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Gonzalez-Muñiz OE, Rodriguez-Carlos A, Santos-Mena A, Jacobo-Delgado YM, Gonzalez-Curiel I, Rivas-Santiago C, Navarro-Tovar G, Rivas-Santiago B. Metformin modulates corticosteroids hormones in adrenals cells promoting Mycobacterium tuberculosis elimination in human macrophages. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 148:102548. [PMID: 39068772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that both tuberculosis (TB) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an immuno-endocrine imbalance characterized by dysregulated proinflammatory molecules and hormone levels (high cortisol/DHEA ratio), impeding an effective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) driven by cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and androgens like DHEA. Insulin, sulfonylurea derivatives, and metformin are commonly used glucose-lowering drugs in patients suffering from TB and T2DM. For this comorbidity, metformin is an attractive target to restore the immunoendocrine mechanisms dysregulated against Mtb. This study aimed to assess whether metformin influences cortisol and DHEA synthesis in adrenal cells and if these hormones influence the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and AMPs in Mtb-infected macrophages. Our results suggest that metformin may enhance DHEA synthesis while maintaining cortisol homeostasis. In addition, supernatants from metformin-treated adrenal cells decreased mycobacterial loads in macrophages, which related to rising proinflammatory cytokines and AMP expression (HBD-2 and 3). Intriguingly, we find that HBD-3 and LL-37 can modulate steroid synthesis in adrenal cells with diminished levels of cortisol and DHEA, highlighting the importance of crosstalk communication between adrenal hormones and these effectors of innate immunity. We suggest that metformin's effects can promote innate immunity against Mtb straight or through modulation of corticosteroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Gonzalez-Muñiz
- Biomedical Research Unit Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico; Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Adrián Rodriguez-Carlos
- Biomedical Research Unit Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Alan Santos-Mena
- Biomedical Research Unit Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico; Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, S.L.P, Mexico
| | - Yolanda M Jacobo-Delgado
- Biomedical Research Unit Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Irma Gonzalez-Curiel
- Sciences and Chemical Technology, Chemistry Sciences School, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98085, Mexico
| | - Cesar Rivas-Santiago
- CONAHCYT-Academic Unit of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, 98085, Mexico
| | | | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Biomedical Research Unit Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico.
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2
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Timmerman SA, Mullen N, Taylor AE, Gilligan LC, Pyle M, Shrestha TB, Sebek J, Highland MA, Challapalli R, Arlt W, Bossmann SH, Dennedy MC, Prakash P, Basel MT. Characterization of a Biochemical Mouse Model of Primary Aldosteronism for Thermal Therapies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592955. [PMID: 38766205 PMCID: PMC11100708 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) is the most common cause of endocrine-related hypertension but surgery is not always feasible. Current medical interventions are associated with significant side effects and poor patient compliance. New APA animal models that replicate basic characteristics of APA and give physical and biochemical feedback are needed to test new non-surgical treatment methods, such as image-guided thermal ablation. Methods A model of APA was developed in nude mice using HAC15 cells, a human adrenal carcinoma cell line. Tumor growth, aldosterone production, and sensitivity to angiotensin II were characterized in the model. The utility of the model was validated via treatment with microwave ablation and characterization of the resulting physical and biochemical changes in the tumor. Results The APA model showed rapid and relatively homogeneous growth. The tumors produced aldosterone and steroid precursors in response to angiotensin II challenge, and plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in tumor bearing mice two hours after challenge verses non-tumor bearing mice. The model was useful for testing microwave ablation therapy, reducing aldosterone production by 80% in treated mice. Conclusion The HAC15 model is a useful tumor model to study and develop localized treatment methods for APA.
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Vega-Vásquez T, Langgartner D, Wang JY, Reber SO, Picard M, Basualto-Alarcón C. Mitochondrial morphology in the mouse adrenal cortex: Influence of chronic psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 160:106683. [PMID: 38086320 PMCID: PMC10872515 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria within the adrenal cortex play a key role in synthesizing steroid hormones. The adrenal cortex is organized in three functionally specialized zones (glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) that produce different classes of steroid hormones in response to various stimuli, including psychosocial stress. Given that the functions and morphology of mitochondria are dynamically related and respond to stress, we applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine potential differences in mitochondrial morphology under basal and chronic psychosocial stress conditions. We used the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) paradigm, a murine model of chronic psychosocial stress. Our findings quantitatively define how mitochondrial morphology differs among each of the three adrenal cortex zones under basal conditions, and show that chronic psychosocial stress mainly affected mitochondria in the zona glomerulosa, shifting their morphology towards the more typical glucocorticoid-producing zona fasciculata mitochondrial phenotype. Analysis of adrenocortical lipid droplets that provide cholesterol for steroidogenesis showed that chronic psychosocial stress altered lipid droplet diameter, without affecting droplet number or inter-organellar mitochondria-lipid droplet interactions. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that each adrenal cortex layer is characterized by morphologically distinct mitochondria and that this adrenal zone-specific mitochondrial morphology is sensitive to environmental stimuli, including chronic psychosocial stressors. Further research is needed to define the role of these stress-induced changes in mitochondrial morphology, particularly in the zona glomerulosa, on stress resilience and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vega-Vásquez
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Health Sciences Department, University of Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Dominik Langgartner
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jennifer Y Wang
- School of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia University Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcón
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Health Sciences Department, University of Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Anatomy and Legal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Walters K, Sajek MP, Murphy E, Issaian A, Baldwin A, Harrison E, Daniels M, Reisz JA, Hansen K, D'Alessandro A, Mukherjee N. Small-molecule Ro-08-2750 interacts with many RNA-binding proteins and elicits MUSASHI2-independent phenotypes. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 29:1458-1470. [PMID: 37369529 PMCID: PMC10578479 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079605.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators of gene expression. Small molecules targeting these RBP-RNA interactions are a rapidly emerging class of therapeutics for treating a variety of diseases. Ro-08-2750 (Ro) is a small molecule identified as a competitive inhibitor of Musashi (MSI)-RNA interactions. Here, we show that multiple Ro-dependent cellular phenotypes, specifically adrenocortical steroid production and cell viability, are Musashi-2 (MSI2)-independent. Using an unbiased proteome-wide approach, we discovered Ro broadly interacts with RBPs, many containing RRM domains. To confirm this finding, we leveraged the large-scale ENCODE data to identify a subset of RBPs whose depletion phenocopies Ro inhibition, indicating Ro is a promiscuous inhibitor of multiple RBPs. Consistent with broad disruption of ribonucleoprotein complexes, Ro treatment leads to stress granule formation. This strategy represents a generalizable framework for validating the specificity and identifying targets of RBP inhibitors in a cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Walters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Marcin Piotr Sajek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Elisabeth Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Aaron Issaian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Amber Baldwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Evan Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Miles Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- Howard University Karsh STEM Scholars Program, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kirk Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Neelanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Ríos Medrano MA, Bigi MM, Martínez Ponce P, Podesta EJ, Orlando UD. Exposure to anticancer drugs modulates the expression of ACSL4 and ABCG2 proteins in adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20769. [PMID: 37867801 PMCID: PMC10585233 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and malignant disease, with more than 50 % of patients developing hormone-secreting tumors. These tumors are genetically heterogeneous and potentially lethal, as metastasis is often underway at the time of diagnosis. While chemoresistance can be multifactorial, Acyl CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is known to contribute to the generation of highly aggressive cellular phenotypes, while increased expression and activity of multidrug transporters such as ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) are known to play a key role. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine changes in the expression of ACSL4 and ABCG2 in ACC cell lines after exposure to antitumor drugs. Bioinformatics analysis of public database GSE140818 revealed higher ACSL4 and ABCG2 expression in HAC15 cells resistant to mitotane when compared to wild type cells. In addition, our studies revealed an increase in ACSL4 and ABCG2 expression in lowly aggressive H295R cells undergoing early treatment with non-lethal concentrations of mitotane, doxorubicin and cisplatin. Comparable results were obtained in lowly aggressive breast cancer cells MCF-7. The increase in ACSL4 and ABCG2 expression favored tumor cell viability, proliferation and compound efflux, an effect partially offset by ACSL4 and ABCG2 inhibitors. These results provide relevant data on the undesired molecular effects of antitumor drugs and may fuel future studies on patients' early response to antitumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Agustina Ríos Medrano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED). Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Bigi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED). Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Paloma Martínez Ponce
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED). Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Ernesto Jorge Podesta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED). Buenos Aires. Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Bioquímica Humana. Buenos Aires. Argentina
| | - Ulises Daniel Orlando
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED). Buenos Aires. Argentina
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Sedlack AJH, Hatfield SJ, Kumar S, Arakawa Y, Roper N, Sun NY, Nilubol N, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Hoang CD, Bergsland EK, Hernandez JM, Pommier Y, del Rivero J. Preclinical Models of Adrenocortical Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2873. [PMID: 37296836 PMCID: PMC10251941 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical cancer is an aggressive endocrine malignancy with an incidence of 0.72 to 1.02 per million people/year, and a very poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of 22%. As an orphan disease, clinical data are scarce, meaning that drug development and mechanistic research depend especially on preclinical models. While a single human ACC cell line was available for the last three decades, over the last five years, many new in vitro and in vivo preclinical models have been generated. Herein, we review both in vitro (cell lines, spheroids, and organoids) and in vivo (xenograft and genetically engineered mouse) models. Striking leaps have been made in terms of the preclinical models of ACC, and there are now several modern models available publicly and in repositories for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. H. Sedlack
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samual J. Hatfield
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Arakawa
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nitin Roper
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nai-Yun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80016, USA
| | - Chuong D. Hoang
- Thoracic Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily K. Bergsland
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaydira del Rivero
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Gong S, Tetti M, Kemter E, Peitzsch M, Mulatero P, Bidlingmaier M, Eisenhofer G, Wolf E, Reincke M, Williams TA. TSPAN12 (Tetraspanin 12) Is a Novel Negative Regulator of Aldosterone Production in Adrenal Physiology and Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas. Hypertension 2023; 80:440-450. [PMID: 36458545 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are a major cause of primary aldosteronism, a condition of low-renin hypertension, in which aldosterone overproduction is usually driven by a somatic activating mutation in an ion pump or channel. TSPAN12 is differentially expressed in different subgroups of APAs suggesting a role in APA pathophysiology. Our objective was to determine the function of TSPAN12 (tetraspanin 12) in adrenal physiology and pathophysiology. METHODS APA specimens, pig adrenals under dietary sodium modulation, and a human adrenocortical cell line HAC15 were used for functional characterization of TSPAN12 in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Gene ontology analysis of 21 APA transcriptomes dichotomized according to high versus low TSPAN12 transcript levels highlighted a function for TSPAN12 related to the renin-angiotensin system. TSPAN12 expression levels in a cohort of 30 APAs were inversely correlated with baseline plasma aldosterone concentrations (R=-0.47; P=0.009). In a pig model of renin-angiotensin system activation by dietary salt restriction, TSPAN12 mRNA levels and TSPAN12 immunostaining were markedly increased in the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex. In vitro stimulation of human adrenocortical human adrenocortical cells with 10 nM angiotensin II for 6 hours caused a 1.6-fold±0.13 increase in TSPAN12 expression, which was ablated by 10 μM nifedipine (P=0.0097) or 30 μM W-7 (P=0.0022). Gene silencing of TSPAN12 in human adrenocortical cells demonstrated its inverse effect on aldosterone secretion under basal and angiotensin II stimulated conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that TSPAN12 is a negative regulator of aldosterone production and could contribute to aldosterone overproduction in primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gong
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (S.G., M.T., M.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Martina Tetti
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (S.G., M.T., M.B., M.R., T.A.W.).,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (M.T., P.M., T.A.W.)
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (E.K., E.W.)
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (M.P., G.E.)
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (M.T., P.M., T.A.W.)
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (S.G., M.T., M.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (M.P., G.E.).,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (G.E.)
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany (E.K., E.W.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (S.G., M.T., M.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (S.G., M.T., M.B., M.R., T.A.W.).,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (M.T., P.M., T.A.W.)
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8
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Parry CM, Chan LF, Carr DF, Hawcutt DB. Platelet-derived growth factor D expression in adrenal cells is modulated by corticosteroids: putative role in adrenal suppression. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:97-101. [PMID: 35568735 PMCID: PMC9876782 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal suppression is a clinically concerning side effect of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment in patients with asthma. Increased susceptibility to ICS-induced adrenal suppression has previously been identified in those with the rs591118 polymorphism in platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGFD). The mechanism underpinning this relationship is not known. METHODS H295R cells were genotyped for rs591118 using a validated Taqman PCR allelic discrimination assay. H295R cell viability was determined after treatment with beclometasone and fluticasone (range 0-330 μM). Cortisol was measured in cell culture medium using competitive enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS PDGFD protein expression in H295R cells was confirmed using Western blotting. When ACTH and forskolin were added to H295R cells, a reduction in PDGFD expression was seen, which was then restored by incubation with prochloraz, a known inhibitor of steroidogenesis. A dose-dependent, decrease in PDGFD expression was observed with beclometasone (over a 24 h incubation period) but not with beclometasone incubations beyond 24 h nor with fluticasone (at 24 or 48 h). CONCLUSIONS H295R cells express PDGFD protein, which can be modulated by incubation with steroidogenesis agonists and antagonists and additionally with exogenous beclometasone. IMPACT PDGFD is expressed in the human adrenal cell line, H295R, and expression can be modulated by beclometasone as well as agonists/antagonists of steroidogenesis. This builds on previous research that identified a SNP in PDGFD (rs591118) as an independent risk factor for adrenal suppression in adults and children with obstructive airway disease treated with inhaled corticosteroids. First in vitro experiments to support a link between the PDGF and cortisol production pathways, supporting the hypothesis that PDGFD variants can affect an individual's sensitivity to corticosteroid-induced adrenal suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Parry
- NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Liverpool, UK ,grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Li F. Chan
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniel F. Carr
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular, Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel B. Hawcutt
- NIHR Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Liverpool, UK ,grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Forfar R, Hussain M, Khurana P, Cook J, Lewis S, Popat D, Jackson D, McIver E, Jerman J, Taylor D, Clark AJL, Chan LF. Identification of a novel specific small-molecule melanocortin-2-receptor antagonist. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220338. [PMID: 36515667 PMCID: PMC9641778 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), in conditions such as Cushing's disease and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), leads to significant morbidity. Current treatment with glucocorticoids does not adequately suppress plasma ACTH, resulting in excess adrenal androgen production. At present, there is no effective medical treatment in clinical use that would directly block the action of ACTH. Such a therapy would be of great clinical value. ACTH acts via a highly selective receptor, the melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R) associated with its accessory protein MRAP. ACTH is the only known naturally occurring agonist for this receptor. This lack of redundancy and the high degree of ligand specificity suggest that antagonism of this receptor could provide a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of conditions of ACTH excess. To this end, we screened an extensive library of low-molecular-weight drug-like compounds for MC2R antagonist activity using a high-throughput homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence cAMP assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably co-expressing human MC2R and MRAP. Hits that demonstrated MC2R antagonist properties were counter-screened against the β2 adrenergic receptor and dose-response analysis undertaken. This led to the identification of a highly specific MC2R antagonist capable of antagonising ACTH-induced progesterone release in murine Y-1 adrenal cells and having selectivity for MC2R amongst the human melanocortin receptors. This work provides a foundation for the clinical investigation of small-molecule ACTH antagonists as therapeutic agents and proof of concept for the screening and discovery of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Forfar
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Mashal Hussain
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Puneet Khurana
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jennifer Cook
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Steve Lewis
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Dillon Popat
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Jackson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ed McIver
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jeff Jerman
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Debra Taylor
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Adrian JL Clark
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Li F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to L F Chan:
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10
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Lenzini L, Caroccia B, Seccia TM, Rossi GP. Peptidergic G Protein-Coupled Receptor Regulation of Adrenal Function: Bench to Bedside and Back. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:1038-1050. [PMID: 35436330 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An altered secretion of adrenocortical and adrenomedullary hormones plays a role in the clinical syndromes of primary aldosteronism (PA), Cushing, and pheochromocytoma. Moreover, an altered production of adrenocortical hormones and/or an abnormal release of factors by the adrenal medulla are involved in several other diseases, including high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, primary reninism, renovascular hypertension, Addison disease, Bartter, Gitelman, and virilization syndromes. Understanding the regulation of adrenal function and the interactions between adrenal cortex and medulla is, therefore, the prerequisite for mechanistic understanding of these disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that the modulation of adrenal hormone biosynthesis is a process far more complex than originally thought, as it involves several factors, each cooperating with the other. Moreover, the tight vascular and neural interconnections between the adrenal cortex and medulla underlie physiologically relevant autocrine/paracrine interactions involving several peptides. Besides playing a pathophysiological role in common adrenal diseases, these complex mechanisms could intervene also in rare diseases, such as pheochromocytoma concomitant with adrenal Cushing or with PA, and PA co-occurring with Cushing, through mechanisms that remain to be fully understood at the molecular levels. Heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) induced by peptide signaling is a further emerging new modulatory mechanism capable of finely tuning adrenal hormones synthesis and release. In this review we will examine current knowledge on the role of peptides that act via GPCRs in the regulation of adrenal hormone secretion with a particular focus on autocrine-paracrine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lenzini
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Emergency Medicine Unit, Center for blood pressure disorders -Regione Veneto and Specialized Center of Excellence for Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, 35126 Padua, Italy
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11
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Ali Y, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition Decreases Angiotensin II-Induced Steroidogenesis in HAC15 Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 164:bqac185. [PMID: 36320101 PMCID: PMC9923797 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors suppress adrenal cortical carcinoma cell proliferation and cortisol production; the relationship between mTOR and aldosterone production has not been examined. METHODS HAC15 cells were incubated with an mTOR activator and several inhibitors including AZD8055 (AZD) in the presence and absence of angiotensin II (AngII). The expression of rapamycin-sensitive adapter protein of mTOR (Raptor) and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), adaptor proteins of mTOR complex 1 and 2, respectively, were studied in the HAC15 cells and deleted by CRISPR/gRNA. RESULTS The mTOR inhibitors decreased aldosterone induced by AngII. Inhibition of mTOR by AZD significantly suppressed AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol formation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the mTOR activator MHY had no effect. AZD did not alter forskolin-induced aldosterone production showing that it is specific to the AngII signaling pathway. AngII-mediated ERK and mTOR activation were suppressed by AZD, along with a concomitant dose-dependent reduction of AngII-induced steroidogenic enzymes including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, CYP17A1, and aldosterone synthase protein. Furthermore, mTOR components ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) and protein kinase B phosphorylation levels were decreased by AZD. As mTOR exerts its main effects by forming complexes with adaptor proteins Raptor and Rictor, the roles of these individual complexes were studied. We found an increase in the phosphorylation of Raptor and Rictor by AngII and that their CRISPR/gRNA-mediated knockdown significantly attenuated AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol production. CONCLUSION mTOR signaling has a critical role in transducing the AngII signal initiating aldosterone and cortisol synthesis in HAC15 cells and that inhibition of mTOR could be a therapeutic option for conditions associated with excessive renin-angiotensin system-mediated steroid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ali
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery, VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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12
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Sigala S, Rossini E, Abate A, Tamburello M, Bornstein SR, Hantel C. An update on adrenocortical cell lines of human origin. Endocrine 2022; 77:432-437. [PMID: 35764904 PMCID: PMC9385758 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, heterogenous and highly malignant disease. Management of ACC is dependent on disease stage with complete surgical resection as the only potentially curative option. However, advanced, un-resectable, metastatic stages and also recurrences often require systemic treatments, which are unfortunately nowadays still unsatisfactory. The scarcity of preclinical models reflecting patient heterogeneities and furthermore drug-resistant phenotypes, has hampered the progress and development of new therapies in recent years. In this review, we provide an overview on the classical models and substantial progress which has been made over the last years in context of this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Abate
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Tamburello
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul-Langerhans-Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), 8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Duranova H, Fialkova V, Valkova V, Bilcikova J, Olexikova L, Lukac N, Massanyi P, Knazicka Z. Human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (NCI-H295R): An in vitro screening model for the assessment of endocrine disruptors' actions on steroidogenesis with an emphasis on cell ultrastructural features. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151912. [PMID: 35661985 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines as an in vitro model for xenobiotic screening and toxicity studies provide a very important tool in the field of scientific research at the level of molecular pathways and gene expression. Good cell culture practice and intracellular characterization, as well as physiological properties of the cell line are of critical importance for in vitro reproductive toxicity testing of various endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The NCI-H295R, human adrenocarcinoma cell line, is the most widely used in vitro cellular system to study the human adrenal steroidogenic pathway at the level of hormone production and gene expression, as it expresses genes that encode for all the key enzymes for steroidogenesis. In this review, we aim to highlight the information considering the origin, development, physiological and ultrastructural characteristics of the NCI-H295R cell line. The review also creates a broad overview of the cell line usage in various range of studies related to the steroidogenesis issues. To our best knowledge, the paper provides the first report of quantitative data (ex novo) from stereological estimates of component (volume, surface) densities of nuclei, mitochondria, and lipid droplets of the NCI-H295R cells. Such ultrastructural measurements can be valuable in the assessment of underlying mechanisms of changes in the cell steroid hormone production induced by the action of diverse endocrine disruptors. Thus, they can significantly contribute to complexity of structure-function relationships in association with steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Duranova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Fialkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Veronika Valkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jana Bilcikova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Lucia Olexikova
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Reproduction, NPPC - Research Institute for Animal Production in Nitra, Hlohovecká 2, 951 41 Lužianky, Slovak Republic.
| | - Norbert Lukac
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Massanyi
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zuzana Knazicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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14
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Cui M, Xu K, Gada K, Shalomov B, Ban M, Eptaminitaki GC, Kawano T, Plant LD, Dascal N, Logothetis DE. A novel small molecule selective activator of homomeric GIRK4 channels. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102009. [PMID: 35525275 PMCID: PMC9194863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein–sensitive inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels are important pharmaceutical targets for neuronal, cardiac, and endocrine diseases. Although a number of GIRK channel modulators have been discovered in recent years, most lack selectivity. GIRK channels function as either homomeric (i.e., GIRK2 and GIRK4) or heteromeric (e.g., GIRK1/2, GIRK1/4, and GIRK2/3) tetramers. Activators, such as ML297, ivermectin, and GAT1508, have been shown to activate heteromeric GIRK1/2 channels better than GIRK1/4 channels with varying degrees of selectivity but not homomeric GIRK2 and GIRK4 channels. In addition, VU0529331 was discovered as the first homomeric GIRK channel activator, but it shows weak selectivity for GIRK2 over GIRK4 (or G4) homomeric channels. Here, we report the first highly selective small-molecule activator targeting GIRK4 homomeric channels, 3hi2one-G4 (3-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-3-hydroxy-1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one). We show that 3hi2one-G4 does not activate GIRK2, GIRK1/2, or GIRK1/4 channels. Using molecular modeling, mutagenesis, and electrophysiology, we analyzed the binding site of 3hi2one-G4 formed by the transmembrane 1, transmembrane 2, and slide helix regions of the GIRK4 channel, near the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding site, and show that it causes channel activation by strengthening channel–phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate interactions. We also identify slide helix residue L77 in GIRK4, corresponding to residue I82 in GIRK2, as a major determinant of isoform-specific selectivity. We propose that 3hi2one-G4 could serve as a useful pharmaceutical probe in studying GIRK4 channel function and may also be pursued in drug optimization studies to tackle GIRK4-related diseases such as primary aldosteronism and late-onset obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Keman Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Kirin Gada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Boris Shalomov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michelle Ban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Giasemi C Eptaminitaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Takeharu Kawano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathan Dascal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA; Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Spaulding SC, Bollag WB. The role of lipid second messengers in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100191. [PMID: 35278411 PMCID: PMC9020094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Second messengers are small rapidly diffusing molecules or ions that relay signals between receptors and effector proteins to produce a physiological effect. Lipid messengers constitute one of the four major classes of second messengers. The hydrolysis of two main classes of lipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, generate parallel profiles of lipid second messengers: phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and lysophosphatidic acid versus ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively. In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which these lipid second messengers modulate aldosterone production at multiple levels. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone responsible for maintaining fluid volume, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure homeostasis. Primary aldosteronism is a frequent endocrine cause of secondary hypertension. A thorough understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. The cumulative evidence in this literature emphasizes the critical roles of PA, DAG, and sphingolipid metabolites in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. However, it also highlights the gaps in our knowledge, such as the preference for phospholipase D-generated PA or DAG, as well as the need for further investigation to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which these lipid second messengers regulate optimal aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini C Spaulding
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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16
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Stelcer E, Komarowska H, Jopek K, Żok A, Iżycki D, Malińska A, Szczepaniak B, Komekbai Z, Karczewski M, Wierzbicki T, Suchorska W, Ruchała M, Ruciński M. Biological response of adrenal carcinoma and melanoma cells to mitotane treatment. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:120. [PMID: 35261634 PMCID: PMC8855164 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous case report described an adrenal incidentaloma initially misdiagnosed as adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), which was treated with mitotane. The final diagnosis was metastatic melanoma of unknown primary origin. However, the patient developed rapid disease progression after mitotane withdrawal, suggesting a protective role for mitotane in a non-adrenal-derived tumor. The aim of the present study was to determine the biological response of primary melanoma cells obtained from that patient, and that of other established melanoma and ACC cell lines, to mitotane treatment using a proliferation assay, flow cytometry, quantitative PCR and microarrays. Although mitotane inhibited the proliferation of both ACC and melanoma cells, its role in melanoma treatment appears to be limited. Flow cytometry analysis and transcriptomic studies indicated that the ACC cell line was highly responsive to mitotane treatment, while the primary melanoma cells showed a moderate response in vitro. Mitotane modified the activity of several key biological processes, including ‘mitotic nuclear division’, ‘DNA repair’, ‘angiogenesis’ and ‘negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade’. Mitotane administration led to elevated levels of DNA double-strand breaks, necrosis and apoptosis. The present study provides a comprehensive insight into the biological response of mitotane-treated cells at the molecular level. Notably, the present findings offer new knowledge on the effects of mitotane on ACC and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Stelcer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑001 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Komarowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑001 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Żok
- Division of Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dariusz Iżycki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Malińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑001 Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Szczepaniak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑001 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zhanat Komekbai
- Department of Histology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030019, Kazakhstan
| | - Marek Karczewski
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wierzbicki
- Department of General, Endocrinological and Gastroenterological Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61‑866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Ruciński
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑001 Poznan, Poland
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17
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Shalomov B, Handklo-Jamal R, Reddy HP, Theodor N, Bera AK, Dascal N. A revised mechanism of action of hyperaldosteronism-linked mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 (KCNJ5). J Physiol 2021; 600:1419-1437. [PMID: 34957562 DOI: 10.1113/jp282690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mutations in GIRK4 (KCNJ5) G-protein gated channels cause primary aldosteronism, a major cause of secondary hypertension. The primary mechanism is believed to be loss of K+ selectivity. R52H and E246K, aldosteronism-causing mutations in cytosolic N- and C- termini of GIRK4, were reported to cause loss of K+ selectivity. We show that R52H, E246K and G247R mutations render homotetrameric GIRK channels non-functional. In heterotetrameric context with GIRK1, these mutations impair membrane expression, interaction with Gβγ and open probability, but do not alter K+ selectivity or inward rectification. In human aldosterone-secreting cell line, a GIRK4 opener and overexpression of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4WT , but not over-expression of GIRK1/4 mutants, reduced aldosterone secretion. Aldosteronism-causing mutations in cytosolic domain of GIRK4 are loss-of-function mutations rather than gain-of-function, selectivity-loss mutations. Deciphering of exact biophysical mechanism that impairs the channel is crucial for setting the course of treatment. ABSTRACT G-protein gated, inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRK) mediate inhibitory transmission in brain and heart, and are present in adrenal cortex. GIRK4 (KCNJ5) subunits are abundant in the heart and adrenal cortex. Multiple mutations of KCNJ5 cause primary aldosteronism (PA). Mutations in the pore region of GIRK4 cause loss of K+ selectivity, Na+ influx, and depolarization of zona glomerulosa cells followed by hypersecretion of aldosterone. The concept of selectivity loss has been extended to mutations in cytosolic domains of GIRK4 channels, remote from the pore. We expressed aldosteronism-linked GIRK4R52H , GIRK4E246K , and GIRK4G247R mutants in Xenopus oocytes. Whole-cell currents of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4R52H and GIRK1/4E246K channels were greatly reduced compared to GIRK1/4WT . Nevertheless, all heterotetrameric mutants retained full K+ selectivity and inward rectification. When expressed as homotetramers, only GIRK4WT , but none of the mutants, produced whole-cell currents. Confocal imaging, single channel and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analyses showed: 1) reduction of membrane abundance of all mutated channels, especially as homotetramers, 2) impaired interaction with Gβγ subunits, and 3) reduced open probability of GIRK1/4R52H . VU0529331, a GIRK4 opener, activated homotetrameric GIRK4G247R channels, but not GIRK4R52H and GIRK4E246K . In human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line (HAC15), VU0529331 and over-expression of heterotetrameric GIRK1/4WT , but not over-expression of GIRK1/4 mutants, reduced aldosterone secretion. Our results suggest that, contrary to pore mutants of GIRK4, non-pore mutants R52H and E246K mutants are loss-of-function rather than gain-of-function/selectivity-loss mutants. Hence, GIRK4 openers may be a potential course of treatment for patients with cytosolic N- and C-terminal mutations. Abstract Figure: There are two mutations types in KCNJ5 (GIRK4) that can cause excessive secretion of aldosterone, leading to primary aldosteronism. Mutations of the first type render the channel non-selective to monovalent cations and often constitutively active, thus depolarizing the zona granulosa cells. This previously described mechanism underlies the disease-causing effects of mutations of amino acid residues located in the pore region (red color). Blockers of the channel may be useful as potential treatment to reduce aldosterone secretion. Here we show that mutations of the second type, located in the cytosolic domain remote from the pore, act by a different mechanism. They do not alter channel's ion selectivity or rectification but cause poor expression or poor activation by Gβγ, resulting in a reduction in cell's K+ conductance and depolarization. In this case, GIRK4 openers can potentially be useful to prevent the excessive aldosterone secretion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Shalomov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Reem Handklo-Jamal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Haritha P Reddy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Neta Theodor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amal K Bera
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Nathan Dascal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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18
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Lo Iacono M, Puglisi S, Perotti P, Saba L, Petiti J, Giachino C, Reimondo G, Terzolo M. Molecular Mechanisms of Mitotane Action in Adrenocortical Cancer Based on In Vitro Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215255. [PMID: 34771418 PMCID: PMC8582505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mitotane is the only approved drug for the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma and for postoperative adjuvant therapy. It is known that mitotane destroys the adrenal cortex impairing steroidogenesis, although its exact molecular mechanism is still unclear. However, confounding factors affecting in vitro experiments could reduce the relevance of the studies. In this review, we explore in vitro studies on mitotane effects, highlighting how different experimental conditions might contribute to the controversial findings. On this basis, it may be necessary to re-evaluate the experiments taking into account their potential confounding factors such as cell strains, culture serum, lipoprotein concentration, and culture passages, which could hide important molecular results. As a consequence, the identification of novel pharmacological molecular pathways might be used in the future to implement personalized therapy, maximizing the benefit of mitotane treatment while minimizing its toxicity. Abstract Mitotane is the only approved drug for the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma and is increasingly used for postoperative adjuvant therapy. Mitotane action involves the deregulation of cytochromes P450 enzymes, depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, and accumulation of free cholesterol, leading to cell death. Although it is known that mitotane destroys the adrenal cortex and impairs steroidogenesis, its exact mechanism of action is still unclear. The most used cell models are H295-derived cell strains and SW13 cell lines. The diverging results obtained in presumably identical cell lines highlight the need for a stable in vitro model and/or a standard methodology to perform experiments on H295 strains. The presence of several enzymatic targets responsive to mitotane in mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membranes causes progressive alteration in mitochondrial structure when cells were exposed to mitotane. Confounding factors of culture affecting in vitro experiments could reduce the significance of any molecular mechanism identified in vitro. To ensure experimental reproducibility, particular care should be taken in the choice of culture conditions: aspects such as cell strains, culture serum, lipoproteins concentration, and culture passages should be carefully considered and explicated in the presentation of results. We aimed to review in vitro studies on mitotane effects, highlighting how different experimental conditions might contribute to the controversial findings. If the concerns pointed out in this review will be overcome, the new insights into mitotane mechanism of action observed in-vitro could allow the identification of novel pharmacological molecular pathways to be used to implement personalized therapy.
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Fu R, Wellman K, Baldwin A, Rege J, Walters K, Hirsekorn A, Riemondy K, Rainey WE, Mukherjee N. RNA-binding proteins regulate aldosterone homeostasis in human steroidogenic cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:rna.078727.121. [PMID: 34074709 PMCID: PMC8284322 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078727.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates adrenocortical cells to produce aldosterone, a master regulator of blood pressure. Despite extensive characterization of the transcriptional and enzymatic control of adrenocortical steroidogenesis, there are still major gaps in the precise regulation of AII-induced gene expression kinetics. Specifically, we do not know the regulatory contribution of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA decay, which can control the timing of stimulus-induced gene expression. To investigate this question, we performed a high-resolution RNA-seq time course of the AngII stimulation response and 4-thiouridine pulse labeling in a steroidogenic human cell line (H295R). We identified twelve temporally distinct gene expression responses that contained mRNA encoding proteins known to be important for various steps of aldosterone production, such as cAMP signaling components and steroidogenic enzymes. AngII response kinetics for many of these mRNAs revealed a coordinated increase in both synthesis and decay. These findings were validated in primary human adrenocortical cells stimulated ex vivo with AngII. Using a candidate screen, we identified a subset of RNA-binding protein and RNA decay factors that activate or repress AngII-stimulated aldosterone production. Among the repressors of aldosterone were BTG2, which promotes deadenylation and global RNA decay. BTG2 was induced in response to AngII stimulation and promoted the repression of mRNAs encoding pro-steroidogenic factors indicating the existence of an incoherent feedforward loop controlling aldosterone homeostasis. These data support a model in which coordinated increases in transcription and decay facilitate the major transcriptomic changes required to implement a pro-steroidogenic expression program that actively resolved to prevent aldosterone overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
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20
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Creemers SG, Feelders RA, de Jong FH, Franssen GJH, de Rijke YB, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ. Levoketoconazole, the 2S,4R Enantiomer of Ketoconazole, a New Steroidogenesis Inhibitor for Cushing's Syndrome Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1618-e1630. [PMID: 33399817 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racemic ketoconazole (RK) is a steroidogenesis inhibitor used for treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Levoketoconazole (COR-003), the pure 2S,4R enantiomer, is potentially more potent and safe compared to RK. We compared in vitro effects of levoketoconazole and RK on adrenocortical and pituitary adenoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS HAC15 cells and 15 primary human neoplastic adrenocortical cultures (+/- ACTH), and murine (AtT20) and human corticotroph adenoma cultures were incubated with levoketoconazole or RK (0.01-10 µM). Cortisol and ACTH were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay system, and steroid profiles by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS In HAC15, levoketoconazole inhibited cortisol at lower concentrations (IC50: 0.300 µM) compared to RK (0.611 µM; P < 0.0001). IC50 values of levoketoconazole for basal cortisol production in primary adrenocortical cultures varied over a 24-fold range (0.00578-0.140 µM), with 2 patients having a higher sensitivity for levoketoconazole vs RK (2.1- and 3.7-fold). LC-MS/MS analysis in selected cases revealed more potent inhibition of cortisol and other steroid profile components by levoketoconazole vs RK. In AtT20, levoketoconazole inhibited cell growth and ACTH secretion (10 µM: -54% and -38%, respectively), and levoketoconazole inhibited cell number in 1 of 2 primary human corticotroph pituitary adenoma cultures (-44%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Levoketoconazole potently inhibits cortisol production in adrenocortical cells, with a variable degree of suppression between specimens. Levoketoconazole inhibits adrenal steroid production more potently compared to RK and might also inhibit ACTH secretion and growth of pituitary adenoma cells. Together with previously reported potential advantages, this indicates that levoketoconazole is a promising novel pharmacotherapy for Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Yang Y, Tetti M, Vohra T, Adolf C, Seissler J, Hristov M, Belavgeni A, Bidlingmaier M, Linkermann A, Mulatero P, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Williams TA. BEX1 Is Differentially Expressed in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas and Protects Human Adrenocortical Cells From Ferroptosis. Hypertension 2021; 77:1647-1658. [PMID: 33745298 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Yang
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Martina Tetti
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (M.T., P.M., T.A.W.)
| | - Twinkle Vohra
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Christian Adolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Diabetes Zentrum, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (J.S.)
| | - Michael Hristov
- Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten (IPEK), Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Alexia Belavgeni
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (A.B., A.L.)
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany (A.B., A.L.)
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (M.T., P.M., T.A.W.)
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.).,Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Switzerland (F.B.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.)
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Germany (Y.Y., T.V., C.A., M.B., F.B., M.R., T.A.W.).,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (M.T., P.M., T.A.W.)
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22
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Vohra T, Kemter E, Sun N, Dobenecker B, Hinrichs A, Burrello J, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Wang J, Kinker IS, Teupser D, Fischer K, Schnieke A, Peitzsch M, Eisenhofer G, Walch A, Reincke M, Wolf E, Williams TA. Effect of Dietary Sodium Modulation on Pig Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Transcriptome Profiles. Hypertension 2020; 76:1769-1777. [PMID: 33070662 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a frequent form of endocrine hypertension caused by aldosterone overproduction from the adrenal cortex. Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis has been studied in rodents despite differences in adrenal physiology with humans. We, therefore, investigated pig adrenal steroidogenesis, morphology, and transcriptome profiles of the zona glomerulosa (zG) and zona fasciculata in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by dietary sodium restriction. Six-week-old pigs were fed a low- or high-sodium diet for 14 days (3 pigs per group, 0.4 g sodium/kg feed versus 6.8 g sodium/kg). Plasma aldosterone concentrations displayed a 43-fold increase (P=0.011) after 14 days of sodium restriction (day 14 versus day 0). Low dietary sodium caused a 2-fold increase in thickness of the zG (P<0.001) and an almost 3-fold upregulation of CYP11B (P<0.05) compared with high dietary sodium. Strong immunostaining of the KCNJ5 (G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4), which is frequently mutated in primary aldosteronism, was demonstrated in the zG. mRNA sequencing transcriptome analysis identified significantly altered expression of genes modulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the zG (n=1172) and zona fasciculata (n=280). These genes included many with a known role in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and adrenal function. The most highly enriched biological pathways in the zG were related to cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, cell cycle, and potassium channels. This study provides mechanistic insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of aldosterone production in a species closely related to humans and shows the suitability of pigs as a translational animal model for human adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Vohra
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (B.D.)
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Isabella-Sabrina Kinker
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
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23
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Kurlbaum M, Sbiera S, Kendl S, Martin Fassnacht M, Kroiss M. Steroidogenesis in the NCI-H295 Cell Line Model is Strongly Affected By Culture Conditions and Substrain. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:672-680. [PMID: 32349159 DOI: 10.1055/a-1105-6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT NCI-H295 cells are the most widely used model for adrenal steroidogenesis and adrenocortical carcinoma and have been used for decades in laboratories worldwide. However, reported steroidogenic properties differ considerably. OBJECTIVE To evaluate heterogeneity of steroidogenesis among NCI-H295 cell strains, clarify the influence of culture media and test response to inhibitors of steroidogenesis by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS NCI-H295 cells were obtained from two cell banks and cultivated in different media. An LC-MS/MS-based panel analysis of thirteen steroids was adapted for cell culture supernatant. Cells were treated with metyrapone, abiraterone and mitotane. RESULTS Mineralocorticoid synthesis was strongly affected by passaging as reflected by reduction of aldosterone secretion from 0.158±0.006 to 0.017±0.001 µg/106 cells (p<0.05). Relevant differences were also found for cells from two vendors in terms of aldosterone secretion (0.180±0.001 vs. 0.09±0.002 µg/106 cells, p<0.05). Selection of medium strongly impacted on cortisol secretion with>4-fold difference (40.6±5.5 vs. 182.1±23 µg/106 cells) and reflected differential activation of the glucocorticoid pathway. Exposure to abiraterone, metyrapone and mitotane resulted in characteristic steroidogenic profiles consistent with known mechanism of drug action with considerable differences in metabolites upstream of the blocked enzyme. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that steroid hormone secretion in NCI-H295 cells is strongly affected by the individual strain, passage and growing conditions. These factors should be taken into account in the evaluation of experiments analyzing steroid parameters directly or as surrogate parameters of cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kurlbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Central Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Kendl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Central Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Central Laboratory, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Abate A, Rossini E, Bonini SA, Fragni M, Cosentini D, Tiberio GAM, Benetti D, Hantel C, Laganà M, Grisanti S, Terzolo M, Memo M, Berruti A, Sigala S. Cytotoxic Effect of Trabectedin In Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cell Lines and Primary Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040928. [PMID: 32283844 PMCID: PMC7226156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotane is the only drug approved for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The regimen to be added to mitotane is a chemotherapy including etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. This pharmacological approach, however, has a limited efficacy and significant toxicity. Evidence indicates that ACC seems to be sensitive to alkylating agents. Trabectedin is an anti-tumor drug that acts as an alkylating agent with a complex mechanism of action. Here, we investigated whether trabectedin could exert a cytotoxic activity in in vitro cell models of ACC. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay on ACC cell lines and primary cell cultures. The gene expression was evaluated by q-RT-PCR, while protein expression and localization were studied by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Combination experiments were performed to evaluate their interaction on ACC cell line viability. Trabectedin demonstrated high cytotoxicity at sub-nanomolar concentrations in ACC cell lines and patient-derived primary cell cultures. The drug was able to reduce /β catenin nuclear localization, although it is unclear whether this effect is involved in the observed cytotoxicity. Trabectedin/mitotane combination exerted a synergic cytotoxic effect in NCI-H295R cells. Trabectedin has antineoplastic activity in ACC cells. The synergistic cytotoxic activity of trabectedin with mitotane provides the rationale for testing this combination in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Abate
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.R.); (S.A.B.); (M.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Elisa Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.R.); (S.A.B.); (M.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Sara Anna Bonini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.R.); (S.A.B.); (M.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Martina Fragni
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.R.); (S.A.B.); (M.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Deborah Cosentini
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.C.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Guido Albero Massimo Tiberio
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Diego Benetti
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 City, Germany
| | - Marta Laganà
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.C.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.C.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Internal Medicine 1, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.R.); (S.A.B.); (M.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (D.C.); (M.L.); (S.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (A.A.); (E.R.); (S.A.B.); (M.F.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-371-7663
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25
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Nanba K, Blinder AR, Rege J, Hattangady NG, Else T, Liu CJ, Tomlins SA, Vats P, Kumar-Sinha C, Giordano TJ, Rainey WE. Somatic CACNA1H Mutation As a Cause of Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Hypertension 2020; 75:645-649. [PMID: 31983310 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driver somatic mutations for aldosterone excess have been found in ≈90% of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) using an aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2)-guided sequencing approach. In the present study, we identified a novel somatic CACNA1H mutation (c.T4289C, p.I1430T) in an APA without any currently known aldosterone-driver mutations using CYP11B2 immunohistochemistry-guided whole exome sequencing. The CACNA1H gene encodes a voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel alpha-1H subunit. Germline variants in this gene are known as a cause of familial hyperaldosteronism IV. Targeted next-generation sequencing detected identical CACNA1H variants in 2 additional APAs in a cohort of the University of Michigan, resulting in a prevalence of 4% (3/75) in APAs. We tested the functional effect of the variant on adrenal cell aldosterone production and CYP11B2 mRNA expression using the human adrenocortical HAC15 cell line with a doxycycline-inducible CACNA1HI1430T mutation. Doxycycline treatment increased CYP11B2 mRNA levels as well as aldosterone production, supporting a pathological role of the CACNA1H p.I1430T mutation on the development of primary aldosteronism. In conclusion, somatic CACNA1H mutation is a genetic cause of APAs. Although the prevalence of this mutation is low, this study will provide better understanding of molecular mechanism of inappropriate aldosterone production in APAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.).,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Amy R Blinder
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.)
| | - Juilee Rege
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.)
| | - Namita G Hattangady
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (N.G.H., T.E., T.J.G., W.E.R.)
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (N.G.H., T.E., T.J.G., W.E.R.)
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.J.-L., S.A.T., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.J.-L., S.A.T., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.J.-L., S.A.T., T.J.G.)
| | - William E Rainey
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.).,Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (N.G.H., T.E., T.J.G., W.E.R.)
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Itcho K, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Ohno H, Kobuke K, Nagano G, Yoshii Y, Baba R, Hattori N, Yoneda M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Calmegin Is Upregulated in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma and Associates With Aldosterone Production. Hypertension 2019; 75:492-499. [PMID: 31865789 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a pivotal role in syntheses of proteins and steroid hormones and regulation of intracellular Ca2+ level. We aimed to investigate ER-associated genes in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and clarify their effect on aldosterone production. Microarray analysis targeting 288 ER-associated genes was conducted using nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas (n=5) and APAs (n=19). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed with 13 nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenoma and 48 APA samples. Functional studies were performed with human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, some of which were genetically modified using lentiviruses. The ER chaperone calmegin (CLGN) was the most highly expressed ER-associated gene in APAs relative to nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas. Analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed CLGN to be 9.5-fold upregulated in APAs relative to nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas. There were no differences among different APA genotypes affecting aldosterone production. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that CLGN was strongly expressed in APAs and aldosterone-producing cell clusters. Angiotensin II stimulation or KCNJ5 T158A overexpression in HAC15 cells did not affect CLGN mRNA levels. CLGN overexpression in HAC15 cells increased aldosterone levels but did not stimulate CYP11B2 mRNA levels. Pathway and gene ontology analyses using RNA sequencing results showed that tRNA aminoacyl metabolism was the most enriched pathway in CLGN-overexpressing cells. CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and HSD3B2 (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5->4-isomerase type 2) protein expression were more abundant in CLGN-overexpressing cells. CLGN knockdown using CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated 9) method in HAC15 cells that carry the KCNJ5 mutation did not affect aldosterone production. To summarize, CLGN was upregulated and associated with aldosterone production via translational regulation of CYP11B2 in APAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Itcho
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Kenji Oki
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Haruya Ohno
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Gaku Nagano
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Yoko Yoshii
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Ryuta Baba
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Noboru Hattori
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.I., K.O., H.O., K.K., G.N., Y.Y., R.B., N.H., M.Y.)
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27
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Fragni M, Palma Lopez LP, Rossini E, Abate A, Cosentini D, Salvi V, Vezzoli S, Poliani PL, Bosisio D, Hantel C, Tiberio GAM, Grisanti S, Memo M, Terzolo M, Berruti A, Sigala S. In vitro cytotoxicity of cabazitaxel in adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines and human adrenocortical carcinoma primary cell cultures ☆. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110585. [PMID: 31536779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical cancer (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. The overall 5-year survival rate of patients with ENS@T stage IV ACC is less than 15%. Systemic antineoplastic therapies have a limited efficacy and new drugs are urgently needed. Human ACC primary cultures and cell lines were used to assess the cytotoxic effect of cabazitaxel, and the role of P-glycoprotein in mediating this effect. Cabazitaxel reduced ACC cell viability, both in ACC cell lines and in ACC primary cell cultures. Molecular and pharmacological targeting of ABCB1/P-gp did not modify its cytotoxic effect in NCI-H295R cells, while it increased the paclitaxel-induced toxicity. Cabazitaxel modified the expression of proteins involved in cellular physiology, such as apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. The drug combination cabazitaxel/mitotane exerted an additive/moderate synergism in different ACC cell experimental models. These results provide a rationale for testing cabazitaxel in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fragni
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lilian Patricia Palma Lopez
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Abate
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Deborah Cosentini
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, Public Health, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Section of Oncology and Experimental Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Vezzoli
- Forensic Medicine Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Section of Oncology and Experimental Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido A M Tiberio
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, Public Health, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Internal Medicine 1, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, Public Health, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon and heterogeneous disease and may present differently in children and adults. Management of ACC is dependent on disease stage and complete surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment. The first and most extensively used adrenocortical cancer cell line, as model system to examine mechanisms controlling normal and pathologic function of adrenal cortex, was initially isolated in 1980. Although NCI-H295 maintained steroid capabilities and adrenocortical characteristics, the lack of new cell lines and animal models of ACC has hampered the progress and development of new therapies. In this review we provide description of cellular and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models of ACC generated for the elucidation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and preclinical functional studies for this aggressive disease.
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29
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Creemers SG, Feelders RA, de Jong FH, Franssen GJH, de Rijke YB, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ. Osilodrostat Is a Potential Novel Steroidogenesis Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cushing Syndrome: An In Vitro Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3437-3449. [PMID: 31127821 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metyrapone and ketoconazole, frequently used steroidogenesis inhibitors for treatment of Cushing syndrome, can be associated with side effects and limited efficacy. Osilodrostat is a CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 inhibitor, with unknown effects on other steroidogenic enzymes. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of osilodrostat, metyrapone, and ketoconazole on adrenal steroidogenesis, and pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. METHODS HAC15 cells, 17 primary human adrenocortical cell cultures, and pituitary adenoma cells were incubated with osilodrostat, metyrapone, or ketoconazole (0.01 to 10 µM). Cortisol and ACTH were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassays, and steroid profiles by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In HAC15 cells, osilodrostat inhibited cortisol production more potently (IC50: 0.035 µM) than metyrapone (0.068 µM; P < 0.0001), and ketoconazole (0.621 µM; P < 0.0001). IC50 values of osilodrostat and metyrapone for basal cortisol production varied with a 25- and 18-fold difference, respectively, with comparable potency. Aldosterone production was inhibited more potently by osilodrostat vs metyrapone and ketoconazole. Osilodrostat and metyrapone treatment resulted in strong inhibition of corticosterone and cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol accumulation, and modest effects on adrenal androgens. No pituitary-directed effects of osilodrostat were observed. CONCLUSIONS Under our study conditions, osilodrostat is a potent cortisol production inhibitor in human adrenocortical cells, comparable with metyrapone. All steroidogenesis inhibitors showed large variability in sensitivity between primary adrenocortical cultures. Osilodrostat might inhibit CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, in some conditions to a lesser extent CYP17A1 activity, and a proximal step in the steroidogenesis. Osilodrostat is a promising treatment option for Cushing syndrome, and in vivo differences with metyrapone are potentially driven by pharmacokinetic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Creemers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Frank H de Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
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30
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Mouat IC, Omata K, McDaniel AS, Hattangady NG, Talapatra D, Cani AK, Hovelson DH, Tomlins SA, Rainey WE, Hammer GD, Giordano TJ, Else T. Somatic mutations in adrenocortical carcinoma with primary aldosteronism or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:217-225. [PMID: 30475217 PMCID: PMC7065382 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several somatic mutations specific to aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) have been described. A small proportion of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are associated with hyperaldosteronism, either primary aldosteronism or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism. However, it is unknown whether they harbor mutations of the same spectrum as APAs. The objective of this study is to describe the clinical phenotype and molecular genotype of ACCs with hyperaldosteronism, particularly the analysis for common APA-associated genetic changes. Patients were identified by retrospective chart review at a specialized referral center and by positive staining for CYP11B2 of tissue microarrays. Twenty-five patients with ACC and hyperaldosteronism were initially identified by retrospective chart review, and tissue for further analysis was available on 13 tumors. Seven patients were identified by positive staining for CYP11B2 in a tissue microarray, of which two were already identified in the initial chart review. Therefore, a total number of 18 patients with a diagnosis of ACC and features of either primary aldosteronism or hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism were therefore included in the final study. Mutational status for a select list of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and genes known to carry mutations in APAs were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Review of clinical data suggested autonomous aldosterone production in the majority of cases, while for some cases, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism was the more likely mechanism. The mutational landscape of ACCs associated with hyperaldosteronism was not different from ACCs with a different hormonal phenotype. None of the ACCs harbored mutations of known APA-associated genes, suggesting an alternative mechanism conferring aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kei Omata
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew S McDaniel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Namita G Hattangady
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Debnita Talapatra
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andi K Cani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel H Hovelson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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31
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Zanin S, Lidron E, Rizzuto R, Pallafacchina G. Methods to Measure Intracellular Ca 2+ Concentration Using Ca 2+-Sensitive Dyes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1925:43-58. [PMID: 30674015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9018-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ ion is universally considered the most versatile second messenger responsible for decoding and regulating the majority of the signaling pathways within the cell. The study of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) dynamics is consequently of primary importance for the interpretation of cellular biology. This chapter will present a relatively simple, largely diffused, and nevertheless robust method to measure variations of [Ca2+]i by the use of the Ca2+-sensitive chemical dye Fura-2. A general protocol for the assessment of [Ca2+]i in adherent cells, applicable to a variety of cell systems, will be first presented. Then, the implementation of Fura-2 to detect [Ca2+]i in two specific cell types, namely, human adrenocortical cells and primary skin fibroblasts, will be discussed in more particulars. Finally, the procedure to monitor Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane using Fura-2 will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zanin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Lidron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pallafacchina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy.
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32
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Tetti M, Castellano I, Venziano F, Magnino C, Veglio F, Mulatero P, Monticone S. Role of Cryptochrome-1 and Cryptochrome-2 in Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas and Adrenocortical Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061675. [PMID: 29874863 PMCID: PMC6032245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the core-clock components, cryptochrome-1 (CRY1) and cryptochrome-2 (CRY2) display a phenotype of hyperaldosteronism, due to the upregulation of type VI 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (Hsd3b6), the murine counterpart to the human type I 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B1) gene. In the present study, we evaluated the role of CRY1 and CRY2 genes, and their potential interplay with HSD3B isoforms in adrenal pathophysiology in man. Forty-six sporadic aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and 20 paired adrenal samples were included, with the human adrenocortical cells HAC15 used as the in vitro model. In our cohort of sporadic APAs, CRY1 expression was 1.7-fold [0.75–2.26] higher (p = 0.016), while CRY2 showed a 20% lower expression [0.80, 0.52–1.08] (p = 0.04) in APAs when compared with the corresponding adjacent adrenal cortex. Type II 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2) was 317-fold [200–573] more expressed than HSD3B1, and is the main HSD3B isoform in APAs. Both dehydrogenases were more expressed in APAs when compared with the adjacent cortex (5.7-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001) and HSD3B1 was significantly more expressed in APAs composed mainly of zona glomerulosa-like cells. Treatment with angiotensin II (AngII) resulted in a significant upregulation of CRY1 (1.7 ± 0.25-fold, p < 0.001) at 6 h, and downregulation of CRY2 at 12 h (0.6 ± 0.1-fold, p < 0.001), through activation of the AngII type 1 receptor. Independent silencing of CRY1 and CRY2 genes in HAC15 cells resulted in a mild upregulation of HSD3B2 without affecting HSD3B1 expression. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that CRY1 and CRY2, being AngII-regulated genes, and showing a differential expression in APAs when compared with the adjacent adrenal cortex, might be involved in adrenal cell function, and in the regulation of aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tetti
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Isabella Castellano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino,10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Venziano
- Division of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino,10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Corrado Magnino
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Franco Veglio
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Monticone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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33
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Kobuke K, Oki K, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Ohno H, Itcho K, Yoshii Y, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Calneuron 1 Increased Ca 2+ in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Aldosterone Production in Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Hypertension 2017; 71:125-133. [PMID: 29109191 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone production is initiated by angiotensin II stimulation and activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling. In aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) cells, the activation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling is independent of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. The purpose of our study was to clarify molecular mechanisms of aldosterone production related to Ca2+ signaling. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the CALN1 gene encoding calneuron 1 had the strongest correlation with CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) among genes encoding Ca2+-binding proteins in APA. CALN1 modulation and synthetic or fluorescent compounds were used for functional studies in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells. CALN1 expression was 4.4-fold higher in APAs than nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas. CALN1 expression colocalized with CYP11B2 expression as investigated using immunohistochemistry in APA and zona glomerulosa of male rats fed by a low-salt diet. CALN1 expression was detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by using GFP-fused CALN1, CellLight ER-RFP, and the corresponding antibodies. CALN1-overexpressing HAC15 cells showed increased Ca2+ in the ER and cytosol fluorescence-based studies. Aldosterone production was potentiated in HAC15 cells by CALN1 expression, and dose-responsive inhibition with TMB-8 showed that CALN1-mediated Ca2+ storage in ER involved sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase. The silencing of CALN1 decreased Ca2+ in ER, and abrogated angiotensin II- or KCNJ5 T158A-mediated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells. Increased CALN1 expression in APA was associated with elevated Ca2+ storage in ER and aldosterone overproduction. Suppression of CALN1 expression prevented angiotensin II- or KCNJ5 T158A-mediated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells, suggesting that CALN1 is a potential therapeutic target for excess aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kobuke
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Kenji Oki
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.).
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Haruya Ohno
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Kiyotaka Itcho
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Yoko Yoshii
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Noboru Hattori
- From the Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan (K.K., K.O., H.O., K.I., Y.Y., M.Y., N.H.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.); and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S., E.P.G.-S.)
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Yao J, McHedlishvili D, McIntire WE, Guagliardo NA, Erisir A, Coburn CA, Santarelli VP, Bayliss DA, Barrett PQ. Functional TASK-3-Like Channels in Mitochondria of Aldosterone-Producing Zona Glomerulosa Cells. Hypertension 2017. [PMID: 28630209 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ drives aldosterone synthesis in the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of the adrenal zona glomerulosa cell. Membrane potential across each of these compartments regulates the amplitude of the Ca2+ signal; yet, only plasma membrane ion channels and their role in regulating cell membrane potential have garnered investigative attention as pathological causes of human hyperaldosteronism. Previously, we reported that genetic deletion of TASK-3 channels (tandem pore domain acid-sensitive K+ channels) from mice produces aldosterone excess in the absence of a change in the cell membrane potential of zona glomerulosa cells. Here, we report using yeast 2-hybrid, immunoprecipitation, and electron microscopic analyses that TASK-3 channels are resident in mitochondria, where they regulate mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and aldosterone production. This study provides proof of principle that mitochondrial K+ channels, by modulating inner mitochondrial membrane morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential, have the ability to play a pathological role in aldosterone dysregulation in steroidogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Yao
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - David McHedlishvili
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - William E McIntire
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - Nick A Guagliardo
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - Alev Erisir
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - Craig A Coburn
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - Vincent P Santarelli
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.)
| | - Paula Q Barrett
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (J.Y., D.M., W.E.M., N.A.G., D.A.B., P.Q.B.) and Psychology (A.E.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; Silverback Therapeutics, Inc, Seattle, WA (C.A.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co, Inc, West point, PA (V.P.S.).
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Oki K, Plonczynski MW, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. YPEL4 modulates HAC15 adrenal cell proliferation and is associated with tumor diameter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 434:93-8. [PMID: 27333825 PMCID: PMC5478919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Yippee-like (YPEL) proteins are thought to be related to cell proliferation because of their structure and location in the cell. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of YPEL4 on aldosterone production and cell proliferation in the human adrenocortical cell line (HAC15) and aldosterone producing adenoma (APA). Basal aldosterone levels in HAC15 cells over-expressing YPEL4 was higher than those of control HAC15 cells. The positive effects of YPEL4 on cell proliferation were detected by XTT assay and crystal violet staining. YPEL4 levels in 39 human APA were 2.4-fold higher compared to those in 12 non-functional adrenocortical adenomas, and there was a positive relationship between YPEL4 levels and APA diameter (r = 0.316, P < 0.05). In summary, we have demonstrated that YPEL4 stimulates human adrenal cortical cell proliferation, increasing aldosterone production as a consequence. These results in human adrenocortical cells are consistent with the clinical observations with APA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Maria W Plonczynski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Research and Medicine Services, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Johnson MH, Bollag WB. VLDL-activated cell signaling pathways that stimulate adrenal cell aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 433:138-46. [PMID: 27222295 PMCID: PMC4955520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays an important role in regulating ion and fluid homeostasis and thus blood pressure, and hyperaldosteronism results in hypertension. Hypertension is also observed with obesity, which is associated with additional health risks, including cardiovascular disease. Obese individuals have high serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which has been shown to stimulate aldosterone production; however, the mechanisms underlying VLDL-induced aldosterone production are still unclear. Here we demonstrate in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells that submaximal concentrations of angiotensin II and VLDL stimulate aldosterone production in an additive fashion, suggesting the possibility of common mechanisms of action. We show using inhibitors that VLDL-induced aldosterone production is mediated by the PLC/IP3/PKC signaling pathway. Our results suggest that PKC is upstream of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation previously observed with VLDL. An understanding of the mechanisms mediating VLDL-induced aldosterone production may provide insights into therapies to treat obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States.
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Reimer EN, Walenda G, Seidel E, Scholl UI. CACNA1H(M1549V) Mutant Calcium Channel Causes Autonomous Aldosterone Production in HAC15 Cells and Is Inhibited by Mibefradil. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3016-22. [PMID: 27258646 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that a recurrent gain-of-function mutation in a T-type calcium channel, CACNA1H(M1549V), causes a novel Mendelian disorder featuring early-onset primary aldosteronism and hypertension. This variant was found independently in five families. CACNA1H(M1549V) leads to impaired channel inactivation and activation at more hyperpolarized potentials, inferred to cause increased calcium entry. We here aimed to study the effect of this variant on aldosterone production. We heterologously expressed empty vector, CACNA1H(WT) and CACNA1H(M1549V) in the aldosterone-producing adrenocortical cancer cell line H295R and its subclone HAC15. Transfection rates, expression levels, and subcellular distribution of the channel were similar between CACNA1H(WT) and CACNA1H(M1549V). We measured aldosterone production by an ELISA and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) expression by real-time PCR. In unstimulated cells, transfection of CACNA1H(WT) led to a 2-fold increase in aldosterone levels compared with vector-transfected cells. Expression of CACNA1H(M1549V) caused a 7-fold increase in aldosterone levels. Treatment with angiotensin II or increased extracellular potassium levels further stimulated aldosterone production in both CACNA1H(WT)- and CACNA1H(M1549V)-transfected cells. Similar results were obtained for CYP11B2 expression. Inhibition of CACNA1H channels with the T-type calcium channel blocker Mibefradil completely abrogated the effects of CACNA1H(WT) and CACNA1H(M1549V) on CYP11B2 expression. These results directly link CACNA1H(M1549V) to increased aldosterone production. They suggest that calcium channel blockers may be beneficial in the treatment of a subset of patients with primary aldosteronism. Such blockers could target CACNA1H or both CACNA1H and the L-type calcium channel CACNA1D that is also expressed in the adrenal gland and mutated in patients with primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther N Reimer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gudrun Walenda
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric Seidel
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute I Scholl
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Taylor MJ, Sanjanwala AR, Morin EE, Rowland-Fisher E, Anderson K, Schwendeman A, Rainey WE. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein (sHDL) Inhibits Steroid Production in HAC15 Adrenal Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3122-9. [PMID: 27253994 PMCID: PMC4967112 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) transported cholesterol represents one of the sources of substrate for adrenal steroid production. Synthetic HDL (sHDL) particles represent a new therapeutic option to reduce atherosclerotic plaque burden by increasing cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells. The effects of the sHDL particles on steroidogenic cells have not been explored. sHDL, specifically ETC-642, was studied in HAC15 adrenocortical cells. Cells were treated with sHDL, forskolin, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, or pregnenolone. Experiments included time and concentration response curves, followed by steroid assay. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to study mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, lanosterol 14-α-methylase, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, and steroid acute regulatory protein. Cholesterol assay was performed using cell culture media and cell lipid extracts from a dose response experiment. sHDL significantly inhibited production of cortisol. Inhibition occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and in a concentration range of 3μM-50μM. Forskolin (10μM) stimulated cortisol production was also inhibited. Incubation with 22R-hydroxycholesterol (10μM) and pregnenolone (10μM) increased cortisol production, which was unaffected by sHDL treatment. sHDL increased transcript levels for the rate-limiting cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Extracellular cholesterol assayed in culture media showed a positive correlation with increasing concentration of sHDL, whereas intracellular cholesterol decreased after treatment with sHDL. The current study suggests that sHDL inhibits HAC15 adrenal cell steroid production by efflux of cholesterol, leading to an overall decrease in steroid production and an adaptive rise in adrenal cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Aalok R Sanjanwala
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Emily E Morin
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Elizabeth Rowland-Fisher
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kyle Anderson
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Hattangady NG, Karashima S, Yuan L, Ponce-Balbuena D, Jalife J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Auchus RJ, Rainey WE, Else T. Mutated KCNJ5 activates the acute and chronic regulatory steps in aldosterone production. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:1-11. [PMID: 27099398 PMCID: PMC5027885 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Somatic and germline mutations in the inward-rectifying K(+) channel (KCNJ5) are a common cause of primary aldosteronism (PA) in aldosterone-producing adenoma and familial hyperaldosteronism type III, respectively. Dysregulation of adrenal cell calcium signaling represents one mechanism for mutated KCNJ5 stimulation of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression and aldosterone production. However, the mechanisms stimulating acute and chronic production of aldosterone by mutant KCNJ5 have not been fully characterized. Herein, we defined the effects of the T158A KCNJ5 mutation (KCNJ5(T158A)) on acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production using an adrenal cell line with a doxycycline-inducible KCNJ5(T158A) gene (HAC15-TRE-KCNJ5(T158A)). Doxycycline incubation caused a time-dependent increase in KCNJ5(T158A) and CYP11B2 mRNA and protein levels. Electrophysiological analyses confirm the loss of inward rectification and increased Na(+) permeability in KCNJ5(T158A)-expressing cells. KCNJ5(T158A) expression also led to the activation of CYP11B2 transcriptional regulators, NURR1 and ATF2. Acutely, KCNJ5(T158A) stimulated the expression of total and phosphorylated steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). KCNJ5(T158A) expression increased the synthesis of aldosterone and the hybrid steroids 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol, measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). All of these stimulatory effects of KCNJ5(T158A) were inhibited by the L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, verapamil. Overall, KCNJ5(T158A)increases CYP11B2 expression and production of aldosterone, corticosterone and hybrid steroids by upregulating both acute and chronic regulatory events in aldosterone production, and verapamil blocks KCNJ5(T158A)-mediated pathways leading to aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita G Hattangady
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shigehiro Karashima
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucy Yuan
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - José Jalife
- Center for Arrhythmia ResearchUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Odermatt A, Strajhar P, Engeli RT. Disruption of steroidogenesis: Cell models for mechanistic investigations and as screening tools. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:9-21. [PMID: 26807866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, humans are exposed during their whole life to a large number of synthetic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have the potential to disrupt endocrine functions and contribute to the development and/or progression of major diseases. Every year approximately 1000 novel chemicals, used in industrial production, agriculture, consumer products or as pharmaceuticals, are reaching the market, often with limited safety assessment regarding potential endocrine activities. Steroids are essential endocrine hormones, and the importance of the steroidogenesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been recognized by leading scientists and authorities. Cell lines have a prominent role in the initial stages of toxicity assessment, i.e. for mechanistic investigations and for the medium to high throughput analysis of chemicals for potential steroidogenesis disrupting activities. Nevertheless, the users have to be aware of the limitations of the existing cell models in order to apply them properly, and there is a great demand for improved cell-based testing systems and protocols. This review intends to provide an overview of the available cell lines for studying effects of chemicals on gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis, their use and limitations, as well as the need for future improvements of cell-based testing systems and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Strajhar
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T Engeli
- Swiss Center for Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Nanba K, Chen AX, Turcu AF, Rainey WE. H295R expression of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein results in ACTH responsiveness. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:69-76. [PMID: 26576642 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The H295R adrenocortical cell line is widely used for molecular analysis of adrenal functions but is known to have only modest ACTH responsiveness. The lack of ACTH response was linked to a low expression of its receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R). We hypothesized that increasing the MC2R accessory protein (MRAP), which is required to traffic MC2R from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface, would increase ACTH responsiveness. Lentiviral particles containing human MRAP-open reading frame were generated and transduced in H295R cells. Using antibiotic resistance, 18 clones were isolated for characterization. The most ACTH-responsive steroidogenic clone, H295RA, was used for further experiments. Successful induction of MRAP and increased expression of MC2R in H295RA cells was confirmed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and protein analysis. Treatment with ACTH significantly increased aldosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone production in H295RA cells. ACTH also significantly increased transcript levels for all of the steroidogenic enzymes required to produce aldosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone, as well as MC2R mRNA. Using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, we further revealed that the main unconjugated steroids produced in H295RA cells were 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, and androstenedione. Treatment of H295RA cells with ACTH also acutely increased cAMP production and cellular protein levels for total and phosphorylated steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. In summary, through genetic manipulation, we have developed an ACTH-responsive human adrenocortical cell line. The cell line will provide a powerful in vitro tool for molecular analysis of physiologic and pathologic conditions involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Andrew X Chen
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Spät A, Hunyady L, Szanda G. Signaling Interactions in the Adrenal Cortex. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:17. [PMID: 26973596 PMCID: PMC4770035 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major physiological stimuli of aldosterone secretion are angiotensin II (AII) and extracellular K(+), whereas cortisol production is primarily regulated by corticotropin (ACTH) in fasciculata cells. AII triggers Ca(2+) release from internal stores that is followed by store-operated and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) entry, whereas K(+)-evoked depolarization activates voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. ACTH acts primarily through the formation of cAMP and subsequent protein phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Both Ca(2+) and cAMP facilitate the transfer of cholesterol to mitochondrial inner membrane. The cytosolic Ca(2+) signal is transferred into the mitochondrial matrix and enhances pyridine nucleotide reduction. Increased formation of NADH results in increased ATP production, whereas that of NADPH supports steroid production. In reality, the control of adrenocortical function is a lot more sophisticated with second messengers crosstalking and mutually modifying each other's pathways. Cytosolic Ca(2+) and cGMP are both capable of modifying cAMP metabolism, while cAMP may enhance Ca(2+) release and voltage-activated Ca(2+) channel activity. Besides, mitochondrial Ca(2+) signal brings about cAMP formation within the organelle and this further enhances aldosterone production. Maintained aldosterone and cortisol secretion are optimized by the concurrent actions of Ca(2+) and cAMP, as exemplified by the apparent synergism of Ca(2+) influx (inducing cAMP formation) and Ca(2+) release during response to AII. Thus, cross-actions of parallel signal transducing pathways are not mere intracellular curiosities but rather substantial phenomena, which fine-tune the biological response. Our review focuses on these functionally relevant interactions between the Ca(2+) and the cyclic nucleotide signal transducing pathways hitherto described in the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Spät
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: András Spät,
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szanda
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Huby AC, Antonova G, Groenendyk J, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Bollag WB, Filosa JA, Belin de Chantemèle EJ. Adipocyte-Derived Hormone Leptin Is a Direct Regulator of Aldosterone Secretion, Which Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Fibrosis. Circulation 2015; 132:2134-45. [PMID: 26362633 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In obesity, the excessive synthesis of aldosterone contributes to the development and progression of metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Obesity-induced hyperaldosteronism is independent of the known regulators of aldosterone secretion, but reliant on unidentified adipocyte-derived factors. We hypothesized that the adipokine leptin is a direct regulator of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression and aldosterone release and promotes cardiovascular dysfunction via aldosterone-dependent mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining of human adrenal cross-sections and adrenocortical cells revealed that adrenocortical cells coexpress CYP11B2 and leptin receptors. Measurements of adrenal CYP11B2 expression and plasma aldosterone levels showed that increases in endogenous (obesity) or exogenous (infusion) leptin dose-dependently raised CYP11B2 expression and aldosterone without elevating plasma angiotensin II, potassium or corticosterone. Neither angiotensin II receptors blockade nor α and β adrenergic receptors inhibition blunted leptin-induced aldosterone secretion. Identical results were obtained in cultured adrenocortical cells. Enhanced leptin signaling elevated CYP11B2 expression and plasma aldosterone, whereas deficiency in leptin or leptin receptors blunted obesity-induced increases in CYP11B2 and aldosterone, ruling out a role for obesity per se. Leptin increased intracellular calcium, elevated calmodulin and calmodulin-kinase II expression, whereas calcium chelation blunted leptin-mediated increases in CYP11B2, in adrenocortical cells. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade blunted leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction and increases in cardiac fibrotic markers. CONCLUSIONS Leptin is a newly described regulator of aldosterone synthesis that acts directly on adrenal glomerulosa cells to increase CYP11B2 expression and enhance aldosterone production via calcium-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, leptin-mediated aldosterone secretion contributes to cardiovascular disease by promoting endothelial dysfunction and the expression of profibrotic markers in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Huby
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Galina Antonova
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Jake Groenendyk
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Jessica A Filosa
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.)
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- From Physiology Department, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta (A.-C.H., G.A., J.G., W.B.B., J.A.F., E.J.D.d.C.); Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA (W.B.B.); Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C..E.G.-S.).
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Nakamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Konosu-Fukaya S, Ise K, Satoh F, Sasano H. Aldosterone biosynthesis in the human adrenal cortex and associated disorders. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:57-62. [PMID: 26051166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is one of the mineralocorticoids synthesized and secreted by the adrenal glands, and it plays pivotal roles in regulating extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Autonomous excessive aldosterone secretion resulting from adrenocortical diseases is known as primary aldosteronism, and it constitutes one of the most frequent causes of secondary hypertension. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of aldosterone synthesis in both normal and pathological adrenal tissues. Various factors have been suggested to be involved in regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis, and several adrenocortical cell lines have been developed for use as in vitro models of adrenal aldosterone-producing cells, for analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the available reports on the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis in the normal adrenal cortex, in associated disorders, and in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sachiko Konosu-Fukaya
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazue Ise
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Hara T, Otsuka F, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Inagaki K, Hosoya T, Nakamura E, Terasaka T, Komatsubara M, Makino H. Mutual effects of melatonin and activin on induction of aldosterone production by human adrenocortical cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:8-15. [PMID: 25889901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to suppress adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion in the anterior pituitary and cortisol production in the adrenal by different mechanisms. However, the effect of melatonin on aldosterone production has remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of melatonin in the regulation of aldosterone production using human adrenocortical H295R cells by focusing on the activin system expressed in the adrenal. Melatonin receptor MT1 mRNA and protein were expressed in H295R cells and the expression levels of MT1 were increased by activin treatment. Activin increased ACTH-induced, but not angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced, aldosterone production. Melatonin alone did not affect basal synthesis of either aldosterone or cortisol. However, melatonin effectively enhanced aldosterone production induced by co-treatment with ACTH and activin, although melatonin had no effect on aldosterone production induced by Ang II in combination with activin. These changes in steroidogenesis became apparent when the steroid production was evaluated by the ratio of aldosterone/cortisol. Melatonin also enhanced dibutyryl-AMP-induced aldosterone/cortisol levels in the presence of activin, suggesting a functional link to the cAMP-PKA pathway for induction of aldosterone production by melatonin and activin. In accordance with the data for steroids, ACTH-induced, but not Ang II-induced, cAMP synthesis was also amplified by co-treatment with melatonin and activin. Furthermore, the ratio of ACTH-induced mRNA level of CYP11B2 compared with that of CYP17 was amplified in the condition of treatment with both melatonin and activin. In addition, melatonin increased expression of the activin type-I receptor ALK-4 but suppressed expression of inhibitory Smads6/7, leading to the enhancement of Smad2 phosphorylation. Collectively, the results showed that melatonin facilitated aldosterone production induced by ACTH and activin via the cAMP-PKA pathway. The results also suggested that mutual enhancement of melatonin and activin receptor signaling is involved in the induction of aldosterone output by adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | | | - Kenichi Inagaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hosoya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terasaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoshi Komatsubara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Seremwe M, Schnellmann RG, Bollag WB. Calpain-10 Activity Underlies Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Production in an Adrenal Glomerulosa Cell Model. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2138-49. [PMID: 25836666 PMCID: PMC4430612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone important in the regulation of blood pressure. Aberrant production of aldosterone results in the development and progression of diseases including hypertension and congestive heart failure; therefore, a complete understanding of aldosterone production is important for developing more effective treatments. Angiotensin II (AngII) regulates steroidogenesis, in part through its ability to increase intracellular calcium levels. Calcium can activate calpains, proteases classified as typical or atypical based on the presence or absence of penta-EF-hands, which are involved in various cellular responses. We hypothesized that calpain, in particular calpain-10, is activated by AngII in adrenal glomerulosa cells and underlies aldosterone production. Our studies showed that pan-calpain inhibitors reduced AngII-induced aldosterone production in 2 adrenal glomerulosa cell models, primary bovine zona glomerulosa and human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, as well as CYP11B2 expression in the HAC15 cells. Although AngII induced calpain activation in these cells, typical calpain inhibitors had no effect on AngII-elicited aldosterone production, suggesting a lack of involvement of classical calpains in this process. However, an inhibitor of the atypical calpain, calpain-10, decreased AngII-induced aldosterone production. Consistent with this result, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of calpain-10 inhibited aldosterone production and CYP11B2 expression, whereas adenovirus-mediated overexpression of calpain-10 resulted in increased AngII-induced aldosterone production. Our results indicate that AngII-induced activation of calpain-10 in glomerulosa cells underlies aldosterone production and identify calpain-10 or its downstream pathways as potential targets for the development of drug therapies for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsa Seremwe
- Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center (W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia 30904; Department of Physiology (M.S., W.B.B.) and Section of Dermatology (W.B.B.), Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences (R.G.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, and Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center (R.G.S.), Charleston, South Carolina 29425
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Nanba K, Chen A, Nishimoto K, Rainey WE. Role of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase in adrenal aldosterone production. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1750-6. [PMID: 25679868 PMCID: PMC4398758 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence supporting the role of calcium signaling in adrenal regulation of both aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and aldosterone production. However, there have been no studies that investigated the role played by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) in adrenal cells. In this study we investigated the role of CaMKK in adrenal cell aldosterone production. To determine the role of CaMKK, we used a selective CaMKK inhibitor (STO-609) in the HAC15 human adrenal cell line. Cells were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II) or K+ and evaluated for the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and CYP11B2 (mRNA/protein) as well as aldosterone production. We also transduced HAC15 cells with lentiviral short hairpin RNAs of CaMKK1 and CaMKK2 to determine which CaMKK plays a more important role in adrenal cell regulation of the calcium signaling cascade. The CaMKK inhibitor, STO-609, decreased aldosterone production in cells treated with Ang II or K+ in a dose-dependent manner. STO-609 (20 μM) also inhibited steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and CYP11B2 mRNA/protein induction. CaMKK2 knockdown cells showed significant reduction of CYP11B2 mRNA induction and aldosterone production in cells treated with Ang II, although there was no obvious effect in CaMKK1 knockdown cells. In immunohistochemical analysis, CaMKK2 protein was highly expressed in human adrenal zona glomerulosa with lower expression in the zona fasciculata. In conclusion, the present study suggests that CaMKK2 plays a pivotal role in the calcium signaling cascade regulating adrenal aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating sodium homeostasis, thereby helping to control blood volume and blood pressure. Insufficient aldosterone secretion can lead to hypotension and circulatory shock, particularly in infancy. On the other hand, excessive aldosterone levels, or those too high for sodium status, can cause hypertension and exacerbate the effects of high blood pressure on multiple organs, contributing to renal disease, stroke, visual loss, and congestive heart failure. Aldosterone is also thought to directly induce end-organ damage, including in the kidneys and heart. Because of the significance of aldosterone to the physiology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, it is important to understand the regulation of its biosynthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Herein, the mechanisms regulating aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells are discussed, with a particular emphasis on signaling pathways involved in the secretory response to the main controllers of aldosterone production, the renin-angiotensin II system, serum potassium levels and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The signaling pathways involved include phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cytosolic calcium levels, calcium influx pathways, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, diacylglycerol, protein kinases C and D, 12-hydroxyeicostetraenoic acid, phospholipase D, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, tyrosine kinases, adenylate cyclase, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A complete understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may allow the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interventions in hypertension, primary aldosteronism, congestive heart failure, renal disease, and other cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Caroccia B, Seccia TM, Campos AG, Gioco F, Kuppusamy M, Ceolotto G, Guerzoni E, Simonato F, Mareso S, Lenzini L, Fassina A, Rossi GP. GPER-1 and estrogen receptor-β ligands modulate aldosterone synthesis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4296-304. [PMID: 25167221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fertile women have lower blood pressure and cardiovascular risk than age-matched men, which suggests that estrogens exert cardiovascular protective effects. However, whether 17 β-estradiol (E2) blunts aldosterone secretion, and thereby affects the gender dimorphism of blood pressure, is unknown. We therefore sought for the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in human adrenocortical tissues ex vivo by performing gene and protein expression studies. We also investigated the effect of E2 on aldosterone synthesis and the involved receptors through in vitro functional experiments in the adrenocortical cells HAC15. We found that in the human adrenal cortex and aldosterone-producing adenoma cells, the most expressed ERs were the ERβ and the G protein-coupled receptor-1 (GPER-1), respectively. After selective ERβ blockade, E2 (10 nmol/L) markedly increased both the expression of aldosterone synthase and the production of aldosterone (+5- to 7-fold vs baseline, P < .001). Under the same condition, the GPER-1 receptor agonist 1-[4-(6-bromo-benzo (1, 3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c] quinolin-8-yl]-ethanone (G-1) (10 nmol/L) mimicked this effect, which was abrogated by cotreatment with either the GPER-1 receptor antagonist (3aS*,4R*,9bR*)-4-(6-Bro-mo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline (G-15), or a selective protein kinase A inhibitor 8-Bromo-2-monobutyryladenosine-3,5-cyclic mono-phosphorothioate, Rp-isomer. Silencing of the ERβ significantly raised aldosterone synthase expression and aldosterone production. Conversely, silencing of the GPER-1 lowered aldosterone synthase gene and protein expression. Moreover, it blunted the stimulatory effect of E2 on aldosterone synthase that was seen during ERβ blockade. These results support the conclusion that in humans, E2 inhibits aldosterone synthesis by acting via ERβ. Pharmacologic disinhibition of ERβ unmasks a potent secretagogue effect of E2 that involves GPER-1 and protein kinase A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brasilina Caroccia
- Internal Medicine 4 (B.C., T.M.S., A.G.C., F.G., M.K., G.C., E.G., S.M., L.L., G.P.R.), Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua 35126, Italy; and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (F.S., A.F.), Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35126, Italy
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Pan ZQ, Frohman MA, Choudhary V, Bollag WB. Phospholipase D activity underlies very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3550-60. [PMID: 24956203 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone is the mineralocorticoid responsible for sodium retention, thus increased blood volume and pressure. Excessive production of aldosterone results in high blood pressure as well as renal disease, stroke, and visual loss via both direct effects and effects on blood pressure. Weight gain is often associated with increased blood pressure, but it remains unclear how obesity increases blood pressure. Obese patients typically have higher lipoprotein levels; moreover, some studies have suggested that aldosterone levels are also elevated and represent a link between obesity and hypertension. Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) functions to transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. Although previous studies have demonstrated that VLDL can stimulate aldosterone production, the mechanisms underlying this effect are largely unclear. Here we show for the first time that phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in VLDL-induced aldosterone production in both a human adrenocortical cell line (HAC15) and primary cultures of bovine zona glomerulosa cells. Our data also reveal that PLD mediates steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression via increasing the phosphorylation (activation) of their regulatory transcription factors. Finally, by using selective PLD inhibitors, our studies suggest that both PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms play an important role in VLDL-induced aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center (V.C., W.B.B.), Augusta, Georgia 30904; Department of Physiology (Y.-Y.T., W.E.R., Z.P., V.C., W.B.B.), Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and Department of Pharmacology and Center for Developmental Genetics (M.A.F.), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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