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Heinl ES, Broeker KAE, Lehrmann C, Heydn R, Krieger K, Ortmaier K, Tauber P, Schweda F. Localization of natriuretic peptide receptors A, B, and C in healthy and diseased mouse kidneys. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:343-360. [PMID: 36480070 PMCID: PMC9908653 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptides (NPs) ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) and BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) mediate their widespread effects by activating the natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A), while C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts via natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B). NPs are removed from the circulation by internalization via the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPR-C). In addition to their well-known functions, for instance on blood pressure, all three NPs confer significant cardioprotection and renoprotection. Since neither the NP-mediated renal functions nor the renal target cells of renoprotection are completely understood, we performed systematic localization studies of NP receptors using in situ hybridization (RNAscope) in mouse kidneys. NPR-A mRNA is highly expressed in glomeruli (mainly podocytes), renal arterioles, endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries, and PDGFR-receptor β positive (PDGFR-β) interstitial cells. No NPR-A mRNA was detected by RNAscope in the tubular system. In contrast, NPR-B expression is highest in proximal tubules. NPR-C is located in glomeruli (mainly podocytes), in endothelial cells and PDGFR-β positive cells. To test for a possible regulation of NPRs in kidney diseases, their distribution was studied in adenine nephropathy. Signal intensity of NPR-A and NPR-B mRNA was reduced while their spatial distribution was unaltered compared with healthy kidneys. In contrast, NPR-C mRNA signal was markedly enhanced in cell clusters of myofibroblasts in fibrotic areas of adenine kidneys. In conclusion, the primary renal targets of ANP and BNP are glomerular, vascular, and interstitial cells but not the tubular compartment, while the CNP receptor NPR-B is highly expressed in proximal tubules. Further studies are needed to clarify the function and interplay of this specific receptor expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Sofia Heinl
- Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | - Claudia Lehrmann
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rosmarie Heydn
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Krieger
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ortmaier
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Tauber
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schweda
- Institute for Physiology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Ectopic localization of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2-expressing cells in the normal human adrenal gland. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279682. [PMID: 36584094 PMCID: PMC9803228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp line of demarcation between zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata (ZF) has been recently challenged suggesting that this interface is no longer a compartment boundary. We have used immunohistochemical analyses to study the steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) pattern of expression and investigate the remodeling of the adrenal cortex in relation to aging. We analyzed human adrenal glands prepared from 47 kidney donors. No aldosterone-producing micronodules (APMs) were detectable in the younger donors aged between 22-39 but the functional ZG depicted by positive CYP11B2 staining demonstrated a lack of continuity. In contrast, the development of APMs was found in samples from individuals aged 40-70. Importantly, the progressive replacement of CYP11B2-expressing cells in the histological ZG by CYP11B1-expressing cells highlights the remodeling capacity of the adrenal cortex. In 70% of our samples, immunofluorescence studies revealed the presence of isolated or clusters of CYP11B2 positive cells in the ZF and zona reticularis. Our data emphasize that mineralocorticoid- and glucocorticoid-producing cells are distributed throughout the cortex and the medulla making the determination of the functional status of a cell or group of cells a unique tool in deciphering the changes occurring in adrenal gland particularly during aging. They also suggest that, in humans, steroidogenic cell phenotype defined by function is a stable feature and thus, the functional zonation might be not solely maintained by cell lineage conversion/migration.
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Liu M, Chen H, Dai H, Wang Y, Li J, Tian F, Li Z, Ge RS. Effects of bis (2-butoxyethyl) phthalate on adrenocortical function in male rats in puberty partially via down-regulating NR5A1/NR4A1/NR4A2 pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2419-2433. [PMID: 35762508 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates may interfere with the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex. Bis (2-butoxyethyl) phthalate (BBOP) is a phthalate containing oxygen atoms in the alcohol moiety. In this study, 35-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavaged with BBOP (0, 10, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. BBOP did not affect the weight of body and adrenal glands. BBOP significantly reduced serum corticosterone levels at 250 and 500 mg/kg, and lowered aldosterone level at 500 mg/kg without affecting adrenocorticotropic hormone. BBOP did not alter the thickness of the adrenal cortex. BBOP significantly down-regulated the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes (Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp21, Cyp11b1, Cyp11b2, Nr5a1, Nr4a1, and Nr4a2) and proteins, and antioxidant enzymes (Sod1, Sod2, Gpx1, and Cat) and their proteins, while up-regulating the expression of Mc2r and Agtr1a at various doses. BBOP reduced the phosphorylation of AKT1, AKT2, and ERK1/2, as well as the levels of SIRT1 and PGC1α without affecting the phosphorylation of AMPK. BBOP significantly induced the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis rate in H295R cells at 100 μM and higher after 24 h of treatment. In conclusion, male rats exposed to BBOP in puberty have significant reduction of steroid biosynthesis with a potential mechanism that is involved in the decrease in the phosphorylation of AKT1, AKT2, ERK1/2, as well as SIRT1 and PGC1α and increase in ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqing Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiqiong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haipeng Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuhong Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongrong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abou Nader N, Boyer A. Adrenal Cortex Development and Maintenance: Knowledge Acquired From Mouse Models. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6362524. [PMID: 34473283 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is an endocrine organ organized into concentric zones that are specialized to produce specific steroid hormones essential for life. The development and maintenance of the adrenal cortex are complex, as a fetal adrenal is first formed from a common primordium with the gonads, followed by its separation in a distinct primordium, the invasion of the adrenal primordium by neural crest-derived cells to form the medulla, and finally its encapsulation. The fetal cortex is then replaced by a definitive cortex, which will establish zonation and be maintained throughout life by regeneration relying on the proliferation, centripetal migration, and differentiation of several stem/progenitor cell populations whose activities are sex-specific. Here, we highlight the advances made, using transgenic mouse models, to delineate the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abou Nader
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Alexandre Boyer
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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Viengchareun S, Pussard E, Castanet M, Sachs LM, Vu TA, Boileau P, Lombès M, Martinerie L. The invention of aldosterone, how the past resurfaces in pediatric endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111375. [PMID: 34197901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium and water homeostasis are drastically modified at birth, in mammals, by the transition from aquatic life to terrestrial life. Accumulating evidence during the past ten years underscores the central role for the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway, in the fine regulation of this equilibrium, at this critical period of development. Interestingly, regarding evolution, while the mineralocorticoid receptor is expressed in fish, the appearance of its related ligand, aldosterone, coincides with terrestrial life, as it is first detected in lungfish and amphibian. Thus, aldosterone is likely one of the main hormones regulating the transition from an aquatic environment to an air environment. This review will focus on the different actors of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway from aldosterone secretion in the adrenal gland, to mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the kidney, summarizing their regulation and roles throughout fetal and neonatal development, in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 Molecular Physiology and Adaption, Department Adaptation of Life, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Thi An Vu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, Rue du Champ Gaillard 78300 Poissy France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université de Paris, 75019, Paris, France; Pediatric Endocrinology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debre, 75019, Paris, France.
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6
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Cellular Senescence in Human Aldosterone-Producing Adrenocortical Cells and Related Disorders. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050567. [PMID: 34070051 PMCID: PMC8158118 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ cortisol excess was previously reported to promote cellular senescence, a cell response to stress, in cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA). The aim of this study was to explore senescence pathways in aldosterone-producing cells and related disorders, and the influence of aldosterone overproduction on in situ senescence. We analyzed 30 surgical cases of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), 10 idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and 19 normal adrenals (NA). CYP11B2 and senescence markers p16 and p21 were immunolocalized in all those cases above and results were correlated with histological/endocrinological findings. In the three cohorts examined, the zona glomerulosa (ZG) was significantly more senescent than other corticosteroid-producing cells. In addition, the ZG of adjacent non-pathological adrenal glands of APA and IHA had significantly higher p16 expression than adjacent non-pathological zona fasciculata (ZF), reticularis (ZR) and ZG of NA. In addition, laboratory findings of primary aldosteronism (PA) were significantly correlated with p21 status in KCNJ5-mutated tumors. Results of our present study firstly demonstrated that non-aldosterone-producing cells in the ZG were the most senescent compared to other cortical zones and aldosterone-producing cells in PA. Therefore, aldosterone production, whether physiological or pathological, could be maintained by suppression of cell senescence in human adrenal cortex.
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Dumontet T, Martinez A. Adrenal androgens, adrenarche, and zona reticularis: A human affair? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111239. [PMID: 33676986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In humans, reticularis cells of the adrenal cortex fuel the production of androgen steroids, constituting the driver of numerous morphological changes during childhood. These steps are considered a precocious stage of sexual maturation and are grouped under the term "adrenarche". This review describes the molecular and enzymatic characteristics of the zona reticularis, along with the possible signals and mechanisms that control its emergence and the associated clinical features. We investigate the differences between species and discuss new studies such as genetic lineage tracing and transcriptomic analysis, highlighting the rodent inner cortex's cellular and molecular heterogeneity. The recent development and characterization of mouse models deficient for Prkar1a presenting with adrenocortical reticularis-like features prompt us to review our vision of the mouse adrenal gland maturation. We expect these new insights will help increase our understanding of the adrenarche process and the pathologies associated with its deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhanie Dumontet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Institut National de La Santé & de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), France.
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Pignatti E, Flück CE. Adrenal cortex development and related disorders leading to adrenal insufficiency. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111206. [PMID: 33607267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adult human adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are crucial for life, supporting immune response, glucose homeostasis, salt balance and sexual maturation. It consists of three histologically distinct and functionally specialized zones. The fetal adrenal forms from mesodermal material and produces predominantly adrenal C19 steroids from its fetal zone, which involutes after birth. Transition to the adult cortex occurs immediately after birth for the formation of the zona glomerulosa and fasciculata for aldosterone and cortisol production and continues through infancy until the zona reticularis for adrenal androgen production is formed with adrenarche. The development of this indispensable organ is complex and not fully understood. This article gives an overview of recent knowledge gained of adrenal biology from two perspectives: one, from basic science studying adrenal development, zonation and homeostasis; and two, from adrenal disorders identified in persons manifesting with various isolated or syndromic forms of primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pignatti
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Bern and Department of BioMedical Research, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Hammer GD, Basham KJ. Stem cell function and plasticity in the normal physiology of the adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111043. [PMID: 33058950 PMCID: PMC7736543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex functions to produce steroid hormones necessary for life. To maintain its functional capacity throughout life, the adrenal cortex must be continually replenished and rapidly repaired following injury. Moreover, the adrenal responds to endocrine-mediated organismal needs, which are highly dynamic and necessitate a precise steroidogenic response. To meet these diverse needs, the adrenal employs multiple cell populations with stem cell function. Here, we discuss the literature on adrenocortical stem cells using hematopoietic stem cells as a benchmark to examine the functional capacity of particular cell populations, including those located in the capsule and peripheral cortex. These populations are coordinately regulated by paracrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms, and display remarkable plasticity to adapt to different physiological and pathological conditions. Some populations also exhibit sex-specific activity, which contributes to highly divergent proliferation rates between sexes. Understanding mechanisms that govern adrenocortical renewal has broad implications for both regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Nishimoto K. Immunohistochemistry of the Human Adrenal CYP11B2 in Normal Individuals and in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:421-426. [PMID: 32289837 PMCID: PMC7299743 DOI: 10.1055/a-1139-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CYP11B2 enzyme is the terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of aldosterone. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CYP11B2 defines cells of the adrenal ZG that synthesize aldosterone. CYP11B2 expression is normally stimulated by angiotensin II, but becomes autonomous in primary hyperaldosteronism, in most cases driven by recently discovered somatic mutations of ion channels or pumps. Cells expressing CYP11B2 in young normal humans form a continuous band beneath the adrenal capsule; in older individuals they form discrete clusters, aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCC), surrounded by non-aldosterone producing cells in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone-producing adenomas may exhibit a uniform or heterogeneous expression of CYP11B2. APCC frequently persist in the adrenal with an aldosterone-producing adenoma suggesting autonomous CYP11B2 expression in these cells as well. This was confirmed by finding known mutations that drive aldosterone production in adenomas in the APCC of clinically normal people. Unilateral aldosteronism may also be due to multiple CYP11B2-expressing nodules of various sizes or a continuous band of hyperplastic ZG cells expressing CYP11B2. Use of CYP11B2 antibodies to identify areas for sequencing has greatly facilitated the detection of aldosterone-driving mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
- Medicine (Endocrinology), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Elise P. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. The Biology of Normal Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma: Pathological Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1029-1056. [PMID: 30007283 PMCID: PMC6236434 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of several germline and somatic ion channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and detection of cell clusters that can be responsible for excess aldosterone production, as well as the isolation of autoantibodies activating the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, have rapidly advanced the understanding of the biology of primary aldosteronism (PA), particularly that of APA. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to discuss how discoveries of the last decade could affect histopathology analysis and clinical practice. The structural remodeling through development and aging of the human adrenal cortex, particularly of the zona glomerulosa, and the complex regulation of aldosterone, with emphasis on the concepts of zonation and channelopathies, will be addressed. Finally, the diagnostic workup for PA and its subtyping to optimize treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
| | | | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
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Takizawa N, Tanaka S, Oe S, Koike T, Yoshida T, Hirahara Y, Matsuda T, Yamada H. Involvement of DHH and GLI1 in adrenocortical autograft regeneration in rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14542. [PMID: 30266964 PMCID: PMC6162278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral adrenalectomy forces the patient to undergo glucocorticoid replacement therapy and bear a lifetime risk of adrenal crisis. Adrenal autotransplantation is considered useful to avoid adrenal crisis and glucocorticoid replacement therapy. However, the basic process of regeneration in adrenal autografts is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the essential regeneration factors in rat adrenocortical autografts, with a focus on the factors involved in adrenal development and steroidogenesis, such as Hh signalling. A remarkable renewal in cell proliferation and increase in Cyp11b1, which encodes 11-beta-hydroxylase, occurred in adrenocortical autografts from 2-3 weeks after autotransplantation. Serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were almost recovered to sham level at 4 weeks after autotransplantation. The adrenocortical autografts showed increased Dhh expression at 3 weeks after autotransplantation, but not Shh, which is the only Hh family member to have been reported to be expressed in the adrenal gland. Increased Gli1 expression was also found in the regenerated capsule at 3 weeks after autotransplantation. Dhh and Gli1 might function in concert to regenerate adrenocortical autografts. This is the first report to clearly show Dhh expression and its elevation in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Takizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
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Salazar ER, Richter HG, Spichiger C, Mendez N, Halabi D, Vergara K, Alonso IP, Corvalán FA, Azpeleta C, Seron-Ferre M, Torres-Farfan C. Gestational chronodisruption leads to persistent changes in the rat fetal and adult adrenal clock and function. J Physiol 2018; 596:5839-5857. [PMID: 30118176 DOI: 10.1113/jp276083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Light at night is essential to a 24/7 society, but it has negative consequences on health. Basically, light at night induces an alteration of our biological clocks, known as chronodisruption, with effects even when this occurs during pregnancy. Here we explored the developmental impact of gestational chronodisruption (chronic photoperiod shift, CPS) on adult and fetal adrenal biorhythms and function. We found that gestational chronodisruption altered fetal and adult adrenal function, at the molecular, morphological and physiological levels. The differences between control and CPS offspring suggest desynchronization of the adrenal circadian clock and steroidogenic pathway, leading to abnormal stress responses and metabolic adaptation, potentially increasing the risk of developing chronic diseases. ABSTRACT Light at night is essential to a 24/7 society, but it has negative consequences on health. Basically, light at night induces an alteration of our biological clocks, known as chronodisruption, with effects even when this occurs during pregnancy. Indeed, an abnormal photoperiod during gestation alters fetal development, inducing long-term effects on the offspring. Accordingly, we carried out a longitudinal study in rats, exploring the impact of gestational chronodisruption on the adrenal biorhythms and function of the offspring. Adult rats (90 days old) gestated under chronic photoperiod shift (CPS) decrease the time spent in the open arm zone of an elevated plus maze to 62% and increase the rearing time to 170%. CPS adults maintained individual daily changes in corticosterone, but their acrophases were distributed from 12.00 h to 06.00 h. CPS offspring maintained clock gene expression and oscillation, nevertheless no daily rhythm was observed in genes involved in the regulation and synthesis of steroids. Consistent with adult adrenal gland being programmed during fetal life, blunted daily rhythms of corticosterone, core clock gene machinery, and steroidogenic genes were observed in CPS fetal adrenal glands. Comparisons of the global transcriptome of CPS versus control fetal adrenal gland revealed that 1078 genes were differentially expressed (641 down-regulated and 437 up-regulated). In silico analysis revealed significant changes in Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry, Cellular Development and the Inflammatory Response pathway (z score: 48-20). Altogether, the present results demonstrate that gestational chronodisruption changed fetal and adult adrenal function. This could translate to long-term abnormal stress responses and metabolic adaptation, increasing the risk of developing chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Salazar
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - H G Richter
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Spichiger
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - N Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Halabi
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - K Vergara
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - I P Alonso
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - F A Corvalán
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Azpeleta
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - M Seron-Ferre
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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14
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Prenatal caffeine ingestion induces long-term alterations in scavenger receptor class B type I expression and glucocorticoid synthesis in adult male offspring rat adrenals. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:24-31. [PMID: 29958987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is contained within many drinks and food that are consumed daily. Prenatal caffeine ingestion (PCI) is a risk factor for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). We previously observed that PCI inhibits scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-mediated cholesterol uptake in fetal adrenals, subsequently decreasing glucocorticoid synthesis and inducing IUGR. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of PCI on adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in adult male offspring rats. After establishing the PCI-induced IUGR, adult male offspring was injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg/kg·d lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 2 days to induce acute stress. We observed persistent inhibition of SR-BI expression in PCI adrenals before and after stress. Compared with the controls, the PCI offspring had higher corticosterone concentrations after stress. The serum cholesterol concentration was stable without intergroup differences before and after stress. The cholesterol concentration in PCI adrenals showed a higher decrease rate than that of the control after stress. In summary, PCI induced long-term alterations in SR-BI expression and glucocorticoid synthesis in adult male offspring rat adrenals. Cholesterol has to be over-consumed in PCI adrenals against acute stress. This study provides an experimental basis to explain the susceptibility of IUGR offspring to metabolic diseases in adults.
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15
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Chen G, Yuan C, Duan F, Liu Y, Zhang J, He Z, Huang H, He C, Wang H. IGF1/MAPK/ERK signaling pathway-mediated programming alterations of adrenal cortex cell proliferation by prenatal caffeine exposure in male offspring rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 341:64-76. [PMID: 29343424 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study proposed a glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor 1 (GC-IGF1) axis programming mechanism for prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE)-induced adrenal developmental dysfunction. Here, we focused on PCE-induced cell proliferation changes of the adrenal cortex in male offspring rats before and after birth and clarified the intrauterine programming mechanism. On gestational day (GD) 20, the PCE group had an elevated serum corticosterone level reduced fetal bodyweight, maximum adrenal sectional area, and elevated adrenal corticosterone and aldosterone contents. However, in postnatal week (PW) 6, the serum corticosterone level was decreased, and the bodyweight, with catch-up growth, adrenal cortex maximum cross-sectional area and aldosterone content were relatively increased, while the adrenal corticosterone content was lower. On GD20, the expression of adrenal IGF1, IGF1R and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were decreased, while the expression of these factors at PW6 were increased in the PCE group. Fetal adrenal gene chip analysis suggested that the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) signal pathway was suppressed in the PCE group. Moreover, in the rat primary adrenal cells, corticosterone (rather than caffeine) was shown to significantly inhibit cell proliferation, IGF1 and PCNA expression, and ERK phosphorylation, which could be reversed by exogenous IGF1. Meanwhile, the effects of exogenous IGF1 were reversed by the ERK pathway inhibitor (PD184161). In conclusion, PCE could induce programming alterations in adrenal cortical cell proliferation before and after birth in male offspring rats. The underlying mechanism is associated with the inhibition of fetal adrenal IGF1-related MAPK/ERK signaling pathway caused by high glucocorticoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hegui Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chunjiang He
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan 430071, China.
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16
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Antioxidant Treatment Induces Hyperactivation of the HPA Axis by Upregulating ACTH Receptor in the Adrenal and Downregulating Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Pituitary. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4156361. [PMID: 28607630 PMCID: PMC5457771 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4156361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) production is physiologically regulated through a negative feedback loop mediated by the GC, which appear disrupted in several pathological conditions. The inability to perform negative feedback of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in several diseases is associated with an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, nothing is known about the effects of ROS on the functionality of the HPA axis during homeostasis. This study analyzed the putative impact of antioxidants on the HPA axis activity and GC-mediated negative feedback upon the HPA cascade. Male Wistar rats were orally treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or vitamin E for 18 consecutive days. NAC-treated rats were then subjected to a daily treatment with dexamethasone, which covered the last 5 days of the antioxidant therapy. We found that NAC and vitamin E induced an increase in plasma corticosterone levels. NAC intensified MC2R and StAR expressions in the adrenal and reduced GR and MR expressions in the pituitary. NAC also prevented the dexamethasone-induced reduction in plasma corticosterone levels. Furthermore, NAC decreased HO-1 and Nrf2 expression in the pituitary. These findings show that antioxidants induce hyperactivity of the HPA axis via upregulation of MC2R expression in the adrenal and downregulation of GR and MR in the pituitary.
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17
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Nishimoto K, Koga M, Seki T, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Naruse M, Sakaguchi T, Morita S, Kosaka T, Oya M, Ogishima T, Yasuda M, Suematsu M, Kabe Y, Omura M, Nishikawa T, Mukai K. Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase leads the way to the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:124-133. [PMID: 27751767 PMCID: PMC5470036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Our group previously purified human and rat aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 and Cyp11b2, respectively) from their adrenals and verified that it is distinct from steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1 or Cyp11b1), the cortisol- or corticosterone-synthesizing enzyme. We now describe their distributions immunohistochemically with specific antibodies. In rats, there is layered functional zonation with the Cyp11b2-positive zona glomerulosa (ZG), Cyp11b1-positive zona fasciculata (ZF), and Cyp11b2/Cyp11b1-negative undifferentiated zone between the ZG and ZF. In human infants and children (<12 years old), the functional zonation is similar to that in rats. In adults, the adrenal cortex remodels and subcapsular aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) replace the continuous ZG layer. We recently reported possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (pAATLs) in 2 cases of unilateral multiple adrenocortical micro-nodules. In this review, we present 4 additional cases of primary aldosteronism, from which the extracted adrenals contain pAATLs, with results of next generation sequencing for these lesions. Immunohistochemistry for CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 has become an important tool for the diagnosis of and research on adrenocortical pathological conditions and suggests that APCCs may be the origin of aldosterone-producing adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1241, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Minae Koga
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama 222-0036, Japan
| | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, 1405 West Valley Blvd #101, Colton, CA 92324, USA
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrinology Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Mitsuhide Naruse
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Sakaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Misato Kenwa Hospital, 4-494-1 Takano, Misato, Saitama 341-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Morita
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ogishima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka 350-1241, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masao Omura
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama 222-0036, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama 222-0036, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Mukai
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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18
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Massart R, Mignon V, Stanic J, Munoz-Tello P, Becker JAJ, Kieffer BL, Darmon M, Sokoloff P, Diaz J. Developmental and adult expression patterns of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 in the rat: Establishment of a dual nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2776-802. [PMID: 26918661 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is a neuronal cerebral orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been linked to various psychiatric disorders. However, no extensive description of its localization has been provided so far. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal expression of the GPR88 in prenatal and postnatal rat tissues by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. GPR88 protein was initially detected at embryonic day 16 (E16) in the striatal primordium. From E16-E20 to adulthood, the highest expression levels of both protein and mRNA were observed in striatum, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and neocortex, whereas in spinal cord, pons, and medulla GPR88 expression remains discrete. We observed an intracellular redistribution of GPR88 during cortical lamination. In the cortical plate of the developing cortex, GPR88 presents a classical GPCR plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localization that shifts, on the day of birth, to nuclei of neurons progressively settling in layers V to II. This intranuclear localization remains throughout adulthood and was also detected in monkey and human cortex as well as in the amygdala and hypothalamus of rats. Apart from the central nervous system, GPR88 was transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral tissues, including adrenal cortex (E16-E21) and cochlear ganglia (E19-P3), and also at moderate levels in retina (E18-E19) and spleen (E21-P7). The description of the GPR88 anatomical expression pattern may provide precious functional insights into this novel receptor. Furthermore, the GRP88 nuclear localization suggests nonclassical GPCR modes of action of the protein that could be relevant for cortical development and psychiatric disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2776-2802, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Massart
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Stanic
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme A J Becker
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sokoloff
- Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
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19
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Wu DM, He Z, Chen T, Liu Y, Ma LP, Ping J. DNA hypermethylation of acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase contributes to inhibited cholesterol supply and steroidogenesis in fetal rat adrenals under prenatal nicotine exposure. Toxicology 2016; 340:43-52. [PMID: 26776438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal nicotine exposure is a risk factor for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol in the fetal adrenal play an important role in the fetal development. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on steroidogenesis in fetal rat adrenals from the perspective of cholesterol supply and explore the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered 1.0mg/kg nicotine subcutaneously twice a day from gestational day (GD) 7 to GD17. The results showed that prenatal nicotine exposure increased IUGR rates. Histological changes, decreased steroid hormone concentrations and decreased cholesterol supply were observed in nicotine-treated fetal adrenals. In the gene expression array, the expression of genes regulating ketone metabolic process decreased in nicotine-treated fetal adrenals. The following conjoint analysis of DNA methylation array with these differentially expressed genes suggested that acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase (AACS), the enzyme utilizing ketones for cholesterol supply, may play an important role in nicotine-induced cholesterol supply deficiency. Moreover, the decreased expression of AACS and increased DNA methylation in the proximal promoter of AACS in the fetal adrenal was verified by real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP), respectively. In conclusion, prenatal nicotine exposure can cause DNA hypermethylation of the AACS promoter in the rat fetal adrenal. These changes may result in decreased AACS expression and cholesterol supply, which inhibits steroidogenesis in the fetal adrenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liang-Peng Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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20
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Drelon C, Berthon A, Mathieu M, Martinez A, Val P. Adrenal cortex tissue homeostasis and zonation: A WNT perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:156-64. [PMID: 25542843 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex plays essential roles in the control of sodium and water homeostasis, stress response, inflammation and metabolism, through secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Coordinated production of these hormones relies on functional zonation of the cortex, characterised by expression of Cyp11b2 under the control of angiotensin II and plasma potassium level in zona glomerulosa (ZG) and Cyp11b1 under the control of ACTH in zona fasciculata (ZF). The mechanisms involved in the establishment of functional zonation and its maintenance during centripetal cortex cell renewal are still poorly understood. Here, we hypothesise that the hormonal and signalling pathways that control adrenal cortex function are also involved in cortical zonation. In particular, we summarise evidence on the role of WNT/β-catenin signalling in ZG differentiation and how tight control of its activity is required to shape the adult cortex. In this context, we discuss the potential role of known WNT regulators and the possibility of a reciprocal cross-talk between PKA and WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Drelon
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement -GReD- CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, 24 Avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex 63171, France
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement -GReD- CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, 24 Avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex 63171, France; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1103, USA
| | - Mickael Mathieu
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement -GReD- CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, 24 Avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex 63171, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement -GReD- CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, 24 Avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex 63171, France
| | - Pierre Val
- Laboratoire Génétique Reproduction et Développement -GReD- CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Clermont Université, 24 Avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex 63171, France.
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21
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Wu DM, He Z, Ma LP, Wang LL, Ping J, Wang H. Increased DNA methylation of scavenger receptor class B type I contributes to inhibitory effects of prenatal caffeine ingestion on cholesterol uptake and steroidogenesis in fetal adrenals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:89-97. [PMID: 25868845 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones synthesized from cholesterol in the fetal adrenal are crucial for fetal development. We have observed the inhibited fetal adrenal corticosterone synthesis and increased intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) rate in rats under prenatal caffeine ingestion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of prenatal caffeine ingestion on cholesterol supply in fetal adrenal steroidogenesis in rats and explore the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were treated with 60 mg/kg · d caffeine from gestational day (GD) 7 to GD17. Histological changes of fetal adrenals and increased IUGR rates were observed in the caffeine group. There were significantly decreased steroid hormone contents and cholesterol supply in caffeine-treated fetal adrenals. Data from the gene expression array suggested that prenatal caffeine ingestion caused increased expression of genes related to DNA methylation and decreased expression of genes related to cholesterol uptake. The following conjoint analysis of DNA methylation array with these differentially expressed genes suggested that scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) may play an important role in caffeine-induced cholesterol supply deficiency. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical detection certified the inhibitory effects of caffeine on both mRNA expression and protein expression of SR-BI in the fetal adrenal. And the increased DNA methylation frequency in the proximal promoter of SR-BI was confirmed by bisulfite-sequencing PCR. In conclusion, prenatal caffeine ingestion can induce DNA hypermethylation of the SR-BI promoter in the rat fetal adrenal. These effects may lead to decreased SR-BI expression and cholesterol uptake, which inhibits steroidogenesis in the fetal adrenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Liang-Peng Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lin-Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China; Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China; Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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22
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Raff H, Gehrand A, Bruder ED, Hoffman MJ, Engeland WC, Moreno C. Renin knockout rat: control of adrenal aldosterone and corticosterone synthesis in vitro and adrenal gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 308:R73-7. [PMID: 25394830 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00440.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The classic renin-angiotensin system is partly responsible for controlling aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex via the peptide angiotensin II (ANG II). In addition, there is a local adrenocortical renin-angiotensin system that may be involved in the control of aldosterone synthesis in the zona glomerulosa (ZG). To characterize the long-term control of adrenal steroidogenesis, we utilized adrenal glands from renin knockout (KO) rats and compared steroidogenesis in vitro and steroidogenic enzyme expression to wild-type (WT) controls (Dahl S rat). Adrenal capsules (ZG; aldosterone production) and subcapsules [zona reticularis/fasciculata (ZFR); corticosterone production] were separately dispersed and studied in vitro. Plasma renin activity and ANG II concentrations were extremely low in the KO rats. Basal and cAMP-stimulated aldosterone production was significantly reduced in renin KO ZG cells, whereas corticosterone production was not different between WT and KO ZFR cells. As expected, adrenal renin mRNA expression was lower in the renin KO compared with the WT rat. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant decrease in P450aldo (Cyp11b2) mRNA and protein expression in the ZG from the renin KO rat. The reduction in aldosterone synthesis in the ZG of the renin KO adrenal seems to be accounted for by a specific decrease in P450aldo and may be due to the absence of chronic stimulation of the ZG by circulating ANG II or to a reduction in locally released ANG II within the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hershel Raff
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
| | - Ashley Gehrand
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Eric D Bruder
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew J Hoffman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - William C Engeland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carol Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
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Ping J, Wang JF, Liu L, Yan YE, Liu F, Lei YY, Wang H. Prenatal caffeine ingestion induces aberrant DNA methylation and histone acetylation of steroidogenic factor 1 and inhibits fetal adrenal steroidogenesis. Toxicology 2014; 321:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Yan YE, Liu L, Wang JF, Liu F, Li XH, Qin HQ, Wang H. Prenatal nicotinic exposure suppresses fetal adrenal steroidogenesis via steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) deacetylation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Qi X, Velarde-Miranda C, Plonczynski MW, Parker CR, Rainey W, Satoh F, Maekawa T, Nakamura Y, Sasano H, Gomez-Sanchez EP. Development of monoclonal antibodies against human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 383:111-7. [PMID: 24325867 PMCID: PMC3939805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
1. The final enzymes in the biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol are by the cytochrome P450 CYP11B2 and CYP11B1, respectively. The enzymes are 93% homologous at the amino acid level and specific antibodies have been difficult to generate. 2. Mice and rats were immunized with multiple peptides conjugated to various immunogenic proteins and monoclonal antibodies were generated. The only peptide sequences that generated specific antibodies were amino acids 41-52 for the CYP11B2 and amino acids 80-90 for the CYP11B1 enzyme. 3. The mouse monoclonal CYP11B2-41 was specific and sensitive for use in western blots and produced specific staining of the zona glomerulosa of normal adrenal glands. The rat monoclonal CYP11B1-80 also detected a single band by western blot and detected only the zona fasciculata. Triple immunofluorescence of the adrenal demonstrated that the CYP11B1 and the CYP11B2 did not co-localize, while as expected the CYP11B1 co-localized with the 17α-hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA.
| | - Xin Qi
- Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | - C Richard Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Maekawa
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Tohoku University, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, USA; Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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26
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de Vries GJ, Fields CT, Peters NV, Whylings J, Paul MJ. Sensitive periods for hormonal programming of the brain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 16:79-108. [PMID: 24549723 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During sensitive periods, information from the external and internal environment that occurs during particular phases of development is relayed to the brain to program neural development. Hormones play a central role in this process. In this review, we first discuss sexual differentiation of the brain as an example of hormonal programming. Using sexual differentiation, we define sensitive periods, review cellular and molecular processes that can explain their restricted temporal window, and discuss challenges in determining the precise timing of the temporal window. We then briefly review programming effects of other hormonal systems and discuss how programming of these systems interact with sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J de Vries
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA, 30302-5030, USA,
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27
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Chang SP, Morrison HD, Nilsson F, Kenyon CJ, West JD, Morley SD. Cell proliferation, movement and differentiation during maintenance of the adult mouse adrenal cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81865. [PMID: 24324726 PMCID: PMC3852665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate maintenance and regeneration of adult endocrine organs is important in both normal physiology and disease. We investigated cell proliferation, movement and differentiation in the adult mouse adrenal cortex, using different 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling regimens and immunostaining for phenotypic steroidogenic cell markers. Pulse-labelling showed that cell division was largely confined to the outer cortex, with most cells moving inwards towards the medulla at around 13-20 µm per day, though a distinct labelled cell population remained in the outer 10% of the cortex. Pulse-chase-labelling coupled with phenotypic immunostaining showed that, unlike cells in the inner cortex, most BrdU-positive outer cortical cells did not express steroidogenic markers, while co-staining for BrdU and Ki67 revealed that some outer cortical BrdU-positive cells were induced to proliferate following acute adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment. Extended pulse-chase-labelling identified cells in the outer cortex which retained BrdU label for up to 18-23 weeks. Together, these observations are consistent with the location of both slow-cycling stem/progenitor and transiently amplifying cell populations in the outer cortex. Understanding the relationships between these distinct adrenocortical cell populations will be crucial to clarify mechanisms underpinning adrenocortical maintenance and long-term adaptation to pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Chang
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish D. Morrison
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Nilsson
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John D. West
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D. Morley
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *
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28
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Freedman BD, Kempna PB, Carlone DL, Shah M, Guagliardo NA, Barrett PQ, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Majzoub JA, Breault DT. Adrenocortical zonation results from lineage conversion of differentiated zona glomerulosa cells. Dev Cell 2013; 26:666-673. [PMID: 24035414 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lineage conversion of differentiated cells in response to hormonal feedback has yet to be described. To investigate this, we studied the adrenal cortex, which is composed of functionally distinct concentric layers that develop postnatally, the outer zona glomerulosa (zG) and the inner zona fasciculata (zF). These layers have separate functions, are continuously renewed in response to physiological demands, and are regulated by discrete hormonal feedback loops. Their cellular origin, lineage relationship, and renewal mechanism, however, remain poorly understood. Cell-fate mapping and gene-deletion studies using zG-specific Cre expression demonstrate that differentiated zG cells undergo lineage conversion into zF cells. In addition, zG maintenance is dependent on the master transcriptional regulator Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1), and zG-specific Sf-1 deletion prevents lineage conversion. These findings demonstrate that adrenocortical zonation and regeneration result from lineage conversion and may provide a paradigm for homeostatic cellular renewal in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany D Freedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Petra Bukovac Kempna
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Diana L Carlone
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Manasvi Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Nick A Guagliardo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Paula Q Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
| | - Joseph A Majzoub
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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29
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Bandulik S, Tauber P, Penton D, Schweda F, Tegtmeier I, Sterner C, Lalli E, Lesage F, Hartmann M, Barhanin J, Warth R. Severe hyperaldosteronism in neonatal Task3 potassium channel knockout mice is associated with activation of the intraadrenal renin-angiotensin system. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2712-22. [PMID: 23698720 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Task3 K(+) channels are highly expressed in the adrenal cortex and contribute to the angiotensin II and K(+) sensitivity of aldosterone-producing glomerulosa cells. Adult Task3(-/-) mice display a partially autonomous aldosterone secretion, subclinical hyperaldosteronism, and salt-sensitive hypertension. Here, we investigated the age dependence of the adrenal phenotype of Task3(-/-) mice. Compared with adults, newborn Task3(-/-) mice displayed a severe adrenal phenotype with strongly increased plasma levels of aldosterone, corticosterone, and progesterone. This adrenocortical dysfunction was accompanied by a modified gene expression profile. The most strongly up-regulated gene was the protease renin. Real-time PCR corroborated the strong increase in adrenal renin expression, and immunofluorescence revealed renin-expressing cells in the zona fasciculata. Together with additional factors, activation of the local adrenal renin system is probably causative for the severely disturbed steroid hormone secretion of neonatal Task3(-/-) mice. The changes in gene expression patterns of neonatal Task3(-/-) mice could also be relevant for other forms of hyperaldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Bandulik
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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30
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Penton D, Bandulik S, Schweda F, Haubs S, Tauber P, Reichold M, Cong LD, El Wakil A, Budde T, Lesage F, Lalli E, Zennaro MC, Warth R, Barhanin J. Task3 potassium channel gene invalidation causes low renin and salt-sensitive arterial hypertension. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4740-8. [PMID: 22878402 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Task1 and Task3 potassium channels (Task: tandem of P domains in a weak inward rectifying K(+) channel-related acid-sensitive K(+) channel) are believed to control the membrane voltage of aldosterone-producing adrenal glomerulosa cells. This study aimed at understanding the role of Task3 for the control of aldosterone secretion. The adrenal phenotype of Task3(-/-) mice was investigated using electrophysiology, adrenal slices, and blood pressure measurements. Primary adrenocortical cells of Task3(-/-) mice were strongly depolarized compared with wild-type (-52 vs. -79 mV), and in fresh adrenal slices Ca(2+) signaling of Task3(-/-) glomerulosa cells was abnormal. In living Task3(-/-) mice, the regulation of aldosterone secretion showed specific deficits: Under low Na(+) and high K(+) diets, protocols known to increase aldosterone, and under standard diet, Task3 inactivation was compensated and aldosterone was normal. However, high Na(+) and low K(+) diets, two protocols known to lower aldosterone, failed to lower aldosterone in Task3(-/-) mice. The physiological regulation of aldosterone was disturbed: aldosterone-renin ratio, an indicator of autonomous aldosterone secretion, was 3-fold elevated at standard and high Na(+) diets. Isolated adrenal glands of Task3(-/-) produced 2-fold more aldosterone. As a consequence, Task3(-/-) mice showed salt-sensitive arterial hypertension (plus 10 mm Hg). In conclusion, Task3 plays an important role in the adaptation of aldosterone secretion to dietary salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Penton
- University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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31
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El Wakil A, Bandulik S, Guy N, Bendahhou S, Zennaro MC, Niehrs C, Mari B, Warth R, Barhanin J, Lalli E. Dkk3 is a component of the genetic circuitry regulating aldosterone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4922-9. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Mendez N, Abarzua-Catalan L, Vilches N, Galdames HA, Spichiger C, Richter HG, Valenzuela GJ, Seron-Ferre M, Torres-Farfan C. Timed maternal melatonin treatment reverses circadian disruption of the fetal adrenal clock imposed by exposure to constant light. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42713. [PMID: 22912724 PMCID: PMC3418288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Surprisingly, in our modern 24/7 society, there is scant information on the impact of developmental chronodisruption like the one experienced by shift worker pregnant women on fetal and postnatal physiology. There are important differences between the maternal and fetal circadian systems; for instance, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master clock in the mother but not in the fetus. Despite this, several tissues/organs display circadian oscillations in the fetus. Our hypothesis is that the maternal plasma melatonin rhythm drives the fetal circadian system, which in turn relies this information to other fetal tissues through corticosterone rhythmic signaling. The present data show that suppression of the maternal plasma melatonin circadian rhythm, secondary to exposure of pregnant rats to constant light along the second half of gestation, had several effects on fetal development. First, it induced intrauterine growth retardation. Second, in the fetal adrenal in vivo it markedly affected the mRNA expression level of clock genes and clock-controlled genes as well as it lowered the content and precluded the rhythm of corticosterone. Third, an altered in vitro fetal adrenal response to ACTH of both, corticosterone production and relative expression of clock genes and steroidogenic genes was observed. All these changes were reversed when the mother received a daily dose of melatonin during the subjective night; supporting a role of melatonin on overall fetal development and pointing to it as a 'time giver' for the fetal adrenal gland. Thus, the present results collectively support that the maternal circadian rhythm of melatonin is a key signal for the generation and/or synchronization of the circadian rhythms in the fetal adrenal gland. In turn, low levels and lack of a circadian rhythm of fetal corticosterone may be responsible of fetal growth restriction; potentially inducing long term effects in the offspring, possibility that warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mendez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lorena Abarzua-Catalan
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson Vilches
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Galdames
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans G. Richter
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Guillermo J. Valenzuela
- Department of Women's Health, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Seron-Ferre
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
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33
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Guagliardo NA, Yao J, Hu C, Schertz EM, Tyson DA, Carey RM, Bayliss DA, Barrett PQ. TASK-3 channel deletion in mice recapitulates low-renin essential hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 59:999-1005. [PMID: 22493079 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.189662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic primary hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and low-renin essential hypertension (LREH) are common forms of hypertension, characterized by an elevated aldosterone-renin ratio and hypersensitivity to angiotensin II. They are suggested to be 2 states within a disease spectrum that progresses from LREH to IHA as the control of aldosterone production by the renin-angiotensin system is weakened. The mechanism(s) that drives this progression remains unknown. Deletion of Twik-related acid-sensitive K(+) channels (TASK) subunits, TASK-1 and TASK-3, in mice (T1T3KO) produces a model of human IHA. Here, we determine the effect of deleting only TASK-3 (T3KO) on the control of aldosterone production and blood pressure. We find that T3KO mice recapitulate key characteristics of human LREH, salt-sensitive hypertension, mild overproduction of aldosterone, decreased plasma-renin concentration with elevated aldosterone:renin ratio, hypersensitivity to endogenous and exogenous angiotensin II, and failure to suppress aldosterone production with dietary sodium loading. The relative differences in levels of aldosterone output and aldosterone:renin ratio and in autonomy of aldosterone production between T1T3KO and T3KO mice are reminiscent of differences in human hypertensive patients with LREH and IHA. Our studies establish a model of LREH and suggest that loss of TASK channel activity may be one mechanism that advances the syndrome of low renin hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Guagliardo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Nishimoto K, Rigsby CS, Wang T, Mukai K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rainey WE, Seki T. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed transcripts in rat adrenal zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata. Endocrinology 2012; 153:1755-63. [PMID: 22374966 PMCID: PMC3320243 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa (zG), the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, whereas glucocorticoids are produced in adjacent zona fasciculata (zF). However, the cellular mechanisms controlling the zonal development and the differential hormone production (i.e. functional zonation) are poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms, we defined zone-specific transcripts in this study. Eleven-week-old male rats were used and adrenal tissues were collected from zG and zF using laser-capture microdissection. RNA was isolated, biotin labeled, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina microarray chips. The microarray data were compared by fold change calculations. In zG, 235 transcripts showed more than a 2-fold up-regulation compared to zF with statistical significance. Similarly, 231 transcripts showed up-regulation in zF. The microarray findings were validated using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining on selected transcripts, including Cyp11b2 (zG/zF: 214.2x), Rgs4 (68.4x), Smoc2 (49.3x), and Mia1 (43.1x) in zG as well as Ddah1 (zF/zG 16.2x), Cidea (15.5x), Frzb (9.5x), and Hsd11b2 (8.3x) in zF. The lists of transcripts obtained in the current study will be an invaluable tool for the elucidation of cellular mechanisms leading to zG and zF functional zonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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35
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Laufer E, Kesper D, Vortkamp A, King P. Sonic hedgehog signaling during adrenal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:19-27. [PMID: 22020162 PMCID: PMC3288303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been speculated for a number of years that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays an important role in adrenal development. Over the past two years several reports have described the expression and function of Shh pathway genes in the adrenal cortex, using primarily mouse models. The key findings are that Shh signals produced by a population of partially differentiated cortical cells located in the outer cortex/zona glomerulosa are received by non-cortical mesenchymal cells located predominantly in the overlying capsule. This signal is required for growth of both the capsule and the cortex, but not for cortical zonation or steroidogenic cell differentiation. Using molecular genetic tools to define the adrenocortical cell lineages that are descended from both Shh signaling and receiving cells, both capsule and cortical cells were found to have properties of adrenocortical stem and/or progenitor cells. Here we place these observations within the context of prior studies on adrenal development, postnatal adrenal maintenance and adrenocortical stem/progenitor cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Laufer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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36
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Wang T, Rowland JG, Parmar J, Nesterova M, Seki T, Rainey WE. Comparison of aldosterone production among human adrenocortical cell lines. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:245-50. [PMID: 22266826 PMCID: PMC4269336 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several human adrenocortical cell lines have been used as model systems for aldosterone production. However, these cell lines have not been directly compared with each other. Human adrenal cell lines SW13, CAR47, the NCI-H295 and its sub-strains and sub-clones were compared with regard to aldosterone production and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression. Culture media was collected 48 h after incubation, aldosterone secretion was measured and the data were normalized to the amount of cell protein. RNA was isolated for microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). The cell lines with the highest aldosterone production were further tested with regard to angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation. Neither aldosterone nor CYP11B2 transcript were detected in SW13 or CAR47 cells. The aldosterone production by the NCI-H295, H295A, H295R-S1, H295R-S2, H295R-S3, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 were 119, 1, 6, 826, 18, 139, 412, and 1 334 (pmol/mg protein/48 h), respectively. H295A and H295R-S1 expressed less CYP11B2 than the commonly used H295R-S3 cells; while NCI-H295, H295R-S2, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 expressed 24-, 14-, 3-, 10-, and 35-fold higher CYP11B2 compared with the H295R-S3 cells. When treated with Ang II, NCI-H295, H295R-S2, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 showed significantly higher aldosterone production than the basal level (p<0.05). A comparison of the available human adrenal cell lines indicates that the H295R-S2 and the clonal cell lines, HAC13, HAC15 and HAC50 produced the highest levels of aldosterone and responded well to Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Xing Y, Rainey WE, Apolzan JW, Francone OL, Harris RBS, Bollag WB. Adrenal cell aldosterone production is stimulated by very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Endocrinology 2012; 153:721-31. [PMID: 22186415 PMCID: PMC3275386 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are a class of large lipoprotein synthesized in the liver. The key function of VLDL, in vivo, is to carry triglyceride from the liver to adipose tissue. As a steroidogenic organ, the adrenal gland mainly uses lipoproteins as sources of cholesterol. Although VLDL receptors have been detected in the human adrenal, the function of VLDL in the adrenal gland remains unknown. Herein, we used primary cultures of human and bovine adrenal cells and the adrenocortical cell line H295R as models to determine the effects of VLDL on adrenal steroidogenesis. Our studies revealed that VLDL significantly increased aldosterone synthesis in all of the models tested. This increase was largely due to VLDL's stimulation of the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). VLDL increased CYP11B2 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Effects of VLDL on CYP11B2 transcript levels were not additive with angiotensin II or potassium but were additive with the cAMP pathway agonists ACTH and forskolin. Nifedipine completely inhibited the effects of VLDL on CYP11B2 mRNA, suggesting that calcium is the main signal transduction pathway used by VLDL in adrenal cells. Indeed, VLDL increased cytosolic free calcium levels. An in vivo study conducted in sucrose-fed rats showed a positive correlation between elevated triglyceride (VLDL) levels in plasma and CYP11B2 expression in the adrenal. In conclusion, we have shown that VLDL can stimulate aldosterone synthesis in adrenocortical cells by increasing StAR and CYP11B2 expression, an event likely mediated by a calcium-initiated signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Xing
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Chang SP, Mullins JJ, Morley SD, West JD. Transition from organogenesis to stem cell maintenance in the mouse adrenal cortex. Organogenesis 2011; 7:267-80. [PMID: 22198434 PMCID: PMC3265829 DOI: 10.4161/org.7.4.18060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice showing mosaic expression of an appropriate marker gene that is activated during development provide simple tools for investigating cell lineages. We used the mosaic β-galactosidase staining patterns in adrenal cortices of 21OH/ LacZ transgenic mice to study both organogenesis and maintenance of the adult tissue. Randomly orientated mosaic patterns present in embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) adrenals changed progressively during the perinatal period from discrete spots, via patches and radial arrays, to radial stripes, which first emerged between postnatal days 0 and 7 (P0 and P7). The mosaic radial stripe pattern was fully established by P21 and remained unchanged throughout the adult period (8-52 weeks). The mouse adrenal gland grew continuously between E14.5 and P21, including the period during which stripes emerge. Ki67-positive, proliferative cells in the adrenal cortex were mainly localized to the outer cell layers between E18.5 and P3. By P10, cell proliferation had increased, and the proliferative region had expanded but was still mainly confined to the outer cortex. Correlation of changes in mosaic patterns in 21OH/LacZ adrenal cortices with the locations of adrenocortical cell proliferation suggest that the radial stripes arise by edge-biased growth during the perinatal period, even if they are maintained by stem cells in adults. The stability of the adult stripe pattern suggests that stem cell function is unchanged between 8 and 52 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ping Chang
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Genes and Development Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Torres-Farfan C, Mendez N, Abarzua-Catalan L, Vilches N, Valenzuela GJ, Seron-Ferre M. A circadian clock entrained by melatonin is ticking in the rat fetal adrenal. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1891-900. [PMID: 21363938 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland in the adult is a peripheral circadian clock involved in the coordination of energy intake and expenditure, required for adaptation to the external environment. During fetal life, a peripheral circadian clock is present in the nonhuman primate adrenal gland. Whether this extends to the fetal adrenal gland like the rat is unknown. Here we explored in vivo and in vitro whether the rat fetal adrenal is a peripheral circadian clock entrained by melatonin. We measured the 24-h changes in adrenal content of corticosterone and in the expression of clock genes Per-2 and Bmal-1 and of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), Mt1 melatonin receptor, and early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) expression. In culture, we explored whether oscillatory expression of these genes persisted during 48 h and the effect of a 4-h melatonin pulse on their expression. In vivo, the rat fetal adrenal gland showed circadian expression of Bmal-1 and Per-2 in antiphase (acrophases at 2200 and 1300 h, respectively) as well as of Mt1 and Egr-1. This was accompanied by circadian rhythms of corticosterone content and of StAR expression both peaking at 0600 h. The 24-h oscillatory expression of Bmal-1, Per-2, StAR, Mt1, and Egr-1 persisted during 48 h in culture; however, the antiphase between Per-2 and Bmal-1 was lost. The pulse of melatonin shifted the acrophases of all the genes studied and restored the antiphase between Per-2 and Bmal-1. Thus, in the rat, the fetal adrenal is a strong peripheral clock potentially amenable to regulation by maternal melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Torres-Farfan
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 16038, Santiago 9, Santiago, Chile.
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Paul A, Laufer E. Endogenous biotin as a marker of adrenocortical cells with steroidogenic potential. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:133-40. [PMID: 21256921 PMCID: PMC3063516 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interpretation of adrenal cortex phenotypes is greatly facilitated by simultaneous examination of multiple markers at single cell resolution. However, the availability of multiple appropriate antibodies can be rate limiting, while their cognate antigens are often subject to variable accessibility. Specific markers not subject to these constraints thus have obvious utility. Here we report that endogenous biotin, when detected in fixed, frozen tissue sections using fluorescent streptavidin, is a specific marker of apparently all cells with steroidogenic potential in the murine adrenal cortex. While streptavidin stains presteroidogenic and mature cortical cells, it does not label the adrenal capsule, medulla or vascular endothelium. Developmental profiles reveal adrenal endogenous biotin labeling from E13.5 through adulthood. Comparisons with zonal markers, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-remodeled tissue, transgenic Shh-nLacZ or Gli1-nLacZ animals, and Shh mutant embryos further demonstrate the utility of this approach. Fluorescent streptavidin applied using a simple one-step staining protocol thus provides a potent counterstain for use in adrenal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Paul
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ed Laufer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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41
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Xing Y, Cohen A, Rothblat G, Sankaranarayanan S, Weibel G, Royer L, Francone OL, Rainey WE. Aldosterone production in human adrenocortical cells is stimulated by high-density lipoprotein 2 (HDL2) through increased expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Endocrinology 2011; 152:751-63. [PMID: 21239432 PMCID: PMC3040046 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal aldosterone production is regulated by physiological agonists at the level of early and late rate-limiting steps. Numerous studies have focused on the role of lipoproteins including high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as cholesterol providers in this process; however, recent research suggests that HDL can also act as a signaling molecule. Herein, we used the human H295R adrenocortical cell model to study the effects of HDL on adrenal aldosterone production and CYP11B2 expression. HDL, especially HDL2, stimulated aldosterone synthesis by increasing expression of CYP11B2. HDL treatment increased CYP11B2 mRNA in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with a maximal 19-fold increase (24 h, 250 μg/ml of HDL). Effects of HDL on CYP11B2 were not additive with natural agonists including angiotensin II or K(+). HDL effects were likely mediated by a calcium signaling cascade, because a calcium channel blocker and a calmodulin kinase inhibitor abolished the CYP11B2-stimulating effects. Of the two subfractions of HDL, HDL2 was more potent than HDL3 in stimulating aldosterone and CYP11B2. Further studies are needed to identify the active components of HDL, which regulate aldosterone production.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex/cytology
- Adrenal Cortex/metabolism
- Aldosterone/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cholesterol, HDL/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP11B2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Humans
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Xing
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, CA-3094, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Ullrich M, Bundschu K, Benz PM, Abesser M, Freudinger R, Fischer T, Ullrich J, Renné T, Walter U, Schuh K. Identification of SPRED2 (sprouty-related protein with EVH1 domain 2) as a negative regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9477-88. [PMID: 21199868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty-related proteins with EVH1 (enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology 1) domain (SPREDs) are inhibitors of MAPK signaling. To elucidate SPRED2 in vivo function, we characterized body homeostasis in SPRED2(-/-) mice. They showed a doubled daily water uptake, induced by elevated serum osmolality, originating from increased blood salt load. Accordingly, serum aldosterone was doubled, accompanied by augmented adrenal aldosterone synthase (AS) expression. Surprisingly, serum vasopressin (AVP) was unaltered, and, as evidenced by halved angiotensin II (Ang II) levels, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was down-regulated. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was significantly elevated in SPRED2(-/-) mice, together with its secretagogue corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and its downstream target corticosterone. ERK phosphorylation in brains was augmented, and hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels were elevated, both contributing to the increased CRH release. Our data were supported by CRH promoter reporter assays in hypothalamic mHypoE-44 cells, revealing a SPRED-dependent inhibition of Ets (ERK/E-twenty-six)-dependent transcription. Furthermore, SPRED suppressed CRH production in these cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that SPRED2 deficiency leads to an increased MAPK signaling, which results in an augmented CRH promoter activity. The subsequent CRH overproduction causes an up-regulation of downstream hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hormone secretion. This constitutes a possible trigger for the observed compulsive grooming in SPRED2(-/-) mice and may, together with hyperplasia of aldosterone-producing cells, contribute to the hyperaldosteronism and homeostatic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ullrich
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 9, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Bibeau K, Battista MC, Houde V, Brochu M. Fetal adrenal gland alterations in a rat model of adverse intrauterine environment. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 298:R899-911. [PMID: 19923365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00238.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
By feeding a low-sodium diet to dams over the last third of gestation, we have developed an animal model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Given that fetal adrenal development and maturation occur during late gestation in rats, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proteins and enzymes involved in steroidogenesis and catecholamine synthesis in adrenal glands from IUGR fetuses. A gene microarray was performed to investigate for alteration in the pathways participating in hormone production. Results show that increased aldosterone serum concentrations in IUGR fetuses were associated with higher mRNA adrenal levels of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) and cytochrome P450 aldosterone synthase in response to decreased serum sodium content. Conversely, reduced serum corticosterone concentrations in these fetuses appear to result from alterations in gene expression involved in cholesterol metabolism, such as the augmented apolipoprotein E levels, and in steroidogenesis, like the decreased levels of cytochrome P45011beta-hydroxylase. Furthermore, increased AT(2)R expression and the presence of hypoxia and oxidative stress may, in turn, explain the higher adrenal mRNA levels of enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. Despite this increase, catecholamine adrenal content was reduced in males and was similar in females compared with sex-matched controls, suggesting higher catecholamine secretion. This could be associated with the induction of genes involved in inflammation-related, acute-phase response in IUGR fetuses. All of these alterations could have long-lasting health effects and may, hence, be implicated in the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy observed in IUGR adult animals from this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Bibeau
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
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44
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Heitzmann D, Derand R, Jungbauer S, Bandulik S, Sterner C, Schweda F, El Wakil A, Lalli E, Guy N, Mengual R, Reichold M, Tegtmeier I, Bendahhou S, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Aller MI, Wisden W, Weber A, Lesage F, Warth R, Barhanin J. Invalidation of TASK1 potassium channels disrupts adrenal gland zonation and mineralocorticoid homeostasis. EMBO J 2007; 27:179-87. [PMID: 18034154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
TASK1 (KCNK3) and TASK3 (KCNK9) are two-pore domain potassium channels highly expressed in adrenal glands. TASK1/TASK3 heterodimers are believed to contribute to the background conductance whose inhibition by angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion. We used task1-/- mice to analyze the role of this channel in adrenal gland function. Task1-/- exhibited severe hyperaldosteronism independent of salt intake, hypokalemia, and arterial 'low-renin' hypertension. The hyperaldosteronism was fully remediable by glucocorticoids. The aldosterone phenotype was caused by an adrenocortical zonation defect. Aldosterone synthase was absent in the outer cortex normally corresponding to the zona glomerulosa, but abundant in the reticulo-fasciculata zone. The impaired mineralocorticoid homeostasis and zonation were independent of the sex in young mice, but were restricted to females in adults. Patch-clamp experiments on adrenal cells suggest that task3 and other K+ channels compensate for the task1 absence. Adrenal zonation appears as a dynamic process that even can take place in adulthood. The striking changes in the adrenocortical architecture in task1-/- mice are the first demonstration of the causative role of a potassium channel in development/differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Heitzmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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45
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Bogdarina I, Welham S, King PJ, Burns SP, Clark AJL. Epigenetic modification of the renin-angiotensin system in the fetal programming of hypertension. Circ Res 2007; 100:520-6. [PMID: 17255528 PMCID: PMC1976252 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000258855.60637.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Lifelong environmental factors (eg, salt intake, obesity, alcohol) and genetic factors clearly contribute to the development of hypertension, but it has also been established that stress in utero may program the later development of the disease. This phenomenon, known as fetal programming can be modeled in a range of experimental animal models. In maternal low protein diet rat models of programming, administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists in early life can prevent development of hypertension, thus implicating the renin-angiotensin system in this process. Here we show that in this model, expression of the AT(1b) angiotensin receptor gene in the adrenal gland is upregulated by the first week of life resulting in increased receptor protein expression consistent with the increased adrenal angiotensin responsiveness observed by others. Furthermore, we show that the proximal promoter of the AT(1b) gene in the adrenal is significantly undermethylated, and that in vitro, AT(1b) gene expression is highly dependent on promoter methylation. These data suggest a link between fetal insults to epigenetic modification of genes and the resultant alteration of gene expression in adult life leading ultimately to the development of hypertension. It seems highly probable that similar influences may be involved in the development of human hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bogdarina
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts & the London, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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46
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Stojanoski MM, Nestorović N, Negić N, Filipović B, Sosić-Jurjević B, Milosević V, Sekulić M. The pituitary-adrenal axis of fetal rats after maternal dexamethasone treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 211:61-9. [PMID: 16374610 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid level in the gravid female circulation affects number of endocrine functions in fetuses and offspring. In this research female rats were injected with dexamethasone (Dx) in three consecutive daily doses of 1.0, 0.5, 0.5 mg/kg body weight, starting from day 16 of pregnancy. The influence of this treatment on the pituitary adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) cells and adrenal glands of 19-day-old fetuses was examined immunocytochemically and by morphometric analysis. Moreover, the proliferative activity of adrenocortical cells was estimated after application of the mitotic inhibitor Oncovine. Administration of Dx to pregnant rats induced a decline of fetal ACTH cell immunopositivity and significant decreases of ACTH cell volume (23%, p < 0.05), volume density (41%, p < 0.05), and its number per unit area (17%, p < 0.05) in comparison to the control 19-day-old fetuses. Reduced proliferative activity of adrenocortical cells (31%; p < 0.05) in zona glomerulosa, as well as the volume of this zone were detected. The volume and number of fetal adrenocortical cells in the inner zone and chromoblasts were not significantly reduced after Dx treatment of pregnant rats. These results show that maternal Dx administration in the period when the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (PA) axis begins its function inhibited the PA axis. Reduced ACTH cell function and mitotic activity led to suppression of adrenocortical cell multiplication in zona glomerulosa, the region of the adrenal cortex where most proliferating cells were found in control 19-day-old fetuses. Thus, increased glucocorticoid levels during late pregnancy caused developmental modifications involving the fetal PA axis, which could be the basis of the altered endocrine responsiveness in adult life.
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47
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Engeland WC, Ennen WB, Elayaperumal A, Durand DA, Levay-Young BK. Zone-specific cell proliferation during compensatory adrenal growth in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288:E298-306. [PMID: 15367395 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00307.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory adrenal growth after unilateral adrenalectomy (ULA) leads to adrenocortical hyperplasia. Because zonal growth contributions are not clear, we characterized the phenotype of cortical cells that proliferate using immunofluorescence histochemistry and zone-specific cell counting. Rats underwent ULA, sham adrenalectomy (sham), or no surgery and were killed at 2 or 5 days. Adrenals were weighed and sections immunostained for Ki67 (proliferation), cytochrome P-450 aldosterone synthase (P450aldo, glomerulosa), and cytochrome P-450 11beta-hydroxylase (P45011beta, fasciculata). Unbiased stereology was used to count proliferating glomerulosa and fasciculata cells. Adrenal weight increased after ULA compared with sham and no surgery at both time points, and there was no difference between sham and no surgery. However, either ULA or sham increased Ki67-positive cells in the outer fasciculata at both time points compared with no surgery. Outer fasciculata-restricted proliferation is thus associated with adrenal weight gain in ULA but not sham. Experiment repetition using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine showed similar results. After ULA, adrenal DNA, RNA, and protein increased at both time points, whereas after sham, only adrenal DNA increased at 2 days. Compensatory growth thus results from hyperplasia and hypertrophy, whereas sham induces only a transient adrenal hyperplasia. Dexamethasone pretreatment prevented the increase in adrenal weight after ULA and blocked Ki67 labeling in the outer fasciculata but not zona glomerulosa in all groups. These results clearly show that the outer fasciculata is the primary adrenal zone responsible for compensatory growth, responding to steroid-suppressible stress signals that alone are ineffective in increasing adrenal mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Engeland
- Departments of Surgery and Neuroscience, Box 120 UMHC, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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48
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Ezquieta B, Luzuriaga C. Neonatal salt-wasting and 11 β-hydroxylase deficiency in a child carrying a homozygous deletion hybrid CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase)-CYP11B1 (11 β-hydroxylase). Clin Genet 2004; 66:229-35. [PMID: 15324322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the case of a boy diagnosed at 1.8 years of age with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency. The patient showed salt-wasting episodes during the neonatal period. On molecular analysis, a homozygous deletion hybrid (CYP11B2-CYP11B1) involving the CYP11B locus at 8q24.3 was found. Southern blot analysis showed the break point of the chimera gene to be located before intron 5; sequence analysis identified it at exon 4 between codons 202 and 248. This CYP11B2(5')/B1(3') hybrid should lack aldosterone synthase activity (due to the CYP11B1 residues at exons 5 and 6), and the enzyme it codes for should not be promoted by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (CYP11B2 promoter sequences). The patient phenotype - neonatal salt-wasting and 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency - is in agreement with this hybrid structure. This is the first time a homozygous deletion hybrid generated by unequal crossover has been described in exon 4. This genetic lesion appears to be the reciprocal product from the recombination event that causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism, a duplication dominant allele (CYP11B2-CYP11B1/B2-CYP11B1) coding for additional aldosterone synthase activity regulated by ACTH. The clinical presentation of the condition in this patient contributes to the in vivo understanding of the regulation of this complex locus in which two 'duplicated' genes have evolved different regulatory and enzymatic activities involved in mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal glands. The fact that this allele was first predicted and has now been documented clinically and molecularly in vivo is particularly noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ezquieta
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Molecular, Servicio de Bioquímica, Hospital G. U. 'Gregorio Marañón', Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Val P, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Veyssière G, Martinez A. SF-1 a key player in the development and differentiation of steroidogenic tissues. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR 2003; 1:8. [PMID: 14594453 PMCID: PMC240021 DOI: 10.1186/1478-1336-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in the early 1990s, the orphan nuclear receptor SF-1 has been attributed a central role in the development and differentiation of steroidogenic tissues. SF-1 controls the expression of all the steroidogenic enzymes and cholesterol transporters required for steroidogenesis as well as the expression of steroidogenesis-stimulating hormones and their cognate receptors. SF-1 is also an essential regulator of genes involved in the sex determination cascade. The study of SF-1 null mice and of human mutants has been of great value to demonstrate the essential role of this factor in vivo, although the complete adrenal and gonadal agenesis in knock-out animals has impeded studies of its function as a transcriptional regulator. In particular, the role of SF-1 in the hormonal responsiveness of steroidogenic genes promoters is still a subject of debate. This extensive review takes into account recent data obtained from SF-1 haploinsufficient mice, pituitary-specific knock-outs and from transgenic mice experiments carried out with SF-1 target gene promoters. It also summarizes the pros and cons regarding the presumed role of SF-1 in cAMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Val
- UMR CNRS 6547, Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont II, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- UMR CNRS 6547, Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont II, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France
| | - Georges Veyssière
- UMR CNRS 6547, Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont II, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- UMR CNRS 6547, Physiologie Comparée et Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont II, Complexe Universitaire des Cézeaux, 24 avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France
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50
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Bland ML, Desclozeaux M, Ingraham HA. Tissue growth and remodeling of the embryonic and adult adrenal gland. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 995:59-72. [PMID: 12814939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland provides a model system for the study of tissue remodeling in endocrine physiology. For example, proper adrenal development requires proliferation of the adrenogonadal primordia, separation of adrenal and gonadal precursors, and cell migration that unites the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. In the adult, normal adrenal function is assured by the adrenal gland's unique capacity for growth in response to both tissue injury and physiological demand. Identification of the molecular and genetic programs underlying tissue remodeling in the adrenal is important for understanding basic aspects of development and regeneration, as well as adrenal disease. Here, we will highlight the roles that nuclear receptors and pituitary hormones play in regulating fetal adrenal development and adult adrenal growth. In addition, we will review the most current data on how extracellular signaling pathways are coupled to the function of these important regulators of adrenal development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bland
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA
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