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Chen Z, Yue L, Guo Y, Huang H, Lin W. A fluorescence probe for imaging lipid droplet and visualization of diabetes-related polarity variations. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1312:342748. [PMID: 38834262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects lipid metabolism. Abnormalities in the lipid droplets (LDs) can lead to disturbances in lipid metabolism, which is a significant feature of diabetic patients. Nevertheless, the correlation between diabetes and the polarity of LDs has received little attention in the scientific literature. In order to detect LDs polarity changes in diabetes illness models, we created a new fluorescence probe LD-DCM. This probe has a stable structure, high selectivity, and minimal cytotoxicity. The probe formed a typical D-π-A molecular configuration with triphenylamine (TPA) and dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran (DCM) as electron donor and acceptor parts. The LD-DCM molecule has an immense solvatochromic effect (λem = 544-624 nm), fluorescence enhancement of around 150 times, and a high sensitivity to polarity changes within the linear range of Δf = 0.28 to 0.32, all due to its distinctive intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT). In addition, LD-DCM was able to monitor the accumulation of LDs and the reduction of LDs polarity in living cells when stimulated by oleic acid, lipopolysaccharide, and high glucose. More importantly, LD-DCM has also been used effectively to detect polarity differences in organs from diabetic, drug-treated, and normal mice. The results showed that the liver polarity of diabetic mice was lower than that of normal mice, while the liver polarity of drug-treated mice was higher than that of diabetic mice. We believe that LD-DCM has the potential to serve as an efficient instrument for the diagnosis of disorders that are associated with the polarity of LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Chen
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nan-ning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Lizhou Yue
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nan-ning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Yingxin Guo
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nan-ning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Huawei Huang
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nan-ning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nan-ning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China.
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2
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Tang Y, Majewska M, Leß B, Mehmeti I, Wollnitzke P, Semleit N, Levkau B, Saba JD, van Echten-Deckert G, Gurgul-Convey E. The fate of intracellular S1P regulates lipid droplet turnover and lipotoxicity in pancreatic beta-cells. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100587. [PMID: 38950680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity has been considered the main cause of pancreatic beta-cell failure during type 2 diabetes development. Lipid droplets (LD) are believed to regulate the beta-cell sensitivity to free fatty acids (FFA), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unclear. Accumulating evidence points, however, to an important role of intracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) metabolism in lipotoxicity-mediated disturbances of beta-cell function. In the present study, we compared the effects of an increased irreversible S1P degradation (S1P-lyase, SPL overexpression) with those associated with an enhanced S1P recycling (overexpression of S1P phosphatase 1, SGPP1) on LD formation and lipotoxicity in rat INS1E beta-cells. Interestingly, although both approaches led to a reduced S1P concentration, they had opposite effects on the susceptibility to FFA. Overexpression of SGPP1 prevented FFA-mediated caspase-3 activation by a mechanism involving an enhanced lipid storage capacity and prevention of oxidative stress. In contrast, SPL overexpression limited LD biogenesis, content, and size, while accelerating lipophagy. This was associated with FFA-induced hydrogen peroxide formation, mitochondrial fragmentation, and dysfunction, as well as ER stress. These changes coincided with the upregulation of proapoptotic ceramides but were independent of lipid peroxidation rate. Also in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells, suppression of SPL with simultaneous overexpression of SGPP1 led to a similar and even more pronounced LD phenotype as that in INS1E-SGPP1 cells. Thus, intracellular S1P turnover significantly regulates LD content and size and influences beta-cell sensitivity to FFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariola Majewska
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Leß
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilir Mehmeti
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Wollnitzke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine III, University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Semleit
- Institute of Molecular Medicine III, University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Molecular Medicine III, University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julie D Saba
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California. San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Ewa Gurgul-Convey
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Fan H, Tan Y. Lipid Droplet-Mitochondria Contacts in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6878. [PMID: 38999988 PMCID: PMC11240910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The orchestration of cellular metabolism and redox balance is a complex, multifaceted process crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lipid droplets (LDs), once considered inert storage depots for neutral lipids, are now recognized as dynamic organelles critical in lipid metabolism and energy regulation. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, play a central role in energy production, metabolic pathways, and redox signaling. The physical and functional contacts between LDs and mitochondria facilitate a direct transfer of lipids, primarily fatty acids, which are crucial for mitochondrial β-oxidation, thus influencing energy homeostasis and cellular health. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the mechanisms governing LD-mitochondria interactions and their regulation, drawing attention to proteins and pathways that mediate these contacts. We discuss the physiological relevance of these interactions, emphasizing their role in maintaining energy and redox balance within cells, and how these processes are critical in response to metabolic demands and stress conditions. Furthermore, we explore the pathological implications of dysregulated LD-mitochondria interactions, particularly in the context of metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and their potential links to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusively, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of LD-mitochondria interactions, underscoring their significance in cellular metabolism and suggesting future research directions that could unveil novel therapeutic targets for metabolic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Fan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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4
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Sapia J, Vanni S. Molecular dynamics simulations of intracellular lipid droplets: a new tool in the toolbox. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1143-1153. [PMID: 38627196 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous intracellular organelles with a central role in multiple lipid metabolic pathways. However, identifying correlations between their structural properties and their biological activity has proved challenging, owing to their unique physicochemical properties as compared with other cellular membranes. In recent years, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, a computational methodology allowing the accurate description of molecular assemblies down to their individual components, have been demonstrated to be a useful and powerful approach for studying LD structural and dynamical properties. In this short review, we attempt to highlight, as comprehensively as possible, how MD simulations have contributed to our current understanding of multiple molecular mechanisms involved in LD biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sapia
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- Swiss National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Bio-inspired Materials, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Zeng W, Cai N, Liu J, Liu K, Lin S, Zeng L. Caveolin-1 deficiency alleviates palmitate-induced intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammation in pancreatic β cells. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:175-188. [PMID: 38032518 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β cell damage is a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our previous work showed that Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) depletion decreased β-cell apoptosis and improved β-cell viability. Further microarray analysis indicated significant changes in the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and inflammation. The objective of this study was to explore the role of Cav-1 in intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammation in β cells under lipotoxic conditions. Here, we established a β-cell-specific Cav-1 knockout (β-Cav-1 KO) mouse model and a CAV-1 depleted β cell line (NIT-1). We found that Cav-1 silencing significantly reduced palmitate (PA)-induced intracellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation and decreased proinflammatory factor expression in both the mouse and cell models. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that amelioration of lipid metabolism was achieved through the downregulation of lipogenic markers (SREBP-1c, FAS and ACC) and upregulation of a fatty acid oxidation marker (CPT-1). Meanwhile, decrease of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) secretion was found with the involvement of the IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that Cav-1 is of considerable importance in regulating lipotoxicity-induced β-cell intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Longyi Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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Shan L, Li X, Zheng X, Wu J, Ren H, Liu W, Wang P. Two Polarity-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes Based on Curcumin Analogs for Visualizing Polarity Changes in Lipid Droplets. Molecules 2023; 28:6626. [PMID: 37764402 PMCID: PMC10535065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of highly dynamic organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) are involved in numerous physiological functions, and the changes in polarity of LDs are closely related to a variety of diseases. In this work, we developed two polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes (CC-CH and CC-Cl) based on curcumin analogs. CC-CH and CC-Cl with a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structure exhibited the property of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT); thus, their fluorescence emissions were significantly attenuated with increasing ambient polarity. Cell experiments indicated that CC-CH and CC-Cl showed excellent photostability, a low cytotoxicity, and a superior targeting ability regarding LDs. After treatment with oleic acid (OA) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD), the polarity changes of LDs in living cells could be visualized by using CC-CH and CC-Cl. In addition, CC-CH and CC-Cl could monitor polarity changes of LDs in different pathological processes, including inflammatory responses, nutrient deprivation, and H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, CC-CH and CC-Cl are promising potential fluorescent probes for tracking intracellular LD polarity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Optical Physics and Engineering Technology, Qilu Zhongke, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Haohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Optical Physics and Engineering Technology, Qilu Zhongke, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Arif A, Farooq A, Abbasi MH, Khawar MB, Akhtar T, Ali HA, Anjum M, Mehmood R, Saleem T, Sheikh N. Effect of heterologous platelet-rich plasma on liver and modulation of glucose metabolism and Wnt signalling pathways in diabetic mice. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7145-7154. [PMID: 37407802 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was designed to highlight the effects of heterologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on deteriorated hepatic tissues and impaired glucose metabolism of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. METHODS 30 male mice were divided into a control (CG), PRP (PG), diabetic (DG), and two treated groups (T1G and T2G). PG was given PRP treatment (0.5 ml/kg body weight) twice a week for four weeks. DG, T1G and T2G were given alloxan (150 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. After confirmation, PRP treatment was given to T1G and T2G for two and four weeks respectively while DG was left untreated. Upon completion of the said experimental period, liver samples were taken for histological and gene expression analyses. RESULTS The study found that the liver tissue of the DG group showed signs of damage, including hepatocyte ballooning, sinusoid dilatation, and collagen deposition. However, these changes were significantly reduced in both T1G and T2G groups. The expression of several genes related to liver function was also affected, with upregulation of Fbp1 and Pklr, and downregulation of Pck1 in the DG group. PRP treatment restored Fbp1 expression and also increased the expression of glycolytic pathway genes Hk1 and Gck, as well as Wnt signalling pathway genes Wnt2, Wnt4, and Wnt9a in both treated groups. CONCLUSION Current study revealed that heterologous PRP may partly alleviate high glucose levels in diabetics possibly by mediating glucose metabolism via inhibition of Wnt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Arif
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adil Farooq
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Tasleem Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mehreen Anjum
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Saleem
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Jin WY, Chen XY, Han T, Jin Y, Chen TT, Wang ZH, Zhao ZY, Zhu ZW. Associations between cord blood metabolic factors and early-childhood growth and overweight and obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1164747. [PMID: 37497350 PMCID: PMC10366685 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1164747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This prospective cohort study was aimed at investigating the associations between cord blood metabolic factors and early-childhood growth, further elucidating the relationships between cord blood metabolites and overweight and obesity in early life. Methods A total of 2,267 pairs of mothers and offspring were recruited in our study. Cord blood plasma was assayed for triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), C-peptide, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin type A1C (HbA1c) levels. Data of anthropometric measurements were collected from offspring at birth, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the correlations between cord blood metabolic factors and weight Z-scores, body mass index (BMI) Z-scores, and weight gains at the early stage of life. Forward stepwise logistic regression analyses were applied to explore the associations between cord blood metabolic factors and early-childhood overweight and obesity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were applied to determine the optimal cutoff points for cord blood metabolic factors in predicting early-childhood overweight and obesity. Results After adjustments for covariates, cord blood TG concentrations and TG/TC ratios were negatively associated with weight Z-scores from birth to 18 months. Cord blood C-peptide and HbA1c levels were inversely associated with weight Z-scores at 6 months and 18 months. Cord blood TG concentrations and TG/TC ratios were negatively correlated with BMI Z-scores up to 18 months. Cord blood C-peptide levels and HbA1c levels were inversely correlated with BMI Z-scores at 18 months. Cord blood TG, TG/TC ratios, C-peptide, and HbA1c had negative correlations with weight gains from birth to 6 months, but the correlations attenuated as time went on. Increase in cord blood TG and HbA1c levels and TG/TC ratios were significantly associated with decreased risks of overweight and obesity at 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Conclusions Cord blood metabolic factors were significantly associated with early-childhood growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Jin
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Han Wang
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhao
- Department of Genetic and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhu
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Bresgen N, Kovacs M, Lahnsteiner A, Felder TK, Rinnerthaler M. The Janus-Faced Role of Lipid Droplets in Aging: Insights from the Cellular Perspective. Biomolecules 2023; 13:912. [PMID: 37371492 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that nine hallmarks-including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis-exist that describe the cellular aging process. Adding to this, a well-described cell organelle in the metabolic context, namely, lipid droplets, also accumulates with increasing age, which can be regarded as a further aging-associated process. Independently of their essential role as fat stores, lipid droplets are also able to control cell integrity by mitigating lipotoxic and proteotoxic insults. As we will show in this review, numerous longevity interventions (such as mTOR inhibition) also lead to strong accumulation of lipid droplets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells, just to name a few examples. In mammals, due to the variety of different cell types and tissues, the role of lipid droplets during the aging process is much more complex. Using selected diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we show that lipid droplets are "Janus"-faced. In an early phase of the disease, lipid droplets mitigate the toxicity of lipid peroxidation and protein aggregates, but in a later phase of the disease, a strong accumulation of lipid droplets can cause problems for cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melanie Kovacs
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Lahnsteiner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Klaus Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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10
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Brennecke BR, Yang US, Liu S, Ilerisoy FS, Ilerisoy BN, Joglekar A, Kim LB, Peachee SJ, Richtsmeier SL, Stephens SB, Sander EA, Strack S, Moninger TO, Ankrum JA, Imai Y. Utilization of commercial collagens for preparing well-differentiated human beta cells for confocal microscopy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1187216. [PMID: 37305047 PMCID: PMC10248405 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1187216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With technical advances, confocal and super-resolution microscopy have become powerful tools to dissect cellular pathophysiology. Cell attachment to glass surfaces compatible with advanced imaging is critical prerequisite but remains a considerable challenge for human beta cells. Recently, Phelps et al. reported that human beta cells plated on type IV collagen (Col IV) and cultured in neuronal medium preserve beta cell characteristics. Methods We examined human islet cells plated on two commercial sources of Col IV (C6745 and C5533) and type V collagen (Col V) for differences in cell morphology by confocal microscopy and secretory function by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Collagens were authenticated by mass spectrometry and fluorescent collagen-binding adhesion protein CNA35. Results All three preparations allowed attachment of beta cells with high nuclear localization of NKX6.1, indicating a well-differentiated status. All collagen preparations supported robust GSIS. However, the morphology of islet cells differed between the 3 preparations. C5533 showed preferable features as an imaging platform with the greatest cell spread and limited stacking of cells followed by Col V and C6745. A significant difference in attachment behavior of C6745 was attributed to the low collagen contents of this preparation indicating importance of authentication of coating material. Human islet cells plated on C5533 showed dynamic changes in mitochondria and lipid droplets (LDs) in response to an uncoupling agent 2-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinylidene]-propanedinitrile (FCCP) or high glucose + oleic acid. Discussion An authenticated preparation of Col IV provides a simple platform to apply advanced imaging for studies of human islet cell function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna R. Brennecke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - USeong Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Fatma S. Ilerisoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Beyza N. Ilerisoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aditya Joglekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Lucy B. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Spencer J. Peachee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Syreine L. Richtsmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Samuel B. Stephens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Edward A. Sander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thomas O. Moninger
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, Roy G. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - James A. Ankrum
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Medical Service, Endocrinology Section, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
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11
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Janikiewicz J, Dobosz AM, Majzner K, Bernas T, Dobrzyn A. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 deficiency exacerbates palmitate-induced lipotoxicity by the formation of small lipid droplets in pancreatic β-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166711. [PMID: 37054998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The accelerating accumulation of surplus lipids in the pancreas triggers structural and functional changes in type 2 diabetes-affected islets. Pancreatic β-cells exhibit a restricted capacity to store fat reservoirs in lipid droplets (LDs), which act as transient buffers to prevent lipotoxic stress. With the increasing incidence of obesity, growing interest has been seen in the intracellular regulation of LD metabolism for β-cell function. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is critical for producing unsaturated fatty acyl moieties for fluent storage into and out of LDs, likely affecting the overall rate of β-cell survival. We explored LD-associated composition and remodeling in SCD1-deprived INS-1E cells and in pancreatic islets in wildtype and SCD1-/- mice in the lipotoxic milieu. Deficiency in the enzymatic activity of SCD1 led to decrease in the size and number of LDs and the lower accumulation of neutral lipids. This occurred in parallel with a higher compactness and lipid order inside LDs, followed by changes in the saturation status and composition of fatty acids within core lipids and the phospholipid coat. The lipidome of LDs was enriched in 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6 in β-cells and pancreatic islets. These rearrangements markedly contributed to differences in protein association with the LD surface. Our findings highlight an unexpected molecular mechanism by which SCD1 activity affects the morphology, composition and metabolism of LDs. We demonstrate that SCD1-dependent disturbances in LD enrichment can impact proper pancreatic β-cells and islet functioning, which may have considerable therapeutic value for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janikiewicz
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aneta M Dobosz
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Cracow, Poland
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyn
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Basu L, Bhagat V, Ching MEA, Di Giandomenico A, Dostie S, Greenberg D, Greenberg M, Hahm J, Hilton NZ, Lamb K, Jentz EM, Larsen M, Locatelli CAA, Maloney M, MacGibbon C, Mersali F, Mulchandani CM, Najam A, Singh I, Weisz T, Wong J, Senior PA, Estall JL, Mulvihill EE, Screaton RA. Recent Developments in Islet Biology: A Review With Patient Perspectives. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:207-221. [PMID: 36481263 PMCID: PMC9640377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Navigating the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19, now COVID) pandemic has required resilience and creativity worldwide. Despite early challenges to productivity, more than 2,000 peer-reviewed articles on islet biology were published in 2021. Herein, we highlight noteworthy advances in islet research between January 2021 and April 2022, focussing on 5 areas. First, we discuss new insights into the role of glucokinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase-kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and mitochondrial function on insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell, provided by new genetically modified mouse models and live imaging. We then discuss a new connection between lipid handling and improved insulin secretion in the context of glucotoxicity, focussing on fatty acid-binding protein 4 and fetuin-A. Advances in high-throughput "omic" analysis evolved to where one can generate more finely tuned genetic and molecular profiles within broad classifications of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Next, we highlight breakthroughs in diabetes treatment using stem cell-derived β cells and innovative strategies to improve islet survival posttransplantation. Last, we update our understanding of the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection on pancreatic islet function and discuss current evidence regarding proposed links between COVID and new-onset diabetes. We address these breakthroughs in 2 settings: one for a scientific audience and the other for the public, particularly those living with or affected by diabetes. Bridging biomedical research in diabetes to the community living with or affected by diabetes, our partners living with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes also provide their perspectives on these latest advances in islet biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahari Basu
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vriti Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ma Enrica Angela Ching
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Dostie
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana Greenberg
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marley Greenberg
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiwon Hahm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Zoe Hilton
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista Lamb
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emelien M Jentz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matt Larsen
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra A A Locatelli
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Energy Substrate Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - MaryAnn Maloney
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Farida Mersali
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adhiyat Najam
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ishnoor Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Weisz
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Wong
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter A Senior
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Medicine, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Center for Cardiometabolic Health, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Energy Substrate Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Cholesterol Redistribution in Pancreatic β-Cells: A Flexible Path to Regulate Insulin Secretion. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020224. [PMID: 36830593 PMCID: PMC9953638 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells, by secreting insulin, play a key role in the control of glucose homeostasis, and their dysfunction is the basis of diabetes development. The metabolic milieu created by high blood glucose and lipids is known to play a role in this process. In the last decades, cholesterol has attracted significant attention, not only because it critically controls β-cell function but also because it is the target of lipid-lowering therapies proposed for preventing the cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Despite the remarkable progress, understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for cholesterol-mediated β-cell function remains an open and attractive area of investigation. Studies indicate that β-cells not only regulate the total cholesterol level but also its redistribution within organelles, a process mediated by vesicular and non-vesicular transport. The aim of this review is to summarize the most current view of how cholesterol homeostasis is maintained in pancreatic β-cells and to provide new insights on the mechanisms by which cholesterol is dynamically distributed among organelles to preserve their functionality. While cholesterol may affect virtually any activity of the β-cell, the intent of this review is to focus on early steps of insulin synthesis and secretion, an area still largely unexplored.
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14
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Horii T, Kozawa J, Fujita Y, Kawata S, Ozawa H, Ishibashi C, Yoneda S, Nammo T, Miyagawa JI, Eguchi H, Shimomura I. Lipid droplet accumulation in β cells in patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and β cell dysfunction involving decreased insulin granules. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:996716. [PMID: 36204103 PMCID: PMC9530467 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.996716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pancreatic fat is a form of ectopic fat. Lipid droplets (LDs) are also observed in β cells; however, the pathophysiological significance, especially for β cell function, has not been elucidated. Our aim was to assess LD accumulation in β cells in various stages of glucose intolerance and to clarify its relationship with clinical and histological parameters. METHODS We examined 42 Japanese patients who underwent pancreatectomy. The BODIPY493/503-positive (BODIPY-positive) area in β cells was measured in pancreatic sections from 32 patients. The insulin granule numbers were counted in an additional 10 patients using electron microscopy. RESULTS The BODIPY-positive area in β cells in preexisting type 2 diabetes patients was higher than that in normal glucose tolerance patients (p = 0.031). The BODIPY-positive area in β cells was positively correlated with age (r = 0.45, p = 0.0097), HbA1c (r = 0.38, p = 0.0302), fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.37, p = 0.045), and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (r = 0.41, p = 0.049) and negatively correlated with an increase in the C-peptide immunoreactivity level by the glucagon test (r = -0.59, p = 0.018). The ratio of mature insulin granule number to total insulin granule number was reduced in the patients with rich LD accumulation in β cells (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes patients had high LD accumulation in β cells, which was associated with insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, aging and β cell dysfunction involving decreased mature insulin granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Horii
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Junji Kozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Junji Kozawa,
| | - Yukari Fujita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawata
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Ozawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Lifestyle Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Chisaki Ishibashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Yoneda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Yoneda Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Nammo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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