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Miller HE, Tierney S, Stefanick ML, Mayo JA, Sedan O, Rosas LG, Melbye M, Boyd HA, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Winn VD, Hlatky MA. Vascular health years after a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy: The EPOCH study. Am Heart J 2024:S0002-8703(24)00055-3. [PMID: 38484963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is associated with a two-fold increase in a woman's lifetime risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but the reasons for this association are uncertain. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between vascular health and a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy among women ≥ 2 years postpartum. METHODS Pre-menopausal women with a history of either a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (cases: preeclampsia or gestational hypertension) or a normotensive pregnancy (controls) were enrolled. Participants were assessed for standard ASCVD risk factors and underwent vascular testing, including measurements of blood pressure, endothelial function, and carotid artery ultrasound. The primary outcomes were blood pressure, ASCVD risk, reactive hyperemia index measured by EndoPAT and carotid intima-medial thickness. The secondary outcomes were augmentation index normalized to 75 beats per minute and pulse wave amplitude measured by EndoPAT, and carotid elastic modulus and carotid beta-stiffness measured by carotid ultrasound. RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 40.7 years and were 5.7 years since their last pregnancy. In bivariate analyses, cases (N = 68) were more likely than controls (N = 71) to have hypertension (18% vs 4%, P = .034), higher calculated ASCVD risk (0.6 vs 0.4, P = .02), higher blood pressures (systolic: 118.5 vs 111.6 mm Hg, P = .0004; diastolic: 75.2 vs 69.8 mm Hg, P = .0004), and higher augmentation index values (7.7 vs 2.3, P = .03). They did not, however, differ significantly in carotid intima-media thickness (0.5 vs 0.5, P = .29) or reactive hyperemia index (2.1 vs 2.1, P = .93), nor in pulse wave amplitude (416 vs 326, P = .11), carotid elastic modulus (445 vs 426, P = .36), or carotid beta stiffness (2.8 vs 2.8, P = .86). CONCLUSION Women with a prior hypertensive disorder of pregnancy had higher ASCVD risk and blood pressures several years postpartum, but did not have more endothelial dysfunction or subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Seda Tierney
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan A Mayo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Oshra Sedan
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Lisa G Rosas
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Danish Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David K Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Virginia D Winn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
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Lihme FF, Basit S, Persson LG, Larsen MO, Lauridsen KH, Lykke JA, Andersen AS, Halse K, Thorsen-Meyer A, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Boyd HA. Reference ranges for third-trimester maternal cardiovascular function parameters measured in normotensive pregnant women using a non-invasive cardiac output monitor: A study based on data from the prospective PEACH cohort study. BJOG 2024; 131:463-471. [PMID: 37735094 PMCID: PMC10938999 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We defined reference ranges for maternal cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume measured in the third trimester of pregnancy using the Ultrasound Cardiac Output Monitor 1A. DESIGN Based on data from the prospective PEACH (PreEclampsia, Angiogenesis, Cardiac dysfunction and Hypertension) cohort study. SETTING Rigshospitalet and Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark. SAMPLE Normotensive pregnant women aged 18-45 years with singleton pregnancies, enrolled in the PEACH study in 2016-2018. METHODS We modelled cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume as a function of gestational age using multilevel linear models with fractional polynomials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Unconditional and conditional reference ranges for cardiovascular parameters measured in gestational weeks 28-40. RESULTS Our study cohort included 405 healthy pregnant women who contributed 1210 cardiovascular function measurements for analysis. Maximum cardiac output and stroke volume values were measured in gestational weeks 30-32 and decreased over the third trimester, whereas systemic vascular resistance increased during the same period. We created reference ranges for eight combinations of maternal height, age and parity. We also created a simple calculator to allow for implementation of the reference ranges in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Our reference ranges allow the use of a bedside ultrasound device to non-invasively assess cardiac function in pregnancy and identify women at risk of complications. The unconditional ranges allow clinicians to evaluate isolated measurements and identify women needing follow-up. The conditional ranges incorporate information from previous measurements and improve monitoring over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke F. Lihme
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa G. Persson
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria O. Larsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin H. Lauridsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob A. Lykke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anita S. Andersen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Denmark
| | - Karen Halse
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Melbye
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Lihme F, Savu A, Basit S, Sia W, Yeung R, Barrett O, Luoma L, Ngwezi DP, Davidge S, Norris CM, Ospina MB, Cooke C, Greiner R, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M, Lykke J, Kaul P, Boyd HA. Time trends in preeclampsia and gestational diabetes in Denmark and Alberta, Canada, 2005-2018-A population-based cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2024; 103:266-275. [PMID: 37948551 PMCID: PMC10823392 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus share risk factors such as obesity and increased maternal age, which have become more prevalent in recent decades. We examined changes in the prevalence of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes between 2005 and 2018 in Denmark and Alberta, Canada, and investigated whether the observed trends can be explained by changes in maternal age, parity, multiple pregnancy, comorbidity, and body mass index (BMI) over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was a register-based cohort study conducted using data from the Danish National Health Registers and the provincial health registers of Alberta, Canada. We included in the study cohort all pregnancies in 2005-2018 resulting in live-born infants and used binomial regression to estimate mean annual increases in the prevalence of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes in the two populations across the study period, adjusted for maternal characteristics. RESULTS The study cohorts included 846 127 (Denmark) and 706 728 (Alberta) pregnancies. The prevalence of preeclampsia increased over the study period in Denmark (2.5% to 2.9%) and Alberta (1.7% to 2.5%), with mean annual increases of 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.04) and 0.06 (95% CI 0.05-0.07) percentage points, respectively. The prevalence of gestational diabetes also increased in Denmark (1.9% to 4.6%) and Alberta (3.9% to 9.2%), with average annual increases of 0.20 (95% CI 0.19-0.21) and 0.44 (95% CI 0.42-0.45) percentage points. Changes in the distributions of maternal age and BMI contributed to increases in the prevalence of both conditions but could not explain them entirely. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of both preeclampsia and gestational diabetes increased significantly from 2005 to 2018, which portends future increases in chronic disease rates among affected women. Increasing demand for long-term follow up and care will amplify the existing pressure on healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Lihme
- Department of Epidemiology ResearchStatens Serum InstitutCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ana Savu
- Canadian VIGOUR CenterUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology ResearchStatens Serum InstitutCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Winnie Sia
- Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Rose Yeung
- Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | | | - Leiah Luoma
- Canadian VIGOUR CenterUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | | | - Sandra Davidge
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and PhysiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Colleen M. Norris
- Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Faculty of NursingUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Women & Children Research InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Maria B. Ospina
- Department of Public Health SciencesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Christy‐Lynn Cooke
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and PhysiologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Russ Greiner
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology ResearchStatens Serum InstitutCopenhagenDenmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jacob Lykke
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyRigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Padma Kaul
- Canadian VIGOUR CenterUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology ResearchStatens Serum InstitutCopenhagenDenmark
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Vøgg ROB, Sillesen AS, Wohlfahrt J, Pihl C, Raja AA, Vejlstrup N, Norsk JB, Elia E, Sleeper LA, Colan SD, Iversen KK, Boyd HA, Bundgaard H. Normative Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Parameters and Reference Intervals in Infants. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:2175-2185. [PMID: 37257953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric echocardiography, reference intervals are required to distinguish normal variation from pathology. Left ventricular (LV) parameters are particularly important predictors of clinical outcome. However, data from healthy newborns are limited, and current reference intervals provide an inadequate approximation of normal reference ranges. OBJECTIVES Normative reference intervals and z-scores for 2-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of LV structure and function based on a large group of healthy newborns were developed. METHODS The study population included 13,454 healthy newborns from the Copenhagen Baby Heart Study who were born at term to healthy mothers, had an echocardiogram performed within 30 days of birth, and did not have congenital heart disease. To develop normative reference intervals, this study modeled 10 LV parameters as a function of body surface area through joint modeling of 4 statistical components. RESULTS Infants in the study population (48.5% were female) had a median body surface area of 0.23 m2 (IQR: 0.22-0.25 m2) and median age of 12.0 days (IQR: 8.0-15.0 days) at examination. All normative reference intervals performed well in both sexes without stratification on infant sex. In contrast, creation of separate reference models for infants examined at <7 days of age and those examined at 7-30 days of age was necessary to optimize the performance of the reference intervals. CONCLUSIONS This study provides normative reference intervals and z-scores for 10 clinical, widely used echocardiographic measures of LV structure and function based on a large cohort of newborns. These results provide highly needed reference material for clinical application by pediatric cardiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ottilia B Vøgg
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Sophie Sillesen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Pihl
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Axelsson Raja
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Vejlstrup
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Norsk
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleni Elia
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn A Sleeper
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Colan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kasper K Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Boyd HA. Pregnancy Complications as Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women: How Do We Tackle Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women Who Have Failed the Cardiac Stress Test of Pregnancy? J Am Heart Assoc 2023:e030452. [PMID: 37260025 PMCID: PMC10382001 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
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6
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Lihme F, Basit S, Sciera LK, Andersen AMN, Bundgaard H, Wohlfahrt J, Boyd HA. Association between preeclampsia in daughters and risk of cardiovascular disease in parents. Eur J Epidemiol 2023; 38:335-343. [PMID: 36922414 PMCID: PMC10033554 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) might share heritable underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether preeclampsia in daughters is associated with CVD in parents. In a register-based cohort study, we used Cox regression to compare rates of CVD (ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction) in parents with ≥ 1 daughters who had preeclampsia and parents whose daughters did not have preeclampsia in Denmark, 1978-2018. Our cohort included 1,299,310 parents, of whom 87,251 had ≥ 1 daughters with preeclampsia and 272,936 developed CVD during 20,252,351 years of follow-up (incidence rate 135/10,000 person-years). Parents with one daughter who had preeclampsia were 1.19 times as likely as parents of daughters without preeclampsia to develop CVD at age < 55 years (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.25). Having ≥ 2 daughters who had preeclampsia yielded an HR of 1.88 (95% CI 1.39-2.53). The corresponding HRs for CVD at ≥ 55 years of age were 1.13 (95% CI 1.12-1.15) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.16-1.38). Patterns of association were similar for all CVD subtypes. Effect magnitudes did not differ for mothers and fathers (p = 0.52). Analyses by timing of preeclampsia onset in daughters suggested a tendency toward stronger associations with earlier preeclampsia onset, particularly in parents < 55 years. Preeclampsia in daughters was associated with increased risks of CVD in parents. Increasing strength of association with increasing number of affected daughters, equally strong associations for mothers and fathers, and stronger associations for CVD occurring before age 55 years suggest that preeclampsia and CVD share common heritable mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Lihme
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucca Katrine Sciera
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nyboe Andersen
- Section of Epidemiology Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Statens Serum Institut, Building 206, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Hallum S, Basit S, Kamper-Jørgensen M, Sehested TSG, Boyd HA. Risk and trajectory of premature ischaemic cardiovascular disease in women with a history of pre-eclampsia: a nationwide register-based study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:zwad003. [PMID: 36702629 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pre-eclampsia increases women's lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the trajectory of CVD after pre-eclampsia, limiting the usefulness of this knowledge for informing screening, prevention, and interventions. We investigated when the risk of CVD increases after pre-eclampsia and how the risk changes over time since pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS This register-based study included 1 157 666 women with >1 pregnancy between 1978 and 2017. Cumulative incidences of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischaemic stroke were estimated, as well as hazard ratios (HRs) by attained age and time since delivery. Up to 2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-2.82%] of women with pre-eclampsia in their first pregnancy had an AMI or stroke within two decades of delivery, compared with up to 1.2% (95% CI: 1.08-1.30%) of pre-eclampsia-free women; differences in cumulative incidences were evident 7 years after delivery. Ten years after delivery, women with pre-eclampsia had four- and three-fold higher rates of AMI (HR = 4.16, 95% CI: 3.16-5.49) and stroke (HR = 2.59, 95% CI 2.04-3.28) than women without pre-eclampsia; rates remained doubled >20 years later. Women with pre-eclampsia aged 30-39 years had five-fold and three-fold higher rates of AMI (HR = 4.88, 95% CI 3.55-6.71) and stroke (HR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.95-3.36) than women of similar age without pre-eclampsia. CONCLUSIONS Women with a history of pre-eclampsia have high rates of AMI and stroke at early ages and within a decade after delivery. The findings suggest that pre-eclampsia history could be useful in identifying women at increased risk of CVD and that targeted interventions should be initiated soon after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hallum
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Kamper-Jørgensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas S G Sehested
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Øyen N, Boyd HA, Carstensen L, Søndergaard L, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Risk of Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring of Affected Mothers and Fathers. Circ Genom Precis Med 2022; 15:e003533. [PMID: 35608601 PMCID: PMC9384828 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Smaller studies have reported a higher offspring risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) for mothers with CHDs than for fathers with CHDs. In a large population-based study, we investigated whether offspring risk of CHD differed for mothers and fathers with CHDs.
Methods:
All people born in Denmark, 1977 to 2011, with at least 1 registered parent, were included in our cohort (n=2 341 061). Parent-child recurrence of CHDs was evaluated using risk ratios (RRs) comparing risks of CHDs in individuals with and without a parent with a CHD, estimated using log-linear binomial regression.
Results:
The RRs for any CHD in offspring were 5.39 (95% CI, 4.88–5.96) for mothers and 3.04 (95% CI, 2.59–3.57) for fathers affected with any CHD; the ratio of RRs for mothers versus fathers was 1.82 (
P
<0.0001). Recurrence RRs for the same cardiac phenotype in parent and offspring were significantly stronger for mothers than for fathers for conotruncal defects (ratio of RRs, 4.98), left ventricular outlet tract obstruction (ratio of RRs, 4.98), and ventricular septal defects (ratio of RRs, 2.51) but not for atrioventricular septal defects (ratio of RRs, 1.06). Birth rates among people with CHDs, relative to the general population, were 18% higher for women than for men, regardless of parental cardiac phenotype.
Conclusions:
Recurrence risks of CHDs were significantly greater in the offspring of affected women than in the offspring of affected men. The excess maternal recurrence risks could not be explained by the slightly higher birth rates in women with CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Øyen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., H.A.B., L.C., J.W.)
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (N.Ø.)
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., H.A.B., L.C., J.W.)
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., H.A.B., L.C., J.W.)
| | - Lars Søndergaard
- Department of Cardiology (L.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., H.A.B., L.C., J.W.)
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Clinical Medicine (M.M.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (M.M.)
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (M.M.)
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (M.M.)
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9
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Vøgg ROB, Basit S, Raja AA, Sillesen AS, Pihl C, Vejlstrup N, Jonsen EH, Larsen OW, Zingenberg H, Boyd HA, Iversen KK, Bundgaard H. Cohort Profile: The Copenhagen Baby Heart Study (CBHS). Int J Epidemiol 2022; 50:1778-1779m. [PMID: 34999847 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Ottilia B Vøgg
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Axelsson Raja
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sophie Sillesen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Pihl
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Vejlstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Helle Zingenberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pærregaard MM, Hartmann J, Vøgg O, Pietersen A, Boyd HA, Raja AA, Iversen KK, Bundgaard H, Christensen AH. The Impact of Maternal Age on the Neonatal Electrocardiogram. Neonatology 2022; 119:629-637. [PMID: 35858538 DOI: 10.1159/000524439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease among children born to women aged ≥35 years. In recent decades, the mother's age at childbirth has increased dramatically in industrialized countries. It has not been investigated if increasing maternal age affects the neonatal cardiac electrical system. METHODS The Copenhagen Baby Heart Study is a prospective general population study that performed cardiac evaluation in newborns. Electrocardiograms were analyzed with a computerized algorithm. RESULTS We included 16,518 newborns with normal echocardiograms (median age 11 days; range 0-30 days; 52% boys). Median maternal age at delivery was 31 years; 790 newborns were born to mothers aged between 16 and 24 years, 11,403 between 25 and 34 years, 4,279 between 35 and 44 years, and 46 newborns had mothers aged between 45 and 54 years. The QRS axis and maximum R-wave amplitude in V1 (R-V1) differed across the four maternal age groups (both p < 0.01), with absolute differences of 3.5% (114 vs. 110°) and 12% (1,152 vs. 1,015 µV), respectively, between newborns with the youngest and oldest mothers. Associations between maternal age and the QRS axis and R-V1 remained significant after multifactorial adjustment. Heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, uncorrected QT interval, QTcBazett, and maximum amplitudes of S-V1, R-V6, and S-V6 were not associated with maternal age (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION We observed a significant association between maternal age and the neonatal QRS axis and R-V1. However, the absolute differences were relatively small and maternal age is unlikely to have a clinically significant effect on the neonatal cardiac electrical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Munk Pærregaard
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Joachim Hartmann
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ottilia Vøgg
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adrian Pietersen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Cardiology, The Capital Regions Unit for Inherited Cardiac Diseases, The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Axelsson Raja
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Karmark Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alex Hørby Christensen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cuellar-Partida G, Tung JY, Eriksson N, Albrecht E, Aliev F, Andreassen OA, Barroso I, Beckmann JS, Boks MP, Boomsma DI, Boyd HA, Breteler MMB, Campbell H, Chasman DI, Cherkas LF, Davies G, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Deloukas P, Dick DM, Duffy DL, Eriksson JG, Esko T, Feenstra B, Geller F, Gieger C, Giegling I, Gordon SD, Han J, Hansen TF, Hartmann AM, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Hicks AA, Hirschhorn JN, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Hwang LD, Ikram MA, Kaprio J, Kemp JP, Khaw KT, Klopp N, Konte B, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Li X, Loos RJF, Luciano M, Magnusson SH, Mangino M, Marques-Vidal P, Martin NG, McArdle WL, McCarthy MI, Medina-Gomez C, Melbye M, Melville SA, Metspalu A, Milani L, Mooser V, Nelis M, Nyholt DR, O'Connell KS, Ophoff RA, Palmer C, Palotie A, Palviainen T, Pare G, Paternoster L, Peltonen L, Penninx BWJH, Polasek O, Pramstaller PP, Prokopenko I, Raikkonen K, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rujescu D, Smit JH, Smith GD, Smoller JW, Soranzo N, Spector TD, Pourcain BS, Starr JM, Stefánsson H, Steinberg S, Teder-Laving M, Thorleifsson G, Stefánsson K, Timpson NJ, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, van Rooij FJA, Vink JM, Vollenweider P, Vuoksimaa E, Waeber G, Wareham NJ, Warrington N, Waterworth D, Werge T, Wichmann HE, Widen E, Willemsen G, Wright AF, Wright MJ, Xu M, Zhao JH, Kraft P, Hinds DA, Lindgren CM, Mägi R, Neale BM, Evans DM, Medland SE. Genome-wide association study identifies 48 common genetic variants associated with handedness. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:59-70. [PMID: 32989287 PMCID: PMC7116623 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Handedness has been extensively studied because of its relationship with language and the over-representation of left-handers in some neurodevelopmental disorders. Using data from the UK Biobank, 23andMe and the International Handedness Consortium, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of handedness (N = 1,766,671). We found 41 loci associated (P < 5 × 10-8) with left-handedness and 7 associated with ambidexterity. Tissue-enrichment analysis implicated the CNS in the aetiology of handedness. Pathways including regulation of microtubules and brain morphology were also highlighted. We found suggestive positive genetic correlations between left-handedness and neuropsychiatric traits, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between left-handedness and ambidexterity is low (rG = 0.26), which implies that these traits are largely influenced by different genetic mechanisms. Our findings suggest that handedness is highly polygenic and that the genetic variants that predispose to left-handedness may underlie part of the association with some psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cuellar-Partida
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Business, Karabük, Turkey
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inês Barroso
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- Population Health Sciences, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn F Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, and the Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David L Duffy
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liang-Dar Hwang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John P Kemp
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norman Klopp
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
- Human Genetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cameron Palmer
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillaume Pare
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Leena Peltonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Research Unit, Psychiatric Hospital Sveti Ivan, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katri Raikkonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan Rujescu
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johannes H Smit
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John M Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemilogy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Maris Teder-Laving
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Warrington
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation's IPSYCH Initiative, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mousheng Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Evans
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Sarah E Medland
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Boyd HA. Maternal Blood Pressure During Pregnancy: What Is Normal and How Does it Affect Offspring Blood Pressure? Hypertension 2020; 76:670-671. [PMID: 32783755 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Boyd
- From the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vøgg O, Ghouse J, Sillesen AS, Pihl C, Raja AA, Vejlstrup N, Wohlfahrt J, Iversen KK, Bundgaard H, Boyd HA. Maternal preeclampsia and cardiac left ventricular structure and function in term infants in the copenhagen baby heart study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Voegg ROB, Ghouse J, Sillesen AS, Pihl CA, Axelsson Raja A, Vejlstrup N, Iversen KK, Bundgaard H, Boyd HA. P3441Impact of maternal preeclampsia on left ventricular structure and function in the newborn heart. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Maternal preeclampsia (PE) has been associated with an increased risk of a variety of congenital heart defects in the infant. Whether PE also confers an increased risk of subtle structural and functional cardiac deficits is unknown.
Purpose
We investigated whether left ventricular dimensions and systolic function differed among infants of mothers with PE, compared to infants born after uncomplicated pregnancies.
Method
Systematic transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed in neonates included in a population-based study in the period 2016–2018 (n=25,000). TTE was preferably performed within 14 days of birth. Left ventricular (LV) posterior wall end-diastolic thickness (LVPWd), interventricular septum end-diastole thickness (IVSd), LV internal diameter in end-diastole and end-systole (LVIDd and LVIDs), LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and fractional shortening (FS) were assessed. Information on maternal PE (ICD-10 codes DO140–142 and DO159) was retrieved from an obstetric database. Using linear regression in a sample of echocardiograms, we compared the LV structure and function adjusted for maternal age; gestational age; sex; weight and length.
Results
In total, 447 infants were exposed to PE, and 7,178 were born to uncomplicated pregnancies (Table). In infants of PE mothers, we found significantly larger LVPWd and IVSd (0.18 mm, 95% CI [0.14; 0.22], p<0.001 and 0.06 mm, 95% CI [0.02; 0.10], p=0.001, resp.) and LVIDd as LVIDs were significantly smaller (−0.15 mm, 95% CI [−0.29; −0.01], p=0.032 and −0.16 mm 95% CI [−0.28; −0.04], p=0.009, resp.) compared to infants of non-PE mothers. We found no differences in systolic function.
LV measures in PE and non-PE infants Parameter Infants of PE mothers, Infants of non-PE mothers, p-value Estimate* [95% CI] p-value mean [± SD] (n=447) mean [± SD] (n=7,178) Left Ventricular Posterior Wall in end-Diastole, LVPWd (mm) 2.20 [±0.58] 2.07 [±0.40] <0.001 0.18 [0.14; 0.22] <0.001 Interventricular Septum in end-Diastole, IVSd (mm) 2.53 [±0.52] 2.55 [±0.41] 0.562 0.06 [0.02; 0.10] 0.001 Left Ventricular Internal Diameter in end-Diastole, LVIDd (mm) 19.35 [±2.00] 20.10 [±1.41] <0.001 −0.15 [−0.29; −0.01] 0.032 Left Ventricular Internal Diameter in end-Diastole, LVIDs (mm) 13.13 [±1.43] 13.65 [±1.79] <0.001 −0.16 [−0.28; −0.04] 0.009 Fractional Shortening, FS (%) 32.10 [±4.07] 32.11 [±3.86] 0.937 0.26 [−0.11; 0.63] 0.168 Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction, LVEF (%) 63.19 [±5.61] 63.09 [±5.30] 0.690 0.34 [−0.17; 0.85] 0.192 *Adjusted for maternal age; gestational age; sex; weight and length.
Conclusion
In the largest population-based group of neonates to date, we showed that infants born to PE mothers compared to infants of non-PE mothers had significantly thicker left ventricular myocardium, and reduced left ventricular volumes. However, PE was not associated with altered systolic function. Our results might reflect an adaption of the fetal heart to the increased resistance in the placental arteries in PE mothers, and a secondary increased left ventricular afterload.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Danish Heart Association, Danish Children's Heart Foundation, Candy's Found., Toyota Found., Herlev-Gentofte Hospital Research Found., Lundbeck Found.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O B Voegg
- Herlev Hospital - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Ghouse
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital, Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A S Sillesen
- Herlev Hospital - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C A Pihl
- Herlev Hospital - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Axelsson Raja
- Herlev Hospital - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Vejlstrup
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital, The Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K K Iversen
- Herlev Hospital - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Bundgaard
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital, The Unit for Inherited Cardiac Diseases, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H A Boyd
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Liu X, Helenius D, Skotte L, Beaumont RN, Wielscher M, Geller F, Juodakis J, Mahajan A, Bradfield JP, Lin FTJ, Vogelezang S, Bustamante M, Ahluwalia TS, Pitkänen N, Wang CA, Bacelis J, Borges MC, Zhang G, Bedell BA, Rossi RM, Skogstrand K, Peng S, Thompson WK, Appadurai V, Lawlor DA, Kalliala I, Power C, McCarthy MI, Boyd HA, Marazita ML, Hakonarson H, Hayes MG, Scholtens DM, Rivadeneira F, Jaddoe VWV, Vinding RK, Bisgaard H, Knight BA, Pahkala K, Raitakari O, Helgeland Ø, Johansson S, Njølstad PR, Fadista J, Schork AJ, Nudel R, Miller DE, Chen X, Weirauch MT, Mortensen PB, Børglum AD, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Hao K, Ryckman KK, Hougaard DM, Kottyan LC, Pennell CE, Lyytikainen LP, Bønnelykke K, Vrijheid M, Felix JF, Lowe WL, Grant SFA, Hyppönen E, Jacobsson B, Jarvelin MR, Muglia LJ, Murray JC, Freathy RM, Werge TM, Melbye M, Buil A, Feenstra B. Variants in the fetal genome near pro-inflammatory cytokine genes on 2q13 associate with gestational duration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3927. [PMID: 31477735 PMCID: PMC6718389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration of pregnancy is influenced by fetal and maternal genetic and non-genetic factors. Here we report a fetal genome-wide association meta-analysis of gestational duration, and early preterm, preterm, and postterm birth in 84,689 infants. One locus on chromosome 2q13 is associated with gestational duration; the association is replicated in 9,291 additional infants (combined P = 3.96 × 10−14). Analysis of 15,588 mother-child pairs shows that the association is driven by fetal rather than maternal genotype. Functional experiments show that the lead SNP, rs7594852, alters the binding of the HIC1 transcriptional repressor. Genes at the locus include several interleukin 1 family members with roles in pro-inflammatory pathways that are central to the process of parturition. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms will be of great public health importance, since giving birth either before or after the window of term gestation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Gestational duration depends on both maternal and fetal genetic influences. Here, the authors perform a fetal genome-wide association meta-analysis and find that a locus on 2q13 is associated with pregnancy duration and further show that the lead SNP rs7594852 changes the binding properties of transcriptional repressor HIC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte Helenius
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julius Juodakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Quantinuum Research, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Frederick T J Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzanne Vogelezang
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niina Pitkänen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria C Borges
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ge Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce A Bedell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert M Rossi
- March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shouneng Peng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilkka Kalliala
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, IRDB, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu, 200029 HUS, Finland
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca K Vinding
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bridget A Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Øyvind Helgeland
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Health data and Digitalization, Department of Genetic Research and Bioinformatics, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - João Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Schork
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ron Nudel
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Miller
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Statens Serum Institut, Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikainen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, 33520, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louis J Muglia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Thomas M Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alfonso Buil
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Fadista J, Skotte L, Geller F, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Gørtz S, Romitti PA, Caggana M, Kay DM, Matsson H, Boyd HA, Hougaard DM, Nordenskjöld A, Mills JL, Melbye M, Feenstra B. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies BARX1 and EML4-MTA3 as new loci associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:332-340. [PMID: 30281099 PMCID: PMC6322072 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a disorder of young infants with a population incidence of ∼2/1000 live births, caused by hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter smooth muscle. Reported genetic loci associated with IHPS explain only a minor proportion of IHPS risk. To identify new risk loci, we carried out a genome-wide meta-analysis on 1395 surgery-confirmed cases and 4438 controls, with replication in a set of 2427 cases and 2524 controls. We identified and replicated six independent genomic loci associated with IHPS risk at genome wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), including novel associations with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One of these SNPs, rs6736913 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.32; P = 3.0 × 10-15], is a low frequency missense variant in EML4 at 2p21. The second SNP, rs1933683 (OR = 1.34; P = 3.1 × 10-9) is 1 kb downstream of BARX1 at 9q22.32, an essential gene for stomach formation in embryogenesis. Using the genome-wide complex trait analysis method, we estimated the IHPS SNP heritability to be 30%, and using the linkage disequilibrium score regression method, we found support for a previously reported genetic correlation of IHPS with lipid metabolism. By combining the largest collection of IHPS cases to date (3822 cases), with results generalized across populations of different ancestry, we elucidate novel mechanistic avenues of IHPS disease architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Gørtz
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michele Caggana
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Denise M Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children´s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James L Mills
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Introduction Pregnancy losses may be associated with increased risks of dementia. Methods We conducted a register-based cohort study in 1,243,957 women with ≥1 pregnancy in Denmark in the period 1977–2015. Using Cox regression, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) comparing risks of dementia in women with and without pregnancy losses. Results During 21,672,433 person-years of follow-up, 261,279 women experienced a pregnancy loss, and 2188 women were diagnosed with dementia. Stillbirth was associated with an 86% increased risk of dementia overall (HR 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–2.71). By contrast, miscarriage was not associated with later risk of dementia overall (single miscarriage, HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.87–1.12; recurrent miscarriages, HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.84–1.35). Adjustment for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes did not meaningfully alter the association magnitudes. Discussion Stillbirth and dementia may share underlying mechanisms, suggesting that a history of stillbirth should be considered when assessing dementia risk in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between pre-eclampsia and later risk of kidney disease. DESIGN Nationwide register based cohort study. SETTING Denmark. POPULATION All women with at least one pregnancy lasting at least 20 weeks between 1978 and 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hazard ratios comparing rates of kidney disease between women with and without a history of pre-eclampsia, stratified by gestational age at delivery and estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 1 072 330 women followed for 19 994 470 person years (average 18.6 years/woman). Compared with women with no previous pre-eclampsia, those with a history of pre-eclampsia were more likely to develop chronic renal conditions: hazard ratio 3.93 (95% confidence interval 2.90 to 5.33, for early preterm pre-eclampsia (delivery <34 weeks); 2.81 (2.13 to 3.71) for late preterm pre-eclampsia (delivery 34-36 weeks); 2.27 (2.02 to 2.55) for term pre-eclampsia (delivery ≥37 weeks). In particular, strong associations were observed for chronic kidney disease, hypertensive kidney disease, and glomerular/proteinuric disease. Adjustment for cardiovascular disease and hypertension only partially attenuated the observed associations. Stratifying the analyses on time since pregnancy showed that associations between pre-eclampsia and chronic kidney disease and glomerular/proteinuric disease were much stronger within five years of the latest pregnancy (hazard ratio 6.11 (3.84 to 9.72) and 4.77 (3.88 to 5.86), respectively) than five years or longer after the latest pregnancy (2.06 (1.69 to 2.50) and 1.50 (1.19 to 1.88). By contrast, associations between pre-eclampsia and acute renal conditions were modest. CONCLUSION s Pre-eclampsia, particularly early preterm pre-eclampsia, was strongly associated with several chronic renal disorders later in life. More research is needed to determine which women are most likely to develop kidney disease after pre-eclampsia, what mechanisms underlie the association, and what clinical follow-up and interventions (and in what timeframe post-pregnancy) would be most appropriate and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas H Kristensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mette Brimnes Damholt
- Department of Nephrology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Blemdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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20
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Behrens I, Basit S, Lykke JA, Ranthe MF, Wohlfahrt J, Bundgaard H, Melbye M, Boyd HA. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and peripartum cardiomyopathy: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211857. [PMID: 30785920 PMCID: PMC6382119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a serious cardiac disorder occurring late in pregnancy or early in the postpartum period. We examined associations between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP: preeclampsia and gestational hypertension) and PPCM, accounting for other pregnancy-related risk factors for PPCM. Methods Using nationwide Danish register data, we constructed a cohort of all women with ≥1 live birth or stillbirth in Denmark between 1978 and 2012. Using log-linear binomial regression and generalized estimating equations, we estimated risk ratios (RRs) for PPCM associated with HDP of varying severity. Results In a cohort of 1,088,063 women with 2,078,822 eligible pregnancies, 126 women developed PPCM (39 in connection with an HDP-complicated pregnancy). The risks of PPCM were significantly higher in women with HDP-complicated pregnancies than in women with normotensive pregnancies (severe preeclampsia, RR 21.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.0–37.4; moderate preeclampsia, RR 10.2, 95% CI 6.18–16.9; gestational hypertension, RR 5.16, 95% CI 2.11–12.6). The RRs for moderate preeclampsia and gestational hypertension were not significantly different from one another (p = 0.18); the RR for severe preeclampsia was significantly different from the RR for moderate preeclampsia and gestational hypertension combined (p = 0.02). Conclusions Although 70% of PPCM occurred in women with normotensive pregnancies, HDPs were associated with substantial increases in PPCM risk that depended on HDP severity. The heart’s capacity to adapt to a normal pregnancy may be exceeded in some women already susceptible to cardiac insult, contributing to PPCM. HDPs, severe preeclampsia in particular, probably represent an additional cardiac stressor during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Behrens
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob A. Lykke
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mattis F. Ranthe
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Unit for Inherited Cardiac Disease, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore associations between pre-eclampsia and later dementia, overall and by dementia subtype and timing of onset. DESIGN Nationwide register based cohort study. SETTING Denmark. POPULATION All women with at least one live birth or stillbirth between 1978 and 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Hazard ratios comparing dementia rates among women with and without a history of pre-eclampsia, estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 1 178 005 women with 20 352 695 person years of follow-up. Women with a history of pre-eclampsia had more than three times the risk of vascular dementia (hazard ratio 3.46, 95% confidence interval 1.97 to 6.10) later in life, compared with women with no history of pre-eclampsia. The association with vascular dementia seemed to be stronger for late onset disease (hazard ratio 6.53, 2.82 to 15.1) than for early onset disease (2.32, 1.06 to 5.06) (P=0.08). Adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease attenuated the hazard ratios only moderately; sensitivity analyses suggested that body mass index was unlikely to explain the association with vascular dementia. In contrast, only modest associations were observed for Alzheimer's disease (hazard ratio 1.45, 1.05 to 1.99) and other/unspecified dementia (1.40, 1.08 to 1.83). CONCLUSIONS Pre-eclampsia was associated with an increased risk of dementia, particularly vascular dementia. Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes were unlikely to mediate the associations substantially, suggesting that pre-eclampsia and vascular dementia may share underlying mechanisms or susceptibility pathways. Asking about a history of pre-eclampsia could help physicians to identify women who might benefit from screening for early signs of disease, allowing for early clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Boyd HA, Basit S, Wohlfahrt J. 192. Preeclampsia and risk of dementia later in life. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.08.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Background The tonsils are immunological gatekeepers against pathogens. Immunological response to tonsillitis may vary clinically from no enlargement of the tonsils to nearly obstructive conditions. In this investigation, we studied the familial aggregation of tonsillectomy, as an indicator of the extent to which tonsillar immune responses to infections might be genetically controlled. Methods Data on kinship relations and vital status from the Danish Civil Registration System were used to establish a cohort of Danes with relatives born since 1977. Tonsillectomies in all hospitals and clinics from 1977 to 2013 were identified in national registers together with the indication for tonsillectomy. Rate ratios (RRs) for tonsillectomy >1 year after tonsillectomy in specific types of relatives (first to fourth degree) were estimated in Poisson regression models with adjustment for calendar period, sex, age, and total number of specified relatives. Results A cohort of 2.4 million persons was followed for 44,100,697 million person-years (mean 18.4 years/person), and included 148,190 tonsillectomies. RRs of tonsillectomy were consistently higher when the relatedness and the number of tonsillectomized relatives were higher. RRs were similar in boys and girls, but were larger in early childhood. Additional analyses suggested that this relatively higher RR at younger ages was due to a larger influence of shared environment at younger ages, whereas the genetic influence was similar at all ages. Results were similar for tonsillectomies performed strictly due to tonsillitis. Conclusions Genetic factors appear to predispose to severe tonsillitis underlying tonsillectomies, regardless of age and sex. Further studies are needed to understand how genes regulate the tonsils' immune response against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bager
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giulia Corn
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Boyd HA, Basit S, Wohlfahrt J, Øyen N. Response by Boyd et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Association Between Fetal Congenital Heart Defects and Maternal Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in the Same Pregnancy and Across Pregnancies". Circulation 2018; 137:97-98. [PMID: 29279343 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.031548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.A.B., S.B., J.W., N.Ø.)
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.A.B., S.B., J.W., N.Ø.)
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.A.B., S.B., J.W., N.Ø.)
| | - Nina Øyen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.A.B., S.B., J.W., N.Ø.).,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø.).,Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (N.Ø.)
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Torp-Pedersen T, Boyd HA, Skotte L, Haargaard B, Wohlfahrt J, Holmes JM, Melbye M. Strabismus Incidence in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Children. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:1047-1053. [PMID: 28859196 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance To our knowledge, there have been few population-based studies of strabismus incidence conducted. Our population-based study provides valuable data for health services planning and identifying research needs. Objective To determine the incidence and age distribution of strabismus, overall and by subtype, among children 7 years or younger. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study was conducted with data from 96 842 children enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort. Main Outcomes and Measures Age-specific incidence and cumulative incidence and median age at the detection of strabismus, overall and by subtype. Results The study cohort included 96 842 children born between 1996 and 2008 who are predominantly Caucasian and is composed of approximately 30% of births in Denmark, with a boy-girl ratio of 51:49. Overall, 1309 cases of strabismus were identified in the cohort. We found an overall cumulative strabismus incidence of 2.56% (95% CI, 2.42-2.69) at 7 years. The overall incidence was similar among boys and girls. Two hundred sixteen participants (16.5%) (95% CI, 14.5-18.6) had congenital esotropia, 177 (13.5%) (95% CI, 11.7-15.5) had fully accommodative esotropia, 252 (19.3%) (95% CI, 17.1-21.5) had partially accommodative esotropia, and 181 (13.8%) (95% CI, 12.0-15.8) had exotropia. The esotropia:exotropia ratio was 5.4:1 (95% CI, 3.4:1 to 7.5:1). Age-specific incidence curves for congenital esotropia, fully accommodative esotropia, partially accommodative esotropia, and all exotropia revealed interactions between strabismus subtype and age, suggesting that the different subtypes had different age-specific patterns of incidence (P < .001 for all comparisons between pairs of curves). The median age at detection for the 4 subtypes was 0, 32.0, 26.1, and 16.6 months, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance In a national, population-based cohort study, we found a cumulative incidence of strabismus consistent with those reported in smaller European and American cohorts, but a somewhat higher esotropia:exotropia ratio than those that, to our knowledge, are typically reported by English and American studies. Patterns of incidence by age differed for different strabismus subtypes, indicating differences in age at onset and thereby implying differences in the underlying etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Boyd HA, Persson LG. Authors reply re: Clinical follow up of women after hypertensive disease in pregnancy. BJOG 2017; 125:387-388. [PMID: 28994513 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L G Persson
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang G, Feenstra B, Bacelis J, Liu X, Muglia LM, Juodakis J, Miller DE, Litterman N, Jiang PP, Russell L, Hinds DA, Hu Y, Weirauch MT, Chen X, Chavan AR, Wagner GP, Pavličev M, Nnamani MC, Maziarz J, Karjalainen MK, Rämet M, Sengpiel V, Geller F, Boyd HA, Palotie A, Momany A, Bedell B, Ryckman KK, Huusko JM, Forney CR, Kottyan LC, Hallman M, Teramo K, Nohr EA, Davey Smith G, Melbye M, Jacobsson B, Muglia LJ. Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1156-1167. [PMID: 28877031 PMCID: PMC5561422 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1612665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence that genetic factors contribute to the duration of gestation and the risk of preterm birth, robust associations with genetic variants have not been identified. We used large data sets that included the gestational duration to determine possible genetic associations. METHODS We performed a genomewide association study in a discovery set of samples obtained from 43,568 women of European ancestry using gestational duration as a continuous trait and term or preterm (<37 weeks) birth as a dichotomous outcome. We used samples from three Nordic data sets (involving a total of 8643 women) to test for replication of genomic loci that had significant genomewide association (P<5.0×10-8) or an association with suggestive significance (P<1.0×10-6) in the discovery set. RESULTS In the discovery and replication data sets, four loci (EBF1, EEFSEC, AGTR2, and WNT4) were significantly associated with gestational duration. Functional analysis showed that an implicated variant in WNT4 alters the binding of the estrogen receptor. The association between variants in ADCY5 and RAP2C and gestational duration had suggestive significance in the discovery set and significant evidence of association in the replication sets; these variants also showed genomewide significance in a joint analysis. Common variants in EBF1, EEFSEC, and AGTR2 showed association with preterm birth with genomewide significance. An analysis of mother-infant dyads suggested that these variants act at the level of the maternal genome. CONCLUSIONS In this genomewide association study, we found that variants at the EBF1, EEFSEC, AGTR2, WNT4, ADCY5, and RAP2C loci were associated with gestational duration and variants at the EBF1, EEFSEC, and AGTR2 loci with preterm birth. Previously established roles of these genes in uterine development, maternal nutrition, and vascular control support their mechanistic involvement. (Funded by the March of Dimes and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Xueping Liu
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Lisa M Muglia
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Julius Juodakis
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Daniel E Miller
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Nadia Litterman
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Pan-Pan Jiang
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Laura Russell
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - David A Hinds
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Youna Hu
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Arun R Chavan
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Günter P Wagner
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mihaela Pavličev
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mauris C Nnamani
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Jamie Maziarz
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Minna K Karjalainen
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mika Rämet
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Frank Geller
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Heather A Boyd
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Aarno Palotie
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Allison Momany
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Bruce Bedell
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Johanna M Huusko
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Carmy R Forney
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mikko Hallman
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Kari Teramo
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - George Davey Smith
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Mads Melbye
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
| | - Louis J Muglia
- From the Division of Human Genetics (G.Z., L.J.M.), Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (M.T.W., D.E.M., X.C., C.R.F., L.C.K.) and the Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology (M.T.W.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative (G.Z., L.M.M., M.P., J.M.H., L.J.M.), Cincinnati; the Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut (B.F., X.L., F.G., H.A.B., M.M.), and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen (M.M.), Copenhagen, and the Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense (E.A.N.) - all in Denmark; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital Östra (J.B., V.S.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences (J.J.), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.J.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 23andMe, Mountain View (N.L., P.-P.J., L.R., D.A.H., Y.H.), and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford (M.M.) - both in California; the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.), and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale Medical School (G.P.W.), New Haven, and the Yale Systems Biology Institute, West Haven (A.R.C., G.P.W., M.C.N., J.M.) - all in Connecticut; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit (G.P.W.); the PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu (M.K.K., M.R., J.M.H., M.H.), and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki (A.P.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (K.T.), Helsinki - all in Finland; the Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, and the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (A.P.), and the Program in Medical and Population Genetics and the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge (A.P.) - both in Massachusetts; the Departments of Pediatrics (A.M., B.B.) and Epidemiology (K.K.R.), College of Public Health, and the Department of Pediatrics (K.K.R.), Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (G.D.S.); and the Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Area of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo (B.J.)
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Behrens I, Basit S, Melbye M, Lykke JA, Wohlfahrt J, Bundgaard H, Thilaganathan B, Boyd HA. Risk of post-pregnancy hypertension in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2017; 358:j3078. [PMID: 28701333 PMCID: PMC5506851 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine how soon after delivery the risk of post-pregnancy hypertension increases in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and how the risk evolves over time.Design Nationwide register based cohort study.Setting Denmark.Populations 482 972 primiparous women with a first live birth or stillbirth between 1995 and 2012 (cumulative incidence analyses), and 1 025 118 women with at least one live birth or stillbirth between 1978 and 2012 (Cox regression analyses).Main outcome measures 10 year cumulative incidences of post-pregnancy hypertension requiring treatment with prescription drugs, and hazard ratios estimated using Cox regression.Results Of women with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in a first pregnancy in their 20s, 14% developed hypertension in the first decade post partum, compared with 4% of women with normotensive first pregnancies in their 20s. The corresponding percentages for women with a first pregnancy in their 40s were 32% and 11%, respectively. In the year after delivery, women with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy had 12-fold to 25-fold higher rates of hypertension than did women with a normotensive pregnancy. Rates in women with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy were threefold to 10-fold higher 1-10 years post partum and remained twice as high even 20 or more years later.Conclusions The risk of hypertension associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is high immediately after an affected pregnancy and persists for more than 20 years. Up to one third of women with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy may develop hypertension within a decade of an affected pregnancy, indicating that cardiovascular disease prevention in these women should include blood pressure monitoring initiated soon after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Behrens
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jacob A Lykke
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Mateo Leach I, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Völker U, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waldenberger M, Walker RW, Wennauer R, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, van Dijk SC, van Schoor NM, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker PIW, Beckmann JS, Beilby J, Bennett DA, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Böger CA, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Chasman DI, Cucca F, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Evans DA, de Faire U, Farrall M, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Franke L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hamsten A, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Heliövaara M, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hofman A, Hu F, Huikuri HV, Hveem K, James AL, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Kathiresan S, Kiemeney LALM, Kivimaki M, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kuusisto J, Maerz W, Martin NG, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Levinson DF, Lind L, Lokki ML, Mäntyselkä P, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Moll FL, Murray JC, Musk AW, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Pankow JS, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Perola M, Peters A, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Qi L, Quertermous T, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Rudan I, den Ruijter HM, Saltevo J, Sattar N, Schunkert H, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Staessen JA, Stefania B, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tardif JC, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Verbeek ALM, Vermeulen SH, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Völzke H, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Zeggini E, Chakravarti A, Clegg DJ, Cupples LA, Gordon-Larsen P, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Ingelsson E, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. Correction: The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006166. [PMID: 27355579 PMCID: PMC4927064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378.].
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Øyen N, Diaz LJ, Leirgul E, Boyd HA, Priest J, Mathiesen ER, Quertermous T, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Prepregnancy Diabetes and Offspring Risk of Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Circulation 2016; 133:2243-53. [PMID: 27166384 PMCID: PMC4890838 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.017465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of offspring congenital heart defects (CHD); however, the causal mechanism is poorly understood. We further investigated this association in a Danish nationwide cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS In a national cohort study, we identified 2 025 727 persons born from 1978 to 2011; among them were 7296 (0.36%) persons exposed to maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus. Pregestational diabetes mellitus was identified by using the National Patient Register and individual-level information on all prescriptions filled in Danish pharmacies. Persons with CHD (n=16 325) were assigned to embryologically related cardiac phenotypes. The CHD prevalence in the offspring of mothers with pregestational diabetes mellitus was 318 per 10 000 live births (n=232) in comparison with a baseline risk of 80 per 10 000; the adjusted relative risk for CHD was 4.00 (95% confidence interval, 3.51-4.53). The association was not modified by year of birth, maternal age at diabetes onset, or diabetes duration, and CHD risks associated with type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes mellitus did not differ significantly. Persons born to women with previous acute diabetes complications had a higher CHD risk than those exposed to maternal diabetes mellitus without complications (relative risk, 7.62; 95% confidence interval, 5.23-10.6, and relative risk, 3.49; 95% confidence interval, 2.91-4.13, respectively; P=0.0004). All specific CHD phenotypes were associated with maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus (relative risk range, 2.74-13.8). CONCLUSIONS The profoundly increased CHD risk conferred by maternal pregestational diabetes mellitus neither changed over time nor differed by diabetes subtype. The association with acute pregestational diabetes complications was particularly strong, suggesting a role for glucose in the causal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Øyen
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.).
| | - Lars J Diaz
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - Elisabeth Leirgul
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - Heather A Boyd
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - James Priest
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - Elisabeth R Mathiesen
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
| | - Mads Melbye
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (N.Ø., L.J.D., H.A.B., J.W., M.M.); Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway (N.Ø., E.L.); Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway(N.Ø.); Department of Cardiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway (E.L.); Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (J.P., T.Q.); Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (E.R.M.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (M.M.); and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (M.M.)
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Behrens I, Basit S, Lykke JA, Ranthe MF, Wohlfahrt J, Bundgaard H, Melbye M, Boyd HA. Association Between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Later Risk of Cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2016; 315:1026-33. [PMID: 26954411 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia in particular, have an increased risk of cardiomyopathy during the peripartum period. Whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are also associated with cardiomyopathy later in life is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with cardiomyopathy beyond the peripartum period. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nationwide register-based cohort study using Cox regression to compare rates of cardiomyopathy in women with and without a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in a cohort of 1,075,763 women with at least 1 pregnancy ending in live birth or stillbirth in Denmark, 1978-2012, with follow-up through December 31, 2012. EXPOSURES A hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (severe or moderate preeclampsia or gestational hypertension) registered in the National Patient Register. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cardiomyopathy more than 5 months after delivery (outside the peripartum period) up to 34 years 7 months. RESULT The women in the primary cohort had 2,067,633 eligible pregnancies during the study period, 76,108 of which were complicated by a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. During follow-up, 1577 women (mean age, 48.5 years at cardiomyopathy diagnosis; 2.6% with multiple pregnancies) developed cardiomyopathy. Compared with women with normotensive pregnancies (18,211,603 person-years of follow-up; n = 1408 cardiomyopathy events, 7.7/100,000 person-years [95% CI, 7.3-8.2]), women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy had significantly increased rates of cardiomyopathy (in 173,062 person-years of follow-up among women with severe preeclampsia, n = 27 cardiomyopathy events; 15.6/100,000 person-years [95% CI, 10.7-22.7]; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.20 [95% CI, 1.50-3.23]; in 697,447 person-years of follow-up among women with moderate preeclampsia, n = 102 cardiomyopathy events; 14.6/100,000 person-years [95% CI, 12.0-17.8]; adjusted HR, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.55-2.23]; in 213,197 person-years of follow-up among women with gestational hypertension, n = 40 cardiomyopathy events; 17.3/100,000 person-years [95% CI, 12.7-23.6]; adjusted HR, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.50-2.82]). These increases persisted more than 5 years after the latest pregnancy. Mediation analyses suggested that only about 50% of the association was an indirect association through postpregnancy chronic hypertension. In this cohort, 11% of all cardiomyopathy events occurred in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, compared with women without such a history, had a small but statistically significant increased risk of cardiomyopathy more than 5 months after delivery. Further research is necessary to understand whether there is a causal mechanism behind this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Behrens
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Alexander Lykke
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Unit for Inherited Cardiac Diseases, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark4Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark5Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Winkler TW, Justice AE, Graff M, Barata L, Feitosa MF, Chu S, Czajkowski J, Esko T, Fall T, Kilpeläinen TO, Lu Y, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Pers TH, Rüeger S, Teumer A, Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Heard-Costa NL, Karjalainen J, Lagou V, Mahajan A, Neinast MD, Prokopenko I, Simino J, Teslovich TM, Jansen R, Westra HJ, White CC, Absher D, Ahluwalia TS, Ahmad S, Albrecht E, Alves AC, Bragg-Gresham JL, de Craen AJM, Bis JC, Bonnefond A, Boucher G, Cadby G, Cheng YC, Chiang CWK, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Dueker N, Eklund N, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Feenstra B, Fischer K, Frau F, Galesloot TE, Geller F, Goel A, Gorski M, Grammer TB, Gustafsson S, Haitjema S, Hottenga JJ, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Jacobs KB, Johansson Å, Kaakinen M, Kleber ME, Lahti J, Leach IM, Lehne B, Liu Y, Lo KS, Lorentzon M, Luan J, Madden PAF, Mangino M, McKnight B, Medina-Gomez C, Monda KL, Montasser ME, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, Panoutsopoulou K, Pascoe L, Paternoster L, Rayner NW, Renström F, Rizzi F, Rose LM, Ryan KA, Salo P, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Shi J, Smith AV, Southam L, Stančáková A, Steinthorsdottir V, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tachmazidou I, Tanaka T, Thorleifsson G, Trompet S, Pervjakova N, Tyrer JP, Vandenput L, van der Laan SW, van der Velde N, van Setten J, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Verweij N, Vlachopoulou E, Waite LL, Wang SR, Wang Z, Wild SH, Willenborg C, Wilson JF, Wong A, Yang J, Yengo L, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Yu L, Zhang W, Zhao JH, Andersson EA, Bakker SJL, Baldassarre D, Banasik K, Barcella M, Barlassina C, Bellis C, Benaglio P, Blangero J, Blüher M, Bonnet F, Bonnycastle LL, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buchman AS, Campbell H, Chen YDI, Chines PS, Claudi-Boehm S, Cole J, Collins FS, de Geus EJC, de Groot LCPGM, Dimitriou M, Duan J, Enroth S, Eury E, Farmaki AE, Forouhi NG, Friedrich N, Gejman PV, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Go AS, Gottesman O, Gräßler J, Grallert H, Grarup N, Gu YM, Broer L, Ham AC, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie N, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Henders AK, Hernandez D, Hillege H, Holmen O, Hovingh KG, Hui J, Husemoen LL, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hysi PG, Illig T, De Jager PL, Jalilzadeh S, Jørgensen T, Jukema JW, Juonala M, Kanoni S, Karaleftheri M, Khaw KT, Kinnunen L, Kittner SJ, Koenig W, Kolcic I, Kovacs P, Krarup NT, Kratzer W, Krüger J, Kuh D, Kumari M, Kyriakou T, Langenberg C, Lannfelt L, Lanzani C, Lotay V, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lindström J, Linneberg A, Liu YP, Lobbens S, Luben R, Lyssenko V, Männistö S, Magnusson PK, McArdle WL, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Morris AP, Narisu N, Nelis M, Ong KK, Palotie A, Pérusse L, Pichler I, Pilia MG, Pouta A, Rheinberger M, Ribel-Madsen R, Richards M, Rice KM, Rice TK, Rivolta C, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarzynski MA, Scholtens S, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sebert S, Sengupta S, Sennblad B, Seufferlein T, Silveira A, Slagboom PE, Smit JH, Sparsø TH, Stirrups K, Stolk RP, Stringham HM, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Syvänen AC, Tan ST, Thorand B, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tsafantakis E, van der Most PJ, Völker U, Vohl MC, Vonk JM, Waldenberger M, Walker RW, Wennauer R, Widén E, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wright AF, Zillikens MC, van Dijk SC, van Schoor NM, Asselbergs FW, de Bakker PIW, Beckmann JS, Beilby J, Bennett DA, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Böger CA, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Chasman DI, Cucca F, Cusi D, Dedoussis G, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Evans DA, de Faire U, Farrall M, Ferrucci L, Ford I, Franke L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gansevoort RT, Gieger C, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hall P, Hamsten A, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Heliövaara M, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hingorani A, Hofman A, Hu F, Huikuri HV, Hveem K, James AL, Jordan JM, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kajantie E, Kathiresan S, Kiemeney LALM, Kivimaki M, Knekt PB, Koistinen HA, Kooner JS, Koskinen S, Kuusisto J, Maerz W, Martin NG, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T, Lettre G, Levinson DF, Lind L, Lokki ML, Mäntyselkä P, Melbye M, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Moll FL, Murray JC, Musk AW, Nieminen MS, Njølstad I, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Pankow JS, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Pedersen O, Penninx BW, Perola M, Peters A, Polašek O, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Qi L, Quertermous T, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Ridker PM, Rioux JD, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Rudan I, den Ruijter HM, Saltevo J, Sattar N, Schunkert H, Schwarz PEH, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Staessen JA, Stefania B, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stumvoll M, Tardif JC, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Uusitupa M, Verbeek ALM, Vermeulen SH, Viikari JS, Vitart V, Völzke H, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Walker M, Wallaschofski H, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Zeggini E, Chakravarti A, Clegg DJ, Cupples LA, Gordon-Larsen P, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Barroso I, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Groop LC, Hunter DJ, Ingelsson E, Kaplan RC, McCarthy MI, Mohlke KL, O'Connell JR, Schlessinger D, Strachan DP, Stefansson K, van Duijn CM, Hirschhorn JN, Lindgren CM, Heid IM, North KE, Borecki IB, Kutalik Z, Loos RJF. The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005378. [PMID: 26426971 PMCID: PMC4591371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age- and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to ~2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men ≤50y, men >50y, women ≤50y, women >50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR<5%) age-specific effects, of which 11 had larger effects in younger (<50y) than in older adults (≥50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may provide further insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape. Adult body size and body shape differ substantially between men and women and change over time. More than 100 genetic variants that influence body mass index (measure of body size) or waist-to-hip ratio (measure of body shape) have been identified. While there is evidence that some genetic loci affect body shape differently in men than in women, little is known about whether genetic effects differ in older compared to younger adults, and whether such changes differ between men and women. Therefore, we conducted a systematic genome-wide search, including 114 studies (>320,000 individuals), to specifically identify genetic loci with age- and or sex-dependent effects on body size and shape. We identified 15 loci of which the effect on BMI was different in older compared to younger adults, whereas we found no evidence for loci with different effects in men compared to women. The opposite was seen for body shape as we identified 44 loci of which the effect on waist-to-hip ratio differed between men and women, but no difference between younger and older adults were observed. Our observations may provide new insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexual dimorphism of body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Su Chu
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tove Fall
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tune H. Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical and Population Genetics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Neinast
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette Simino
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles C. White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | | | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charleston W. K. Chiang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Dueker
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niina Eklund
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesca Frau
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jacobs
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Youfang Liu
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - May E. Montasser
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence Based Healthcare, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Pascoe
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Filarete Foundation, Genomic and Bioinformatics Unit, Milano, Italy
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathy A. Ryan
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatric Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Endocrinology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lindsay L. Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sophie R. Wang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Christina Willenborg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ehm A. Andersson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paola Benaglio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The LifeLines Cohort Study, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - John Cole
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jubao Duan
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Eury
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pablo V. Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alan S. Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yu-Mei Gu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies C. Ham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Institue of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hans Hillege
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kees G Hovingh
- Department Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lise L. Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Shapour Jalilzadeh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Universiy of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II—Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nikolaj T. Krarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janine Krüger
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Chair of Nephrology, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Segrate (Milan), Italy
- Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Leander
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Yan-Ping Liu
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Robert Luben
- Strangeways Research Laboratory Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Steno Diabetes Center A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Human Genetic Research, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Irene Pichler
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria G. Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rasmus Ribel-Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth M. Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Treva K. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Salome Scholtens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angela Silveira
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas H. Sparsø
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald P. Stolk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Morris A Swertz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Peter J. van der Most
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Québec City, Québec,Canada
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ryan W. Walker
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C. van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. van Schoor
- EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul I. W. de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia,Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Divison of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Italy
- University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Institute of Research, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis A. Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medicine, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Markku Heliövaara
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heikki V. Huikuri
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alan L. James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chaper Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul B. Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Vth Department of Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Bergofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Mäntyselkä
- Primary Health Care Unit, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frans L. Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, Univeristy of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annette Peters
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seatte, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - John D. Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Los Angeles BioMedical Resesarch Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Experimental Cardiology and laboratory of clinical chemistry, UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juha Saltevo
- Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Peter E. H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung Center, Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harold Snieder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- R & D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- University of Leipzig, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - André L. M. Verbeek
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Walker
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovacular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - CHARGE Consortium
- The Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium
| | | | | | | | | | - MAGIC Consortium
- The Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cashell E. Jaquish
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja I. Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Human Genetics, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre and Department of Clinical Science, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Popualtion Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O'Connell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, Dept of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Kari E. North
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IMH); (KEN); (IBB); (ZK); (RJFL)
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ranthe
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ranthe MF, Carstensen L, Øyen N, Jensen MK, Axelsson A, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M, Bundgaard H, Boyd HA. Risk of Cardiomyopathy in Younger Persons With a Family History of Death from Cardiomyopathy: A Nationwide Family Study in a Cohort of 3.9 Million Persons. Circulation 2015; 132:1013-9. [PMID: 26276887 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommendations for presymptomatic screening of relatives of cardiomyopathy patients are based on findings from tertiary centers. Cardiomyopathy inheritance patterns are fairly well understood, but how cardiomyopathy in younger persons (<50 years) aggregates in families at the population level is unclear. In a nationwide cohort, we examined the risk of cardiomyopathy by family history of premature death (<60 years) from cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS By linking Danish national register data, we constructed a cohort of 3.9 million persons born from 1950 to 2008. We ascertained family history of premature (<60 years) death from cardiomyopathy or other conditions, and cohort members were followed from 1977 to 2008 for cardiomyopathy diagnosed at <50 years. We identified 3890 cardiomyopathies in 89 million person-years of follow-up. Using Poisson regression, we estimated incidence rate ratios for cardiomyopathy by family history of premature death. Premature cardiomyopathy deaths in first- and second-degree relatives were associated with 29- and 6-fold increases in the rate of cardiomyopathy, respectively. If the first-degree relative died aged <35 years, the rate of cardiomyopathy increased 100-fold; given ≥2 premature deaths in first-degree relatives, the rate increased more than 400-fold. In contrast, a family history of premature death from other cardiac or noncardiac conditions increased the rate of cardiomyopathy 3-fold at most. CONCLUSIONS A family history of premature cardiomyopathy death was associated with an increase in risk of cardiomyopathy ranging from 6- to 400-fold, depending on age, kinship, gender and number of affected family members. Our general population-based results support recommendations for presymptomatic screening of relatives of cardiomyopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis F Ranthe
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Nina Øyen
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Morten K Jensen
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Anna Axelsson
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Mads Melbye
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
| | - Heather A Boyd
- From Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen
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Boyd HA, Basit S, Harpsøe MC, Wohlfahrt J, Jess T. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129567. [PMID: 26083614 PMCID: PMC4471220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Existing data on pregnancy complications in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are inconsistent. To address these inconsistencies, we investigated potential associations between IBD, IBD-related medication use during pregnancy, and pregnancy loss, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, Apgar score, and congenital abnormalities. METHODS We conducted a cohort study in >85,000 Danish National Birth Cohort women who were pregnant in the period 1996-2002 and had information on IBD, IBD-related medication use (systemic or local corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylates), pregnancy outcomes and potential confounders. We evaluated associations between IBD and adverse pregnancy/birth outcomes using Cox regression and log-linear binomial regression. RESULTS IBD was strongly and significantly associated with severe pre-eclampsia, preterm premature rupture of membranes and medically indicated preterm delivery in women using systemic corticosteroids during pregnancy (hazard ratios [HRs] >7). IBD was also associated with premature preterm rupture of membranes in women using local corticosteroid medications (HR 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-8.20) and with medically indicated preterm delivery (HR 1.91, 95% CI 0.99-3.68) in non-medicated women. Furthermore, IBD was associated with low 5-minute Apgar score in term infants (risk ratio [RR] 2.19, 95% CI 1.03-4.66). Finally, Crohn's disease (but not ulcerative colitis) was associated with major congenital abnormalities in the offspring (RR 1.85, 95% CI 1.06-3.21). No child with a congenital abnormality born to a woman with IBD was exposed to systemic corticosteroids in utero. CONCLUSION Women with IBD are at increased risk of severe pre-eclampsia, medically indicated preterm delivery, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and delivering infants with low Apgar score and major congenital malformations. These associations are only partly explained by severe disease as reflected by systemic corticosteroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Saima Basit
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria C. Harpsøe
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Jess
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ranthe MF, Petersen JA, Bundgaard H, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M, Boyd HA. A detailed family history of myocardial infarction and risk of myocardial infarction--a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125896. [PMID: 26011129 PMCID: PMC4444238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history of myocardial infarction (MI) is an independent risk factor for MI. Several genetic variants are associated with increased risk of MI and family history of MI in a first-degree relative doubles MI risk. However, although family history of MI is not a simple dichotomous risk factor, the impact of specific, detailed family histories has not received much attention, despite its high clinical relevance. We examined risk of MI by MIs in first- and second-degree relatives and by number and age of affected relatives. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using Danish national registers, we established a nationwide cohort of persons born between 1930 and 1992 with identifiable first- or second-degree relatives. Incident MIs in both cohort members and relatives aged ≥20 years were identified. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for MI by family history of MI, by Poisson regression. In 4.4 million persons followed for 104 million person-years, we identified 128,384 incident MIs. IRRs with 95% confidence intervals [CIs] for MI by history of MI in 1, 2 or ≥3 first-degree relatives were 1.46 (1.42-1.49), 2.38 (2.22-2.56) and 3.58 (2.66-4.81), respectively. Corresponding estimates for second-degree relatives were 1.17 (1.05-1.30), 1.87 (1.46-2.38) and 2.18 (1.09-4.36). A history of MI in combinations of first- and second-degree relatives increased risks 1.8- to 7-fold in middle-aged persons (36 to 55 years). Estimates were robust to adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and use of cardiovascular medications. CONCLUSION A detailed family history, particularly number of affected first- and second-degree relatives, contributes meaningfully to risk assessment, especially in middle-aged persons. Future studies should test for potential improvement of risk algorithm prediction using detailed family histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattis Flyvholm Ranthe
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Henning Bundgaard
- The Heart Center, Unit for Inherited Cardiac Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Cornelis MC, Byrne EM, Esko T, Nalls MA, Ganna A, Paynter N, Monda KL, Amin N, Fischer K, Renstrom F, Ngwa JS, Huikari V, Cavadino A, Nolte IM, Teumer A, Yu K, Marques-Vidal P, Rawal R, Manichaikul A, Wojczynski MK, Vink JM, Zhao JH, Burlutsky G, Lahti J, Mikkilä V, Lemaitre RN, Eriksson J, Musani SK, Tanaka T, Geller F, Luan J, Hui J, Mägi R, Dimitriou M, Garcia ME, Ho WK, Wright MJ, Rose LM, Magnusson PKE, Pedersen NL, Couper D, Oostra BA, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Tiemeier HW, Uitterlinden AG, van Rooij FJA, Barroso I, Johansson I, Xue L, Kaakinen M, Milani L, Power C, Snieder H, Stolk RP, Baumeister SE, Biffar R, Gu F, Bastardot F, Kutalik Z, Jacobs DR, Forouhi NG, Mihailov E, Lind L, Lindgren C, Michaëlsson K, Morris A, Jensen M, Khaw KT, Luben RN, Wang JJ, Männistö S, Perälä MM, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari J, Mozaffarian D, Mukamal K, Psaty BM, Döring A, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Dahmen N, Carithers T, Tucker KL, Ferrucci L, Boyd HA, Melbye M, Treur JL, Mellström D, Hottenga JJ, Prokopenko I, Tönjes A, Deloukas P, Kanoni S, Lorentzon M, Houston DK, Liu Y, Danesh J, Rasheed A, Mason MA, Zonderman AB, Franke L, Kristal BS, Karjalainen J, Reed DR, Westra HJ, Evans MK, Saleheen D, Harris TB, Dedoussis G, Curhan G, Stumvoll M, Beilby J, Pasquale LR, Feenstra B, Bandinelli S, Ordovas JM, Chan AT, Peters U, Ohlsson C, Gieger C, Martin NG, Waldenberger M, Siscovick DS, Raitakari O, Eriksson JG, Mitchell P, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Rimm EB, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Loos RJF, Wareham NJ, Vollenweider P, Caporaso N, Grabe HJ, Neuhouser ML, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Hu FB, Hyppönen E, Järvelin MR, Cupples LA, Franks PW, Ridker PM, van Duijn CM, Heiss G, Metspalu A, North KE, Ingelsson E, Nettleton JA, van Dam RM, Chasman DI. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies six novel loci associated with habitual coffee consumption. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:647-656. [PMID: 25288136 PMCID: PMC4388784 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coffee, a major dietary source of caffeine, is among the most widely consumed beverages in the world and has received considerable attention regarding health risks and benefits. We conducted a genome-wide (GW) meta-analysis of predominately regular-type coffee consumption (cups per day) among up to 91,462 coffee consumers of European ancestry with top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed-up in ~30 062 and 7964 coffee consumers of European and African-American ancestry, respectively. Studies from both stages were combined in a trans-ethnic meta-analysis. Confirmed loci were examined for putative functional and biological relevance. Eight loci, including six novel loci, met GW significance (log10Bayes factor (BF)>5.64) with per-allele effect sizes of 0.03-0.14 cups per day. Six are located in or near genes potentially involved in pharmacokinetics (ABCG2, AHR, POR and CYP1A2) and pharmacodynamics (BDNF and SLC6A4) of caffeine. Two map to GCKR and MLXIPL genes related to metabolic traits but lacking known roles in coffee consumption. Enhancer and promoter histone marks populate the regions of many confirmed loci and several potential regulatory SNPs are highly correlated with the lead SNP of each. SNP alleles near GCKR, MLXIPL, BDNF and CYP1A2 that were associated with higher coffee consumption have previously been associated with smoking initiation, higher adiposity and fasting insulin and glucose but lower blood pressure and favorable lipid, inflammatory and liver enzyme profiles (P<5 × 10(-8)).Our genetic findings among European and African-American adults reinforce the role of caffeine in mediating habitual coffee consumption and may point to molecular mechanisms underlying inter-individual variability in pharmacological and health effects of coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
,Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Nina Paynter
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keri L Monda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius S Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ville Huikari
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Burlutsky
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Solomon K Musani
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jian’an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennie Hui
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Busselton, Australia
,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weang-Kee Ho
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrik KE Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - David Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning W Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank JA van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Center of Oral Health, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fangyi Gu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - François Bastardot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Majken Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia-Maria Perälä
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Norbert Dahmen
- Department for Psychiatry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teresa Carithers
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Clinical Laboratory & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
,Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Germany
,IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denise K Houston
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marc A Mason
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele K Evans
- Health Disparities Research Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
,Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Pakistan
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Gary Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Germany
,IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation Inc., Busselton, Australia
,PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia
,School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jose M Ordovas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum-München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
,Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
,Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology / Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
,The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Germany
| | | | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank B Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
,School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
,Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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39
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Wood AR, Esko T, Yang J, Vedantam S, Pers TH, Gustafsson S, Chu AY, Estrada K, Luan J, Kutalik Z, Amin N, Buchkovich ML, Croteau-Chonka DC, Day FR, Duan Y, Fall T, Fehrmann R, Ferreira T, Jackson AU, Karjalainen J, Lo KS, Locke AE, Mägi R, Mihailov E, Porcu E, Randall JC, Scherag A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Westra HJ, Winkler TW, Workalemahu T, Zhao JH, Absher D, Albrecht E, Anderson D, Baron J, Beekman M, Demirkan A, Ehret GB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Fischer K, Fraser RM, Goel A, Gong J, Justice AE, Kanoni S, Kleber ME, Kristiansson K, Lim U, Lotay V, Lui JC, Mangino M, Mateo Leach I, Medina-Gomez C, Nalls MA, Nyholt DR, Palmer CD, Pasko D, Pechlivanis S, Prokopenko I, Ried JS, Ripke S, Shungin D, Stancáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wang Z, Yengo L, Zhang W, Afzal U, Arnlöv J, Arscott GM, Bandinelli S, Barrett A, Bellis C, Bennett AJ, Berne C, Blüher M, Bolton JL, Böttcher Y, Boyd HA, Bruinenberg M, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Caspersen IH, Chines PS, Clarke R, Claudi-Boehm S, Cooper M, Daw EW, De Jong PA, Deelen J, Delgado G, Denny JC, Dhonukshe-Rutten R, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Dörr M, Eklund N, Eury E, Folkersen L, Garcia ME, Geller F, Giedraitis V, Go AS, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Gräßler J, Grönberg H, de Groot LCPGM, Groves CJ, Haessler J, Hall P, Haller T, Hallmans G, Hannemann A, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hayward C, Heard-Costa NL, Helmer Q, Hemani G, Henders AK, Hillege HL, Hlatky MA, Hoffmann W, Hoffmann P, Holmen O, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Illig T, Isaacs A, James AL, Jeff J, Johansen B, Johansson Å, Jolley J, Juliusdottir T, Junttila J, Kho AN, Kinnunen L, Klopp N, Kocher T, Kratzer W, Lichtner P, Lind L, Lindström J, Lobbens S, Lorentzon M, Lu Y, Lyssenko V, Magnusson PKE, Mahajan A, Maillard M, McArdle WL, McKenzie CA, McLachlan S, McLaren PJ, Menni C, Merger S, Milani L, Moayyeri A, Monda KL, Morken MA, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Musk AW, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Nöthen MM, Oozageer L, Pilz S, Rayner NW, Renstrom F, Robertson NR, Rose LM, Roussel R, Sanna S, Scharnagl H, Scholtens S, Schumacher FR, Schunkert H, Scott RA, Sehmi J, Seufferlein T, Shi J, Silventoinen K, Smit JH, Smith AV, Smolonska J, Stanton AV, Stirrups K, Stott DJ, Stringham HM, Sundström J, Swertz MA, Syvänen AC, Tayo BO, Thorleifsson G, Tyrer JP, van Dijk S, van Schoor NM, van der Velde N, van Heemst D, van Oort FVA, Vermeulen SH, Verweij N, Vonk JM, Waite LL, Waldenberger M, Wennauer R, Wilkens LR, Willenborg C, Wilsgaard T, Wojczynski MK, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhang Q, Arveiler D, Bakker SJL, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Brambilla P, Brown MJ, Campbell H, Caulfield MJ, Chakravarti A, Collins R, Collins FS, Crawford DC, Cupples LA, Danesh J, de Faire U, den Ruijter HM, Erbel R, Erdmann J, Eriksson JG, Farrall M, Ferrannini E, Ferrières J, Ford I, Forouhi NG, Forrester T, Gansevoort RT, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Golay A, Gottesman O, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Haas DW, Hall AS, Harris TB, Hattersley AT, Heath AC, Hengstenberg C, Hicks AA, Hindorff LA, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hypponen E, Jacobs KB, Jarvelin MR, Jousilahti P, Jula AM, Kaprio J, Kastelein JJP, Kayser M, Kee F, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi SM, Kiemeney LA, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Koskinen S, Kovacs P, Kraja AT, Kumari M, Kuusisto J, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Le Marchand L, Lehtimäki T, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männistö S, Manunta P, Marette A, Matise TC, McKnight B, Meitinger T, Moll FL, Montgomery GW, Morris AD, Morris AP, Murray JC, Nelis M, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Ouwehand WH, Pasterkamp G, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Qi L, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rice TK, Ritchie M, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Saramies J, Sarzynski MA, Schwarz PEH, Sebert S, Sever P, Shuldiner AR, Sinisalo J, Steinthorsdottir V, Stolk RP, Tardif JC, Tönjes A, Tremblay A, Tremoli E, Virtamo J, Vohl MC, Amouyel P, Asselbergs FW, Assimes TL, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Bouchard C, Cauchi S, Chambers JC, Chanock SJ, Cooper RS, de Bakker PIW, Dedoussis G, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Groop LC, Haiman CA, Hamsten A, Hayes MG, Hui J, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Jukema JW, Kaplan RC, Kivimaki M, Kuh D, Laakso M, Liu Y, Martin NG, März W, Melbye M, Moebus S, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Pedersen NL, Perola M, Pérusse L, Peters U, Powell JE, Power C, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Reinmaa E, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rotter JI, Saaristo TE, Saleheen D, Schlessinger D, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Spector TD, Strauch K, Stumvoll M, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, Völzke H, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watkins H, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Zanen P, Deloukas P, Heid IM, Lindgren CM, Mohlke KL, Speliotes EK, Thorsteinsdottir U, Barroso I, Fox CS, North KE, Strachan DP, Beckmann JS, Berndt SI, Boehnke M, Borecki IB, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Stefansson K, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Franke L, Willer CJ, Price AL, Lettre G, Loos RJF, Weedon MN, Ingelsson E, O'Connell JR, Abecasis GR, Chasman DI, Goddard ME, Visscher PM, Hirschhorn JN, Frayling TM. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1173-86. [PMID: 25282103 PMCID: PMC4250049 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1192] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated ∼2,000, ∼3,700 and ∼9,500 SNPs explained ∼21%, ∼24% and ∼29% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tonu Esko
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin L Buchkovich
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yanan Duan
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tove Fall
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Fehrmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Sin Lo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam E Locke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joshua C Randall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - André Scherag
- 1] Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. [2] Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marian Beekman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georg B Ehret
- 1] Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross M Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anuj Goel
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Vaneet Lotay
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julian C Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Gomez
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron D Palmer
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorota Pasko
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- 1] Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- 1] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [2] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. [3] Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alena Stancáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana V Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [3] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [4] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johan Arnlöv
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Gillian M Arscott
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Amy Barrett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bellis
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Berne
- Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- LifeLines, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Brendan M Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Steven Buyske
- 1] Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersy, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ida H Caspersen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S Chines
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simone Claudi-Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E Warwick Daw
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pim A De Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josh C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elodie Eury
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan S Go
- Kaiser Permanente, Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [3] German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gräßler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Goran Hallmans
- Unit of Nutritional Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Quinta Helmer
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gibran Hemani
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans L Hillege
- 1] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hlatky
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- 1] Department of Biomedicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. [2] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [3] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oddgeir Holmen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alan L James
- 1] Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina Jeff
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Berit Johansen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jolley
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Abel N Kho
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Norman Klopp
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaana Lindström
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphane Lobbens
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yingchang Lu
- 1] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [2] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marc Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin A McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stela McLachlan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul J McLaren
- 1] Global Health Institute, Department of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alireza Moayyeri
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Keri L Monda
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mario A Morken
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [3] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany. [4] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laticia Oozageer
- Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stefan Pilz
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nigel W Rayner
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [3] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frida Renstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Neil R Robertson
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronan Roussel
- 1] Diabetology-Endocrinology-Nutrition, Public Hospital System of the City of Paris (AP-HP), Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. [2] INSERM U872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. [3] Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert A Scott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joban Sehmi
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jianxin Shi
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Johannes H Smit
- 1] EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanna Smolonska
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO) Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalie van der Velde
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Section of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Floor V A van Oort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lindsay L Waite
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roman Wennauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Christina Willenborg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Beilby
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of Desio, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Morris J Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- 1] Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- 1] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- 1] Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Clinic of Cardiology, West German Heart Centre, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel, Lubeck, Germany. [2] Institut für Integrative und Experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Farrall
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. [2] National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Center for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alain Golay
- Service of Therapeutic Education for Diabetes, Obesity and Chronic Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omri Gottesman
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland. [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David W Haas
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [2] Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany)
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elina Hypponen
- 1] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [2] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [3] South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin B Jacobs
- 1] Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Core Genotyping Facility, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- 1] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland. [3] MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. [4] Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. [5] Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [6] Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Antti M Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Hjelt Institute Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Kayser
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Kee
- UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre of Excellence for Public Health (Northern Ireland), Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sirkka M Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. [2] Unit of General Practice, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- 1] Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. [3] National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Kovacs
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland. [3] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sara Lupoli
- 1] Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. [2] Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Manunta
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. [2] Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - André Marette
- 1] Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tara C Matise
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Frans L Moll
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ken K Ong
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- 1] Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annette Peters
- 1] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] DZHK (Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen-German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- 1] Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen, Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy (affiliated institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany). [2] Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lu Qi
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. [2] Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D C Rao
- 1] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [3] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- 1] Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marylyn Ritchie
- Center for Systems Genomics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- 1] Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. [2] Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK. [2] National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter E H Schwarz
- 1] Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. [2] Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [3] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Vetrans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Heart and Lung Center, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anke Tönjes
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano and Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Jarmo Virtamo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U744, Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- 1] Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. [2] Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- 1] Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany. [2] Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Health Science Center at Houston, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stéphane Cauchi
- 1] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [2] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [3] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - John C Chambers
- 1] Ealing Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Middlesex, UK. [2] Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK. [3] Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [2] Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- 1] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- 1] Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. [2] CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France. [3] European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. [4] Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Leif C Groop
- 1] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [3] Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennie Hui
- 1] PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. [2] Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. [3] School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [4] Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- 1] Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. [3] Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Belfer, New York, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- 1] Vth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. [2] Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. [3] Synlab Academy, Synlab Services, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mads Melbye
- 1] Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. [2] Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- 1] Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [2] Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ben A Oostra
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Perola
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [3] Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- 1] Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. [2] Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joseph E Powell
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- 1] Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Timo E Saaristo
- 1] Finnish Diabetes Association, Tampere, Finland. [2] Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- 1] Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. [2] Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karatchi, Pakistan. [3] Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- 1] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- 1] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- 1] Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- 1] National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. [2] Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain. [3] Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [4] Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- 1] Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- 1] Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [2] Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. [3] Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- 1] DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. [2] Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- 1] Chair of Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany. [2] Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany. [3] Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pieter Zanen
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. [3] King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Inês Barroso
- 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. [2] University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [3] NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kari E North
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- 1] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. [2] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. [3] Service of Medical Genetics, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- 1] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [2] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [3] Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- 1] Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. [2] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari Stefansson
- 1] deCODE Genetics, Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland. [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. [4] Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cristen J Willer
- 1] Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. [3] Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- 1] Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [2] Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- 1] Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. [2] Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [3] Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. [4] Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- 1] Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [2] Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. [3] Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- 1] Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- 1] Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Goddard
- 1] Biosciences Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Food and Agricultural Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- 1] Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [2] University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- 1] Division of Endocrinology, Genetics and Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Perry JRB, Day F, Elks CE, Sulem P, Thompson DJ, Ferreira T, He C, Chasman DI, Esko T, Thorleifsson G, Albrecht E, Ang WQ, Corre T, Cousminer DL, Feenstra B, Franceschini N, Ganna A, Johnson AD, Kjellqvist S, Lunetta KL, McMahon G, Nolte IM, Paternoster L, Porcu E, Smith AV, Stolk L, Teumer A, Tšernikova N, Tikkanen E, Ulivi S, Wagner EK, Amin N, Bierut LJ, Byrne EM, Hottenga JJ, Koller DL, Mangino M, Pers TH, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Zhao JH, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Atsma F, Bandinelli S, Beckmann MW, Benitez J, Blomqvist C, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Bonanni B, Brauch H, Brenner H, Buring JE, Chang-Claude J, Chanock S, Chen J, Chenevix-Trench G, Collée JM, Couch FJ, Couper D, Coveillo AD, Cox A, Czene K, D’adamo AP, Smith GD, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Devilee P, Dieffenbach AK, Dunning AM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson JG, Fasching PA, Ferrucci L, Flesch-Janys D, Flyger H, Foroud T, Franke L, Garcia ME, García-Closas M, Geller F, de Geus EEJ, Giles GG, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Guénel P, Guo S, Hall P, Hamann U, Haring R, Hartman CA, Heath AC, Hofman A, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Karasik D, Kiel DP, Knight JA, Kosma VM, Kutalik Z, Lai S, Lambrechts D, Lindblom A, Mägi R, Magnusson PK, Mannermaa A, Martin NG, Masson G, McArdle PF, McArdle WL, Melbye M, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Milani L, Milne RL, Nevanlinna H, Neven P, Nohr EA, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palotie A, Peacock M, Pedersen NL, Peterlongo P, Peto J, Pharoah PDP, Postma DS, Pouta A, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Ring S, Rivadeneira F, Robino A, Rose LM, Rudolph A, Salomaa V, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Southey MC, Sovio U, Stampfer MJ, Stöckl D, Storniolo AM, Timpson NJ, Tyrer J, Visser JA, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Wallaschofski H, Wang Q, Willemsen G, Winqvist R, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wright MJ, Boomsma DI, Econs MJ, Khaw KT, Loos RJF, McCarthy MI, Montgomery GW, Rice JP, Streeten EA, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Alizadeh BZ, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Boyd HA, Crisponi L, Gasparini P, Gieger C, Harris TB, Ingelsson E, Järvelin MR, Kraft P, Lawlor D, Metspalu A, Pennell CE, Ridker PM, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Uitterlinden AG, Wareham NJ, Widen E, Zygmunt M, Murray A, Easton DF, Stefansson K, Murabito JM, Ong KK. Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche. Nature 2014; 514:92-97. [PMID: 25231870 PMCID: PMC4185210 DOI: 10.1038/nature13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John RB Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cathy E Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wei Q Ang
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Sanela Kjellqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, MA
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- University of Sassari, Dept. Of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Italy
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Natalia Tšernikova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
| | - Erin K Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St.Lucia, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical 142 University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Laura M Yerges-Armstrong
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Stefania Bandinelli
- Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy, I.O.T. and Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - J. Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrea D Coveillo
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Adamo Pio D’adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aida K Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eco EJ de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Bt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Inserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Suiqun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Haring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julia A Knight
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lai
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Patrick F McArdle
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Neven
- KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern denmark, DK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul DP Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Susan Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Serena Sanna
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mellissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M Storniolo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Australian Ovarian Cancer Study
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - The GENICA Network
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - kConFab
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX37LJ Oxford, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P Rice
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC) - Veterans Administration Medical Center, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Div. of Epidemiology, University of Houston, TX
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Debbie Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild IA Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Murray
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK
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Boyd HA, Tahir H, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M. Associations of personal and family preeclampsia history with the risk of early-, intermediate- and late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1611-9. [PMID: 24049162 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia encompasses multiple conditions of varying severity. We examined the recurrence and familial aggregation of preeclampsia by timing of onset, which is a marker for severity. We ascertained personal and family histories of preeclampsia for women who delivered live singletons in Denmark in 1978-2008 (almost 1.4 million pregnancies). Using log-linear binomial regression, we estimated risk ratios for the associations between personal and family histories of preeclampsia and the risk of early-onset (before 34 weeks of gestation, which is typically the most severe), intermediate-onset (at 34-36 weeks of gestation), and late-onset (after 36 weeks of gestation) preeclampsia. Previous early-, intermediate-, or late-onset preeclampsia increased the risk of recurrent preeclampsia with the same timing of onset 25.2 times (95% confidence interval (CI): 21.8, 29.1), 19.7 times (95% CI: 17.0, 22.8), and 10.3 times (95% CI: 9.85, 10.9), respectively, compared with having no such history. Preeclampsia in a woman's family was associated with a 24%-163% increase in preeclampsia risk, with the strongest associations for early- and intermediate-onset preeclampsia in female relatives. Preeclampsia in the man's family did not affect a woman's risk of early-onset preeclampsia and was only weakly associated with her risks of intermediate- and late-onset preeclampsia. Early-onset preeclampsia appears to have the largest genetic component, whereas environmental factors likely contribute most to late-onset preeclampsia. The role of paternal genes in the etiology of preeclampsia appears to be limited.
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Nielsen NO, Strøm M, Boyd HA, Andersen EW, Wohlfahrt J, Lundqvist M, Cohen A, Hougaard DM, Melbye M. Vitamin D status during pregnancy and the risk of subsequent postpartum depression: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80686. [PMID: 24312237 PMCID: PMC3842313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided evidence of an association between vitamin D insufficiency and depression and other mood disorders, and a role for vitamin D in various brain functions has been suggested. We hypothesized that low vitamin D status during pregnancy might increase the risk of postpartum depression (PPD). The objective of the study was thus to determine whether low vitamin D status during pregnancy was associated with postpartum depression. In a case-control study nested in the Danish National Birth Cohort, we measured late pregnancy serum concentrations of 25[OH]D3 in 605 women with PPD and 875 controls. Odds ratios [OR) for PPD were calculated for six levels of 25[OH]D3. Overall, we found no association between vitamin D concentrations and risk of PPD (p = 0.08). Compared with women with vitamin D concentrations between 50 and 79 nmol/L, the adjusted odds ratios for PPD were 1.35 (95% CI: 0.64; 2.85), 0.83 (CI: 0.50; 1.39) and 1.13 (CI: 0.84; 1.51) among women with vitamin D concentrations < 15 nmol/L, 15–24 nmol/L and 25–49 nmol/L, respectively, and 1.53 (CI: 1.04; 2.26) and 1.89 (CI: 1.06; 3.37) among women with vitamin D concentrations of 80–99 nmol/L and ≥ 100 nmol/L, respectively. In an additional analysis among women with sufficient vitamin D (≥ 50 nmol/L), we observed a significant positive association between vitamin D concentrations and PPD. Our results did not support an association between low maternal vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and risk of PPD. Instead, an increased risk of PPD was found among women with the highest vitamin D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina O. Nielsen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Marin Strøm
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather A. Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marika Lundqvist
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arieh Cohen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zheng X, Feingold E, Ryckman KK, Shaffer JR, Boyd HA, Feenstra B, Melbye M, Marazita ML, Murray JC, Cuenco KT. Association of maternal CNVs in GSTT1/GSTT2 with smoking, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. Front Genet 2013; 4:196. [PMID: 24194744 PMCID: PMC3809558 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm delivery (PTD) is an adverse birth outcome associated with increased infant mortality and negative lifelong health consequences. PTD may be the result of interactions between genetics and maternal/fetal environmental factors including smoking exposure (SMK). A common deletion in the GSTT1 gene was previously reported to affect birth outcomes in smokers. In this study, we dissect the associations among SMK, birth outcomes, and copy number variations (CNVs) in the GSTT1/GSTT2 region. A preterm birth case-control dataset of 1937 mothers was part of the GENEVA preterm birth study, which included genome-wide genotyping used to identify CNVs. We examined the association of SMK with birth outcomes, detected CNVs within the GSTT1/GSTT2 region using PennCNV, and examined associations of the identified CNVs with preterm birth and with birth weight (BW) in full term birth controls, including interactions with SMK. Finally, we tested the association of CNVs in GSTT1/GSTT2 with SMK. We confirmed the association of smoking with low BW and PTD. We identified 2 CNVs in GSTT2 (GSTT2a and GSTT2b), 1 CNV in GSTTP1 and 2 CNVs in GSTT1 (GSTT1a and GSTT1b). The GSTT2a deletion was associated with reduced BW (−284 g, p = 2.50E-7) in smokers, and was more common in smokers [odds ratio(OR) = 1.30, p = 0.04]. We found that the size of the reported common deletion CNV in GSTT1 was larger than previously shown. The GSTTP1 and GSTT1b null genotypes were in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) (D′ = 0.89) and less common in smokers (OR = 0.68, p = 0.019 and OR = 0.73, p = 0.055, respectively). These two deletions were in partial LD with GSTT2a and GSTT2b duplications. All 5 CNVs seem to be associated with increased risk of preterm birth before 35 completed weeks. CNVs in the GSTTT1/GSTT2 region appear associated with low BW and PTD outcomes, but LD complicated these CNVs in GSTT1/GSTT2. In genetic association studies of BW, multiple CNVs in this region need to be investigated instead of a single polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Fernández-Rhodes L, Demerath EW, Cousminer DL, Tao R, Dreyfus JG, Esko T, Smith AV, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Launer L, McArdle PF, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Elks CE, Strachan DP, Kutalik Z, Vollenweider P, Feenstra B, Boyd HA, Metspalu A, Mihailov E, Broer L, Zillikens MC, Oostra B, van Duijn CM, Lunetta KL, Perry JRB, Murray A, Koller DL, Lai D, Corre T, Toniolo D, Albrecht E, Stöckl D, Grallert H, Gieger C, Hayward C, Polasek O, Rudan I, Wilson JF, He C, Kraft P, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Byrne EM, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Warrington NM, Pennell CE, Stolk L, Visser JA, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Lin P, Fisher SL, Bierut LJ, Crisponi L, Porcu E, Mangino M, Zhai G, Spector TD, Buring JE, Rose LM, Ridker PM, Poole C, Hirschhorn JN, Murabito JM, Chasman DI, Widen E, North KE, Ong KK, Franceschini N. Association of adiposity genetic variants with menarche timing in 92,105 women of European descent. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:451-60. [PMID: 23558354 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is of global health concern. There are well-described inverse relationships between female pubertal timing and obesity. Recent genome-wide association studies of age at menarche identified several obesity-related variants. Using data from the ReproGen Consortium, we employed meta-analytical techniques to estimate the associations of 95 a priori and recently identified obesity-related (body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), waist circumference, and waist:hip ratio) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with age at menarche in 92,116 women of European descent from 38 studies (1970-2010), in order to estimate associations between genetic variants associated with central or overall adiposity and pubertal timing in girls. Investigators in each study performed a separate analysis of associations between the selected SNPs and age at menarche (ages 9-17 years) using linear regression models and adjusting for birth year, site (as appropriate), and population stratification. Heterogeneity of effect-measure estimates was investigated using meta-regression. Six novel associations of body mass index loci with age at menarche were identified, and 11 adiposity loci previously reported to be associated with age at menarche were confirmed, but none of the central adiposity variants individually showed significant associations. These findings suggest complex genetic relationships between menarche and overall obesity, and to a lesser extent central obesity, in normal processes of growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Fernández-Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Campus Box 8050, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-8050, USA.
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Kim J, Stirling KJ, Cooper ME, Ascoli M, Momany AM, McDonald EL, Ryckman KK, Rhea L, Schaa KL, Cosentino V, Gadow E, Saleme C, Shi M, Hallman M, Plunkett J, Teramo KA, Muglia LJ, Feenstra B, Geller F, Boyd HA, Melbye M, Marazita ML, Dagle JM, Murray JC. Sequence variants in oxytocin pathway genes and preterm birth: a candidate gene association study. BMC Med Genet 2013; 14:77. [PMID: 23889750 PMCID: PMC3737028 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Preterm birth (PTB) is a complex disorder associated with significant neonatal mortality and morbidity and long-term adverse health consequences. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that genetic factors play an important role in its etiology. This study was designed to identify genetic variation associated with PTB in oxytocin pathway genes whose role in parturition is well known. Methods To identify common genetic variants predisposing to PTB, we genotyped 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the oxytocin (OXT), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), and leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP) genes in 651 case infants from the U.S. and one or both of their parents. In addition, we examined the role of rare genetic variation in susceptibility to PTB by conducting direct sequence analysis of OXTR in 1394 cases and 1112 controls from the U.S., Argentina, Denmark, and Finland. This study was further extended to maternal triads (maternal grandparents-mother of a case infant, N=309). We also performed in vitro analysis of selected rare OXTR missense variants to evaluate their functional importance. Results Maternal genetic effect analysis of the SNP genotype data revealed four SNPs in LNPEP that show significant association with prematurity. In our case–control sequence analysis, we detected fourteen coding variants in exon 3 of OXTR, all but four of which were found in cases only. Of the fourteen variants, three were previously unreported novel rare variants. When the sequence data from the maternal triads were analyzed using the transmission disequilibrium test, two common missense SNPs (rs4686302 and rs237902) in OXTR showed suggestive association for three gestational age subgroups. In vitro functional assays showed a significant difference in ligand binding between wild-type and two mutant receptors. Conclusions Our study suggests an association between maternal common polymorphisms in LNPEP and susceptibility to PTB. Maternal OXTR missense SNPs rs4686302 and rs237902 may have gestational age-dependent effects on prematurity. Most of the OXTR rare variants identified do not appear to significantly contribute to the risk of PTB, but those shown to affect receptor function in our in vitro study warrant further investigation. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsil Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Hartz SM, Short SE, Saccone NL, Culverhouse R, Chen L, Schwantes-An TH, Coon H, Han Y, Stephens SH, Sun J, Chen X, Ducci F, Dueker N, Franceschini N, Frank J, Geller F, Gubjartsson D, Hansel NN, Jiang C, Keskitalo-Vuokko K, Liu Z, Lyytikäinen LP, Michel M, Rawal R, Rosenberger A, Scheet P, Shaffer JR, Teumer A, Thompson JR, Vink JM, Vogelzangs N, Wenzlaff AS, Wheeler W, Xiao X, Yang BZ, Aggen SH, Balmforth AJ, Baumeister SE, Beaty T, Bennett S, Bergen AW, Boyd HA, Broms U, Campbell H, Chatterjee N, Chen J, Cheng YC, Cichon S, Couper D, Cucca F, Dick DM, Foroud T, Furberg H, Giegling I, Gu F, Hall AS, Hällfors J, Han S, Hartmann AM, Hayward C, Heikkilä K, Hewitt JK, Hottenga JJ, Jensen MK, Jousilahti P, Kaakinen M, Kittner SJ, Konte B, Korhonen T, Landi MT, Laatikainen T, Leppert M, Levy SM, Mathias RA, McNeil DW, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Muley T, Murray T, Nauck M, North K, Pergadia M, Polasek O, Ramos EM, Ripatti S, Risch A, Ruczinski I, Rudan I, Salomaa V, Schlessinger D, Styrkársdóttir U, Terracciano A, Uda M, Willemsen G, Wu X, Abecasis G, Barnes K, Bickeböller H, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caporaso N, Duan J, Edenberg HJ, Francks C, Gejman PV, Gelernter J, Grabe HJ, Hops H, Jarvelin MR, Viikari J, Kähönen M, Kendler KS, Lehtimäki T, Levinson DF, Marazita ML, Marchini J, Melbye M, Mitchell BD, Murray JC, Nöthen MM, Penninx BW, Raitakari O, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Samani NJ, Sanders AR, Schwartz AG, Shete S, Shi J, Spitz M, Stefansson K, Swan GE, Thorgeirsson T, Völzke H, Wei Q, Wichmann HE, Amos CI, Breslau N, Cannon DS, Ehringer M, Grucza R, Hatsukami D, Heath A, Johnson EO, Kaprio J, Madden P, Martin NG, Stevens VL, Stitzel JA, Weiss RB, Kraft P, Bierut LJ. Increased genetic vulnerability to smoking at CHRNA5 in early-onset smokers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:854-60. [PMID: 22868939 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent studies have shown an association between cigarettes per day (CPD) and a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in CHRNA5, rs16969968. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the association between rs16969968 and smoking is modified by age at onset of regular smoking. DATA SOURCES Primary data. STUDY SELECTION Available genetic studies containing measures of CPD and the genotype of rs16969968 or its proxy. DATA EXTRACTION Uniform statistical analysis scripts were run locally. Starting with 94,050 ever-smokers from 43 studies, we extracted the heavy smokers (CPD >20) and light smokers (CPD ≤10) with age-at-onset information, reducing the sample size to 33,348. Each study was stratified into early-onset smokers (age at onset ≤16 years) and late-onset smokers (age at onset >16 years), and a logistic regression of heavy vs light smoking with the rs16969968 genotype was computed for each stratum. Meta-analysis was performed within each age-at-onset stratum. DATA SYNTHESIS Individuals with 1 risk allele at rs16969968 who were early-onset smokers were significantly more likely to be heavy smokers in adulthood (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36-1.55; n = 13,843) than were carriers of the risk allele who were late-onset smokers (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.21-1.33, n = 19,505) (P = .01). CONCLUSION These results highlight an increased genetic vulnerability to smoking in early-onset smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hartz
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ranthe MF, Carstensen L, Øyen N, Tfelt-Hansen J, Christiansen M, McKenna WJ, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M, Boyd HA. Family History of Premature Death and Risk of Early Onset Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:814-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Feenstra B, Geller F, Krogh C, Hollegaard MV, Gørtz S, Boyd HA, Murray JC, Hougaard DM, Melbye M. Common variants near MBNL1 and NKX2-5 are associated with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Nat Genet 2012; 44:334-7. [PMID: 22306654 DOI: 10.1038/ng.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a severe condition characterized by hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 1,001 surgery-confirmed cases and 2,401 controls from Denmark. The six most strongly associated loci were tested in a replication set of 796 cases and 876 controls. Three SNPs reached genome-wide significance. One of these SNPs, rs11712066 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.61; P = 1.5 × 10(-17)) at 3p25.1, is located 150 kb upstream of MBNL1, which encodes a factor that regulates splicing transitions occurring shortly after birth. The second SNP, rs573872 (OR = 1.41; P = 4.3 × 10(-12)), maps to an intergenic region at 3p25.2 approximately 1.3 Mb downstream of MBNL1. The third SNP, rs29784 (OR = 1.42; P = 1.5 × 10(-15)) at 5q35.2, is 64 kb downstream of NKX2-5, which is involved in development of cardiac muscle tissue and embryonic gut development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Shaffer JR, Wang X, Feingold E, Lee M, Begum F, Weeks DE, Cuenco KT, Barmada MM, Wendell SK, Crosslin DR, Laurie CC, Doheny KF, Pugh EW, Zhang Q, Feenstra B, Geller F, Boyd HA, Zhang H, Melbye M, Murray JC, Weyant RJ, Crout R, McNeil DW, Levy SM, Slayton RL, Willing MC, Broffitt B, Vieira AR, Marazita ML. Genome-wide association scan for childhood caries implicates novel genes. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1457-62. [PMID: 21940522 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511422910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is the most common chronic disease in children and a major public health concern due to its increasing incidence, serious health and social co-morbidities, and socio-demographic disparities in disease burden. We performed the first genome-wide association scan for dental caries to identify associated genetic loci and nominate candidate genes affecting tooth decay in 1305 US children ages 3-12 yrs. Affection status was defined as 1 or more primary teeth with evidence of decay based on intra-oral examination. No associations met strict criteria for genome-wide significance (p < 10E-7); however, several loci (ACTN2, MTR, and EDARADD, MPPED2, and LPO) with plausible biological roles in dental caries exhibited suggestive evidence for association. Analyses stratified by home fluoride level yielded additional suggestive loci, including TFIP11 in the low-fluoride group, and EPHA7 and ZMPSTE24 in the sufficient-fluoride group. Suggestive loci were tested but not significantly replicated in an independent sample (N = 1695, ages 2-7 yrs) after adjustment for multiple comparisons. This study reinforces the complexity of dental caries, suggesting that numerous loci, mostly having small effects, are involved in cariogenesis. Verification/replication of suggestive loci may highlight biological mechanisms and/or pathways leading to a fuller understanding of the genetic risks for dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Geller F, Prokopenko I, Feenstra B, Aben KKH, Franke B, den Heijer M, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Mägi R, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Boyd HA, Stacey SN, Walters GB, Jonasdottir A, Thorleifsson G, Holm H, Gudjonsson SA, Rafnar T, Björnsdottir G, Becker DM, Melbye M, Kong A, Tönjes A, Thorgeirsson T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kiemeney LA, Stefansson K. Sequence variants at CYP1A1-CYP1A2 and AHR associate with coffee consumption. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2071-7. [PMID: 21357676 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee is the most commonly used stimulant and caffeine is its main psychoactive ingredient. The heritability of coffee consumption has been estimated at around 50%. We performed a meta-analysis of four genome-wide association studies of coffee consumption among coffee drinkers from Iceland (n = 2680), The Netherlands (n = 2791), the Sorbs Slavonic population isolate in Germany (n = 771) and the USA (n = 369) using both directly genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (2.5 million SNPs). SNPs at the two most significant loci were also genotyped in a sample set from Iceland (n = 2430) and a Danish sample set consisting of pregnant women (n = 1620). Combining all data, two sequence variants significantly associated with increased coffee consumption: rs2472297-T located between CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 at 15q24 (P = 5.4 · 10(-14)) and rs6968865-T near aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) at 7p21 (P = 2.3 · 10(-11)). An effect of ∼0.2 cups a day per allele was observed for both SNPs. CYP1A2 is the main caffeine metabolizing enzyme and is also involved in drug metabolism. AHR detects xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aryl hydrocarbons found in roasted coffee, and induces transcription of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. The association of these SNPs with coffee consumption was present in both smokers and non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sulem
- deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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