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Guevara-Aguirre J, Mishra A, Canepa M, Guevara C, Villacres Á, Guevara A, Peña G, Lescano D, Kopchick JJ, Balasubramanian P, Longo VD. Normal or improved cardiovascular risk factors in IGF-I-deficient adults with growth hormone receptor deficiency. MED 2024; 5:816-825.e4. [PMID: 38677286 PMCID: PMC11246805 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human subjects with generalized growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to GH receptor deficiency (GHRD)/Laron syndrome display a very low incidence of insulin resistance, diabetes, and cancer, as well as delayed age-related cognitive decline. However, the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in these subjects is poorly understood. Here, we have assessed cardiovascular function, damage, and risk factors in GHRD subjects and their relatives. METHODS We measured markers of CVD in two phases: one in a cohort of 30 individuals (GHRD = 16, control relatives = 14) brought to USC (in Los Angeles, CA) and one in a cohort including additional individuals examined in Ecuador (where the subjects live) for a total of 44 individuals (GHRD = 21, control relatives = 23). Data were collected on GHRD and control groups living in similar geographical locations and sharing comparable environmental and socio-economic circumstances. RESULTS Compared to controls, GHRD subjects displayed lower serum glucose, insulin, blood pressure, smaller cardiac dimensions, similar pulse wave velocity, lower carotid artery intima-media thickness, lower creatinine, and a non-significant but major reduction in the portion of subjects with carotid atherosclerotic plaques (7% GHRDs vs. 36%, Controls p = 0.1333) despite elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION The current study indicates that individuals with GHRD have normal or improved levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors as compared to their relatives. FUNDING This study was funded in part by NIH/NIA grant P01 AG034906 to V.D.L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Guevara-Aguirre
- College of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador; Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Amrendra Mishra
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Life Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Marco Canepa
- Cardiovascular Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genova, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Carolina Guevara
- College of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Álvaro Villacres
- College of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Gabriela Peña
- College of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Lescano
- College of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; IFOM, AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Kulkarni P, Davis E, Mora-Criollo P, Berryman DE, Kopchick JJ. Growth hormone receptor gene disruption. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:109-149. [PMID: 37717983 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of growth hormone's (GH)'s numerous activities stems from studies utilizing GH receptor (GHR) knockout mice. More recently, the role of GH action has been examined by creating mice with tissue-specific or temporal GHR disruption. To date, 37 distinct GHR knockout mouse lines have been created. Targeted tissues include fat, liver, muscle, heart, bone, brain, macrophage, intestine, hematopoietic stem cells, pancreatic β cells, and inducible multi-tissue "global" disruption at various ages. In this chapter, a summary of each mouse line is provided with background information on the generation of the mouse line as well as important physiological outcomes resulting from GHR gene disruption. Collectively, these mouse lines provide unique insights into GH action and have resulted in the development of new hypotheses about the functions ascribed to GH action in particular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Emily Davis
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J Kopchick
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
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3
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Dong X, Su L, Patti ME. Growth Hormone and Counterregulation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:511-524. [PMID: 36001217 PMCID: PMC9484610 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Canonical growth hormone (GH)-dependent signaling is essential for growth and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, but also may contribute to glucose homeostasis (even in the absence of hypoglycemia) via its impact on metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, body composition, and cardiovascular risk profile. The aim of this review is to summarize recent data implicating GH action in metabolic control, including both IGF-1-dependent and -independent pathways, and its potential role as target for T2D therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental blockade of the GHR can modulate glucose metabolism. Moreover, the soluble form of the GH receptor (GHR, or GHBP) was recently identified as a mediator of improvement in glycemic control in patients with T2D randomized to bariatric surgery vs. medical therapy. Reductions in GHR were accompanied by increases in plasma GH, but unchanged levels of both total and free IGF-1. Likewise, hepatic GHR expression is reduced following both RYGB and VSG in rodents. Emerging data indicate that GH signaling is important for regulation of long-term glucose metabolism in T2D. Future studies will be required to dissect tissue-specific GH signaling and sensitivity and their contributions to systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Dong
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Su
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Kopchick JJ, Basu R, Berryman DE, Jorgensen JOL, Johannsson G, Puri V. Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:558-573. [PMID: 35750929 PMCID: PMC9703363 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery nearly a century ago, over 100,000 studies of growth hormone (GH) have investigated its structure, how it interacts with the GH receptor and its multiple actions. These include effects on growth, substrate metabolism, body composition, bone mineral density, the cardiovascular system and brain function, among many others. Recombinant human GH is approved for use to promote growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD), along with several additional clinical indications. Studies of humans and animals with altered levels of GH, from complete or partial GHD to GH excess, have revealed several covert or hidden actions of GH, such as effects on fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer. In this Review, we do not concentrate on the classic and controversial indications for GH therapy, nor do we cover all covert actions of GH. Instead, we stress the importance of the relationship between GH and fibrosis, and how fibrosis (or lack thereof) might be an emerging factor in both cardiovascular and cancer pathologies. We highlight clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GHD, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel phenotypes and molecular pathways responsible for these actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Young J, Bell S, Qian Y, Hyman C, Berryman DE. Mouse models of growth hormone insensitivity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:17-29. [PMID: 33037595 PMCID: PMC7979446 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) induces pleiotropic effects on growth and metabolism via binding and subsequent activation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and its downstream signaling pathways. Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) describes a group of disorders in which there is resistance to the action of GH and resultant insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency. GHI is commonly due to genetic disorders of the GH receptor causing GH receptor deficiency (e.g. Laron Syndrome (LS)), decreased activation of GHR, or defects in post-receptor signaling molecules. Genetically altered mouse lines have been invaluable to better understand the physiological impact of GHI due to the ability to do invasive and longitudinal measures of metabolism, growth, and health on a whole animal or in individual tissues/cells. In the current review, the phenotype of mouse lines with GHI will be reviewed. Mouse lines to be discussed include: 1) GHR-/- mice with a gene disruption in the GHR that results in no functional GHR throughout life, also referred to as the Laron mouse, 2) mice with temporal loss of GHR (aGHRKO) starting at 6 weeks of age, 3) mice transgenic for a GHR antagonist (GHA mice), 4) mice with GHI in select tissues or cells generated via Cre-lox or related technology, and 5) assorted mice with defects in post-receptor signaling molecules. Collectively, these mouse lines have revealed an intriguing role of GH action in health, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Bell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Caroline Hyman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Growth Hormone Upregulates Mediators of Melanoma Drug Efflux and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition In Vitro and In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123640. [PMID: 33291663 PMCID: PMC7761932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth hormone (GH) action is strongly implicated in the progression and therapy resistance in several types of solid tumors which overexpress the GH receptor (GHR). The aim of our study was to characterize the effects of GH and its downstream effector insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on melanoma using in vitro and in vivo models. We confirmed an IGF-1-independent role of elevated circulating GH in upregulating key mechanisms of therapy resistance and malignancy with analyses conducted at the molecular and cellular level. We identified that GH upregulates key mechanisms of therapy resistance and metastases in melanoma tumors in an IGF-1 dependent and independent manner by upregulating multidrug efflux pumps and EMT transcription factors. Our study reveals that GH action renders an intrinsic drug resistance phenotype to the melanoma tumors—a clinically crucial property of GH verifiable in other human cancers with GHR expression. Abstract Growth hormone (GH) and the GH receptor (GHR) are expressed in a wide range of malignant tumors including melanoma. However, the effect of GH/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) on melanoma in vivo has not yet been elucidated. Here we assessed the physical and molecular effects of GH on mouse melanoma B16-F10 and human melanoma SK-MEL-30 cells in vitro. We then corroborated these observations with syngeneic B16-F10 tumors in two mouse lines with different levels of GH/IGF: bovine GH transgenic mice (bGH; high GH, high IGF-1) and GHR gene-disrupted or knockout mice (GHRKO; high GH, low IGF-1). In vitro, GH treatment enhanced mouse and human melanoma cell growth, drug retention and cell invasion. While the in vivo tumor size was unaffected in both bGH and GHRKO mouse lines, multiple drug-efflux pumps were up regulated. This intrinsic capacity of therapy resistance appears to be GH dependent. Additionally, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene transcription markers were significantly upregulated in vivo supporting our current and recent in vitro observations. These syngeneic mouse melanoma models of differential GH/IGF action can be valuable tools in screening for therapeutic options where lowering GH/IGF-1 action is important.
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Hinrichs A, Riedel EO, Klymiuk N, Blutke A, Kemter E, Längin M, Dahlhoff M, Keßler B, Kurome M, Zakhartchenko V, Jemiller EM, Ayares D, Bidlingmaier M, Flenkenthaler F, Hrabĕ de Angelis M, Arnold GJ, Reichart B, Fröhlich T, Wolf E. Growth hormone receptor knockout to reduce the size of donor pigs for preclinical xenotransplantation studies. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12664. [PMID: 33241624 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many genetically multi-modified donor lines for xenotransplantation have a background of domestic pigs with rapid body and organ growth. The intrinsic growth potential of porcine xeno-organs may impair their long-term function after orthotopic transplantation in non-human primate models. Since growth hormone is a major stimulator of postnatal growth, we deleted its receptor (GHR-KO) to reduce the size of donor pigs in one step. METHODS Heart weight and proteome profile of myocardium were investigated in GHR-KO and control pigs. GHR-KO mutations were introduced using CRISPR/Cas9 in an α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1)-deficient background expressing the human cluster of differentiation (hCD46) and human thrombomodulin (hTHBD) to generate quadruple-modified (4GM) pigs. RESULTS At age 6 months, GHR-KO pigs had a 61% reduced body weight and a 63% reduced heart weight compared with controls. The mean minimal diameter of cardiomyocytes was 28% reduced. A holistic proteome study of myocardium samples from the two groups did not reveal prominent differences. Two 4GM founder sows had low serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels (24 ± 1 ng/mL) and reached body weights of 70.3 and 73.4 kg at 9 months. Control pigs with IGF1 levels of 228 ± 24 ng/mL reached this weight range three months earlier. The 4GM sows showed normal sexual development and were mated with genetically multi-modified boars. Offspring revealed the expected Mendelian transmission of the genetic modifications and consistent expression of the transgenes. CONCLUSION GHR-KO donor pigs can be used at an age beyond the steepest phase of their growth curve, potentially reducing the problem of xeno-organ overgrowth in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hinrichs
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evamaria O Riedel
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Längin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Keßler
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Jemiller
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabĕ de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno Reichart
- Walter Brendel Center for Experimental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Iwase H, Ball S, Adams K, Eyestone W, Walters A, Cooper DKC. Growth hormone receptor knockout: Relevance to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12652. [PMID: 33058285 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation research has made considerable progress in recent years, largely through the increasing availability of pigs with multiple genetic modifications, effective immunosuppressive therapy, and anti-inflammatory therapy to protect pig tissues from the primate immune and inflammatory responses and correct molecular incompatibilities. Further study is required regarding identification and investigation of physiological incompatibilities. Although the exact cause remains uncertain, we and others have observed relatively rapid growth of kidney xenografts after transplantation into nonhuman primates (NHPs). There has also been some evidence of growth, or at least ventricular hypertrophy, of the pig heart after orthotopic transplantation into NHPs. Rapid growth could be problematic, particularly with regard to the heart within the relatively restricted confines of the chest. It has been suggested that the problem of rapid growth of the pig organ after transplantation could be resolved by growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene knockout in the pig. The GHR, although most well-known for regulating growth, has many other biological functions, including regulating metabolism and controlling physiological processes. Genetically modified GHRKO pigs have recently become available. We provide data on their growth compared to comparable pigs that do not include GHRKO, and we have reviewed the literature regarding the effect of GHRKO, and its relevance to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Iwase
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Kopchick JJ. Effects of tissue-specific GH receptor knockouts in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110919. [PMID: 32592744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is pituitary derived hormone which acts on most tissues of the body either directly or indirectly and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Genetically engineered mouse lines have become vital tools for uncovering the various in vivo activities of a GH. A particularly useful mouse line has been the GH receptor (GHR) gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse which has been used world-wide in many studies. Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed the development of tissue-specific knockout mouse lines which allows for more direct enquiries on the activities of a given protein in specific tissues or cell types. Accordingly, twenty-two novel tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines have been developed in the last eleven years. In this paper we provide a detailed list and review the phenotypic changes that occur in each of these tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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11
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Duran-Ortiz S, Noboa V, Kopchick JJ. Tissue-specific disruption of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) in mice: An update. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 51:1-5. [PMID: 31923746 PMCID: PMC9704042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is expressed in many cells/tissues in the body. To investigate the specific metabolic effects of GH action in distinct tissues, several tissue-specific GHR gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse lines have been generated. Previously, we have described the effects of GHRKO in several known insulin sensitive tissues, namely liver, muscle and adipose tissue. In this review, we further explore and summarize the main findings of recently published GHRKO results in liver, adipocytes, intestine, bone, brain and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, United States of America.
| | - Vanessa Noboa
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, United States of America.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
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12
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Mastej E, Gillenwater L, Zhuang Y, Pratte KA, Bowler RP, Kechris K. Identifying Protein-metabolite Networks Associated with COPD Phenotypes. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10040124. [PMID: 32218378 PMCID: PMC7241079 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease in which airflow obstruction in the lung makes it difficult for patients to breathe. Although COPD occurs predominantly in smokers, there are still deficits in our understanding of the additional risk factors in smokers. To gain a deeper understanding of the COPD molecular signatures, we used Sparse Multiple Canonical Correlation Network (SmCCNet), a recently developed tool that uses sparse multiple canonical correlation analysis, to integrate proteomic and metabolomic data from the blood of 1008 participants of the COPDGene study to identify novel protein-metabolite networks associated with lung function and emphysema. Our aim was to integrate -omic data through SmCCNet to build interpretable networks that could assist in the discovery of novel biomarkers that may have been overlooked in alternative biomarker discovery methods. We found a protein-metabolite network consisting of 13 proteins and 7 metabolites which had a -0.34 correlation (p-value = 2.5 × 10-28) to lung function. We also found a network of 13 proteins and 10 metabolites that had a -0.27 correlation (p-value = 2.6 × 10-17) to percent emphysema. Protein-metabolite networks can provide additional information on the progression of COPD that complements single biomarker or single -omic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mastej
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Yonghua Zhuang
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Russell P. Bowler
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA (K.A.P.)
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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13
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Nagarajan A, Srivastava H, Jablonsky J, Sun LY. Tissue-Specific GHR Knockout Mice: An Updated Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:579909. [PMID: 33162937 PMCID: PMC7581730 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.579909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) signaling plays a key role in mediating growth, development, metabolism, and lifespan regulation. However, the mechanisms of longevity regulation at the cellular and molecular level are still not well-understood. An important area in the field of GH research is in the development of advanced transgenic systems for conditional expression of GH signaling in a cell type- or tissue-specific manner. There have been many recent studies conducted to examine the effects of tissue-specific GHR disruption. This review updates our previous discussions on this topic and summarizes recent data on the newly-made tissue-specific GHR-KO mice including intestinal epithelial cells, bone, hematopoietic stem cells, cardiac myocytes, and specific brain regions. The data from these new genetically-engineered mice have a significant impact on our understanding of the local GH signaling function.
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14
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List EO, Berryman DE, Jensen EA, Kulkarni P, McKenna S, Kopchick JJ. New insights of growth hormone (GH) actions from tissue-specific GH receptor knockouts in mice. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:557-567. [PMID: 31939480 PMCID: PMC7203760 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide new insights into the various activities of GH in specific tissues, recent advances have allowed for the generation of tissue-specific GHR knockout mice. To date, 21 distinct tissue-specific mouse lines have been created and reported in 28 publications. Targeted tissues include liver, muscle, fat, brain, bone, heart, intestine, macrophage, pancreatic beta cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and multi-tissue "global". In this review, we provide a brief history and description of the 21 tissue-specific GHR knockout mouse lines. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):557-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O. List
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Jensen
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Savannah McKenna
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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15
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Ran L, Wang X, Mi A, Liu Y, Wu J, Wang H, Guo M, Sun J, Liu B, Li Y, Wang D, Jiang R, Wang N, Gao W, Zeng L, Huang L, Chen X, LeRoith D, Liang B, Li X, Wu Y. Loss of Adipose Growth Hormone Receptor in Mice Enhances Local Fatty Acid Trapping and Impairs Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. iScience 2019; 16:106-121. [PMID: 31154207 PMCID: PMC6545351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) binds to its receptor (growth hormone receptor [GHR]) to exert its pleiotropic effects on growth and metabolism. Disrupted GH/GHR actions not only fail growth but also are involved in many metabolic disorders, as shown in murine models with global or tissue-specific Ghr deficiency and clinical observations. Here we constructed an adipose-specific Ghr knockout mouse model Ad-GHRKO and studied the metabolic adaptability of the mice when stressed by high-fat diet (HFD) or cold. We found that disruption of adipose Ghr accelerated dietary obesity but protected the liver from ectopic adiposity through free fatty acid trapping. The heat-producing brown adipose tissue burning and white adipose tissue browning induced by cold were slowed in the absence of adipose Ghr but were recovered after prolonged cold acclimation. We conclude that at the expense of excessive subcutaneous fat accumulation and lower emergent cold tolerance, down-tuning adipose GHR signaling emulates a healthy obesity situation which has metabolic advantages against HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Ran
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ai Mi
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yanshuang Liu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haoan Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Meihua Guo
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Youwei Li
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Rujiao Jiang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wenting Gao
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, USA; Department of Urology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute for Genome Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; National Center of Genetically Engineered Animal Models for International Research, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Liaoning Provence Key Lab of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA; Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York 10010, USA.
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16
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Young JA, Jensen EA, Stevens A, Duran-Ortiz S, List EO, Berryman DE, Kopchick JJ. Characterization of an intestine-specific GH receptor knockout (IntGHRKO) mouse. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 46-47:5-15. [PMID: 31078722 PMCID: PMC6646076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) has been reported to enhance the intestinal barrier; as such, recombinant GH has been administered for several intestinal diseases. However, excess GH action has been implicated in increasing the risk of intestinal dysfunction. The goal of this study was to examine the direct effects of GH on the small and large intestines to clarify the role GH plays in intestinal function through the use of a mouse model. DESIGN An intestinal epithelial-specific GH receptor (GHR) knockout (IntGHRKO) mouse line was generated using Cre-lox with the villin promoter driving Cre expression. The generated mice were characterized with respect to growth and intestinal phenotypes. RESULTS IntGHRKO mice showed no significant changes in body length, weight, or composition compared to floxed controls. Male IntGHRKO mice had significantly shorter large intestines at 4 and 12 months of age. Intestinal barrier function was assessed by measuring the expression of tight junction related genes, as well as levels of serum endotoxin and fecal albumin. Results showed sex differences as males had an increase in occludin levels but normal serum endotoxin and fecal albumin; while, females had changes in fecal albumin levels with normal occludin and serum endotoxin. Evaluation of glucose tolerance and fat absorption also showed sex differences as females were glucose intolerant, while males had impaired fat absorption. Histopathology revealed a trend towards decreased villus height in males, which could explain the sex difference in glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data demonstrate that disruption of GH on the intestinal epithelial cells modestly affects the intestinal gross anatomy, morphology, and function in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States of America; Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Graduate College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Austin Stevens
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America.
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17
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Duran-Ortiz S, Bell S, Kopchick JJ. Standardizing protocols dealing with growth hormone receptor gene disruption in mice using the Cre-lox system. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:52-57. [PMID: 30195091 PMCID: PMC9704043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice and humans with reduced growth hormone (GH) action before birth are conferred positive health- and life-span advantages. However, little work has been performed to study the effect of conditional disruption of GH action in adult life. With this as our objective, we sought to elucidate a reproducible protocol that allows generation of adult mice with a global disruption of the GH receptor (Ghr) gene, using the tamoxifen (TAM)-inducible Cre-lox system, driven by the ROSA26 enhancer/promoter. Here we report the optimum conditions for the gene disruption. DESIGN Six month old mice, homozygous for the ROSA26-Cre and the Ghr-floxed gene, were injected, once daily for five days with four distinct TAM doses (from 0.08 to 0.32 mg of TAM/g of body weight). To evaluate the most effective TAM dose that leads to global disruption of the GHR, mRNA expression of the Ghr and insulin growth factor-1 (Igf1) genes were assessed in liver, adipose tissue, kidney, and skeletal and cardiac muscles of experimental and control mice. Additionally, serum GH and IGF-1 levels were evaluated one month after TAM injections in both, TAM-treated and TAM-untreated control mice. RESULTS A dose of 0.25 mg of TAM/g of body weight was sufficient to significantly reduce the Ghr and Igf1 expression levels in the liver, fat, kidney, and skeletal and cardiac muscle of six-month old mice that are homozygous for the Ghr floxed gene and Cre recombinase. The reduction of the Ghr mRNA levels of the TAM-treated mice was variable between tissues, with liver and adipose tissue showing the lowest and skeletal and cardiac muscle the highest levels of Ghr gene expression when compared to control mice. Moreover, liver tissue showed the 'best' Ghr gene disruption, resulting in decreased total circulating IGF-1 levels while GH levels were increased versus control mice. CONCLUSION The results show that in mice at six months of age, a total TAM dose of at least 0.25 mg of TAM/g of body weight is needed for a global downregulation of Ghr gene expression with a regimen of 100 μL intraperitoneal (ip) TAM injections, once daily for five consecutive days. Furthermore, we found that even though this system does not achieve an equivalent disruption of the Ghr between tissues, the circulating IGF-1 is >95% decreased. This work helped to create adult mice with a global GHR knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Stephen Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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18
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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19
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Baudouy D, Michiels JF, Vukolic A, Wagner KD, Wagner N. Echocardiographic and Histological Examination of Cardiac Morphology in the Mouse. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155760 DOI: 10.3791/55843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of genetically modified mouse models has become available in recent years. Moreover, the number of pharmacological studies performed in mice is high. Phenotypic characterization of these mouse models also requires the examination of cardiac function and morphology. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used approaches to characterize cardiac function and morphology in mice. Echocardiographic and MRI equipment specialized for use in small rodents is expensive and requires a dedicated space. This protocol describes cardiac measurements in mice using a clinical echocardiographic system with a 15 MHz human vascular probe. Measurements are performed on anesthetized adult mice. At least three image sequences are recorded and analyzed for each animal in M-mode in the parasternal short-axis view. Afterwards, cardiac histological examination is performed, and cardiomyocyte diameters are determined on hematoxylin-eosin- or wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-stained paraffin sections. Vessel density is determined morphometrically after Pecam-1 immunostaining. The protocol has been applied successfully to pharmacological studies and different genetic animal models under baseline conditions, as well as after experimental myocardial infarction by the permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In our experience, echocardiographic investigation is limited to anesthetized animals and is feasible in adult mice weighing at least 25 g.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Vukolic
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich
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20
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Milman S, Huffman DM, Barzilai N. The Somatotropic Axis in Human Aging: Framework for the Current State of Knowledge and Future Research. Cell Metab 2016; 23:980-989. [PMID: 27304500 PMCID: PMC4919980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations resulting in reduced signaling of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis are associated with increased life- and healthspan across model organisms. Similar findings have been noted in human cohorts with functional mutations in the somatotropic axis, suggesting that this pathway may also be relevant to human aging and protection from age-related diseases. While epidemiological data indicate that low circulating IGF-1 level may protect aging populations from cancer, results remain inconclusive regarding most other diseases. We propose that studies in humans and animals need to consider differences in sex, pathway function, organs, and time-specific effects of GH/IGF-1 signaling in order to better define the role of the somatotropic axis in aging. Agents that modulate signaling of the GH/IGF-1 pathway are available for human use, but before they can be implemented in clinical studies that target aging and age-related diseases, researchers need to address the challenges discussed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Milman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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