with elevated endogenous GH levels due to somatotrope-specific loss of IGF-I and insulin receptors. Our results demonstrate that circulating GH levels are negatively correlated with insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle but positively correlated with insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production. A positive relationship was also observed between GH levels and endpoints of hepatic lipid metabolism known to be regulated by insulin. These results suggest hepatic insulin resistance could represent an early metabolic defect in GH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, and CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain; and
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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