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Das M, Gurusubramanian G, Roy VK. Immunolocalization of apelin receptor (APJ) in mouse seminiferous epithelium. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:450-457. [PMID: 38390701 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) belongs to the member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, and expression of APJ has been reported in the different cell types of testis. The seminiferous tubules in the testis can be identified as different stages (I-XII). It has been also suggested that different factors could be expressed in stage and cell-specific manner in the seminiferous tubules. Recently, we also shown that expression of APJ is developmentally regulated in the testis from PND1 to PND42. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of APJ in the testis of adult mice by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry showed that the APJ was highly specific for the round and elongated spermatids with stage-dependent changes. The seminiferous tubules at stages I-VII showed APJ immunostaining in the spermatid steps 1-8, not steps of 13-16. The seminiferous tubules at stages IX-XII showed APJ immunostaining in the spermatid steps 9-12. These results suggested the possible role of APJ in the spermiogenesis process. The intratesticular administration of APJ antagonist, ML221 showed a few round spermatids in the seminiferous tubules and some of the tubules with complete absence of round spermatid. Overall, we present evidence that APJ expression in spermatid is dependent on the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and APJ could be involved in the differentiation of round spermatid to elongated spermatid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milirani Das
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Vikas K Roy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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Zandawala M, Gera J. Leptin- and cytokine-like unpaired signaling in Drosophila. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 584:112165. [PMID: 38266772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Animals have evolved a multitude of signaling pathways that enable them to orchestrate diverse physiological processes to tightly regulate systemic homeostasis. This signaling is mediated by various families of peptide hormones and cytokines that are conserved across the animal kingdom. In this review, we primarily focus on the unpaired (Upd) family of proteins in Drosophila which are evolutionarily related to mammalian leptin and the cytokine interleukin 6. We summarize expression patterns of Upd in Drosophila and discuss the parallels in structure, signaling pathway, and functions between Upd and their mammalian counterparts. In particular, we focus on the roles of Upd in governing metabolic homeostasis, growth and development, and immune responses. We aim to stimulate future studies on leptin-like signaling in other phyla which can help bridge the evolutionary gap between insect Upd and vertebrate leptin and cytokines like interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Jayati Gera
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Yu W, Fan S, Wang X, Zhu J, Yuan Z, Han Y, Zhang H, Weng Q. Seasonal change of circulating leptin associated with testicular activities of the wild ground squirrels (Citellus dauricus). Integr Zool 2023; 18:76-92. [PMID: 35841626 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the variations in the circulating leptin concentrations of the wild ground squirrels in relation to seasonal changes in testicular activities. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed all types of elongated spermatids and spermatogenic cells existed in the testis in April, while the primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia were most advanced stages of germ cells in June. In addition, the primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatogonia were most advanced stages of germ cells in September. The highest circulating leptin concentration was consistent with the maximum body weight results from accumulation of adipose tissue in September. The mRNA expression level of leptin receptor (Ob-R) and STAT3 was lowest in June, raised in September, and remained increased in April. Ob-R and STAT3 were stronger staining in the Leydig cells in July. Moreover, the concentrations of testosterone (T) showed the maximum values in April, the minimum values in June, and significant increases in September. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the levels of T increased with the mRNA levels of Ob-R, STAT3, StAR, and testicular steroidogenic enzymes (3β-HSD, P450c17, and P450scc). Moreover, RNA-seq analyses of testis during the different periods showed that a total of 4209 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs); further analysis revealed that DEGs related with the Jak/STAT pathways and reproduction were altered. Taken together, the results suggested that the leptin regulated testicular function through the Jak/STAT pathways and testicular steroidogenic factor expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijie Fan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jueyu Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Mandal DK, Kumar M, Tyagi S. Effect of seasons and photoperiods on seminal attributes and sperm morphology in Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal crossbred dairy bulls. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2223-2235. [PMID: 35994121 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cattle being non-seasonal breeding species, effects of photoperiods on sperm traits and morphology had been reported inadequately in breeding bulls. To elucidate the plausible existence of effects of photoperiods and seasons, seminal traits of Holstein Friesian × Sahiwal crossbred dairy bulls (N = 557) were analysed using different statistical models. A present study revealed that the biological rhythm of reproduction oscillated almost in parallel to the annual changes of natural photoperiods even in non-seasonal breeding species like cattle bulls. Semen traits diminished to the lowest in winter solstice (WS ± 45 days), progressively increased with the rising day length of spring (vernal equinox ± 45 days), reached a peak in summer solstice (SS ± 45 days), and then gradually reduced with decreasing photoperiod of the autumn equinox (AE ± 45 days). From summer solstice to winter solstice, sperm concentration reduced by 90.53 million/ml (8.85%), total sperm count/ejaculate decreased by 785 million (13.87%), total motile sperm count/ejaculate reduced by 17.59%, and total post-thaw motile sperm counts/ejaculates diminished by 38.64%. In short-duration photoperiods (≤ 12 h), bulls had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher incidence of major, minor, tail abnormality and total aberrant sperm% compared to that of long-duration photoperiods (> 12 h). Solstice equinox-based seasonal classification provided better insight into photoperiodicity on bulls' semen quality and sperm traits as compared to conventional meteorological classification of seasons. It was concluded that photoperiods affect sperm productivity, semen quality, and sperm morphology in non-seasonal breeding species like dairy bulls, maintained at transitional latitude (29° N) tropical climate. Bulls' reproductive ability was more influenced by the phases of increasing/decreasing day length duly primed by climax/trough of photoperiods, compared to mere long/short duration of photoperiods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar Mandal
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Cattle, Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant Tyagi
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Cattle, Grass Farm Road, Meerut Cantt, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gao Y, Zhao G, Song Y, Haire A, Yang A, Zhao X, Wusiman A. Presence of leptin and its receptor in the ram reproductive system and in vitro effect of leptin on sperm quality. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13982. [PMID: 36187750 PMCID: PMC9521348 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a 16 kDa hormone encoded by obese (OB) gene in adipocytes. This molecule not only regulates energy metabolism but also plays a role in the reproduction of mammals. Leptin and its receptor (OBR) have been found in male reproductive systems of human, bovine, equine and pig. The effects of leptin on sperm quality vary widely from different research findings. However, the presence of leptin and its receptor in the ram reproductive system and the in vitro effect of leptin on sperm quality have not reported yet. In the present study, we found that the OB was highly expressed in primary and secondary spermatocytes of the testes, OBR was highly expressed in secondary spermatocytes of the testes. The expressions of OB were in stereocilia of epididymis and in columnar cells of epididymal caput and cauda, the expressions of OBR were in columnar cells of epididymis and in stereocilia of epididymal corpus and cauda. The presence of both OB and OBR in testes, epididymis and sperm were confirmed through RT-PCR, immunolocalization and Western blot analyses. The RT-qPCR results indicated OB and OBR had higher expression levels in epididymal sperm than that of the ejaculated sperm in rams. When sperm were treated with 5 ng/mL leptin, the progressive motility (P < 0.01), straight-line velocity (VSL) (P < 0.05), average path velocity (VAP) (P < 0.05), membrane mitochondrial potential (MMP) (P < 0.01) and viability (P < 0.05) significantly increased, while DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly decreased compared to the control (P < 0.01), and the other semen parameters such as acrosome integrity and acrosome reaction rate had no significant changes between groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, this is probably the first report describing localization of leptin and its receptors in the reproductive system of rams and their effects on sperm quality parameters. Our findings suggest that 5 ng/mL leptin treatment enhanced sperm motility, viability and MMP, and decrease DFI and ROS without obvious influence on the acrosome reaction in ram sperm. The potential mechanisms may be related to leptin's ability to reduce the oxidative stress and apoptosis of sperms and improve their mitochondrial function and energy supply, therefore, to maintain the physiological homeostasis of the sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhuozhou Hospital of Hebei Province, Zhuozhou, Hebei, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yukun Song
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Aerman Haire
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ailing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Abulizi Wusiman
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Sharma A, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis: Pathophysiology of Hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:29-45. [PMID: 35216719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Male hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the diminished functional activity of the testis resulting in low levels of testosterone and/or spermatozoa. Defects at one or more levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis can result in either primary or secondary hypogonadism. The changes that occur in the HPT axis from fetal to adult life are fundamental to understanding the pathophysiology of hypogonadism. In this article, we summarize the maturation and neuroendocrine regulation of the HPT axis and discuss the major congenital and acquired causes of male hypogonadism both at the (1) hypothalamic-pituitary (secondary hypogonadism) and (2) testicular (primary hypogonadism) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, 150 Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Channa N Jayasena
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, 150 Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, 6th Floor, Commonwealth Building, 150 Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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The role of leptin and low testosterone in obesity. Int J Impot Res 2022; 34:704-713. [DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jeremy M, Kharwar RK, Roy VK. Synthetic leptin c-fragment peptide minimises heat-induced impairment of spermatogenesis in mice via Stat3 signalling. Theriogenology 2022; 178:40-49. [PMID: 34763177 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a temperature-sensitive process, and an increase in testicular temperature impairs spermatogenesis. Leptin modulates testicular activity, but the effect of leptin or its synthetic analogue on heat-induced testicular impairment is unclear. We investigated the effects of synthetic leptin peptide (116-130 amides) on testicular activity in heat-stressed mice model. 15 adult mice (25.54 ± 1.43 g) were selected for the study. Ten mice were subjected to a single heat stress treatment (HS) at 43 °C for 15 min by submerging the lower half of the body in a thermostatic water bath. After heat treatment, mice were divided into two groups, the heat-stressed HS group (n = 5) and the second group as HSL, treated with leptin peptide (116-130 amide) for 14 days. The HS group showed a significant (p < 0.05) decline in the GSI (0.25 ± 0.018), Johnsenscore (4.5 ±.19), seminiferous tubule diameter (160.75 ± 10.18 μm), germinal epithelium height, (GEH) (37.5 ± 1.59 μm) compared to the CN (GSI-0.37 ± 0.015; Johnsen score-7.9 ± 0.20; GEH- 73.25 ± 1.29 μm; tubule diameter-230.25 ± 1.39 μm) and the HSL groups (GSI-0.38 ± 0.014; Johnsen' score-8.0 ± 0.32; GEH- 37.5 ± 1.59 μm; tubule diameter-160.75 ± 10.18 μm) groups. Heat treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the intra-testicular levels of leptin (HS-20.11 ± 2.1 pg/mg protein; CN-10.50 ± 0.17 pg/mg protein; HSL-12.99 ± 0.52 pg/mg protein) with a reduced level of pStat3, suggesting leptin resistance during testicular hyperthermia. Furthermore, heat treatment was associated with significantly (p < 0.05) decreased germ cell proliferation and reduced circulating testosterone levels (HS-2.69 ± 2.01 ng/mL; CN-7.69 ± 0.32 ng/mL; HSL-5.36 ± 0.73 ng/mL). However, the circulating androstenedione levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the HS group (0.75 ± 0.03 ng/mL) compared to the CN (0.51 ± 0.02 ng/mL) and HSL (0.57 ± 0.07 ng/mL) groups. Immunolocalisation of 3β-HSD showed moderate to faint staining in the Leydig cells in the HS group compared to the CN and HSL groups. Treatment with leptin peptide resulted in decrease in the intra-testicular leptin levels with increased phosphorylation of Stat3, suggesting improved leptin resistance, which was positively associated with increased germ cell proliferation, elevated testosterone levels, and improved testicular histoarchitecture. Testicular hyperthermia may cause leptin resistance and impaired leptin signalling, decreased testosterone biosynthesis and suppressed spermatogenesis, which could be a manifestation of leptin resistance. Treatment with leptin peptide improves leptin signalling and testicular activity in heat-stressed mice, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malsawmhriatzuala Jeremy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India; Department of Zoology, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakkey, Jaunpur, 222 146, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kharwar
- Department of Zoology, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakkey, Jaunpur, 222 146, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, Mizoram, India.
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Abstract
A healthy nutritional state is required for all aspects of reproduction and is signaled by the adipokine leptin. Leptin acts in a relatively narrow concentration range: too much or too little will compromise fertility. The leptin signal timing is important to prepubertal development in both sexes. In the brain, leptin acts on ventral premammillary neurons which signal kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons to stimulate gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Suppression of Kiss1 neurons occurs when agouti-related peptide neurons are activated by reduced leptin, because leptin normally suppresses these orexigenic neurons. In the pituitary, leptin stimulates production of GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) and follicle-stimulating hormone at midcycle, by activating pathways that derepress actions of the messenger ribonucleic acid translational regulatory protein Musashi. In females, rising estrogen stimulates a rise in serum leptin, which peaks at midcycle, synchronizing with nocturnal luteinizing hormone pulses. The normal range of serum leptin levels (10-20 ng/mL) along with gonadotropins and growth factors promote ovarian granulosa and theca cell functions and oocyte maturation. In males, the prepubertal rise in leptin promotes testicular development. However, a decline in leptin levels in prepubertal boys reflects inhibition of leptin secretion by rising androgens. In adult males, leptin levels are 10% to 50% of those in females, and high leptin inhibits testicular function. The obesity epidemic has elucidated leptin resistance pathways, with too much leptin in either sex leading to infertility. Under conditions of balanced nutrition, however, the secretion of leptin is timed and regulated within a narrow level range that optimizes its trophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Correspondence: Gwen V. Childs, PhD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. E-mail:
| | - Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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De León-Ramírez YM, Lara-García M, Pacheco P, Lara-García O, Martínez-Gómez M, Cuevas-Romero E, Rodríguez-Antolín J, Nicolás-Toledo L. Histomorphological testicular changes and decrease in the sperm count in pubertal rats induced by a high-sugar diet. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151678. [PMID: 33515690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During childhood and adolescence, excessive food consumption stimulates adipose tissue expansion promoting overweight in humans, and mice. A high-sucrose diet is related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Infertility is commonly related to these pathologies. We aim to evaluate possible histomorphological testicular changes induced by a high-sucrose diet on sperm count during the post-weaning period. METHODS Wistar male rats aged 21 days, weaned, were randomly assigned into two groups: control (fed and hydrated normally) and sugar group (fed normally but hydrated with a solution containing 30% of diluted sucrose during 30 days). At the pubertal age of 51 days, animals were killed and blood samples were taken to measure testosterone and leptin. Testicles were collected and gonadal adipose tissue and semen samples from the epididymis were excised. Testicle samples were used for morphological description using H&E staining, as well as to quantify the triacylglycerol content and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression. Semen samples were used to assess motility, viability, and sperm count. RESULTS The sugar group presented an increase in the testicular weight, but a reduction in the cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubules. Moreover, disorganization of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, an increase in the LDH expression within the entire seminiferous tubule, and a reduced sperm count and spermatozoid motility were found. These alterations were accompanied by high serum levels of testosterone and leptin. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate strong damage of testis by sugar consumption during early life that may lead to the onset of infertility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Pacheco
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Omar Lara-García
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Margarita Martínez-Gómez
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Estela Cuevas-Romero
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Antolín
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Leticia Nicolás-Toledo
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México.
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11
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El Taieb MA, Hegazy EM, Ibrahim HM, Ibrahim AK. Seminal and serum leptin levels in male patients with varicocele and isolated asthenozoospermia before and after repair. Aging Male 2020; 23:579-584. [PMID: 30633613 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1548590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Varicocele is one of the most common causes of male infertility. Leptin that has a role in sperm motility may have a role of varicocele. We aimed to study the effect of varicocelectomy on the serum and seminal leptin in patients with asthenozoospermia and the correlation between leptin levels, sperm parameters and varicocele grade. METHODS Thirty-six male patients with varicocele having isolated asthenozoospermia were included in this study. Thirty normal fertile controls were included. Semen analysis, serum and seminal leptin measurements were performed for all participants at baseline and for patients three months after varicocelectomy. Microsurgical varicocelectomy has been performed for patients. RESULTS Seminal and serum leptin levels were significantly higher in patients than controls. Seminal leptin was positively correlated with varicocele grade (r = 0.357, p < .05) while no correlation was found between serum leptin varicocele grade (r = 0.056, p = .37). Both seminal and serum leptin were inversely correlated with sperm motility (r = -0.92 and r = -0.87, p < .001; respectively). Seminal and serum leptin were significantly improved after varicocelectomy. CONCLUSION Varicocele is associated with higher levels of seminal and serum leptin especially in higher grads and this was correlated with negative effects on sperm motility. Leptin levels were significantly decreased after repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A El Taieb
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Eisa M Hegazy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, South Valley, University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, South Valley, University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K Ibrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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12
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Gupta MK, Vethe H, Softic S, Rao TN, Wagh V, Shirakawa J, Barsnes H, Vaudel M, Takatani T, Kahraman S, Sakaguchi M, Martinez R, Hu J, Bjørlykke Y, Raeder H, Kulkarni RN. Leptin Receptor Signaling Regulates Protein Synthesis Pathways and Neuronal Differentiation in Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:1067-1079. [PMID: 33125875 PMCID: PMC7664055 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of leptin receptor (OB-R) signaling in linking pluripotency with growth and development and the consequences of dysfunctional leptin signaling on progression of metabolic disease is poorly understood. Using a global unbiased proteomics approach we report that embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) carrying the db/db mutation exhibit metabolic abnormalities, while their reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) show altered expression of proteins involved in embryonic development. An upregulation in expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e (Eif4e) and Stat3 binding to the Eif4e promoter was supported by enhanced protein synthesis in mutant iPSCs. Directed differentiation of db/db iPSCs toward the neuronal lineage showed defects. Gene editing to correct the point mutation in db/db iPSCs using CRISPR-Cas9, restored expression of neuronal markers and protein synthesis while reversing the metabolic defects. These data imply a direct role for OB-R in regulating metabolism in embryonic fibroblasts and key developmental pathways in iPSCs. Pluripotency markers are decreased in db/db iPSCs (lacking functional OB-R) Mouse db/db iPSCs exhibit higher protein synthesis mediated by the Stat3/Eif4e axis OB-R signaling regulates neuronal development markers—NOGGIN, NESTIN, GFAP CRISPR correction reverses defects in db/db iPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Gupta
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Heidrun Vethe
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Samir Softic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tata Nageswara Rao
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; University Clinic of Hematology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vilas Wagh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Harald Barsnes
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway; Proteomics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Marc Vaudel
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway; Proteomics Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sevim Kahraman
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Masaji Sakaguchi
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rachael Martinez
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yngvild Bjørlykke
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Raeder
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Moreira BP, Silva AM, Martins AD, Monteiro MP, Sousa M, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Effect of Leptin in Human Sertoli Cells Mitochondrial Physiology. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:920-931. [DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Leptin promotes proliferation of neonatal mouse stem/progenitor spermatogonia. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:2825-2838. [PMID: 32840762 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To keep and increase spermatogonial stem cell number (SSC) is the only available option for pediatric cancer survivors to maintain fertility. Leptin is secreted by the epididymal white adipose tissue and has receptors on stem/progenitor spermatogonia. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate dose- and time-dependent proliferative effect of leptin on stem/progenitor spermatogonia cultures from prepubertal mice testes. METHODS CD90.2 (+) stem/progenitor spermatogonia were isolated from the C57BL/6 mouse testis on postnatal day 6 and placed in culture. The proliferative effect of leptin supplementation was assessed by colony formation (diameter and number), WST proliferation assays, and xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA) on days 3, 5, and 7 of culture. Expressions of p-ERK1/2, p-STAT3, total STAT3, and p-SHP2 levels were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Leptin supplementation of 100 ng/ml increased the diameter (p = 0.001) and number (p = 0.01) of colonies in stem/progenitor spermatogonial cultures and caused higher proliferation by WST-1 (p = 0.009) compared with the control on day 7. The EC50 was calculated as 114 ng/ml for leptin by RTCA. Proliferative dose of leptin induced increased expression of p-ERK1/2 (p = 0.009) and p-STAT3 (p = 0.023) on stem/progenitor spermatogonia when compared with the untreated group. CONCLUSION The results indicated that leptin supplementation exhibited a dose- and time-dependent proliferative effect on stem/progenitor spermatogonia that was associated with increased expression of ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways while maintaining their undifferentiated state. This output presents a new agent that may help to expand the stem/progenitor spermatogonia pool from the neonatal testis in order to autotransplant after cancer treatment.
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Annie L, Jeremy M, Gurusubramanian G, Derkach KV, Shpakov AO, Roy VK. Effect of metformin on testicular expression and localization of leptin receptor and levels of leptin in the diabetic mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:620-629. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kira V. Derkach
- IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyRussian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander O. Shpakov
- IM Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Molecular EndocrinologyRussian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
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16
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Martins AD, Jarak I, Morais T, Carvalho RA, Oliveira PF, Monteiro MP, Alves MG. Caloric restriction alters the hormonal profile and testicular metabolome, resulting in alterations of sperm head morphology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E33-E43. [PMID: 31770015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00355.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is crucial for all physiological processes. Thus, when there is low energy intake, negative health effects may arise, including in reproductive function. We propose to study whether caloric restriction (CR) changes testicular metabolic profile and ultimately sperm quality. Male Wistar rats (n = 12) were randomized into a CR group fed with 30% fewer calories than weight-matched, ad libitum-fed animals (control group). Circulating hormonal profile, testicular glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin and leptin receptors expression, and sperm parameters were analyzed. Testicular metabolite abundance and glycolysis-related enzymes were studied by NMR and Western blot, respectively. Oxidative stress markers were analyzed in testicular tissue and spermatozoa. Expressions of mitochondrial complexes and mitochondrial biogenesis in testes were determined. CR induced changes in body weight along with altered GLP-1, ghrelin, and leptin circulating levels. In testes, CR led to changes in receptor expression that followed those of the hormone levels; modified testicular metabolome, particularly amino acid content; and decreased oxidative stress-induced damage in testis and spermatozoa, although sperm head defects increased. In sum, CR induced changes in body weight, altering circulating hormonal profile and testicular metabolome and increasing sperm head defects. Ultimately, our data highlight that conditions of CR may compromise male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana D Martins
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (UMIB-ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (UMIB-ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Morais
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (UMIB-ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui A Carvalho
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (UMIB-ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (UMIB-ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Obesity and Bariatric Services and Centre for Obesity Research, University College of London Hospitals, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (UMIB-ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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El-Wakf AM, El-Habibi ESM, Ali DA, Abd El-Ghany E, Elmougy R. Marjoram and sage oils protect against testicular apoptosis, suppressed Ki-67 expression and cell cycle arrest as a therapy for male infertility in the obese rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13080. [PMID: 31612531 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in testicular apoptosis, cell cycle progression and proliferation rate in dietary-induced obese male rats and role of oral administration of marjoram (0.16 ml/kg BW) and sage (0.05 ml/kg BW) oils were evaluated. Results showed increased body weight, serum leptin, testicular lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and nitric oxide, with reduction in serum testosterone, sperm count and endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in testis of the obese rats. Flow cytometry results revealed increased number of annexin-V (+ve) cells with activation of apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase-3) and reduction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Cell cycle arrest at phases S and G2/M with decline in expression of Bcl-2 and germ cell proliferation marker ki-67 was also validated, indicating lowered spermatogenesis in the obese rats. Supplementation of marjoram or sage oils displayed normalized body weight, sperm count, germ cells apoptosis and proliferation, suggesting the two oils as a new therapeutic approach against obesity promoted male infertility. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obese men have a greater chance of fertility problems compared to those with normal weight. Obesity-associated oxidative stress and free radicals production have shown to adversely affect sperm quality with activation of pro-apoptotic pathways, allowing germ cell death. Marjoram and sage essential oils are now being widely studied due to their antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Our findings indicated effectiveness of the two oils for combating body weight gain, testicular oxidative stress, and apoptosis, which seemed to aid in increasing sperm count. The outcomes of this study may help scientists to formulate novel medications for improving fertility problems in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M El-Wakf
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa A Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Abd El-Ghany
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rehab Elmougy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Deshpande SS, Nemani H, Pothani S, Balasinor NH. Altered endocrine, cytokine signaling and oxidative stress: A plausible reason for differential changes in testicular cells in diet-induced and genetically-inherited - obesity in adult rats. Reprod Biol 2019; 19:303-308. [PMID: 31272928 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is emerging as a potential risk factor for male infertility. It is a multifactorial disorder with primarily genetic and/or environmental factors. Our earlier studies have shown differential effects of genetically inherited-and high fat diet induced-obesity on hormones, fertility and spermatogenesis in adult male rats. In the present study, we assessed the effect of high fat diet induced - and genetically inherited - obesity on the underlying molecular mechanisms affecting spermatogenesis. The expression of hormone receptors, cytokines and markers of oxidative stress as well as cell cycle mediators were affected in both the obese groups, however, the changes were different in the two groups. This could be due to difference in fat distribution between the two types of obese groups. Altered expression of hormone receptors, cytokines, cell cycle mediators and differential effects on oxidative stress could be the plausible reason for differential changes in germ cell population in both the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvari S Deshpande
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Harishankar Nemani
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania PO Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Suresh Pothani
- National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences (NCLAS), National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania PO Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Nafisa H Balasinor
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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Patel SK, Singh SK. Ontogeny of QRFP and its receptor expression in mouse testis during post-natal development. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wang X, Zhang X, Hu L, Li H. Exogenous leptin affects sperm parameters and impairs blood testis barrier integrity in adult male mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:55. [PMID: 29855380 PMCID: PMC5984414 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum leptin levels are augmented in obese infertile men and in men with azoospermia. They also correlate inversely with sperm concentration, motility and normal forms. The mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of excess leptin on male reproductive function remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous leptin on sperm parameters in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We treated normal adult male mice with saline, 0.1, 0.5 or 3 mg/kg leptin daily for 2 weeks. After treatment, serum leptin levels, serum testosterone levels, sperm parameters and testicular cell apoptosis were evaluated. Blood testis barrier integrity and the expression of tight junction-associated proteins in testes were also assessed. We further verified the direct effects of leptin on tight junction-associated proteins in Sertoli cells and the possible leptin signaling pathways involved in this process. RESULTS After treatment, there were no significant differences in body weights, reproductive organ weights, serum leptin levels and serum testosterone levels between leptin-treated mice and control mice. Administration of 3 mg/kg leptin reduced sperm concentration, motility and progressive motility while increasing the percentage of abnormal sperm and testicular cell apoptosis. Mice treated with 3 mg/kg leptin also had impaired blood testis barrier integrity, which was related to decreased tight junction-associated proteins in testes. Leptin directly reduced tight junction-associated proteins in Sertoli cells, JAK2/STAT, PI3K and ERK pathways were suggested to be involved in this process. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous leptin negatively affects sperm parameters and impairs blood testis barrier integrity in mice. Leptin reduced tight junction-associated proteins in Sertoli cells, indicating that leptin has a direct role in impairing blood testis barrier integrity. Given the function of blood testis barrier in maintaining normal spermatogenesis, leptin-induced blood testis barrier impairment may be one of the mechanisms contributing to male subfertility and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- 0000 0004 0368 7223grid.33199.31Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- 0000 0004 0368 7223grid.33199.31Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- grid.412719.8Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Lian Hu
- 0000 0004 0368 7223grid.33199.31Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Honggang Li
- 0000 0004 0368 7223grid.33199.31Family Planning Research Institute/Center of Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
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Review: The use of bull breeding soundness evaluation to identify subfertile and infertile bulls. Animal 2018; 12:s158-s164. [PMID: 29560847 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and economical herd management depends a great deal on maintaining a short, well-defined calving season. This requires highly fertile females and bulls. Low pregnancy rates are very noticeable, however; potentially greater economic loss may be due to delayed conception. Many studies showed that approximately one of every five bulls had inadequate semen quality, physical soundness, or both, but when evaluation of serving capacity is included about one in four bulls is unsatisfactory. Due mainly to the time and expense that the market will bear, usually only physical soundness and semen quality are evaluated. Breeding soundness evaluation is a useful, low-cost screening method for reducing the risk of using low fertility bulls. The biggest problem with breeding soundness evaluations is not our lack of knowledge or ability, but in the willingness of veterinary schools to provide adequate equipment and training in this area, a lack of diagnostic laboratories equipped to handle the more difficult cases and, most importantly, the weaknesses of human nature that result in negligent testing procedure.
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Landry DA, Sormany F, Haché J, Roumaud P, Martin LJ. Steroidogenic genes expressions are repressed by high levels of leptin and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in MA-10 Leydig cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 433:79-95. [PMID: 28343310 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ secreting numerous peptide hormones, including leptin. Increased circulating levels of leptin, as a result of hormonal resistance in obese individuals, may contribute to lower androgen production in obese males. However, the molecular mechanisms involved need to be better defined. Androgens are mainly produced by Leydig cells within the testis. In male rodents, activation of the leptin receptor modulates a cascade of intracellular signal transduction pathways which may lead to regulation of transcription factors having influences on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. Thus, as a result of high leptin levels interacting with its receptor and modulating the activity of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, the activity of transcription factors important for steroidogenic genes expressions may be inhibited in Leydig cells. Here we show that Lepr is increasingly expressed within Leydig cells according to postnatal development. Although high levels of leptin (corresponding to obesity condition) alone had no effect on Leydig cells' steroidogenic genes expression, it downregulated cAMP-dependent activations of the cholesterol transporter Star and of the rate-limiting steroidogenic enzyme Cyp11a1. Our results suggest that STAT transcriptional activity is downregulated by high levels of leptin, leading to reduced cAMP-dependent steroidogenic genes (Star and Cyp11a1) expressions in MA-10 Leydig cells. However, other transcription factors such as members of the SMAD and NFAT families may be involved and need further investigation to better define how leptin regulates their activities and their relevance for Leydig cells function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Landry
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, 18, avenue Antonine Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - François Sormany
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, 18, avenue Antonine Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Josée Haché
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, 18, avenue Antonine Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pauline Roumaud
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, 18, avenue Antonine Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Luc J Martin
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, 18, avenue Antonine Maillet, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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Müller L, Kowalewski MP, Reichler IM, Kollár E, Balogh O. Different expression of leptin and IGF1 in the adult and prepubertal testis in dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52 Suppl 2:187-192. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Müller
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction; University of Veterinary Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - MP Kowalewski
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - IM Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - E Kollár
- Department and Clinic of Reproduction; University of Veterinary Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - O Balogh
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Luque EM, Tissera A, Gaggino MP, Molina RI, Mangeaud A, Vincenti LM, Beltramone F, Larcher JS, Estofán D, Fiol de Cuneo M, Martini AC. Body mass index and human sperm quality: neither one extreme nor the other. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:731-739. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the still contentious association between body mass index (BMI) and seminal quality. To this end, 4860 male patients (aged 18–65 years; non-smokers and non-drinkers), were classified according to BMI as either underweight (UW; BMI <20 kg m–2; n = 45), normal weight (NW; BMI 20–24.9 kg m–2; n = 1330), overweight (OW; BMI 25–29.9 kg m–2; n = 2493), obese (OB; BMI 30–39.9 kg m–2; n = 926) or morbidly obese (MOB; BMI ≥40 kg m–2; n = 57). Conventional semen parameters and seminal concentrations of fructose, citric acid and neutral α-glucosidase (NAG) were evaluated. The four parameters that reflect epididymal maturation were significantly lower in the UW and MOB groups compared with NW, OW and OB groups: sperm concentration, total sperm count (103.3 ± 11.4 and 121.5 ± 20.6 and vs 157.9 ± 3.6, 152.4 ± 2.7 or 142.1 ± 4.3 spermatozoa ejaculate–1 respectively, P < 0.05), motility (41.8 ± 2.5 and 42.6 ± 2.6 vs 47.8 ± 0.5, 48.0 ± 0.4 or 46.3 ± 0.6 % of motile spermatozoa respectively, P < 0.05) and NAG (45.2 ± 6.6 and 60.1 ± 7.9 vs 71.5 ± 1.9, 64.7 ± 1.3 or 63.1 ± 2.1 mU ejaculate-1 respectively, P < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was decreased in the MOB group compared with the UW, NW, OW and OB groups (4.8 ± 0.6% vs 6.0 ± 0.8%, 6.9 ± 0.1%, 6.8 ± 0.1 and 6.4 ± 0.2%, respectively; P < 0.05). In addition, men in the MOB group had an increased risk (2.3- to 4.9-fold greater) of suffering oligospermia and teratospermia (P < 0.05). Both morbid obesity and being underweight have a negative effect on sperm quality, particularly epididymal maturation. These results show the importance of an adequate or normal bodyweight as the natural best option for fertility, with both extremes of the BMI scale as negative prognostic factors.
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Tsoulis MW, Chang PE, Moore CJ, Chan KA, Gohir W, Petrik JJ, Vickers MH, Connor KL, Sloboda DM. Maternal High-Fat Diet-Induced Loss of Fetal Oocytes Is Associated with Compromised Follicle Growth in Adult Rat Offspring. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:94. [PMID: 26962114 PMCID: PMC4861169 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity predisposes offspring to metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. We have shown previously that female rat offspring born to mothers fed a high-fat (HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation enter puberty early and display aberrant reproductive cyclicity. The mechanisms driving this reproductive phenotype are currently unknown thus we investigated whether changes in ovarian function were involved. Wistar rats were mated and randomized to: dams fed a control diet (CON) or dams fed a HF diet from conception until the end of lactation (HF). Ovaries were collected from fetuses at Embryonic Day (E) 20, and neonatal ovaries at Day 4 (P4), prepubertal ovaries at P27 and adult ovaries at P120. In a subset of offspring, the effects of a HF diet fed postweaning were evaluated. The present study shows that fetuses of mothers fed a HF diet had significantly fewer oocytes at E20, and in neonates, have reduced AMH signaling that may facilitate an increased number of assembled primordial follicles. Both prepubertally and in adulthood, ovaries show increased follicular atresia. As adults, offspring have reduced FSH responsiveness, low expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha (Eralpha), the oocyte-secreted factor, Gdf9, oocyte-specific RNA binding protein, Dazl, and high expression levels of the granulosa-cell derived factor, AMH, in antral follicles. Together, these data suggest that ovarian compromise in offspring born to HF-fed mothers may arise from changes already observable in the fetus and neonate and in the long term, associated with increased follicular atresia through adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Tsoulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline E Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline J Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn A Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wajiha Gohir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Petrik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Aukland, New Zealand
| | - Kristin L Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Kumar P, Saini M, Kumar D, Jan M, Swami DS, Sharma R. Quantification of leptin in seminal plasma of buffalo bulls and its correlation with antioxidant status, conventional and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) semen variables. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 166:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Almabhouh FA, Osman K, Siti Fatimah I, Sergey G, Gnanou J, Singh HJ. Effects of leptin on sperm count and morphology in Sprague-Dawley rats and their reversibility following a 6-week recovery period. Andrologia 2015; 47:751-8. [PMID: 25269426 DOI: 10.1111/and.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered epididymal sperm count and morphology following leptin treatment has been reported recently. This study examined the effects of 42 days of leptin treatment on sperm count and morphology and their reversibility during a subsequent 56-day recovery period. Twelve-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into four leptin and four saline-treated control groups (n = 6). Intraperitoneal injections of leptin were given daily (60 μg Kg(-1) body weight) for 42 days. Controls received 0.1 ml of 0.9% saline. Leptin-treated animals and their respective age-matched controls were euthanised on either day 1, 21, 42 or 56 of recovery for collection of epididymal spermatozoa. Sperm concentration was determined using a Makler counting chamber. Spermatozoa were analysed for 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and DNA fragmentation (Comet assay). Data were analysed using anova. Sperm concentration was significantly lower but fraction of abnormal spermatozoa, and levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine were significantly higher in leptin-treated rats on day 1 of recovery. Comet assays revealed significant DNA fragmentation in leptin-treated rats. These differences were reduced by day 56 of recovery. It appears that 42 days of leptin treatment to Sprague-Dawley rats has significant adverse effects on sperm count and morphology that reverse following discontinuation of leptin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Almabhouh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Osman
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Siti Fatimah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - G Sergey
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J Gnanou
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H J Singh
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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Leptin modulates human Sertoli cells acetate production and glycolytic profile: a novel mechanism of obesity-induced male infertility? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1824-32. [PMID: 26071642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human feeding behavior and lifestyle are gradually being altered, favoring the development of metabolic diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes and obesity. Leptin is produced by the adipose tissue acting as a satiety signal. Its levels have been positively correlated with fat mass and hyperleptinemia has been proposed to negatively affect male reproductive function. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms by which this hormone affects male fertility remain unknown. Herein, we hypothesize that leptin acts on human Sertoli cells (hSCs), the "nurse cells" of spermatogenesis, altering their metabolism. To test our hypothesis, hSCs were cultured without or with leptin (5, 25 and 50ng/mL). Leptin receptor was identified by qPCR and Western blot. Protein levels of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT3), phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) were determined by Western Blot. LDH activity was assessed and metabolite production/consumption determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Oxidative damage was evaluated by assessing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonilation and nitration. Our data shows that leptin receptor is expressed in hSCs. The concentration of leptin found in lean, healthy patients, upregulated GLUT2 protein levels and concentrations of leptin found in lean and obese patients increased LDH activity. Of note, all leptin concentrations decreased hSCs acetate production illustrating a novel mechanism for this hormone action. Moreover, our data shows that leptin does not induce or protect hSCs from oxidative damage. We report that this hormone modulates the nutritional support of spermatogenesis, illustrating a novel mechanism that may be linked to obesity-induced male infertility.
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Vázquez MJ, Romero-Ruiz A, Tena-Sempere M. Roles of leptin in reproduction, pregnancy and polycystic ovary syndrome: consensus knowledge and recent developments. Metabolism 2015; 64:79-91. [PMID: 25467843 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As an essential function for perpetuation of species, reproduction, including puberty onset, is sensitive to the size of body energy stores and the metabolic state of the organism. Accordingly, impaired energy homeostasis, ranging from extreme leanness, such as in anorexia or cachexia, to morbid obesity has an impact on the timing of puberty and is often associated to fertility problems. The neuroendocrine basis for such phenomenon is the close connection between numerous metabolic hormones and nutritional cues with the various elements of the so-called hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Yet, despite previous fragmentary knowledge, it was only the discovery of the adipose-hormone, leptin, in 1994 what revolutionized our understanding on how metabolic and reproductive systems closely interplay and allowed the definition of the neurohormonal causes of perturbations of puberty and fertility in conditions of impaired body energy homeostasis. In this article, we aim to provide a synoptic view of the mechanisms whereby leptin engages in the regulation of different elements of the HPG axis, with special attention to its effects and mechanisms of action on the different elements of the reproductive brain and its proven direct effects in the gonads. In addition, we will summarize the state-of-the-art regarding the putative roles of leptin during gestation, including its potential function as placental hormone. Finally, comments will be made on the eventual leptin alterations in reproductive disorders, with special attention to the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a disease in which reproductive, metabolic and neuroendocrine alterations are commonly observed. All in all, we intend to provide an updated account of our knowledge on the physiological roles of leptin in the metabolic regulation of the reproductive axis and its eventual pathophysiological implications in prevalent reproductive disorders, such as PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Friedman-Einat M, Cogburn LA, Yosefi S, Hen G, Shinder D, Shirak A, Seroussi E. Discovery and characterization of the first genuine avian leptin gene in the rock dove (Columba livia). Endocrinology 2014; 155:3376-84. [PMID: 24758303 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, the key regulator of mammalian energy balance, has been at the center of a great controversy in avian biology for the last 15 years since initial reports of a putative leptin gene (LEP) in chickens. Here, we characterize a novel LEP in rock dove (Columba livia) with low similarity of the predicted protein sequence (30% identity, 47% similarity) to the human ortholog. Searching the Sequence-Read-Archive database revealed leptin transcripts, in the dove's liver, with 2 noncoding exons preceding 2 coding exons. This unusual 4-exon structure was validated by sequencing of a GC-rich product (76% GC, 721 bp) amplified from liver RNA by RT-PCR. Sequence alignment of the dove leptin with orthologous leptins indicated that it consists of a leader peptide (21 amino acids; aa) followed by the mature protein (160 aa), which has a putative structure typical of 4-helical-bundle cytokines except that it is 12 aa longer than human leptin. Extra residues (10 aa) were located within the loop between 2 5'-helices, interrupting the amino acid motif that is conserved in tetrapods and considered essential for activation of leptin receptor (LEPR) but not for receptor binding per se. Quantitative RT-PCR of 11 tissues showed highest (P < .05) expression of LEP in the dove's liver, whereas the dove LEPR peaked (P < .01) in the pituitary. Both genes were prominently expressed in the gonads and at lower levels in tissues involved in mammalian leptin signaling (adipose; hypothalamus). A bioassay based on activation of the chicken LEPR in vitro showed leptin activity in the dove's circulation, suggesting that dove LEP encodes an active protein, despite the interrupted loop motif. Providing tools to study energy-balance control at an evolutionary perspective, our original demonstration of leptin signaling in dove predicts a more ancient role of leptin in growth and reproduction in birds, rather than appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Friedman-Einat
- Agricultural Research Organization (M.F.-E., S.Y., G.H., D.S., A.S., E.S.), Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, 50-250 Israel; and Department of Animal and Food Sciences (L.A.C.), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Yuan M, Huang G, Li J, Zhang J, Li F, Li K, Gao B, Zeng L, Shan W, Lin P, Huang L. Hyperleptinemia directly affects testicular maturation at different sexual stages in mice, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 is involved in this process. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:15. [PMID: 24502529 PMCID: PMC4015707 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin plays an important role in reproductive function, and the mechanism of this phenomenon primarily focuses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, until now, the direct effects of leptin on the testes during development from infancy to adulthood remained unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects and molecular mechanisms that underlie leptin's action in the testes during sexual maturation. METHODS We used a monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated mouse model to assess the effects of endogenous hyperleptinemia on the development of the testes from infancy to adulthood. Then, a variety of reproductive parameters were measured, including the concentration of testosterone, the weight and volume of the testicles, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, and numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, sperm, Leydig cells and offspring. In addition, we assessed the direct role of leptin and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3)/phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) on the testes in vitro. RESULTS Testosterone secretion exhibited a diverse response: a low concentration of leptin induced testosterone secretion, and a high concentration inhibited testosterone secretion both in vivo and in vitro. A variety of reproductive parameters decreased in hyperleptinemic mice, including the weight and volume of the testicles, the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, and the numbers of spermatocytes, sperm, Leydig cells and offspring. The amount of spermatogonia was also elevated. The development of the testes was partially recovered after hyperleptinemia withdrawal. A high concentration of leptin induced SOCS3 expression and inhibited pSTAT3 expression in the testes. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that MSG-induced hyperleptinemia directly affects testicular structure and function and that SOCS3/pSTAT3 played an important role in this process. These results also indicated the importance of monitoring and controlling leptin levels in obese male children. SOCS3 is a potential therapeutic target for leptin-induced dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Guizhen Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lin
- Division of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lugang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Vendramini V, Cedenho A, Miraglia S, Spaine D. Reproductive function of the male obese Zucker rats: alteration in sperm production and sperm DNA damage. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:221-9. [PMID: 23800399 PMCID: PMC3879991 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113493511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been considered a public health issue in many countries and is of increasing concern for authorities over the past 6 years. The Zucker rat is a good experimental model for obesity and diabetes studies due to its metabolic characteristics that are similar to those developed by humans. A total of 12 obese Zucker rats and their lean littermates were killed in pubertal and young adult phases for assessing organ weights (testis and epididymis), testicular histomorphometric and stereological analyses, daily sperm production, and transit time in the epididymis. Sperm integrity was also investigated in the adult animals using the Comet assay. Alterations in organ weights, seminiferous epithelium architecture, sperm production, and transit time were noticed in the pubertal fatty rats. The volume density of the lymphatic space was decreased in both the ages. Adult animals had a significant increase in the extent of damage found in sperm DNA. Our results show for the first time that leptin receptor deficiency compromises sperm production during puberty and that genetic obese Zucker rats have increased sperm DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vendramini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A.P. Cedenho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S.M. Miraglia
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Developmental Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D.M. Spaine
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ramos CF, Zamoner A. Thyroid hormone and leptin in the testis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:198. [PMID: 25505448 PMCID: PMC4243692 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue; however, it is expressed in the hypothalamus and reproductive tissues as well. Leptin acts by activating the leptin receptors (Ob-Rs). Additionally, the regulation of several neuroendocrine and reproductive functions, including the inhibition of glucocorticoids and enhancement of thyroxine and sex hormone concentrations in human beings and mice are leptin functions. It has been suggested that thyroid hormones (TH) could directly regulate leptin expression. Additionally, hypothyroidism compromises the intracellular integration of leptin signaling specifically in the arcuate nucleus. Two TH receptor isoforms are expressed in the testis, TRa and TRb, with TRa being the predominant one that is present in all stages of development. The effects of TH involve the proliferation and differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells during development, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis. In this context, TH disorders are associated with sexual dysfunction. An endocrine and/or direct paracrine effect of leptin on the gonads inhibits testosterone production in Leydig cells. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effects of both hormones in the testis during hypothyroidism. The goal of this review is to highlight the current knowledge regarding leptin and TH in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Fonte Ramos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiane Fonte Ramos, Laboratório de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Centro Biomédico, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Av 28 de Setembro 87 fds, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil e-mail:
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Abstract
Inheritance of non-genetic factors permits ancestral environmental history to inform the development of subsequent generations. This form of soft inheritance has been shown in mammals, yet the molecular underpinnings of this phenomenon are poorly understood. In the present article, we focus on gametic inheritance of non-genetic factors, utilizing examples of paternal transmission to explore the core issues that need to be addressed in order to gain greater insight into the molecular mechanisms. Three essential processes are identified: (i) how the environment affects the germline to establish an altered molecular milieu, (ii) the molecular nature of the inherited mark, and (iii) how this affects genome function in the developing embryo to elicit an alternative developmental outcome.
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Lee HK, Lee JK, Cho B. The role of androgen in the adipose tissue of males. World J Mens Health 2013; 31:136-40. [PMID: 24044108 PMCID: PMC3770848 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2013.31.2.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, where various metabolic hormones are secreted, plays a role in metabolizing different substances including androgen. Within fat tissue, enzymes such as aromatase and aldo-keto reductase 1C are responsible for metabolizing testosterone into estrogen and 5-dihydrotestosterone into inactive metabolites. Adipose tissue can also affect the secretion of gonadotropin, which influences the formation of androgen in the testes. At the same time, androgen has an impact on the distribution and proliferation of adipose tissue. The adrenoreceptors for catecholamines, which have been proven to play an essential role in controlling lipolysis, function by being up-regulated by androgens. Furthermore, androgens regulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase, a key enzyme involved in intracellular esterification of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ki Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Gombar FM, Ramos CF. Perinatal malnutrition programs gene expression of leptin receptors isoforms in testis and prostate of adult rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 184:115-20. [PMID: 23499808 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to evaluate if maternal malnutrition during lactation programs the expression of leptin receptor isoforms in the testes and prostate ventral lobe of adult rats. At delivery, Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups: control group (C) with free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 22% protein; protein-energy restricted group (PER) with free access to an isoenergy and protein-restricted diet containing 8% protein; and energy-restricted group (ER) receiving standard laboratory diet in restricted quantities, which were calculated according to the mean ingestion of the PER group. All animals were sacrificed at 90 days of age. Both PER and ER groups presented low body weight from the first days after birth, however, while the ER group reached the control weight around day 80, the body weight of PER group was significantly lower compared to controls until the day the animals were killed. In relation to tissue weight, only the relative testis weight of the ER group presented an alteration compared to the control group (p<0.03). There was also no alteration in the leptin serum levels among the groups. The main leptin receptors isoforms, OBRa and OBRb were significantly increased in the testis (OBRa: C=0.71±0.10; PER=1.14±0.17; ER=1.92±0.70, p<0.0007, OBRb: C=0.87±0.04; PER=1.20±0.05; ER=1.44±0.17, p<0.001) and prostate (OBRa: C=0.70±0.18; PER=1.30±0.14; ER=1.65±0.22, p<0.014, OBRb: C=0.77±0.14; PER=1.16±0.04; ER=1.30±0.13, p<0.027) of both malnourished groups. However, the testis OBRc (C=1.52±0.06; PER=1.35±0.23; ER=3.50±0.72, p<0.023) and OBRf (C=1.31±0.12; PER=1.66±0.27; ER=3.47±0.55, p<0.009) and prostate OBRc (C=0.48±0.13; ER=1.18±0.34, p<0.01) and OBRf (C=0.73±0.15; PER=0.99±0.11; ER=1.83±0.30, p<0.016) isoforms were significantly increased only in the ER group. The results presented here show for the first time that both testis and prostate leptin receptor isoforms gene expression are programmed by perinatal malnutrition. These data further stress the importance of monitoring maternal and neonatal status, as well as other pathophysiological situations, to combat the appearance of long-term diseases.
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Martini AC, Molina RI, Tissera A, Ruiz RD, Cuneo MFD. The impact of obesity on male reproduction: its biological significance. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:139-148. [PMID: 30736174 DOI: 10.1586/eem.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since obesity and male subfertility have increased in parallel during the last decades, the hypothesis of an association between these two phenomena has been explored by several researchers. Although there is no consensus apparently obesity impacts men's reproductive potential by several mechanisms, like alterations on the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis, modifications of spermatogenesis and semen quality and/or impairment of men's sexual health. This review intends to summarize the underlying bases of such alterations and propose new ones, without miscalculating their biological significance. Obesity is not rigorously related to subfertility; in addition, the existence of a genetic predisposition to obesity-linked sterility is currently under investigation. Nonetheless, the impact of obesity on male reproductive potential must be fully elucidated since the prevalence of obesity is increasing and consequently, the number of obese men with reduced fertility will also rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Martini
- a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina
- c Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rosa Isabel Molina
- b Laboratorio de Andrología y Reproducción (LAR), Chacabuco 1123 PB, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Tissera
- b Laboratorio de Andrología y Reproducción (LAR), Chacabuco 1123 PB, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rubén Daniel Ruiz
- a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta Fiol de Cuneo
- a Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, X5000ESU, Córdoba, Argentina
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Zhu CC, Zhang H, Zhang JS, Li Z, Zhao J, Li W, Zhang YQ. Inhibition of ghrelin signaling improves the reproductive phenotype of male ob/ob mouse. Fertil Steril 2012; 99:918-26. [PMID: 23232360 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether ghrelin signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of male factor infertility induced by leptin deficiency. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University academic medical center. ANIMAL(S) Ten-week-old C57BL/6J mice and ob/ob mice. INTERVENTION(S) Western blotting, (quantitative) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and in situ end labeling of fragmented DNA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Expression levels of ghrelin and its functional receptor growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1α) were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Ob/ob mice were injected IP with specific GHS-R1α antagonist, and thereafter germ cell apoptosis and steroidogenic capability were assessed by TUNEL assay, (q) RT-PCR, and radioimmunoassay. RESULT(S) Expression of GHS-R1α and its endogenous ligand ghrelin was both up-regulated in ob/ob testis. Inhibition of the ghrelin pathway restored androgen synthesis, reduced germ cell apoptosis, and thereby resulted in improved sperm production in ob/ob mice. CONCLUSION(S) Ghrelin, as an antagonistic partner of leptin in the endocrinic/paracrine circuit, may be involved in the pathogenesis of male factor infertility induced by leptin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chao Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, People's Republic of China
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Łukaszyk A, Kotwicka M, Jankowska A, Kasprzak A, Ruciński M, Sterzyńska K, Ziółkowska A, Sawiński P, Ruchala M. Expression of ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a) in rat epididymal spermatozoa and the effects of its activation. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:293-300. [PMID: 23153700 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrated the expression of the ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a in rat spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa, as well as some effects of ghrelin on the spermatozoa in vitro. For the demonstration of GHSR-1a the immunocytochemical, immunofluorescence and Western blotting techniques were applied using three different types of antibodies. The response of spermatozoa to ghrelin was tested in a series of in vitro experiments and their effects were evaluated using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. GHSR-1a protein was found as expressed in the Golgi and acrosomes of spermatids and acrosome regions or the head cell membrane of epididymal spermatozoa. The GHSR-1a expression in spermatozoa was also confirmed by Western blot. No differences were found in percentage of spermatozoa showing annexin-V binding and expression of active form caspase-3 between control and ghrelin-treated spermatozoa. This result may indicate no pro-apoptotic effects of ghrelin neither at 10(-9) nor 10(-6)mol/L concentration. Ghrelin (10(-6)mol/L) increased free intracellular calcium ion concentration in the rat spermatozoa. Moreover, stimulation with 10(-6)mol/L ghrelin increased, while 10(-4)mol/L ghrelin decreased the number of spermatozoa showing progressive motility. In conclusion, the expression of the GHSR-1a receptor in spermatozoa, as well as ghrelin influences on sperm motility and intracellular calcium ion concentration suggest that such biological effects of ghrelin may be produced under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Łukaszyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Schoeller EL, Schon S, Moley KH. The effects of type 1 diabetes on the hypothalamic, pituitary and testes axis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:839-47. [PMID: 22526620 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a lack of insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreas. This lack of insulin causes a variety of systemic effects on whole-body metabolism. Poorly managed type 1 diabetes can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy. Increasingly, even well-managed type 1 diabetic patients show damage to peripheral organs related to complications from the disease. The central role of insulin in energy homeostasis also renders it an important signaling factor in the reproductive tract. type 1 diabetes has now been demonstrated to cause defects in sperm and testes. The aim of this review is to present the known effects of insulin's role in the function of the male reproductive tract. These effects might be mediated through hormonal alterations in the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis or through the direct interaction of insulin on the testes and sperm cells. Although fertility complications also occur in type 2 diabetic males, this review will focus on the defects specifically linked with the lack of insulin seen in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Schoeller
- Department of Obstetrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Mammi C, Calanchini M, Antelmi A, Cinti F, Rosano GMC, Lenzi A, Caprio M, Fabbri A. Androgens and adipose tissue in males: a complex and reciprocal interplay. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:789653. [PMID: 22235202 PMCID: PMC3253446 DOI: 10.1155/2012/789653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that in males obesity is frequently associated with hypogonadism and vice versa; also, low testosterone levels have been considered a "hallmark" of metabolic syndrome in men. These observations indicate that there is a strict connection between anatomically and functionally distinct cell types such as white adipocytes and Leydig cells, that synthesize testosterone. Adipose tissue is able to control several functions of the testis through its products secreted in the bloodstream. On the other hand, circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol deeply affect adipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and fat mass distribution, hereby controlling critical metabolic functions, such as food intake, insulin sensitivity, vascular reactivity, and immunity. This paper highlights the existing clinical and experimental evidence linking androgens and adipose tissue and illustrates the consequences occurring when the balance between fat mass distribution and eugonadism is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Mammi
- Centre of Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 235 00163 Rome, Italy
- *Caterina Mammi:
| | - Matilde Calanchini
- Unit of Endocrinology, S. Eugenio & CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Antelmi
- Centre of Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 235 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Centre of Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 235 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M. C. Rosano
- Centre of Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 235 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Medical Pathophysiology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Centre of Clinical and Basic Research, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 235 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology, S. Eugenio & CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Roy VK, Krishna A. Role of leptin in seasonal adiposity associated changes in testicular activity of vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 168:160-8. [PMID: 20450917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in circulating level of leptin in natural population of male bat, Scotophilus heathi in relation to seasonal changes in body mass, adipose tissue mass and testicular activity. The peak serum leptin level coincided with the period of maximum body mass due to heavy accumulation of adipose tissue. The in vivo study showed both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on testicular activity depending on circulating level of leptin. Moderate increase in circulating concentration of leptin coincided with the stimulatory effect on testicular activity in October, whereas peak circulating concentration of leptin coincided with suppressed testicular activity in December. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis confirmed expression of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the testis, particularly in Leydig cells during different reproductive stages suggesting the direct action of leptin in regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. The in vitro study confirmed the in vivo observations of inhibitory effect of leptin on testosterone production through dose-dependent StAR expression in the testis. This study further showed that the leptin affects testicular activity through STAT3 mediated regulation of StAR expression. Thus, increased adiposity associated rise in circulating leptin level during winter dormancy impairs testicular activity by suppressing StAR mediated testosterone production in S. heathi. These results are suggestive of a link between the adipocyte derived leptin and testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Nikbakht G, Ali Mehr MR, Baghbanzadeh A, Tajik P, Tamanini C, Emam M. Leptin Receptor mRNA in Bull Ejaculated Spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:237-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Male infertility, characterized by hypogonadism, decreased semen quality or ejaculatory dysfunction, accounts for approximately 20% of infertility cases. Obesity and metabolic dysfunction have been identified, among other causal factors, to contribute to male infertility. In the context of the Western world's 'obesity epidemic', this article discusses three main biological mechanisms linking obesity to impaired male reproductive function: hypogonadism, testicular heat stress/hypoxia-induced apoptosis and endocrine disruption by 'obesogens'. Among these, obesity-induced hypogonadism is undoubtedly the most clinically significant and is easily assessed. Rapidly expanding areas of research in this area include leptin modulation of kisspeptins and hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormone pathways, and roles of other adipocytokines in male infertility, as well as the impact of exposure to obesogens on the quality of semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Phillips
- a Assistant Professor, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Principal Scientist, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 43 Templeton Street, Room 215, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Nongnuj Tanphaichitr
- b Senior Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, and Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biochemistry/Microbiology/Immunology, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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Hatami-Baroogh L, Razavi S, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Tavalaee M, Tanhaei S, Ghaedi K, Deemeh MR, Rabiee F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Evaluation of the leptin receptor in human spermatozoa. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:17. [PMID: 20178606 PMCID: PMC2841190 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, a 167 amino acid peptide hormone, profoundly effects reproduction exerting its biological effects via interaction with the leptin receptor (ObR) which is widely expressed on peripheral tissues. In this study, we have attempted to assess leptin receptor expression in the spermatozoa of fertile males and those diagnosed with male factor infertility; both at the mRNA or protein levels. METHODS Semen samples were collected from fertile males and individuals with male factor infertility. In order to evaluate leptin receptor expression several techniques were utilized, including: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunostaining, flow cytometry, and western blotting. Mononuclear cells isolated from volunteers' peripheral blood were used as positive controls for leptin receptor expression. RESULTS leptin receptor was noted on mononuclear cells but we were unable to detect this receptor on spermatozoa at the protein level. Leptin receptor expression was detected on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as positive controls; however it was not detectable on the spermatozoa of both groups by immunofluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Furthermore, positive expression of the ObR long isoform as assessed by RT-PCR was observed in the sperm of only four cases, whereas expression of beta-Actin, a house keeping gene, and HspA2, a testis specific gene, was present in all cases. CONCLUSION The long isoform of leptin receptor may not be present on human sperm. Species difference may be accounted for diverse reproductive physiology which depends on metabolic requirement. Leptin receptor expression at the mRNA level in some individuals may be related to contamination by other cells in semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hatami-Baroogh
- Department of Biology, Science and Culture University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACER, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Razavi
- Department of Anatomy, Isfahan Medical University, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACER, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Tanhaei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Rabiee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Reproduction and Development, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACER, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan, Iran
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Immunohistochemical and hybridocytochemical study on ghrelin signalling in the rat seminiferous epithelium. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47:415-23. [PMID: 20164026 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of presented study demonstrate expression of ghrelin, its functional receptor GHSR-1a and their genes in spermatogenic cells of rat testis suggesting their functioning within seminiferous epithelium. The immunohistochemical and hybrydocytochemical expression, of proteins and transcripts, was estimated taking into account the cycle of seminiferous epithelium and phases of spermatogenesis. Both transcripts and ghrelin was found to show nuclear expression and scarcely cytoplasmic. Expression of genes for ghrelin and GHSR-1a was shown in early spermatocytes and round spermatids representing transcriptional phases of meiosis and spermiogenesis. Ghrelin was evidenced to show nuclear expression in two stage-specific windows, in late spermatogonia, in spermatocytes up to early pachytenes, and again in spermatids of acrosome and early maturation phase of spermiogenesis. In late pachytenes, secondary spermatocytes, round spermatids, maturing spermatids and spermatozoa the reaction is lacking. With two types of antibodies against the GHSR-1a used the two different patterns of immunostaining was evidenced suggesting two isoforms of GHSR-1a. The first evidenced GHSR-1a in cytoplasm of spermatocytes, cell membrane and acrosomes of spermatids, Sertoli cell processes and heads of spermatozoa. With second type of antibodies the immunostaining marks all steps of evolution of acrosome in spermatids. It is believed that site of ghrelin expression in seminiferous epithelium may indicate its role in local regulations, not excepting the intracellular signalling. Immunostaining pattern for GHSR-1a seems to suggest both its participation in the cross-talk among the cells and also process of furnishing gametes with GHSR-1a for its response to ghrelin in seminal plasma or female reproductive tract.
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Martini AC, Tissera A, Estofán D, Molina RI, Mangeaud A, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD. Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertil Steril 2010; 94:1739-43. [PMID: 20056217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate sperm quality, levels of markers of epididymal and accessory gland function, and T in semen from men grouped according to their body mass index (BMI). DESIGN Blind prospective study. SETTING Andrology and reproduction laboratory in Cordoba, Argentina (2006-2007). PATIENT(S) Seven hundred ninety-four men. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) In semen samples, sperm quality (volume, density, motility, morphology, viability, hypoosmotic swell test, and nuclear maturity) and levels of neutral alpha-glucosidase, fructose, citric acid and T. RESULT(S) Multivariate analysis showed a negative association between BMI and motility, rapid motility and neutral alpha-glucosidase levels, and a positive association between BMI and seminal fructose levels. No associations were found among BMI and sperm concentration, the other parameters evaluated, or seminal T levels. CONCLUSION(S) Results found in our study support a deleterious effect of obesity on seminal quality, probably by alterations in the function of the epididymis (i.e., in epididymal maturation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Martini
- Established investigator from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Chen B, Guo JH, Lu YN, Ying XL, Hu K, Xiang ZQ, Wang YX, Chen P, Huang YR. Leptin and varicocele-related spermatogenesis dysfunction: animal experiment and clinical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:532-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hofny ERM, Ali ME, Abdel-Hafez HZ, Kamal EED, Mohamed EE, Abd El-Azeem HG, Mostafa T. Semen parameters and hormonal profile in obese fertile and infertile males. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:581-4. [PMID: 19423100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the changes in semen parameters, gonadotropic and sex hormones, and serum leptin in obese fertile and infertile oligozoospermic men. DESIGN Prospective. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) Forty-two obese fertile and 80 obese infertile oligozoospermic men (body mass index [BMI] >30). INTERVENTION(S) The BMI calculation, semen analysis, and serum FSH, LH, T, E(2), PRL, and leptin estimation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Semen and hormonal profiles. RESULT(S) Obese oligozoospermic patients had significant increase in mean BMI, serum FSH, LH, E(2), PRL, and leptin compared with obese fertile controls. The BMI had significant positive correlation with abnormal sperm morphology, LH, serum leptin and significant negative correlation with sperm concentration, sperm motility, serum T. Serum leptin demonstrated significant positive correlation with patients' age, abnormal sperm morphology, serum FSH, LH, PRL and significant negative correlation with sperm concentration, sperm motility, and serum T. CONCLUSION(S) Serum leptin mediates a link between obesity and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman R M Hofny
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology & Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
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