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Clarke IJ, Reed CB, Burke CR, Li Q, Meier S. Kiss1 expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is lower in dairy cows of reduced fertility. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:802-813. [PMID: 34982141 PMCID: PMC9040656 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that divergent genetic merit for fertility of dairy cows is due to aberrant reproductive neuroendocrine function. The kisspeptin status of non-pregnant cows of either positive (POS) or negative (NEG) breeding values (BVs) for fertility was studied in three groups (n = 8), based on their previous post-partum period: POS cows, which had spontaneous ovarian cycles (POS-CYC) and NEG cows, which either cycled (NEG-CYC) or did not cycle (NEG-NONCYC). Ovarian cycles were synchronized, blood samples were taken to define endocrine status, and the animals were slaughtered in an artificial follicular phase. The brains and the pituitary glands were collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and in situ hybridization of hypothalamic GNRH1, Kiss1, TAC3, and PDYN and pituitary expression of LHB and FSHB. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin levels were quantified in snap frozen median eminence (ME). GNRH1 expression and GnRH levels in the ME were similar across groups. Kiss1 expression in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus was also similar across groups, but Kiss1 in the arcuate nucleus was almost 2-fold higher in POS-CYC cows than in NEG groups. TAC3 expression was higher in POS-CYC cows. The number of pituitary gonadotropes and the level of expression of LHB and FSHB were similar across groups. We conclude that the lower levels of Kiss1 and TAC3 in NEG cows with low fertility status and may lead to deficient GnRH and gonadotropin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Clarke
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | | | - Chris R Burke
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Qun Li
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | - Susanne Meier
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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Browning BD, Schwandt ML, Farokhnia M, Deschaine SL, Hodgkinson CA, Leggio L. Leptin Gene and Leptin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Alcohol Use Disorder: Findings Related to Psychopathology. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:723059. [PMID: 34421692 PMCID: PMC8377199 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.723059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other addictive and psychiatric disorders is highly prevalent and disabling; however, the underlying biological correlates are not fully understood. Leptin is a peptide hormone known for its role in energy homeostasis and food intake. Furthermore, leptin plays a key role in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and of several neurotransmitter systems that regulate emotionality and behavior. However, human studies that have investigated circulating leptin levels in relation to AUD and affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are conflicting. Genetic-based analyses of the leptin gene (LEP) and leptin receptor gene (LEPR) have the potential of providing more insight into the potential role of the leptin system in AUD and comorbid psychopathology. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether genotypic variations at LEP and LEPR are associated with measures of alcohol use, nicotine use, anxiety, and depression, all of which represent common comorbidities with AUD. Haplotype association analyses were performed, using data from participants enrolled in screening and natural history protocols at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Analyses were performed separately in European Americans and African Americans due to the variation in haplotype diversity for most genes between these groups. In the European American group, one LEP haplotype (EB2H4) was associated with lower odds of having a current AUD diagnosis, two LEPR haplotypes (EB7H3, EB8H3) were associated with lower cigarette pack years and two LEPR haplotypes (EB7H2, EB8H2) were associated with higher State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) scores. In the African American group, one LEP haplotype (AB2H8) was associated with higher cigarette pack years and one LEP haplotype (AB3H2) was associated with lower Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores. Overall, this study found that variations in the leptin and leptin receptor genes are associated with measures of alcohol use, nicotine use, and anxiety. While this preliminary study adds support for a role of the leptin system in AUD and psychopathologies, additional studies are required to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney D Browning
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melanie L Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Colin A Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States.,Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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3
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize advances in the genetics underlying variation in normal pubertal timing, precocious puberty, and delayed puberty, and to discuss mechanisms by which genes may regulate pubertal timing. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci that affect pubertal timing in the general population in both sexes and across ethnic groups. Single genes have been implicated in both precocious and delayed puberty. Potential mechanisms for how these genetic loci influence pubertal timing may include effects on the development and function of the GnRH neuronal network and the responsiveness of end-organs. SUMMARY There has been significant progress in identifying genetic loci that affect normal pubertal timing, and the first single-gene causes of precocious and delayed puberty are being described. How these genes influence pubertal timing remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Temitope O Kusa
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yee-Ming Chan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital.,Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Leka-Emiri S, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. The mystery of puberty initiation: genetics and epigenetics of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:789-802. [PMID: 28251550 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a major developmental stage. Damaging mutations, considered as "mistakes of nature", have contributed to the unraveling of the networks implicated in the normal initiation of puberty. Genes involved in the abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis development, in the normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH), in the X-linked or autosomal forms of Kallmann syndrome and in precocious puberty have been identified (GNRH1, GNRHR, KISS1, GPR54, FGFR1, FGF8, PROK2, PROKR2, TAC3, TACR3, KAL1, PROK2, PROKR2, CHD7, LEP, LEPR, PC1, DAX1, SF-1, HESX-1, LHX3, PROP-1). Most of them were found to play critical roles in HPG axis development and regulation, the embryonic GnRH neuronal migration and secretion, the regulation and action of the hypothalamic GnRH. However, the specific neural and molecular mechanisms triggering GnRH secretion remain one of the scientific enigmas. Although GnRH neurons are probably capable of autonomously generating oscillations, many gonadal steroid-dependent and -independent mechanisms have also been proposed. It is now well proven that the secretion of GnRH is regulated by kisspeptin as well as by permissive or opposing signals mediated by neurokinin B and dynorphin. These three supra-GnRH regulators compose the kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin neuronal (KNDy) system, a key player in pubertal onset and progression. Moreover, an ongoing increasing number of inhibitory, stimulatory and permissive networks acting upstream on GnRH neurons, such as GABA, NPY, LIN28B, MKRN3 and others integrate diverse hormonal and peripheral signals and have been proposed as the "gate-keepers" of puberty, while epigenetic modifications play also an important role in puberty initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Leka-Emiri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Han W, Zhu Y, Su Y, Li G, Qu L, Zhang H, Wang K, Zou J, Liu H. High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Measuring Puberty Onset in Chicken (Gallus gallus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154958. [PMID: 27149515 PMCID: PMC4858148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are still no highly sensitive and unique biomarkers for measurement of puberty onset. Circulating miRNAs have been shown to be promising biomarkers for diagnosis of various diseases. To identify circulating miRNAs that could be served as biomarkers for measuring chicken (Gallus gallus) puberty onset, the Solexa deep sequencing was performed to analyze the miRNA expression profiles in serum and plasma of hens from two different pubertal stages, before puberty onset (BO) and after puberty onset (AO). 197 conserved and 19 novel miRNAs (reads > 10) were identified as serum/plasma-expressed miRNAs in the chicken. The common miRNA amounts and their expression changes from BO to AO between serum and plasma were very similar, indicating the different treatments to generate serum and plasma had quite small influence on the miRNAs. 130 conserved serum-miRNAs were showed to be differentially expressed (reads > 10, P < 0.05) from BO to AO, with 68 up-regulated and 62 down-regulated. 4829 putative genes were predicted as the targets of the 40 most differentially expressed miRNAs (|log2(fold-change)|>1.0, P < 0.01). Functional analysis revealed several pathways that were associated with puberty onset. Further quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) test found that a seven-miRNA panel, including miR-29c, miR-375, miR-215, miR-217, miR-19b, miR-133a and let-7a, had great potentials to serve as novel biomarkers for measuring puberty onset in chicken. Due to highly conserved nature of miRNAs, the findings could provide cues for measurement of puberty onset in other animals as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunfen Zhu
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Yijun Su
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Guohui Li
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Qu
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Kehua Wang
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianmin Zou
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JMZ); (HLL)
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JMZ); (HLL)
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Zhu J, Choa REY, Guo MH, Plummer L, Buck C, Palmert MR, Hirschhorn JN, Seminara SB, Chan YM. A shared genetic basis for self-limited delayed puberty and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E646-54. [PMID: 25636053 PMCID: PMC4399304 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Delayed puberty (DP) is a common issue and, in the absence of an underlying condition, is typically self limited. Alhough DP seems to be heritable, no specific genetic cause for DP has yet been reported. In contrast, many genetic causes have been found for idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), a rare disorder characterized by absent or stalled pubertal development. OBJECTIVE The objective of this retrospective study, conducted at academic medical centers, was to determine whether variants in IHH genes contribute to the pathogenesis of DP. SUBJECTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES Potentially pathogenic variants in IHH genes were identified in two cohorts: 1) DP family members of an IHH proband previously found to have a variant in an IHH gene, with unaffected family members serving as controls, and 2) DP individuals with no family history of IHH, with ethnically matched control subjects drawn from the Exome Aggregation Consortium. RESULTS In pedigrees with an IHH proband, the proband's variant was shared by 53% (10/19) of DP family members vs 12% (4/33) of unaffected family members (P = .003). In DP subjects with no family history of IHH, 14% (8/56) had potentially pathogenic variants in IHH genes vs 5.6% (1 907/33 855) of controls (P = .01). Potentially pathogenic variants were found in multiple DP subjects for the genes IL17RD and TAC3. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that variants in IHH genes can contribute to the pathogenesis of self-limited DP. Thus, at least in some cases, self-limited DP shares an underlying pathophysiology with IHH.
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Functional significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lactase gene in diverse US patients and evidence for a novel lactase persistence allele at -13909 in those of European ancestry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:182-91. [PMID: 25625576 PMCID: PMC4308731 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent data from mainly homogeneous European and African populations implicate a 140-bp region 5' to the transcriptional start site of LCT (the lactase gene) as a regulatory site for lactase persistence and nonpersistence. Because there are no studies of US nonhomogeneous populations, we performed genotype/phenotype analysis of the -13910 and -22018 LCT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in New England children, mostly of European ancestry. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were processed for disaccharidase activities, RNA quantification by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), allelic expression ratios by PCR, and genotyping and SNP analysis. Results were compared with clinical information. RESULTS Lactase activity and mRNA levels, and sucrase-to-lactase ratios of enzyme activity and mRNA, showed robust correlations with genotype. None of the other LCT SNPs showed as strong a correlation with enzyme or mRNA levels as did -13910. Data were consistent, with the -13910 being the causal sequence variant instead of -22018. Four individuals heterozygous for -13910T/C had allelic expression patterns similar to individuals with -13910C/C genotypes; of these, 2 showed equal LCT expression from the 2 alleles and a novel variant (-13909C>A) associated with lactase persistence. CONCLUSIONS The identification of -13910C/C genotype is likely to predict lactase nonpersistence, consistent with prior published studies. A -13910T/T genotype will frequently, but not perfectly, predict lactase persistence in this mixed European-ancestry population; a -13910T/C genotype will not predict the phenotype. A long, rare haplotype in 2 individuals with -13910T/C genotype but equal allele-specific expression contains a novel lactase persistence allele present at -13909.
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Rostami S, Kohan L, Mohammadianpanah M. The LEP G-2548A gene polymorphism is associated with age at menarche and breast cancer susceptibility. Gene 2014; 557:154-7. [PMID: 25510398 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocytokine made by fat cells and plays a key role in proliferation, cell survival, migration and immune response. It has a powerful effect on the initiation of puberty and in determining age at menarche. The current study is the first investigation to examine the effect of G-2548A leptin gene polymorphism on the age at menarche and breast cancer susceptibility. This case-control study was performed on 203 patients with breast cancer and 171 healthy women. The leptin genotypes were determined using the PCR-RFLP method and age at menarche was obtained by questionnaires. There was a significant difference between the leptin G-2548A genotypes between case and control groups (P<0.05). AA genotype is significantly higher in patients compared to the controls. Furthermore, women carrying the AA genotype had a significantly younger age at menarche (12.47 years) than women with the AG (12.94 years) and GG (13.47 years) genotypes. Also, we found that the AA genotype frequency in women with age at menarche <13 years was higher than in women with age at menarche ≥13 years (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.7-6.7, P: 0.001). In conclusion, the G-2548A leptin gene polymorphism has an important role in the onset of menarche and breast cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rostami
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Arsanjan, Iran; Yong Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Arsanjan, Iran
| | - Leila Kohan
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Arsanjan, Iran; Yong Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan Branch, Arsanjan, Iran.
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9
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Abstract
Pubertal maturation plays a fundamental role in bone acquisition. In retrospective epidemiological surveys in pre- and postmenopausal women, relatively later menarcheal age was associated with low bone mineral mass and increased risk of osteoporotic fracture. This association was usually ascribed to shorter time exposure to estrogen from the onset of pubertal maturation to peak bone mass attainment. Recent prospective studies in healthy children and adolescents do not corroborate the limited estrogen exposure hypothesis. In prepubertal girls who will experience later menarche, a reduced bone mineral density was observed before the onset of pubertal maturation, with no further accumulated deficit until peak bone mass attainment. In young adulthood, later menarche is associated with impaired microstructural bone components and reduced mechanical resistance. This intrinsic bone deficit can explain the fact that later menarche increases fracture risk during childhood and adolescence. In healthy individuals, both pubertal timing and bone development share several similar characteristics including wide physiological variability and strong effect of heritable factors but moderate influence of environmental determinants such as nutrition and physical activity. Several conditions modify pubertal timing and bone acquisition, a certain number of them acting in concert on both traits. Taken together, these facts should prompt the search for common genetic regulators of pubertal timing and bone acquisition. It should also open epigenetic investigation avenues to pinpoint which environmental exposure in fetal and infancy life, such as vitamin D, calcium, and/or protein supplies, influences both pubertal timing and bone acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Bonjour
- Division of Bone Diseases, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Cukier P, Wright H, Rulfs T, Silveira LFG, Teles MG, Mendonca BB, Arnhold IJP, Heger S, Latronico AC, Ojeda SR, Brito VN. Molecular and gene network analysis of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) and enhanced at puberty (EAP1) genes in patients with GnRH-dependent pubertal disorders. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:257-66. [PMID: 24051510 DOI: 10.1159/000354643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM TTF1 and EAP1 are transcription factors that modulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone expression. We investigated the contribution of TTF1 and EAP1 genes to central pubertal disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS 133 patients with central pubertal disorders were studied: 86 with central precocious puberty and 47 with normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The coding region of TTF1 and EAP1 were sequenced. Variations of polyglutamine and polyalanine repeats in EAP1 were analyzed by GeneScan software. Association of TTF1 and EAP1 to genes implicated in timing of puberty was investigated by meta-network framework GeneMANIA and Cytoscape software. RESULTS Direct sequencing of the TTF1 did not reveal any mutation or polymorphisms. Four EAP1 synonymous variants were identified with similar frequencies among groups. The most common EAP1 5'-distal polyalanine genotype was the homozygous 12/12, but the genotype 12/9 was identified in 2 central precocious puberty sisters without functional alteration in EAP1 transcriptional activity. TTF1 and EAP1 were connected, via genetic networks, to genes implicated in the control of menarche. CONCLUSION No TTF1 or EAP1 germline mutations were associated with central pubertal disorders. TTF1 and EAP1 may affect puberty by changing expression in response to other members of puberty-associated gene networks, or by differentially affecting the expression of gene components of these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Cukier
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Lenhart P, Nguyen T, Wise A, Caron K, Herring A, Stuebe A. Adrenomedullin signaling pathway polymorphisms and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Perinatol 2014; 31:327-34. [PMID: 23797962 PMCID: PMC3982866 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1349345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced maternal plasma levels of the peptide vasodilator adrenomedullin have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We measured the extent to which genetic polymorphisms in the adrenomedullin signaling pathway are associated with birth weight, glycemic regulation, and preeclampsia risk. STUDY DESIGN We genotyped 1,353 women in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Postpartum Study for 37 ancestry-informative markers and for single-nucleotide polymorphisms in adrenomedullin (ADM), complement factor H variant (CFH), and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL). We used linear and logistic regression to model the association between genotype and birth weight, glucose loading test (GLT) results, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes (GDM). All models were adjusted for pregravid body mass index, maternal age, and probability of Yoruban ancestry. p values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Among Caucasian women, ADM rs57153895, a proxy for rs11042725, was associated with reduced birth weight z-score. Among African-American women, ADM rs57153895 was associated with increased birth weight z-score. Two CALCRL variants were associated with GDM risk. CFH rs1061170 was associated with higher GLT results and increased preeclampsia risk. CONCLUSION Consistent with studies of plasma adrenomedullin and adverse pregnancy outcomes, we found associations between variants in the adrenomedullin signaling pathway and birth weight, glycemic regulation, and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lenhart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thutrang Nguyen
- Division of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alison Wise
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amy Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alison Stuebe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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12
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He C, Murabito JM. Genome-wide association studies of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:767-779. [PMID: 22613007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in uncovering genetic determinants of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. To date, more than 30 novel genetic loci have been identified in GWAS for age at menarche and 17 for age at natural menopause. These findings have stimulated a plethora of follow-up studies particularly with respect to the functional characterization of these novel loci and how these results can be translated into risk prediction. However, the genetic loci identified so far account for only a small fraction of the overall heritability. This review provides an overview of the current state of our knowledge of the genetic basis of menarche and menopause timing. It emphasizes recent GWAS results and outlines strategies for discovering the missing heritability and strategies to further our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 West Walnut Street, R3-C241, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte, Suite 2, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 720 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether genetic variants associated with glucose homeostasis are associated with gestational diabetes (GDM). STUDY DESIGN We genotyped 899 self-identified Caucasian women and 386 self-identified African-American women in the Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition (PIN) Studies cohorts for 38 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type II diabetes (T2DM) and/or glucose homeostasis in European populations. RESULTS GDM was diagnosed in 56 of 899 (6.2%) Caucasian and 24 of 386 (6.2%) African-American women. Among Caucasian women, GDM was associated with carriage of TCF7L2 rs7901695, MTNR1B rs10830963 and GCKR rs780094 alleles that are associated with T2DM and fasting glucose in nonpregnant populations. Among African-American participants, we found an increased risk among TSPAN8 rs7961581 C allele homozygotes and reduced risk among carriers of the JAZF1 rs864745 T allele. CONCLUSION We found several SNPs that are associated with GDM risk in the PIN cohorts. Maternal genotyping may identify women at risk for impaired gestational glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M. Stuebe
- Deptartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alison Wise
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thutrang Nguyen
- Division of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Herring
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anna Maria Siega-Riz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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14
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Lomniczi A, Wright H, Castellano JM, Sonmez K, Ojeda SR. A system biology approach to identify regulatory pathways underlying the neuroendocrine control of female puberty in rats and nonhuman primates. Horm Behav 2013; 64:175-86. [PMID: 23998662 PMCID: PMC3933372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". Puberty is a major developmental milestone controlled by the interaction of genetic factors and environmental cues of mostly metabolic and circadian nature. An increased pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons is required for both the initiation and progression of the pubertal process. This increase is brought about by coordinated changes that occur in neuronal and glial networks associated with GnRH neurons. These changes ultimately result in increased neuronal and glial stimulatory inputs to the GnRH neuronal network and a reduction of transsynaptic inhibitory influences. While some of the major players controlling pubertal GnRH secretion have been identified using gene-centric approaches, much less is known about the system-wide control of the overall process. Because the pubertal activation of GnRH release involves a diversity of cellular phenotypes, and a myriad of intracellular and cell-to-cell signaling molecules, it appears that the overall process is controlled by a highly coordinated and interactive regulatory system involving hundreds, if not thousands, of gene products. In this article we will discuss emerging evidence suggesting that these genes are arranged as functionally connected networks organized, both internally and across sub-networks, in a hierarchical fashion. According to this concept, the core of these networks is composed of transcriptional regulators that, by directing expression of downstream subordinate genes, provide both stability and coordination to the cellular networks involved in initiating the pubertal process. The integrative response of these gene networks to external inputs is postulated to be coordinated by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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15
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Kang BH, Kim SY, Park MS, Yoon KL, Shim KS. Estrogen receptor α polymorphism in boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 18:71-5. [PMID: 24904855 PMCID: PMC4027098 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2013.18.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There were a lot of reports regarding associations of polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor α (ESR1). with many disorders. But, those with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) are not known. Our aim is to find out any association between CDGP and ESR1. METHODS In a total of 27 subjects, we compared 7 CDGP patients with 20 healthy controls with their heights and sexual maturity rates were within normal range. We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms from intron 1 of ESR1 (rs3778609, rs12665044, and rs827421) as candidates, respectively. RESULTS In genotype analyses, the frequency of G/G genotype at rs827421 in intron 1 of ESR1 was increased in CDGP boys (P=0.03). CONCLUSION The genetic variation of ESR1 can be a contributing factor of tempo of growth and puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mun Suk Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Lim Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kye Shik Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances regarding the genetic components of the complex and coordinated process of puberty, an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, the endocrinologic changes of puberty, and influences of environment in the light of our current understanding of the mechanism of the onset of puberty. RECENT FINDINGS The timing of puberty varies greatly in the general population among ethnic groups throughout the world, suggesting the genetic control of puberty. Several studies on the pathological conditions of pubertal onset provide unique information about the interactions of either the genetic susceptibility of or environmental influences on hypothalamic control of pubertal onset. However, these findings suggested that no isolated pathway or external factor is solely responsible for the neuroendocrine control of puberty. SUMMARY Puberty is initiated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus followed by a complex sequence of endocrine changes and is regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. New attempts to use genetics and genomics might enhance our understanding of the spectrum of pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Kim KZ, Shin A, Lee YS, Kim SY, Kim Y, Lee ES. Polymorphisms in adiposity-related genes are associated with age at menarche and menopause in breast cancer patients and healthy women. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2193-200. [PMID: 22537818 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there any effect of genetic polymorphisms in adiposity-related genes on the timing of menarche and menopause and the total duration of menstruation among Korean women? SUMMARY ANSWER Our results suggest that the adiposity-related genes LEP, LEPR and PPARγ may play a role in the onset and cessation of menstruation, and the total duration of menstruation. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Previous candidate-gene approaches have mainly presented the results for genes related to the estrogen metabolism pathway. Most genes of interest that participate in steroid-hormone metabolism, such as estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β, have been associated with age at menarche and menopause. This study shows the possibility that adiposity-related genes also influence the duration of menstruation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We recruited 400 breast cancer patients and 452 healthy participants from a case-control study at the Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center in Korea. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) genes were investigated to evaluate their possible effects on menstruation. Associations between SNPs and age at menarche, age at menopause and duration of menstruation were evaluated. MAIN RESULTS Four SNPs (rs2167270 of LEP, rs7602 of LEPR and rs4684846 and rs3856806 of PPARγ) were associated with late menarche (≥ 17-year-old). Four SNPs (rs2167270 of LEP and rs1801282, rs2120825, and rs3856806 of PPARγ) were associated with early menopause (<40-year-old) among post-menopausal women. In logistic regression models with covariate adjustment, women with the GG genotype of rs7602 (LEPR) had a higher risk for late menarche [odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-3.31] compared with their counterparts carrying the GA or AA genotypes. In addition, the GG genotype of rs2167270 (LEP) was inversely associated with a duration of menstruation of <30 years (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.31-1.00) compared with the GA or AA genotypes. BIAS, LIMITATIONS AND GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS: We obtained information on the age at menarche and menopause from self-administered questionnaires, and some participants might have had difficulty in remembering their age at menarche and menopause. However, this is a non-differential misclassification and should not appreciably affect the interpretation of the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyee-Zu Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsanro Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-di 410-769, Republic of Korea
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Palmert
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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Elks CE, Ong KK. Whole genome associated studies for age at menarche. Brief Funct Genomics 2011; 10:91-7. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elq030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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The efficacy of detecting variants with small effects on the Affymetrix 6.0 platform using pooled DNA. Hum Genet 2011; 130:607-21. [PMID: 21424828 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide genotyping of a cohort using pools rather than individual samples has long been proposed as a cost-saving alternative for performing genome-wide association (GWA) studies. However, successful disease gene mapping using pooled genotyping has thus far been limited to detecting common variants with large effect sizes, which tend not to exist for many complex common diseases or traits. Therefore, for DNA pooling to be a viable strategy for conducting GWA studies, it is important to determine whether commonly used genome-wide SNP array platforms such as the Affymetrix 6.0 array can reliably detect common variants of small effect sizes using pooled DNA. Taking obesity and age at menarche as examples of human complex traits, we assessed the feasibility of genome-wide genotyping of pooled DNA as a single-stage design for phenotype association. By individually genotyping the top associations identified by pooling, we obtained a 14- to 16-fold enrichment of SNPs nominally associated with the phenotype, but we likely missed the top true associations. In addition, we assessed whether genotyping pooled DNA can serve as an inexpensive screen as the second stage of a multi-stage design with a large number of samples by comparing the most cost-effective 3-stage designs with 80% power to detect common variants with genotypic relative risk of 1.1, with and without pooling. Given the current state of the specific technology we employed and the associated genotyping costs, we showed through simulation that a design involving pooling would be 1.07 times more expensive than a design without pooling. Thus, while a significant amount of information exists within the data from pooled DNA, our analysis does not support genotyping pooled DNA as a means to efficiently identify common variants contributing small effects to phenotypes of interest. While our conclusions were based on the specific technology and study design we employed, the approach presented here will be useful for evaluating the utility of other or future genome-wide genotyping platforms in pooled DNA studies.
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21
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Ojeda SR, Lomniczi A, Loche A, Matagne V, Kaidar G, Sandau US, Dissen GA. The transcriptional control of female puberty. Brain Res 2010; 1364:164-74. [PMID: 20851111 PMCID: PMC2992593 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of mammalian puberty requires a sustained increase in pulsatile release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This increase is brought about by coordinated changes in transsynaptic and glial-neuronal communication, consisting of an increase in neuronal and glial stimulatory inputs to the GnRH neuronal network and the loss of transsynaptic inhibitory influences. GnRH secretion is stimulated by transsynaptic inputs provided by excitatory amino acids (glutamate) and at least one peptide (kisspeptin), and by glial inputs provided by growth factors and small bioactive molecules. The inhibitory input to GnRH neurons is mostly transsynaptic and provided by GABAergic and opiatergic neurons; however, GABA has also been shown to directly excite GnRH neurons. There are many genes involved in the control of these cellular networks, and hence in the control of the pubertal process as a whole. Our laboratory has proposed the concept that these genes are arranged in overlapping networks internally organized in a hierarchical fashion. According to this concept, the highest level of intra-network control is provided by transcriptional regulators that, by directing expression of key subordinate genes, impose genetic coordination to the neuronal and glial subsets involved in initiating the pubertal process. More recently, we have begun to explore the concept that a more dynamic and encompassing level of integrative coordination is provided by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health and Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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22
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Elks CE, Perry JR, Sulem P, Chasman DI, Franceschini N, He C, Lunetta KL, Visser JA, Byrne EM, Cousminer DL, Gudbjartsson DF, Esko T, Feenstra B, Hottenga JJ, Koller DL, Kutalik Z, Lin P, Mangino M, Marongiu M, McArdle PF, Smith AV, Stolk L, van Wingerden SW, Zhao JH, Albrecht E, Corre T, Ingelsson E, Hayward C, Magnusson PK, Smith EN, Ulivi S, Warrington NM, Zgaga L, Alavere H, Amin N, Aspelund T, Bandinelli S, Barroso I, Berenson GS, Bergmann S, Blackburn H, Boerwinkle E, Buring JE, Busonero F, Campbell H, Chanock SJ, Chen W, Cornelis MC, Couper D, Coviello AD, d’Adamo P, de Faire U, de Geus EJ, Deloukas P, Döring A, Smith GD, Easton DF, Eiriksdottir G, Emilsson V, Eriksson J, Ferrucci L, Folsom AR, Foroud T, Garcia M, Gasparini P, Geller F, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Hall P, Hankinson SE, Ferreli L, Heath AC, Hernandez DG, Hofman A, Hu FB, Illig T, Järvelin MR, Johnson AD, Karasik D, Khaw KT, Kiel DP, Kilpeläinen TO, Kolcic I, Kraft P, Launer LJ, Laven JS, Li S, Liu J, Levy D, Martin NG, McArdle WL, Melbye M, Mooser V, Murray JC, Murray SS, Nalls MA, Navarro P, Nelis M, Ness AR, Northstone K, Oostra BA, Peacock M, Palmer LJ, Palotie A, Paré G, Parker AN, Pedersen NL, Peltonen L, Pennell CE, Pharoah P, Polasek O, Plump AS, Pouta A, Porcu E, Rafnar T, Rice JP, Ring SM, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Sala C, Salomaa V, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Schork NJ, Scuteri A, Segrè AV, Shuldiner AR, Soranzo N, Sovio U, Srinivasan SR, Strachan DP, Tammesoo ML, Tikkanen E, Toniolo D, Tsui K, Tryggvadottir L, Tyrer J, Uda M, van Dam RM, van Meurs JB, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Waterworth DM, Weedon MN, Wichmann HE, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Young L, Zhai G, Zhuang WV, Bierut LJ, Boomsma DI, Boyd HA, Crisponi L, Demerath EW, van Duijn CM, Econs MJ, Harris TB, Hunter DJ, Loos RJ, Metspalu A, Montgomery GW, Ridker PM, Spector TD, Streeten EA, Stefansson K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Uitterlinden AG, Widen E, Murabito JM, Ong KK, Murray A. Thirty new loci for age at menarche identified by a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 2010; 42:1077-85. [PMID: 21102462 PMCID: PMC3140055 DOI: 10.1038/ng.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify loci for age at menarche, we performed a meta-analysis of 32 genome-wide association studies in 87,802 women of European descent, with replication in up to 14,731 women. In addition to the known loci at LIN28B (P = 5.4 × 10⁻⁶⁰) and 9q31.2 (P = 2.2 × 10⁻³³), we identified 30 new menarche loci (all P < 5 × 10⁻⁸) and found suggestive evidence for a further 10 loci (P < 1.9 × 10⁻⁶). The new loci included four previously associated with body mass index (in or near FTO, SEC16B, TRA2B and TMEM18), three in or near other genes implicated in energy homeostasis (BSX, CRTC1 and MCHR2) and three in or near genes implicated in hormonal regulation (INHBA, PCSK2 and RXRG). Ingenuity and gene-set enrichment pathway analyses identified coenzyme A and fatty acid biosynthesis as biological processes related to menarche timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E. Elks
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R.B. Perry
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indiana, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enda M. Byrne
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diana L. Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genotyping Core Facility, Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L. Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrick F. McArdle
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie W. van Wingerden
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erin N. Smith
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shelia Ulivi
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences and Development, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicole M. Warrington
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Helen Alavere
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Ines Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabio Busonero
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - David Couper
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea D. Coviello
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pio d’Adamo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences and Development, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eco J.C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Valur Emilsson
- MPRI, Merck & Co., Inc, 126 Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Johan Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences and Development, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liana Ferreli
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Ageing, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- NHLBI Center for Population Studies, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Medical School; University of Zagreb; Zagreb, 10000; Croatia
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joop S.E. Laven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shengxu Li
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Levy
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- NHLBI Center for Population Studies, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetics Division, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarah S. Murray
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genotyping Core Facility, Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. W MDCL Rm. 3206, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Alex N. Parker
- Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Medical School; University of Zagreb; Zagreb, 10000; Croatia
- Gen Info Ltd; Zagreb, 10000; Croatia
| | - Andrew S. Plump
- Cardiovascular Disease, Merck Research Laboratory, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan M. Ring
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- Croatian Centre for Global Health; University of Split Medical School; Split, 21000; Croatia
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, The Scripps Translational Science Institute, and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
- UOC Geriatria - Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani IRCCS – Rome, Italy
| | - Ayellet V. Segrè
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kim Tsui
- Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jonathon Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health and Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, BH-10 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, BH-10 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - H. Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lauren Young
- Amgen, 1 Kendall Square, Building 100, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Vivian Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Econs
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Genotyping Core Facility, Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Streeten
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Sections of General Internal Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
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Obesity and diabetes genetic variants associated with gestational weight gain. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:283.e1-17. [PMID: 20816152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether genetic variants associated with diabetes and obesity predict gestational weight gain. STUDY DESIGN A total of 960 participants in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition cohorts were genotyped for 27 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with diabetes and obesity. RESULTS Among Caucasian and African American women (n = 960), KCNQ1 risk allele carriage was directly associated with weight gain (P < .01). In Bayesian hierarchical models among Caucasian women (n = 628), we found posterior odds ratios >3 for inclusion of TCF2 and THADA SNPs in our models. Among African American women (n = 332), we found associations between risk allele carriage and weight gain for the THADA and INSIG2 SNPs. In Bayesian variable selection models, we found an interaction between the TSPAN8 risk allele and pregravid obesity, with lower weight gain among obese risk allele carriers. CONCLUSION We found evidence that diabetes and obesity risk alleles interact with maternal pregravid body mass index to predict gestational weight gain.
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A large-scale candidate gene association study of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Hum Genet 2010; 128:515-27. [PMID: 20734064 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified several novel genetic loci associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. However, the stringent significance threshold used in GWA studies potentially led to false negatives and true associations may have been overlooked. Incorporating biologically relevant information, we examined whether common genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes of nine groups of biologically plausible pathways and related phenotypes are associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. A total of 18,862 genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 278 genes were assessed for their associations with these two traits among a total of 24,341 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, N = 2,287) and the Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS, N = 22,054). Linear regression was used to assess the marginal association of each SNP with each phenotype. We adjusted for multiple testing within each gene to identify statistically significant SNP associations at the gene level. To evaluate the overall evidence for an excess of statistically significant gene associations over the proportion expected by chance, we applied a one-sample test of proportion to each group of candidate genes. The steroid-hormone metabolism and biosynthesis pathway was found significantly associated with both age at menarche and age at natural menopause (P = 0.040 and 0.011, respectively). In addition, the group of genes associated with precocious or delayed puberty was found significantly associated with age at menarche (P = 0.013), and the group of genes involved in premature ovarian failure with age at menopause (P = 0.025).
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25
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Ojeda SR, Dubay C, Lomniczi A, Kaidar G, Matagne V, Sandau US, Dissen GA. Gene networks and the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:3-11. [PMID: 20005919 PMCID: PMC2888991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A sustained increase in pulsatile release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus is an essential, final event that defines the initiation of mammalian puberty. This increase depends on coordinated changes in transsynaptic and glial-neuronal communication, consisting of activating neuronal and glial excitatory inputs to the GnRH neuronal network and the loss of transsynaptic inhibitory tone. It is now clear that the prevalent excitatory systems stimulating GnRH secretion involve a neuronal component consisting of excitatory amino acids (glutamate) and at least one peptide (kisspeptin), and a glial component that uses growth factors and small molecules for cell-cell signaling. GABAergic and opiatergic neurons provide transsynaptic inhibitory control to the system, but GABA neurons also exert direct excitatory effects on GnRH neurons. The molecular mechanisms that provide encompassing coordination to this cellular network are not known, but they appear to involve a host of functionally related genes hierarchically arranged. We envision that, as observed in other gene networks, the highest level of control in this network is provided by transcriptional regulators that, by directing expression of key subordinate genes, impose an integrative level of coordination to the neuronal and glial subsets involved in initiating the pubertal process. The use of high-throughput and gene manipulation approaches coupled to systems biology strategies should provide not only the experimental bases supporting this concept, but also unveil the existence of crucial components of network control not yet identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon, Health & Science University, 505 N.W. 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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Gajdos ZK, Henderson KD, Hirschhorn JN, Palmert MR. Genetic determinants of pubertal timing in the general population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 324:21-9. [PMID: 20144687 PMCID: PMC2891370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is an important developmental stage during which reproductive capacity is attained. The timing of puberty varies greatly among healthy individuals in the general population and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although genetic variation is known to influence the normal spectrum of pubertal timing, the specific genes involved remain largely unknown. Genetic analyses have identified a number of genes responsible for rare disorders of pubertal timing such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. Recently, the first loci with common variation reproducibly associated with population variation in the timing of puberty were identified at 6q21 in or near LIN28B and at 9q31.2. However, these two loci explain only a small fraction of the genetic contribution to population variation in pubertal timing, suggesting the need to continue to consider other loci and other types of variants. Here we provide an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, discuss genes and pathways that may be involved in the timing of normal puberty, and suggest additional avenues of investigation to identify genetic regulators of puberty in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia K.Z. Gajdos
- Program in Genomics and Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital. Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Katherine D. Henderson
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Cancer Etiology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Program in Genomics and Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Mark R. Palmert
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada, Phone: 416-813-6217, Fax: 416-813-6304
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Rapid assessment of genetic ancestry in populations of unknown origin by genome-wide genotyping of pooled samples. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000866. [PMID: 20221249 PMCID: PMC2832667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As we move forward from the current generation of genome-wide association (GWA) studies, additional cohorts of different ancestries will be studied to increase power, fine map association signals, and generalize association results to additional populations. Knowledge of genetic ancestry as well as population substructure will become increasingly important for GWA studies in populations of unknown ancestry. Here we propose genotyping pooled DNA samples using genome-wide SNP arrays as a viable option to efficiently and inexpensively estimate admixture proportion and identify ancestry informative markers (AIMs) in populations of unknown origin. We constructed DNA pools from African American, Native Hawaiian, Latina, and Jamaican samples and genotyped them using the Affymetrix 6.0 array. Aided by individual genotype data from the African American cohort, we established quality control filters to remove poorly performing SNPs and estimated allele frequencies for the remaining SNPs in each panel. We then applied a regression-based method to estimate the proportion of admixture in each cohort using the allele frequencies estimated from pooling and populations from the International HapMap Consortium as reference panels, and identified AIMs unique to each population. In this study, we demonstrated that genotyping pooled DNA samples yields estimates of admixture proportion that are both consistent with our knowledge of population history and similar to those obtained by genotyping known AIMs. Furthermore, through validation by individual genotyping, we demonstrated that pooling is quite effective for identifying SNPs with large allele frequency differences (i.e., AIMs) and that these AIMs are able to differentiate two closely related populations (HapMap JPT and CHB). Many association studies have been published looking for genetic variants contributing to a variety of human traits such as obesity, diabetes, and height. Because the frequency of genetic variants can differ across populations, it is important to have estimates of genetic ancestry in the individuals being studied. In this study, we were able to measure genetic ancestry in populations of mixed ancestry by genotyping pooled, rather than individual, DNA samples. This represents a rapid and inexpensive means for modeling genetic ancestry and thus could facilitate future association or population-genetic studies in populations of unknown ancestry for which whole-genome data do not already exist.
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28
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Cabanes A, Ascunce N, Vidal E, Ederra M, Barcos A, Erdozain N, Lope V, Pollán M. Decline in age at menarche among Spanish women born from 1925 to 1962. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:449. [PMID: 19961593 PMCID: PMC2796666 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the timing of reproductive events varies across populations, a downward trend in age at menarche has nevertheless been reported in most of the developed world over the past century. Given the impact of change in age at menarche on health conditions, this study sought to examine secular trends in age at menarche among women living in Navarre (Northern Spain) who participated in a population-based breast cancer screening programme. METHODS The study was based on 110545 women born from 1925 to 1962. Trends were tested using a linear regression model, in which year of birth was entered continuously as the predictor and age at menarche (years) as the response variable, using size of town and region of birth as covariates. RESULTS Among women born in Navarre between 1925 and 1962, age at menarche declined steadily from an average of 13.72 years in the 1925-1929 birth-cohorts to 12.83 years in the 1958-1962 birth-cohorts. Controlling for size of town or city of birth, age at menarche declined by an average of 0.132 years every 5 years over the period 1925-1962. This decline was greater in women born in rural versus urban settings. Trends were also different among regions of birth. CONCLUSION We report a population-based study showing a downward trend in age of onset of menarche among Spanish women born in the period 1925-1962, something that is more pronounced among women born in rural settings and varies geographically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cabanes
- Area de Epidemiología Ambiental y Cáncer, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Perry JRB, Stolk L, Franceschini N, Lunetta KL, Zhai G, McArdle PF, Smith AV, Aspelund T, Bandinelli S, Boerwinkle E, Cherkas L, Eiriksdottir G, Estrada K, Ferrucci L, Folsom AR, Garcia M, Gudnason V, Hofman A, Karasik D, Kiel DP, Launer LJ, van Meurs J, Nalls MA, Rivadeneira F, Shuldiner AR, Singleton A, Soranzo N, Tanaka T, Visser JA, Weedon MN, Wilson SG, Zhuang V, Streeten EA, Harris TB, Murray A, Spector TD, Demerath EW, Uitterlinden AG, Murabito JM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data identifies two loci influencing age at menarche. Nat Genet 2009; 41:648-50. [PMID: 19448620 PMCID: PMC2942986 DOI: 10.1038/ng.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data to detect genes influencing age at menarche in 17,510 women. The strongest signal was at 9q31.2 (P = 1.7 × 10(-9)), where the nearest genes include TMEM38B, FKTN, FSD1L, TAL2 and ZNF462. The next best signal was near the LIN28B gene (rs7759938; P = 7.0 × 10(-9)), which also influences adult height. We provide the first evidence for common genetic variants influencing female sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R B Perry
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK
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Gajdos ZK, Hirschhorn JN, Palmert MR. What controls the timing of puberty? An update on progress from genetic investigation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:16-24. [PMID: 19104234 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328320253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Puberty is an important developmental stage during which reproductive capacity is attained. Genetic and environmental factors both influence the timing of puberty, which varies greatly among individuals. However, although genetic variation is known to influence the normal spectrum of pubertal timing, the specific genes involved remain unknown. RECENT FINDINGS Recent genetic analyses have identified a number of genes responsible for rare disorders of pubertal timing such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome. However, although the genetic basis of population variation in the timing of puberty is an active area of investigation, no genetic loci have been reproducibly associated with pubertal timing thus far. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, discusses genes and pathways that may be involved in the timing of normal puberty, and suggests additional avenues of investigation to identify genetic regulators of puberty in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Kz Gajdos
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Seminara SB. Lack of association of hypogonadotropic genes with age at menarche: prospects for the future. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4224-5. [PMID: 18987281 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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