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Baptista LC, Wilson L, Barnes S, Anton SD, Buford TW. Effects of resveratrol on changes in trimethylamine-N-oxide and circulating cardiovascular factors following exercise training among older adults. Exp Gerontol 2024; 194:112479. [PMID: 38871236 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut-derived metabolite associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In preclinical and observational studies, resveratrol and exercise training have been suggested as potential strategies to reduce the systemic levels of TMAO. However, evidence from experimental studies in humans remains unknown. This project examined the dose-dependent effects of a combined resveratrol intervention with exercise training on circulating TMAO and other related metabolite signatures in older adults with high CVD risk. METHODS Forty-one older adults [mean (±SD) age of 72.1 (6.8) years] participated in a 12-week supervised center-based, multi-component exercise training intervention [2×/week; 80 min/session] and were randomized to one of two resveratrol dosages [Low: 500 vs. High:1000 mg/day] or a cellulose-based placebo. Serum/plasma were collected at baseline and post-intervention and evaluated for TMAO and associated analytes. RESULTS After the 12-week intervention, TMAO concentration increased over time, regardless of treatment [mean (±SD) Placebo: 11262 (±3970); Low:13252 (±1193); High: 12661(±3359) AUC; p = 0.04]. Each resveratrol dose produced different changes in metabolite signatures. Low dose resveratrol upregulated metabolites associated with bile acids biosynthesis (i.e., glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, and glycocholic acid). High dose resveratrol modulated metabolites enriched for glycolysis, and pyruvate, propanoate, β-alanine, and tryptophan metabolism. Different communities tightly correlated to TMAO and resveratrol metabolites were associated with the lipid and vascular inflammatory clinical markers [|r| > 0.4, p < 0.05]. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a distinct dose-dependent adaptation response to resveratrol supplementation on circulating metabolite signatures but not on TMAO among high-risk CVD older adults when combined with an exercise training intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C Baptista
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; USA.
| | - Landon Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; USA; Birmingham/Atlanta VA GRECC, Birmingham VA Medical Center; Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Wean J, Baranwal S, Miller N, Shin JH, O'Rourke RW, Burant CF, Seeley RJ, Rothberg AE, Bozadjieva-Kramer N. Gut-muscle communication links FGF19 levels to the loss of lean muscle mass following rapid weight loss. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2024; 50:101570. [PMID: 39134173 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2024.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Optimal weight loss involves decreasing adipose tissue while preserving lean muscle mass. Identifying molecular mediators that preserve lean muscle mass is therefore a clinically important goal. We have shown that circulating, postprandial FGF19 levels are lower in patients with obesity and decrease further with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and MASLD. Preclinical studies have shown that FGF15 (mouse ortholog of human FGF19) is necessary to protect against lean muscle mass loss following metabolic surgery-induced weight loss in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We evaluated if non-surgical weight loss interventions also lead to increased systemic levels of FGF19 and whether FGF19 levels are predictive of lean muscle mass following rapid weight loss in human subjects with obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Weight loss was induced in 176 subjects with obesity via a very low-energy diet, VLED (800 kcal/d) in the form of total liquid meal replacement for 3-4 months. We measured plasma FGF19 levels at baseline and following VLED-induced weight loss. Multiple linear regression was performed to assess if FGF19 levels were predictive of lean mass at baseline (obesity) and following VLED. RESULTS Postprandial levels of FGF19 increased significantly following VLED-weight loss. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that baseline (obesity) FGF19 levels, but not post VLED FGF19 levels, significantly predicted the percent of lean muscle mass after VLED-induced weight loss, while controlling for age, sex, and the baseline percent lean mass. CONCLUSION These data identify gut-muscle communication and FGF19 as a potentially important mediator of the preservation of lean muscle mass during rapid weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wean
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Salisha Baranwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicole Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Charles F Burant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy E Rothberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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3
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Li Y, Dai C, Yang H, Zeng H, Ruan Y, Dai M, Hao J, Wang L, Yan X, Ji F. Cross-sectional and Mendelian randomization study of fibroblast growth factor 19 reveals causal associations with metabolic diseases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024. [PMID: 39091021 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is an intestinal-derived factor that plays a role in metabolic diseases. We performed a differential study of circulating FGF19 levels and investigated the causal effects of FGF19 on metabolic diseases using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS Firstly, 958 subjects were included in the physical examination center of affiliated hospital from January 2019 to January 2021. Dividing the subjects into different subgroups to compare FGF19 levels. We conducted a two-sample MR analysis of genetically predicted circulating FGF19 in relation to alcohol, cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers and diseases, and liver function biomarkers using publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics data. RESULTS The circulating FGF19 levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients were lower than those without NAFLD (P < 0.001). The FGF19 levels in participants with obese were lower than those without obese (P < 0.001). In two-sample MR analyses, genetically predicted higher circulating FGF19 levels was significantly associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and C-reactive protein concentrations (P < 0.05) and a negative correlation with cardiovascular disease and cirrhosis whereas a positive association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study found that circulating FGF19 levels were lower in NAFLD and obese populations. Additionally, our MR research results support the causal effects of FGF19 on improved liver function, lipids, and reduced the occurrence of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cirrhosis. We found a positive correlation with diabetes, which may indicate a compensatory increase in regulating above FGF19 resistance states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changyong Dai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiqing Yang
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huang Zeng
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingjia Dai
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jungui Hao
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Yan
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Infection and Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Bertolini A, Bloks VW, Wilmink M, Bos E, van de Peppel IP, Eilers R, Prins S, Thomas R, de Bruin A, Verkade H, Jonker JW. Treatment of intestinal and liver features in cystic fibrosis mice by the osmotic laxative polyethylene glycol. J Cyst Fibros 2024; 23:461-473. [PMID: 37775443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease affecting multiple organs, primarily the lungs and digestive system. Improved pulmonary management significantly improved life expectancy of CF patients. As a result, extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal and liver-related symptoms, have become more relevant. We previously reported that the osmotic laxative polyethylene glycol (PEG), which hydrates the CF gut, decreased fecal bile acid loss in a CF knockout mouse model. In the current study we investigated the effect of PEG on intestinal fat and cholesterol absorption and on CF-related liver features in a CF mouse model with the most common CF-causing mutation. METHODS CftrΔF508/ΔF508 (n=13) and wild-type (WT) (n=12) mice were treated with PEG for 2 weeks. The intestinal and hepatic effects of PEG were assessed by analysis of intestinal bile acid, cholesterol, and fat fluxes, transcriptome analysis as well as histology. RESULTS PEG improved intestinal malabsorption of bile acids, fat, and cholesterol in CftrΔF508/ΔF508 mice. Transcriptome analysis showed that PEG partially restored the intestinal signaling of nuclear receptors RXR, FXR, and CAR/PXR, which are involved in bile acid and xenobiotic metabolism. PEG also reduced liver inflammation in CF mice as assessed by transcriptome and histological analyses. CONCLUSIONS PEG, a non-absorbable osmotic laxative, improved intestinal nutrient absorption, intestinal bile acid and xenobiotic signaling, as well as CF-related liver features. These findings highlight the potential for osmotic laxation to improve gastrointestinal complications of CF in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijn Wilmink
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roos Eilers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sake Prins
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henkjan Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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6
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Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Shin JH, Li Z, Rupp AC, Miller N, Kernodle S, Lanthier N, Henry P, Seshadri N, Myronovych A, MacDougald OA, O’Rourke RW, Kohli R, Burant CF, Rothberg AE, Seeley RJ. Intestinal FGF15 regulates bile acid and cholesterol metabolism but not glucose and energy balance. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174164. [PMID: 38587078 PMCID: PMC11128213 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19, mouse/human ortholog) is expressed in the ileal enterocytes of the small intestine and released postprandially in response to bile acid absorption. Previous reports of FGF15-/- mice have limited our understanding of gut-specific FGF15's role in metabolism. Therefore, we studied the role of endogenous gut-derived FGF15 in bile acid, cholesterol, glucose, and energy balance. We found that circulating levels of FGF19 were reduced in individuals with obesity and comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Gene expression analysis of ileal FGF15-positive cells revealed differential expression during the obesogenic state. We fed standard chow or a high-fat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-inducing diet to control and intestine-derived FGF15-knockout (FGF15INT-KO) mice. Control and FGF15INT-KO mice gained similar body weight and adiposity and did not show genotype-specific differences in glucose, mixed meal, pyruvate, and glycerol tolerance. FGF15INT-KO mice had increased systemic bile acid levels but decreased cholesterol levels, pointing to a primary role for gut-derived FGF15 in regulating bile acid and cholesterol metabolism when exposed to obesogenic diet. These studies show that intestinal FGF15 plays a specific role in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism regulation but is not essential for energy and glucose balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | | | - Ziru Li
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Alan C. Rupp
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole Miller
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, Saint-Luc University Clinics, and
- Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulina Henry
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert W. O’Rourke
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Surgery and
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy E. Rothberg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Soares GM, Balbo SL, Bronczek GA, Vettorazzi JF, Marmentini C, Zangerolamo L, Velloso LA, Carneiro EM. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy improves glucose-insulin homeostasis by enhancing β-cell function and survival via FGF15/19. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E134-E147. [PMID: 38117265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) restores glucose homeostasis in obese mice and humans. In addition, the increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15/19 circulating level postsurgery has been implicated in this effect. However, the impact of FGF15/19 on pancreatic islets remains unclear. Using a diet-induced obese mice model, we demonstrate that VSG attenuates insulin hypersecretion in isolated pancreatic islets, likely due to morphological alterations in the endocrine pancreas such as reduction in islet, β-cell, and α-cell mass. In addition, VSG relieves gene expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation markers in islets from obese mice. Incubation of INS-1E β-cells with serum from obese mice induced dysfunction and cell death, whereas these conditions were not induced with serum from obese mice submitted to VSG, implicating the involvement of a humoral factor. Indeed, VSG increased FGF15 circulating levels in obese mice, as well as the expression of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and its coreceptor β-klotho (Klb), both in pancreatic islets from VSG mice and in INS-1E cells treated with the serum from these mice. Moreover, exposing INS-1E cells to an FGFR inhibitor abolished the effects of VSG serum on insulin secretion and cell death. Also, recombinant FGF19 prevents INS-1E cells from dysfunction and death induced by serum from obese mice. These findings indicate that the amelioration of glucose-insulin homeostasis promoted by VSG is mediated, at least in part, by FGF15/19. Therefore, approaches promoting FGF15/19 release or action may restore pancreatic islet function in obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) decreases insulin secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation in pancreatic islets from obese mice. In addition, VSG increased fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15 circulating levels in obese mice, as well as the expression of FGF receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and its coreceptor β-klotho (Klb), both in pancreatic islets from VSG mice and in INS-1E β-cells treated with the serum from these mice. Serum from operated mice protects INS-1E cells from dysfunction and apoptosis, which was mediated by FGF15/19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Soares
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sandra L Balbo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Bronczek
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jean F Vettorazzi
- Latin-American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin-American Integration (UNILA), Foz do Iguacu, Brazil
| | - Carine Marmentini
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Phan P, Sonnaila S, Ternier G, Edirisinghe O, Okoto PS, Kumar TKS. Overexpression and Purification of Mitogenic and Metabolic Fibroblast Growth Factors. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:151-181. [PMID: 38315365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are proteins with a vast array of biological activity, such as cell development and repair, glucose and bile acid metabolisms, and wound healing. Due to their critical and diverse physiological functions, FGFs are believed to possess potential as therapeutic agents for many diseases and conditions that warrant further investigations. Thus, a simple, cost-efficient method to purify these biologically active signaling proteins is desirable. Herein, we introduce such techniques to purify FGFs that possess either high heparin-binding affinity or low to no heparin-binding affinity. This method takes advantage of the high affinity toward heparin sulfate from paracrine FGF1 to isolate the targeted protein. It also accounts for FGF members that have low heparin affinity, such as the metabolic FGFs, by introducing poly-histidine tags in the recombinant protein in combination with the immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Subsequently, the purified FGF products are separated from the other small protein by high-speed centrifugation. Products are then subjected to other biophysical experiments like SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and biological cell activity assay to confirm that the target proteins are purified with intact native conformation and no significant change in the intrinsic characteristics and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Phan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Shivakumar Sonnaila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Gaetane Ternier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Oshadi Edirisinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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9
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Xiong H, Ye J, Luo Q, Li W, Xu N, Yang H. Exosomal EIF5A derived from Lewis lung carcinoma induced adipocyte wasting in cancer cachexia. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110901. [PMID: 37743008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a systemic inflammation-driven syndrome, characterized by muscle atrophy and adipose tissue wasting, with progressive weight loss leading to serious impairment of physiological function. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells play a significant role in adipocyte lipolysis, yet the mechanism remain uneclucidated. In this study, EVs derived from Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were extracted and characterized. 3T3-L1 and HIB1B adipocytes were cultured with conditioned medium or EVs from LLC, and LLC cells were used to establish a cancer cachexia mouse model. EVs derived from LLC cells were taken up by 3T3-L1 and HIB1B adipocytes, and derived exosomal EIF5A protein-induced lipolysis of adipocytes. High level of EIF5A was expressed in EVs from LLC cells, exosomal EIF5A is linked to lipid metabolism. Elevated expression of EIF5A is associated with shorter overall survival in lung cancer patients. Western blots, glycerol release and Oil red O staining assays were used to evaluate lipolysis of adipocytes. The reduction of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 and HIB1B adipocytes is achieved through silencing EIF5A or treating with pharmacologic inhibitor GC7 in vitro, and suppressing the expression of EIF5A in LLC cells by infected with shRNA or GC7 treatment partly alleviated white and brown adipose tissue lipolysis in vivo. Mechanistically, EIF5A directly binds with G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) mRNA to promote its translation and then activates cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway to induce lipolysis. This study demonstrates that exosomal EIF5A from LLC cells, with hypusinated EIF5A, has a lipolytic effect on adipocyte and adipose tissues in cancer cachexia model. Exosomal EIF5A could be involved in lipolysis and these findings indicate that a novel regulator and potential target for cachexia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Xiong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Ye
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Morón-Ros S, Blasco-Roset A, Navarro-Gascon A, Rupérez C, Zamora M, Crispi F, Uriarte I, Fernández-Barrena MG, Avila M, Ferrer-Curriu G, Lupón J, Bayés-Genis A, Villarroya F, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Planavila A. A new FGF15/19-mediated gut-to-heart axis controls cardiac hypertrophy. J Pathol 2023; 261:335-348. [PMID: 37650293 DOI: 10.1002/path.6193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
FGF15 and its human orthologue, FGF19, are members of the endocrine FGF family and are secreted by ileal enterocytes in response to bile acids. FGF15/19 mainly targets the liver, but recent studies indicate that it also regulates skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue plasticity. The aim of this study was to determine the role(s) of the enterokine FGF15/19 during the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Studies in a cohort of humans suffering from heart failure showed increased circulating levels of FGF19 compared with control individuals. We found that mice lacking FGF15 did not develop cardiac hypertrophy in response to three different pathophysiological stimuli (high-fat diet, isoproterenol, or cold exposure). The heart weight/tibia length ratio and the cardiomyocyte area (as measures of cardiac hypertrophy development) under hypertrophy-inducing conditions were lower in Fgf15-null mice than in wild-type mice, whereas the levels of the cardiac damage marker atrial natriuretic factor (Nppa) were up-regulated. Echocardiographic measurements showed similar results. Moreover, the genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were down-regulated in Fgf15-null mice. Conversely, experimental increases in FGF15 induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo, without changes in Nppa and up-regulation of metabolic genes. Finally, in vitro studies using cardiomyocytes showed that FGF19 had a direct effect on these cells promoting hypertrophy. We have identified herein an inter-organ signaling pathway that runs from the gut to the heart, acts through the enterokine FGF15/19, and is involved in cardiac hypertrophy development and regulation of fatty acid metabolism in the myocardium. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Morón-Ros
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Blasco-Roset
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Artur Navarro-Gascon
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Rupérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Zamora
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clinic and Hospital San Juan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatalogia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Crispi
- Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clinic and Hospital San Juan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatalogia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite G Fernández-Barrena
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias Avila
- Hepatology Program, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Ferrer-Curriu
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep Lupón
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genis
- Heart Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, CIBERCV, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Wooton-Kee CR. Therapeutic implications of impaired nuclear receptor function and dysregulated metabolism in Wilson's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108529. [PMID: 37741465 PMCID: PMC10841433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that is required for the activity of many enzymes and cellular processes, including energy homeostasis and neurotransmitter biosynthesis; however, excess copper accumulation results in significant cellular toxicity. The liver is the major organ for maintaining copper homeostasis. Inactivating mutations of the copper-transporting P-type ATPase, ATP7B, result in Wilson's disease, an autosomal recessive disorder that requires life-long medicinal therapy or liver transplantation. Current treatment protocols are limited to either sequestration of copper via chelation or reduction of copper absorption in the gut (zinc therapy). The goal of these strategies is to reduce free copper, redox stress, and cellular toxicity. Several lines of evidence in Wilson's disease animal models and patients have revealed altered hepatic metabolism and impaired hepatic nuclear receptor activity. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that coordinate hepatic metabolism in normal and diseased livers, and several hepatic nuclear receptors have decreased activity in Wilson's disease and Atp7b-/- models. In this review, we summarize the basic physiology that underlies Wilson's disease pathology, Wilson's disease animal models, and the possibility of targeting nuclear receptor activity in Wilson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clavia Ruth Wooton-Kee
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics-Nutrition, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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12
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Chen H, Li J, Pi C, Guo D, Zhang D, Zhou X, Xie J. FGF19 induces the cell cycle arrest at G2-phase in chondrocytes. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:250. [PMID: 37454120 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has appeared as a new possible avenue in the treatment of skeletal metabolic disorders. However, the role of FGF19 on cell cycle progression in skeletal system is poorly understood. Here we demonstrated that FGF19 had the ability to reduce the proliferation of chondrocytes and cause cell cycle G2 phase arrest through its interaction with β-Klotho (KLB), an important accessory protein that helps FGF19 link to its receptor. FGF19-mediated cell cycle arrest by regulating the expressions of cdk1/cylinb1, chk1 and gadd45a. We then confirmed that the binding of FGF19 to the membrane receptor FGFR4 was necessary for FGF19-mediated cell cycle arrest, and further proved that FGF19-mediated cell cycle arrest was via activation of p38/MAPK signaling. Through inhibitor experiments, we discovered that inhibition of FGFR4 led to down-regulation of p38 signaling even in the presence of FGF19. Meanwhile, inhibiting p38 signaling reduced the cell cycle arrest of chondrocytes induced by FGF19. Furthermore, blocking p38 signaling facilitated to retain the expression of cdk1 and cyclinb1 that had been reduced in chondrocytes by FGF19 and decreased the expression of chk1 and gadd45a that had been enhanced by FGF19 in chondrocytes. Taking together, this study is the first to demonstrate that FGF19 induces cell cycle arrest at G2 phase via FGFR4-p38/MAPK axis and enlarges our understanding about the role of FGF19 on cell cycle progression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiazhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Daimo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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13
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Carson MD, Warner AJ, Geiser VL, Hathaway-Schrader JD, Alekseyenko AV, Marshall J, Westwater C, Novince CM. Prolonged Antibiotic Exposure during Adolescence Dysregulates Liver Metabolism and Promotes Adiposity in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:796-812. [PMID: 36906264 PMCID: PMC10284030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic administration during early life has been shown to have lasting effects on the gut microbiota, which have been linked to sustained alterations in liver metabolism and adiposity. Recent investigations have discerned that the gut microbiota continues to develop toward an adult-like profile during adolescence. However, the impact of antibiotic exposure during adolescence on metabolism and adiposity is unclear. Herein, a retrospective analysis of Medicaid claims data was performed, which indicated that tetracycline class antibiotics are commonly prescribed for the systemic treatment of adolescent acne. The purpose of this was to discern the impact of a prolonged tetracycline antibiotic exposure during adolescence on the gut microbiota, liver metabolism, and adiposity. Male C57BL/6T specific pathogen-free mice were administered a tetracycline antibiotic during the pubertal/postpubertal adolescent growth phase. Groups were euthanized at different time points to assess immediate and sustained antibiotic treatment effects. Antibiotic exposure during adolescence caused lasting genera-level shifts in the intestinal bacteriome and persistent dysregulation of metabolic pathways in the liver. Dysregulated hepatic metabolism was linked to sustained disruption of the intestinal farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 axis, a gut-liver endocrine axis that supports metabolic homeostasis. Antibiotic exposure during adolescence increased subcutaneous, visceral, and marrow adiposity, which intriguingly manifested following antibiotic therapy. This preclinical work highlights that prolonged antibiotic courses for the clinical treatment of adolescent acne may have unintended deleterious effects on liver metabolism and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Carson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amy J Warner
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Vincenza L Geiser
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Biomedical Informatics Center, Program for Human Microbiome Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Julie Marshall
- Division of Population Oral Health, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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14
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Tang M, Cheng S, Wang L, Tang H, Liu T, Zhao T, Dang R. Decreased FGF19 and FGF21: possible underlying common pathogenic mechanism of metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in depression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165443. [PMID: 37266540 PMCID: PMC10229787 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating studies suggested that major depressive disorder (MDD) was closely related to metabolic syndrome (MetS). Important endogenous regulators fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 19 and 21 were also reported to participate in psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the role of FGF19 and FGF21 in MDD and to explore the possible pathogenic mechanism of metabolic and cognitive dysregulation in depression. Methods A total of 59 MDD patients and 55 healthy control participants were recruited. The serum levels of FGF19 and FGF21 and lipid profiles were measured by means of enzymatic methods. Cognitive function was measured by repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) scores. The gene expression of PGC-1α and FNDC5 was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results We found that plasma FGF19 and FGF21 levels were significantly decreased in patients with MDD. Meanwhile, triglyceride (TG) was significantly elevated and PGC-1α was significantly downregulated in MDD patients. Correlation analyses showed negative associations between TG and FGF19 levels. As for cognitive performance, both FGF19 and FGF21 levels were positively correlated with immediate memory. However, FGF19 levels were negatively correlated with language, and FGF21 levels were also negatively correlated with attention and delayed memory. Additionally, negative associations were found between FGF19 levels and PGC-1α. FGF21 levels were positively associated with PGC-1α and negatively associated with FNDC5. Conclusion This study elucidated the role of FGF19 and FGF21 in MDD. MDD patients were confirmed to have metabolic and cognitive dysregulation, and this abnormality was linked to the decreased concentrations of FGF19 and FGF21 through the PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway. Our results showed that the alterations of FGF19 and FGF21 levels may be a common pathogenic mechanism of metabolic and cognitive disturbances in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuqiao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Translational Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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15
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Yang Z, Wang L. Current, emerging, and potential therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1152042. [PMID: 37063264 PMCID: PMC10097909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1152042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been identified as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, with a growing incidence. NAFLD is considered the hepatic manifestation of a metabolic syndrome that emerges from multiple factors (e.g., oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell death, and inflammation). Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of NAFLD, has been reported to be a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma, and it is progressing rapidly. Since there is no approved pharmacotherapy for NASH, a considerable number of therapeutic targets have emerged with the deepening of the research on NASH pathogenesis. In this study, the therapeutic potential and properties of regulating metabolism, the gut microbiome, antioxidant, microRNA, inhibiting apoptosis, targeting ferroptosis, and stem cell-based therapy in NASH are reviewed and evaluated. Since the single-drug treatment of NASH is affected by individual heterogeneous responses and side effects, it is imperative to precisely carry out targeted therapy with low toxicity. Lastly, targeted therapeutic agent delivery based on exosomes is proposed in this study, such that drugs with different mechanisms can be incorporated to generate high-efficiency and low-toxicity individualized medicine.
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16
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Mancin L, Wu GD, Paoli A. Gut microbiota-bile acid-skeletal muscle axis. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:254-269. [PMID: 36319506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota represents a 'metabolic organ' that can regulate human metabolism. Intact gut microbiota contributes to host homeostasis, whereas compositional perturbations, termed dysbiosis, are associated with a wide range of diseases. Recent evidence demonstrates that dysbiosis, and the accompanying loss of microbiota-derived metabolites, results in a substantial alteration of skeletal muscle metabolism. As an example, bile acids, produced in the liver and further metabolized by intestinal microbiota, are of considerable interest since they regulate several host metabolic pathways by activating nuclear receptors, including the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Indeed, alteration of gut microbiota may lead to skeletal muscle atrophy via a bile acid-FXR pathway. This Review aims to suggest a new pathway that connects different mechanisms, involving the gut-muscle axis, that are often seen as unrelated, and, starting from preclinical studies, we hypothesize new strategies aimed at optimizing skeletal muscle functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mancin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Human Inspired Technology Research Center HIT, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Human Inspired Technology Research Center HIT, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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17
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Jin L, Yang R, Geng L, Xu A. Fibroblast Growth Factor-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Metabolic Complications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:359-382. [PMID: 36100222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032322-093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which comprises 22 structurally related proteins, plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and metabolism. Among them, two classical members (FGF1 and FGF4) and two endocrine members (FGF19 and FGF21) are important regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis, glucose/lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of these FGFs for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several genetically engineered FGF19 and FGF21 analogs with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed and progressed into various stages of clinical trials. These FGF analogs are effective in alleviating hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis in biopsy-confirmed NASH patients, whereas their antidiabetic and antiobesity effects are mildand vary greatly in different clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances in biopharmaceutical development of FGF-based therapies against obesity-related metabolic complications, highlights major challenges in clinical implementation, and discusses possible strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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18
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Carson MD, Warner AJ, Hathaway-Schrader JD, Geiser VL, Kim J, Gerasco JE, Hill WD, Lemasters JJ, Alekseyenko AV, Wu Y, Yao H, Aguirre JI, Westwater C, Novince CM. Minocycline-induced disruption of the intestinal FXR/FGF15 axis impairs osteogenesis in mice. JCI Insight 2023; 8:160578. [PMID: 36413391 PMCID: PMC9870091 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-induced shifts in the indigenous gut microbiota influence normal skeletal maturation. Current theory implies that gut microbiota actions on bone occur through a direct gut/bone signaling axis. However, our prior work supports that a gut/liver signaling axis contributes to gut microbiota effects on bone. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of minocycline, a systemic antibiotic treatment for adolescent acne, on pubertal/postpubertal skeletal maturation. Sex-matched specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) C57BL/6T mice were administered a clinically relevant minocycline dose from age 6-12 weeks. Minocycline caused dysbiotic shifts in the gut bacteriome and impaired skeletal maturation in SPF mice but did not alter the skeletal phenotype in GF mice. Minocycline administration in SPF mice disrupted the intestinal farnesoid X receptor/fibroblast growth factor 15 axis, a gut/liver endocrine axis supporting systemic bile acid homeostasis. Minocycline-treated SPF mice had increased serum conjugated bile acids that were farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists, suppressed osteoblast function, decreased bone mass, and impaired bone microarchitecture and fracture resistance. Stimulating osteoblasts with the serum bile acid profile from minocycline-treated SPF mice recapitulated the suppressed osteogenic phenotype found in vivo, which was mediated through attenuated FXR signaling. This work introduces bile acids as a potentially novel mediator of gut/liver signaling actions contributing to gut microbiota effects on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Carson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine.,Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Amy J Warner
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine.,Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine.,Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Vincenza L Geiser
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine.,Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Joseph Kim
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine.,Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine
| | - Joy E Gerasco
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine
| | - John J Lemasters
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine
| | - Alexander V Alekseyenko
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Biomedical Informatics Center, Program for Human Microbiome Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine.,Department of Healthcare Leadership and Management, College of Health Professions; and
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - J Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, College of Medicine.,Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine
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19
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Zhang Y, Wu T, Wang Y, Chen Z, Chen J, Lu S, Xia W. Reciprocal FGF19-GLI2 signaling induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition to promote lung squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:437-450. [PMID: 36598638 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. As yet, however, the molecular mechanism underlying LUSC metastasis remains elusive. In this study, we report a novel mechanism involving signaling interactions between FGF19 and GLI2 that could drive the progression of LUSC. METHODS The expression of FGF19 in human LUSC samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The concentration of FGF19 in serum samples was assessed by ELISA. RNA sequencing, scratch wound-healing, trans-well, GO analysis, GSEA, luciferase reporter, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays, as well as an animal model were used to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying FGF19 driven LUSC progression. The therapeutic effect of a GLI2 inhibitor was determined using both in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments. RESULTS We found that FGF19, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, plays a crucial role in the invasion and metastasis of LUSC, and identified GLI2 as an important downstream effector of FGF19 involved in metastasis. Surprisingly, we found that FGF19 and GLI2 could reciprocally induce the expression of each other, and form a positive feedback loop to promote LUSC cell invasion and metastasis. These findings were corroborated by an association between a poor prognosis of LUSC patients and FGF19/GLI2 co-expression. In addition, we found that the GLI inhibitor GANT61 could effectively reduce FGF19-mediated LUSC invasion and metastasis. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that FGF19 may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting metastatic LUSC. Intervening with the FGF19-GLI2 feedback loop may be a strategy for the treatment of FGF19-driven LUSC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030, Shanghai, China.
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Di Ciaula A, Bonfrate L, Baj J, Khalil M, Garruti G, Stellaard F, Wang HH, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Recent Advances in the Digestive, Metabolic and Therapeutic Effects of Farnesoid X Receptor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 19: From Cholesterol to Bile Acid Signaling. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234950. [PMID: 36500979 PMCID: PMC9738051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are amphiphilic molecules synthesized in the liver (primary BA) starting from cholesterol. In the small intestine, BA act as strong detergents for emulsification, solubilization and absorption of dietary fat, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins. Primary BA escaping the active ileal re-absorption undergo the microbiota-dependent biotransformation to secondary BA in the colon, and passive diffusion into the portal vein towards the liver. BA also act as signaling molecules able to play a systemic role in a variety of metabolic functions, mainly through the activation of nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in the intestine, gallbladder, and liver. BA homeostasis is tightly controlled by a complex interplay with the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the enterokine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) or the human ortholog FGF19 (FGF19). Circulating FGF19 to the FGFR4/β-Klotho receptor causes smooth muscle relaxation and refilling of the gallbladder. In the liver the binding activates the FXR-small heterodimer partner (SHP) pathway. This step suppresses the unnecessary BA synthesis and promotes the continuous enterohepatic circulation of BAs. Besides BA homeostasis, the BA-FXR-FGF19 axis governs several metabolic processes, hepatic protein, and glycogen synthesis, without inducing lipogenesis. These pathways can be disrupted in cholestasis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, targeting FXR activity can represent a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention and the treatment of liver and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-4687215
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Gao R, Meng X, Xue Y, Mao M, Liu Y, Tian X, Sui B, Li X, Zhang P. Bile acids-gut microbiota crosstalk contributes to the improvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027212. [PMID: 36386219 PMCID: PMC9640995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurs that cannot effectively use the insulin. Insulin Resistance (IR) is a significant characteristic of T2DM which is also an essential treatment target in blood glucose regulation to prevent T2DM and its complications. Bile acids (BAs) are one group of bioactive metabolites synthesized from cholesterol in liver. BAs play an important role in mutualistic symbiosis between host and gut microbiota. It is shown that T2DM is associated with altered bile acid metabolism which can be regulated by gut microbiota. Simultaneously, BAs also reshape gut microbiota and improve IR and T2DM in the bidirectional communications of the gut-liver axis. This article reviewed the findings on the interaction between BAs and gut microbiota in improving T2DM, which focused on gut microbiota and its debinding function and BAs regulated gut microbiota through FXR/TGR5. Meanwhile, BAs and their derivatives that are effective for improving T2DM and other treatments based on bile acid metabolism were also summarized. This review highlighted that BAs play a critical role in the glucose metabolism and may serve as therapeutic targets in T2DM, providing a reference for discovering and screening novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Gao
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yili Xue
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Mao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuewen Tian
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Sui
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Xun Li
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- School of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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22
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bi L, He Z, Shao C, Jin L, Peng R, Zhang X. Advances in FGFs for diabetes care applications. Life Sci 2022; 310:121015. [PMID: 36179818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine and metabolic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors and behavior. In recent decades, the number of cases and the prevalence of diabetes have steadily increased, and it has become one of the most threatening diseases to human health in the world. Currently, insulin is the most effective and direct way to control hyperglycemia for diabetes treatment at a low cost. However, hypoglycemia is often a common complication of insulin treatment. Moreover, with the extension of treatment time, insulin resistance, considered the typical adverse symptom, can appear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new targets and more effective and safer drugs for diabetes treatment to avoid adverse reactions and the insulin tolerance of traditional hypoglycemic drugs. SCOPE OF REVIEW In recent years, it has been found that some fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF1, FGF19 and FGF21, can safely and effectively reduce hyperglycemia and have the potential to be developed as new drugs for the treatment of diabetes. FGF23 is also closely related to diabetes and its complications, which provides a new approach for regulating blood glucose and solving the problem of insulin tolerance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This article reviews the research progress on the physiology and pharmacology of fibroblast growth factor in the treatment of diabetes. We focus on the application of FGFs in diabetes care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yaoqi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liuliu Bi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Lishui Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Chrysavgis L, Giannakodimos I, Chatzigeorgiou A, Tziomalos K, Papatheodoridis G, Cholongitas E. The role of fibroblast growth factor 19 in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:835-849. [PMID: 36124827 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2127408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the predominant cause of chronic liver injury worldwide. Bile acids and their receptors are profoundly implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. AREAS COVERED We conducted extensive literature search using PubMed database, and we summarized the relevant literature. We provided an overview of the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19)-farnesoid X receptor (FXR) axis and summarized the latest findings derived from animal and human studies concerning the impact of FGF-19 on NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION FGF-19, a nutritionally regulated endocrine post-prandial hormone, governs bile acid metabolism, lipid oxidation, lipogenesis, and energy homeostasis. As no approved medication for NAFLD exists, FGF-19 seems to be a propitious therapeutic opportunity for NAFLD, since its administration was associated with ameliorated results in hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, promising results have been derived from clinical trials concerning the beneficial efficacy of FGF-19 on histological findings and laboratory parameters of NAFLD. However, we should bear in mind the pleiotropic effects of FGF-19 on various metabolically active tissues along with its potential tumorigenic reservoir. Further clinical research is required to determine the clinical application of FGF-19-based therapies on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Chrysavgis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannakodimos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tziomalos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Yan X, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li X. The water extract of Radix scutellariae, its total flavonoids and baicalin inhibited CYP7A1 expression, improved bile acid, and glycolipid metabolism in T2DM mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115238. [PMID: 35351576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix scutellariae (the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Abundant flavonoids are the antidiabetic components of Radix scutellariae, of which baicalin (Baicalein 7-O-glucuronide, BG) is the major bioactive component. Our previous studies found that the water extract of Radix scutellariae (WESB) could exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic efficacies by adjusting the ileum FXR-medicated interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid (BA) metabolism. However, it remains unclear whether WESB and its biologically active ingredients exert an antidiabetic effect through bile acid signaling mediated by FXR-CYP7A1. AIMS OF THE STUDY To explore the mechanism of WESB and its total flavonoids (TF) further and BG on BA signals and glycolipid metabolism in T2DM mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antidiabetic effects of WESB, TF and BG were evaluated by indexing the body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in HFD/STZ-induced (high-fat diet and streptozocin) diabetic mice, and comparing them with the positive control (metformin). The lipids in the mouse liver and the total bile acids (TBA) in the mouse liver and bile were detected by commercial kits. The concentration of BAs in the mouse feces was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The protein expression levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), farnesol X receptor (FXR), etc., in the liver and/or ileum, play a key role in the BAs metabolism of T2DM mice were evaluated by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS The hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance of T2DM mice were improved after WESB, TF and BG treatment. Especially after BG administration, the levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) and total glyceride (TG) in the T2DM mouse liver were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). While the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) was significant increased (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the levels of TBA in both the liver and bile of T2DM mice were significantly decreased by BG (p < 0.05). Moreover, the high expression of CYP7A1 in the liver of T2DM mice was significantly inhibited by WESB, TF and BG (p < 0.05), and the high expression of FXR in the ileum of T2DM mice was significantly inhibited by TF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicated that the hypoglycemic effects of WESB, TF and BG might be exerted by inhibiting the expression of CYP7A1 in T2DM mice, and TF inhibited expression of intestinal FXR by inducing changes in fecal BA profile. BG significantly improved hepatic lipid metabolism. Moreover, BG reduced lipid accumulation in the liver and bile by inhibiting the expression of CYP7A1 in T2DM mice. These findings provide useful explanations for the antidiabetic mechanism of Radix scutellariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Nascè A, Gariani K, Jornayvaz FR, Szanto I. NADPH Oxidases Connecting Fatty Liver Disease, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Outlook. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061131. [PMID: 35740032 PMCID: PMC9219746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by ectopic fat accumulation in hepatocytes, is closely linked to insulin resistance and is the most frequent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One of the features connecting NAFLD, insulin resistance and T2DM is cellular oxidative stress. Oxidative stress refers to a redox imbalance due to an inequity between the capacity of production and the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the major cellular ROS sources is NADPH oxidase enzymes (NOX-es). In physiological conditions, NOX-es produce ROS purposefully in a timely and spatially regulated manner and are crucial regulators of various cellular events linked to metabolism, receptor signal transmission, proliferation and apoptosis. In contrast, dysregulated NOX-derived ROS production is related to the onset of diverse pathologies. This review provides a synopsis of current knowledge concerning NOX enzymes as connective elements between NAFLD, insulin resistance and T2DM and weighs their potential relevance as pharmacological targets to alleviate fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nascè
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.N.); (K.G.)
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.N.); (K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R. Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.N.); (K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (F.R.J.); (I.S.)
| | - Ildiko Szanto
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.N.); (K.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (F.R.J.); (I.S.)
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Current status and challenges in the drug treatment for fibrotic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1191-1199. [PMID: 34907360 PMCID: PMC9061812 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common forms of chronic hepatitis, increasing the burden of health care worldwide. In patients with NASH, the fibrosis stage is the most predictive factor of long-term events. However, there are still no drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States for treating biopsy-proven NASH with fibrosis or cirrhosis. Although some novel drugs have shown promise in preclinical studies and led to improvement in terms of hepatic fat content and steatohepatitis, a considerable proportion of them have failed to achieve histological endpoints of fibrosis improvement. Due to the large number of NASH patients and adverse clinical outcomes, the search for novel drugs is necessary. In this review, we discuss current definitions for the evaluation of treatment efficacy in fibrosis improvement for NASH patients, and we summarize novel agents in the pipeline from different mechanisms and phases of trial. We also critically review the challenges we face in the development of novel agents for fibrotic NASH and NASH cirrhosis.
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28
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Zhang Y, Wu T, Li F, Cheng Y, Han Q, Lu X, Lu S, Xia W. FGF19 Is Coamplified With CCND1 to Promote Proliferation in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Combined Inhibition Shows Improved Efficacy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846744. [PMID: 35463335 PMCID: PMC9021371 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains as a major cause of cancer-associated mortality with few therapeutic options. Continued research on new driver genes is particularly important. FGF19, a fibroblast growth factor, is frequently observed as amplified in human LUSC, which is also associated with multiple genomic gains and losses. However, the importance of these associated changes is largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to clarify a novel mechanism that link neighboring oncogene co-amplification in the development of LUSC. We found that FGF19 was co-amplified and co-expressed with its neighboring gene CCND1 in a subset of LUSC patients and associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, FGF19 combined with CCND1 promoted the cell cycle progression of LUSC cells. Mechanistically, FGF19 also enhanced CCND1 expression by activating FGFR4-ERK1/2 signaling and strengthening CCND1-induced phosphorylation and inactivation of retinoblastoma (RB). In a murine model of lung orthotopic cancer, knockdown of CCND1 was found to prolong survival by attenuating FGF19-induced cell proliferation. Furthermore, the combination treatment of the FGFR4 inhibitor BLU9931 and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib potentiated the growth inhibition and arrested cells in G1 phase. In vivo, co-targeting FGFR4 and CDK4/6 also showed marked inhibition of tumor growth than single agent treatment. These findings further elucidate the oncogenic role of FGF19 in LUSC and provide insights into how the co-amplification of neighboring genes synergistically function to promote cancer growth, and combined inhibition against both FGF19 and CCND1 is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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New insight of obesity-associated NAFLD: Dysregulated “crosstalk” between multi-organ and the liver? Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Memon N, Lee CW, Herdt A, Weinberger BI, Hegyi T, Carayannopoulos MO, Aleksunes LM, Guo GL, Griffin IJ. Suppression of Bile Acid Synthesis in a Preterm Infant Receiving Prolonged Parenteral Nutrition. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:200-203. [PMID: 35068799 PMCID: PMC8766543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acid metabolism is altered in neonates on parenteral nutrition (PN), predisposing them to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the bile acid synthesis pathway, is repressed by fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and phytosterols (PS). We describe a case of a preterm infant who developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and received exclusive PN for over 2 months. Our objective was to serially assess CYP7A1 activity and plasma FGF19 and PS concentrations in this infant case compared to five healthy preterm infants. We found that CYP7A1 activity increased during the first 2 weeks of life in control infants but was undetectable in the infant case. FGF19 concentrations were high at birth in all infants and subsequently declined and did not differ between the case and control infants. As expected, PS concentrations were elevated in the infant case and continued to increase despite lipid minimization. In conclusion, CYP7A1 activity was gradually upregulated in healthy preterm infants but remained suppressed in the infant requiring prolonged PN. Preterm infants also had elevated FGF19 concentrations at birth, which decreased with advancing postnatal age.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BA, bile acid
- C4, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholestene-3-one
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- DMG, N, N-dimethylglycine
- DOL, day of life
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- FXR, Farnesoid X receptor
- IRB, institutional review board
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- NPO, nil per os
- PN, parenteral nutrition
- PNALD, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease
- PS, phytosterols
- bile acid metabolism
- cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase
- farnesoid x receptor
- fibroblast growth factor 19
- intravenous lipid emulsion
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Memon
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA,Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA,Address for correspondence: MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ, 07962, USA. Tel.: (973) 971-5488, Fax: +(973) 290 7175.
| | - Chris W. Lee
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Aimee Herdt
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hegyi
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ian J. Griffin
- MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Morristown, NJ, USA,Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
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FGF19 protects against obesity-induced bone loss by promoting osteogenic differentiation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112524. [PMID: 34906775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has become a potential therapeutic target for metabolic-related diseases. However, the effects of FGF19 on obesity-induced bone loss have not been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of FGF19 in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice and palmitic acid (PA)-treated osteoblasts and to further explore its underlying mechanisms. In vivo, we found that FGF19 alleviated the decreased bone mineral density (BMD) induced by HFD. Micro-CT analysis of femur samples and histological analysis indicated that FGF19 alleviated HFD-induced loss of bone trabeculae and damage to the bone trabecular structure. In vitro, the results suggested that FGF19 ameliorated the PA-induced decline in osteoblast proliferation, increased cell death and impaired cell morphology. Additionally, FGF19 protected against the decline in activation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and protein expression of Collagen-1, Runx-2, and osteopontin (OPN) induced by PA. Furthermore, FGF19 might enhance osteogenic differentiation via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inhibit osteoclastogenesis by regulating the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) axis, thus attenuating the negative effect of PA in osteoblasts. In conclusion, our results suggested that FGF19 might promote osteogenic differentiation partially through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alleviate obesity-induced bone loss.
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Hypothyroidism-Associated Dyslipidemia: Potential Molecular Mechanisms Leading to NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312797. [PMID: 34884625 PMCID: PMC8657790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones control lipid metabolism by exhibiting specific effects on the liver and adipose tissue in a coordinated manner. Different diseases of the thyroid gland can result in hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is frequently associated with dyslipidemia. Hypothyroidism-associated dyslipidemia subsequently results in intrahepatic accumulation of fat, leading to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which leads to the development of hepatic insulin resistance. The prevalence of NAFLD in the western world is increasing, and evidence of its association with hypothyroidism is accumulating. Since hypothyroidism has been identified as a modifiable risk factor of NAFLD and recent data provides evidence that selective thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) agonists are effective in the treatment of dyslipidemia and NAFLD, interest in potential therapeutic options for NAFLD targeting these receptors is growing. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding clinical and molecular data exploring the association of hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia and NAFLD.
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Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents a heterogeneous group of hyperglycemic metabolic disorders that are associated with health outcomes for mothers and offspring. Currently, diagnosis of GDM is based on repetitive measurement of increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or upon results showing increased postprandial plasma glucose (PPG). Recently, it was discovered that the changes in the gut microbiome during pregnancy are associated with insulin resistance and obesity. Therefore, in this study, relevant products of gut bacteria, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and their derivatives were evaluated together with baseline body composition characteristics and common biochemical parameters in women with three different phenotypes of GDM, healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women. Plasma SCFA and their derivatives were derivatized, separated on reversed-phase liquid chromatography and detected by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OH-BA), 4-methylvalerate (4-MVA) and isovalerate (IVA), together with selected parameters associated with baseline body composition characteristics and biochemistry, were evaluated as statistically significant. 3-OH-BA, which was increased in all three groups of women with different phenotypes of GDM, reflects a ketogenic state of GDM. In all groups of pregnant women, elevated/suppressed concentrations of 4-MVA/IVA were found. These findings show the importance of monitoring SCFA and other parameters besides glucose in women with GDM.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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Zhao S, Wang D, Li Z, Xu S, Chen H, Ding W, Yang J, Zhao W, Sun B, Wang Z. FGF15/FGF19 alleviates insulin resistance and upregulates placental IRS1/GLUT expression in pregnant mice fed a high-fat diet. Placenta 2021; 112:81-88. [PMID: 34329971 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate whether FGF19 can alleviate insulin resistance and change the expression of placental IRS1/GLUTs. METHODS Mice transgenic for Fgf15 (the murine homologue of human FGF19) were constructed, and human recombinant FGF19 was administered to pregnant high-fat diet mice. Then, glycolipid metabolism parameters and the weight of foetus and placenta were observed. The expression levels of key molecules of the insulin signalling pathway and glucose transporters in placentae were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Primary trophoblasts and JAR cells were cultured in high-glucose medium, and FGF19 was added to observe its regulatory effects on IRS1/GLUTs. RESULTS Overexpressing FGF15 or exogenously administering FGF19 reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in pregnant high-fat diet mice compared to control mice (P < 0.05). FGF15/FGF19 did not significantly affect placental weight, foetal weight or litter size (P > 0.05). In addition, FGF15/FGF19 upregulated the expression of p-IRS1 and GLUT4 in the placentae of high-fat diet mice and upregulated GLUT1 levels in the placentae of normal diet-fed mice (P < 0.05), while it did not significantly alter total IRS1 and GLUT3 levels (P > 0.05). Consistent with the results of the animal experiments, FGF19 increased the expression of p-IRS1 and GLUT4 in trophoblast cells cultured in high-glucose medium (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION Overexpressing FGF15 or administering FGF19 to pregnant high-fat diet mice can improve glycolipid metabolism and alleviate systemic and local insulin resistance. The possible underlying mechanism may involve upregulation of placental expression of p-IRS1 and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhuyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuqia Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haitian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenjing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zilian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Intestinal-derived FGF15 protects against deleterious effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4768. [PMID: 34362888 PMCID: PMC8346483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgeries such as the Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) are invasive but provide the most effective improvements in obesity and Type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized a potential role for the gut hormone Fibroblast-Growth Factor 15/19 which is increased after VSG and pharmacologically can improve energy homeostasis and glucose handling. We generated intestinal-specific FGF15 knockout (FGF15INT-KO) mice which were maintained on high-fat diet. FGF15INT-KO mice lost more weight after VSG as a result of increased lean tissue loss. FGF15INT-KO mice also lost more bone density and bone marrow adipose tissue after VSG. The effect of VSG to improve glucose tolerance was also absent in FGF15INT-KO. VSG resulted in increased plasma bile acid levels but were considerably higher in VSG-FGF15INT-KO mice. These data point to an important role after VSG for intestinal FGF15 to protect the organism from deleterious effects of VSG potentially by limiting the increase in circulating bile acids. The mechanisms that mediate the effects of weight loss surgeries such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that intestinal FGF15 is necessary to improve glucose tolerance and to prevent the loss of muscle and bone mass after VSG, potentially via protection against bile acid toxicity.
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Wen J, Mercado GP, Volland A, Doden HL, Lickwar CR, Crooks T, Kakiyama G, Kelly C, Cocchiaro JL, Ridlon JM, Rawls JF. Fxr signaling and microbial metabolism of bile salts in the zebrafish intestine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1371. [PMID: 34301599 PMCID: PMC8302129 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bile salt synthesis, secretion into the intestinal lumen, and resorption in the ileum occur in all vertebrate classes. In mammals, bile salt composition is determined by host and microbial enzymes, affecting signaling through the bile salt-binding transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (Fxr). However, these processes in other vertebrate classes remain poorly understood. We show that key components of hepatic bile salt synthesis and ileal transport pathways are conserved and under control of Fxr in zebrafish. Zebrafish bile salts consist primarily of a C27 bile alcohol and a C24 bile acid that undergo multiple microbial modifications including bile acid deconjugation that augments Fxr activity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we provide a cellular atlas of the zebrafish intestinal epithelium and uncover roles for Fxr in transcriptional and differentiation programs in ileal and other cell types. These results establish zebrafish as a nonmammalian vertebrate model for studying bile salt metabolism and Fxr signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gilberto Padilla Mercado
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa Volland
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heidi L Doden
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Colin R Lickwar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taylor Crooks
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cecelia Kelly
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jordan L Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Cancer Center of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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Guo A, Li K, Tian HC, Fan Z, Chen QN, Yang YF, Yu J, Wu YX, Xiao Q. FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity-induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin levels via the AMPK/SIRT-1/PGC-α pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3585-3600. [PMID: 33751819 PMCID: PMC8034456 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with biological dysfunction in skeletal muscle. As a condition of obesity accompanied by muscle mass loss and physical dysfunction, sarcopenic obesity (SO) has become a novel public health problem. Human fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) plays a therapeutic role in metabolic diseases. However, the protective effects of FGF19 on skeletal muscle in obesity and SO are still not completely understood. Our results showed that FGF19 administration improved muscle loss and grip strength in young and aged mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). Increases in muscle atrophy markers (FOXO‐3, Atrogin‐1, MuRF‐1) were abrogated by FGF19 in palmitic acid (PA)‐treated C2C12 myotubes and in the skeletal muscle of HFD‐fed mice. FGF19 not only reduced HFD‐induced body weight gain, excessive lipid accumulation and hyperlipidaemia but also promoted energy expenditure (PGC‐1α, UCP‐1, PPAR‐γ) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). FGF19 treatment restored PA‐ and HFD‐induced hyperglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance (IRS‐1, GLUT‐4) and mitigated the PA‐ and HFD‐induced decrease in FNDC‐5/irisin expression. However, these beneficial effects of FGF19 on skeletal muscle were abolished by inhibiting AMPK, SIRT‐1 and PGC‐1α expression. Taken together, this study suggests that FGF19 protects skeletal muscle against obesity‐induced muscle atrophy, metabolic derangement and abnormal irisin secretion partially through the AMPK/SIRT‐1/PGC‐α signalling pathway, which might be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Chuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Nan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Xin Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Hu J, Tang Y, Liu H, Li Y, Li X, Huang G, Xiao Y, Zhou Z. Decreased serum fibroblast growth factor 19 level is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:376. [PMID: 33842597 PMCID: PMC8033349 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a regulator of glucose metabolism and may provide a new therapeutic target for type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the clinical relevance of FGF19 in T1D remains unclear. In this study, we examined the relationship between the serum FGF19 concentration and T1D. Methods This study included 81 newly diagnosed T1D patients and 80 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. The correlation between the FGF19 concentration and clinical characteristics of T1D patients and healthy controls was investigated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether levels of FGF19 were independently associated with T1D. Results The fasting serum FGF19 levels in the T1D group were significantly lower than those in the control group [159.9 (100.0–272.7) vs. 205.0 (126.9–307.9) pg/mL, P=0.008]. In all subjects, serum FGF19 levels were negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) (r=−0.192, P=0.015). In the control group, serum FGF19 levels were positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC) (r=0.338, P=0.002) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (r=0.300, P=0.007). In addition to sex and body mass index (BMI), FGF19 was an independent impact factor for T1D [odds ratio (OR) =0.541, P=0.023; adjusted for sex, age, BMI, presence of hypertension, and presence of dyslipidemia]. Conclusions Low serum FGF19 level is associated with T1D, which could serve as a risk factor for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxin Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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Gariani K, Jornayvaz FR. Pathophysiology of NASH in endocrine diseases. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R52-R65. [PMID: 33449917 PMCID: PMC7983516 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the industrialized world. NAFLD encompasses a whole spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. The latter can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, NASH is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in western countries and therefore represents a global health issue. The pathophysiology of NASH is complex and includes multiple parallel hits. NASH is notably characterized by steatosis as well as evidence of hepatocyte injury and inflammation, with or without fibrosis. NASH is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes and conditions associated with insulin resistance. Moreover, NASH may also be found in many other endocrine diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, male hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency or glucocorticoid excess, for example. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of NASH associated with different endocrinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to F R Jornayvaz:
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Chung JO, Park SY, Cho DH, Chung DJ, Chung MY. Relationship Between Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4715-4721. [PMID: 34887669 PMCID: PMC8650768 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s339954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate whether fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is associated with the risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total of 357 patients with T2DM were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between FGF19 level and diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS Serum FGF19 level was significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy in those without diabetic retinopathy. The multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between serum FGF19 level and diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio for every 1 standard deviation increase in logarithmic value = 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.51-0.94, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Serum FGF19 level was negatively associated with diabetic retinopathy in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ook Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Jin Ook Chung; Min Young Chung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of KoreaTel +82-62-220-6296; +82-62-220-6297Fax +82-62-225-8578 Email ;
| | - Seon-Young Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeok Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
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Yang MN, Huang R, Liu X, Xu YJ, Wang WJ, He H, Zhang GH, Zheng T, Fang F, Fan JG, Li F, Zhang J, Li J, Ouyang F, Luo ZC. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Fetal Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:805722. [PMID: 35145481 PMCID: PMC8821646 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.805722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) has been implicated in glucose homeostasis. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) enhances fetal insulin secretion and fetal growth. Girls weigh less and are more insulin resistant than boys at birth. We sought to assess whether FGF19 is associated with GDM and fetal growth and explore potential sex dimorphic associations. This was a nested case-control study in the Shanghai Birth Cohort, including 153 pairs of newborns of GDM versus euglycemic mothers matched by infant's sex and gestational age at birth. Cord plasma FGF19, insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations were measured. Cord plasma FGF19 concentrations were similar in GDM versus euglycemic pregnancies (mean ± SD: 43.5 ± 28.2 versus 44.5 ± 30.2 pg/mL, P=0.38). FGF19 was not correlated with IGF-I or IGF-II. FGF19 concentrations were positively correlated with birth weight (r=0.23, P=0.01) and length (r=0.21, P=0.02) z scores, C-peptide (r=0.27, P=0.002) and proinsulin (r=0.27, P=0.002) concentrations in females. Each SD increment in cord plasma FGF19 was associated with a 0.25 (0.07-0.43) increase in birth weight z score in females. In contrast, FGF19 was not correlated with birth weight or length in males. These sex dimorphic associations remained after adjusting for maternal and neonatal characteristics. The study is the first to demonstrate that GDM does not matter for cord blood FGF19 concentrations. The female specific positive correlation between FGF19 and birth weight is suggestive of a sex-dimorphic role of FGF19 in fetal growth. The observations call for more studies to validate the novel findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Nan Yang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Liu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jie Xu
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua He
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Assay Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Shanghai Key Lab of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo, ; Fengxiu Ouyang,
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo, ; Fengxiu Ouyang,
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Talukdar S, Kharitonenkov A. FGF19 and FGF21: In NASH we trust. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101152. [PMID: 33383173 PMCID: PMC8085573 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective FGF19 and FGF21 have shown therapeutic promise since their discovery, attested by the fact there are at least 5 assets that activate the FGFR/KLB pathway and one FGF19 analog in clinical development. Methods We performed a detailed analyses of published preclinical and clinical data to offer insights into the mechanism of action, as well as PK/PD and efficacy data of the clinical assets. Results Scouring the literature, we offer mechanistic insights from preclinical data using rodents and non-human primates and pharmacodynamic data from clinical studies. Conclusion The basic and applied science around endocrine FGFs has evolved exponentially over the years with FGF19 and FGF21 analogs are now entering Phase 3 clinical research. Fibroblast Growth Factors 19 and 21 (FGF19 and FGF21) are novel endocrine messengers that regulate multiple aspects of energy homeostasis. The magnitude and pleiotropic character of their beneficial pharmacology led to coordinated efforts to design novel FGF19/21-based therapeutics. The robust effects of FGF19 and FGF21 on lipid metabolism transformed clinical emphasis for these factors toward their use for NASH. In this review, we communicate an overview of FGF19 and FGF21 biology and the recent clinical developments with FGF21/19-based analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswata Talukdar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States.
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- AK Biotechnologies, LLC 3812 Verdure Lane, Zionsville, IN, 46077, United States.
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Kim YC, Seok S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Kong B, Guo G, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Intestinal FGF15/19 physiologically repress hepatic lipogenesis in the late fed-state by activating SHP and DNMT3A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5969. [PMID: 33235221 PMCID: PMC7686350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipogenesis is normally tightly regulated but is aberrantly elevated in obesity. Fibroblast Growth Factor-15/19 (mouse FGF15, human FGF19) are bile acid-induced late fed-state gut hormones that decrease hepatic lipid levels by unclear mechanisms. We show that FGF15/19 and FGF15/19-activated Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP/NR0B2) have a role in transcriptional repression of lipogenesis. Comparative genomic analyses reveal that most of the SHP cistrome, including lipogenic genes repressed by FGF19, have overlapping CpG islands. FGF19 treatment or SHP overexpression in mice inhibits lipogenesis in a DNA methyltransferase-3a (DNMT3A)-dependent manner. FGF19-mediated activation of SHP via phosphorylation recruits DNMT3A to lipogenic genes, leading to epigenetic repression via DNA methylation. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients and obese mice, occupancy of SHP and DNMT3A and DNA methylation at lipogenic genes are low, with elevated gene expression. In conclusion, FGF15/19 represses hepatic lipogenesis by activating SHP and DNMT3A physiologically, which is likely dysregulated in NAFLD. Hepatic lipogenesis is a tightly regulated process, which is elevated in obesity. Here the authors report that FGF15/19, bile acid-induced gut hormones, repress lipogenic genes in the late fed-state by activating small heterodimer partner (SHP) and promoting SHP-dependent recruitment of DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A to lipogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sunmi Seok
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bo Kong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Grace Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Byron Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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van de Peppel IP, Verkade HJ, Jonker JW. Metabolic consequences of ileal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G619-G625. [PMID: 32938201 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00308.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids comprises a tightly regulated process of hepatic bile acid secretion, intestinal reabsorption and transport back to the liver. Disruption of this process has significant consequences for gastrointestinal, liver and whole body homeostasis and therefore offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. In this review we discuss the effects of (pharmacological) interruption of the enterohepatic circulation at different levels. Recently, several studies have been published on ileal interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, targeting the apical-sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2), as therapy for various diseases. However, ambiguous results have been reported and in-depth mechanistic insights are lacking. Here we discuss these novel studies and review the current knowledge on the consequences of ASBT inhibition and its potential effects on physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Deprince A, Haas JT, Staels B. Dysregulated lipid metabolism links NAFLD to cardiovascular disease. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101092. [PMID: 33010471 PMCID: PMC7600388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming a global health problem. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. NAFLD and CVD share several common risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by plasma hypertriglyceridemia, increased small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, is often observed in NAFLD patients. Scope of review In this review, we highlight recent epidemiological studies evaluating the link between NAFLD and CVD risk. We further focus on recent mechanistic insights into the links between NAFLD and altered lipoprotein metabolism. We also discuss current therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and their potential impact on NAFLD-associated CVD risk. Major conclusions Alterations in hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are major contributing factors to the increased CVD risk in NAFLD patients, and many promising NASH therapies in development also improve dyslipidemia in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Deprince
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Joel T Haas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
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48
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Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor co-agonists for treating metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101090. [PMID: 32987188 PMCID: PMC8085566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are approved to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. They elicit robust improvements in glycemic control and weight loss, combined with cardioprotection in individuals at risk of or with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. These attributes make GLP-1 a preferred partner for next-generation therapies exhibiting improved efficacy yet retaining safety to treat diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and related cardiometabolic disorders. The available clinical data demonstrate that the best GLP-1R agonists are not yet competitive with bariatric surgery, emphasizing the need to further improve the efficacy of current medical therapy. Scope of review In this article, we discuss data highlighting the physiological and pharmacological attributes of potential peptide and non-peptide partners, exemplified by amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and steroid hormones. We review the progress, limitations, and future considerations for translating findings from preclinical experiments to competitive efficacy and safety in humans with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Major conclusions Multiple co-agonist combinations exhibit promising clinical efficacy, notably tirzepatide and investigational amylin combinations. Simultaneously, increasing doses of GLP-1R agonists such as semaglutide produces substantial weight loss, raising the bar for the development of new unimolecular co-agonists. Collectively, the available data suggest that new co-agonists with robust efficacy should prove superior to GLP-1R agonists alone to treat metabolic disorders. GLP-1 is a preferred partner for co-agonist development. Co-agonist combinations must exhibit improved weight loss beyond GLP-1 alone. Unimolecular coagonists must exhibit retained or improved cardioprotection. Obesity represents an optimal condition for the development of new GLP-1 co-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada.
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Xie Y, Su N, Yang J, Tan Q, Huang S, Jin M, Ni Z, Zhang B, Zhang D, Luo F, Chen H, Sun X, Feng JQ, Qi H, Chen L. FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:181. [PMID: 32879300 PMCID: PMC7468161 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianding Sun
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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50
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Perino A, Demagny H, Velazquez-Villegas L, Schoonjans K. Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease, and Aging. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:683-731. [PMID: 32790577 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Perino
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Demagny
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Laura Velazquez-Villegas
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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