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Han X, Wang X. Does subclinical hypothyroidism affect the prognosis of patients with chronic systolic heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38410. [PMID: 38847701 PMCID: PMC11155587 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic systolic heart failure (CSHF) is a significant health burden with high morbidity and mortality. The role of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the prognosis of CSHF patients remains a critical area of inquiry. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to elucidate the impact of SCH on the prognosis of patients with CSHF. METHODS Adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this meta-analysis employed a comprehensive search strategy across major databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome framework guided the inclusion of studies focusing on patients with CSHF, comparing those with and without SCH. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Statistical analyses assessed heterogeneity and publication bias, employing fixed-effect or random-effects models based on heterogeneity levels. RESULTS From an initial pool of 1439 articles, 8 studies met the stringent inclusion criteria. These studies, conducted across diverse geographical regions, highlighted the relationship between SCH and all-cause mortality, cardiac events, and subgroup differences in CSHF patients. The meta-analysis revealed SCH as a significant risk factor for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.42) and cardiac events (HR = 1.46). Subgroup analysis indicated variability in risk based on region, sample size, age, and follow-up duration. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of these findings, and publication bias assessment indicated symmetric funnel plot and nonsignificant Egger test results. CONCLUSIONS SCH emerges as a predictive factor for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and rehospitalization in CSHF patients. This finding underscores the importance of screening for SCH in CSHF patients, highlighting its potential role in improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiuge Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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2
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Weiss MC, Wang L, Sargis RM. Hormonal Injustice: Environmental Toxicants as Drivers of Endocrine Health Disparities. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:719-736. [PMID: 37865484 PMCID: PMC10929240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The toll of multiple endocrine disorders has increased substantially in recent decades, and marginalized populations bear a disproportionate burden of disease. Because of the significant individual and societal impact of these conditions, it is essential to identify and address all modifiable risk factors contributing to these disparities. Abundant evidence now links endocrine dysfunction with exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), with greater exposures to multiple EDCs occurring among vulnerable groups, such as racial/ethnic minorities, those with low incomes, and others with high endocrine disease burdens. Identifying and eliminating EDC exposures is an essential step in achieving endocrine health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Weiss
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1853 West Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Suite E625, M/C 640, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Luyu Wang
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1853 West Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Suite E625, M/C 640, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert M Sargis
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1853 West Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott, Suite E625, M/C 640, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Chicago Center for Health and Environment, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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3
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Rhee CM, You AS, Narasaki Y, Brent GA, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Nguyen DV. Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Incident Hypothyroidism in a National Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1374-e1383. [PMID: 37186674 PMCID: PMC11009786 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothyroidism is a common yet under-recognized condition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which may lead to end-organ complications if left untreated. OBJECTIVE We developed a prediction tool to identify CKD patients at risk for incident hypothyroidism. METHODS Among 15 642 patients with stages 4 to 5 CKD without evidence of pre-existing thyroid disease, we developed and validated a risk prediction tool for the development of incident hypothyroidism (defined as thyrotropin [TSH] > 5.0 mIU/L) using the Optum Labs Data Warehouse, which contains de-identified administrative claims, including medical and pharmacy claims and enrollment records for commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees as well as electronic health record data. Patients were divided into a two-thirds development set and a one-third validation set. Prediction models were developed using Cox models to estimate probability of incident hypothyroidism. RESULTS There were 1650 (11%) cases of incident hypothyroidism during a median follow-up of 3.4 years. Characteristics associated with hypothyroidism included older age, White race, higher body mass index, low serum albumin, higher baseline TSH, hypertension, congestive heart failure, exposure to iodinated contrast via angiogram or computed tomography scan, and amiodarone use. Model discrimination was good with similar C-statistics in the development and validation datasets: 0.77 (95% CI 0.75-0.78) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.74-0.78), respectively. Model goodness-of-fit tests showed adequate fit in the overall cohort (P = .47) as well as in a subcohort of patients with stage 5 CKD (P = .33). CONCLUSION In a national cohort of CKD patients, we developed a clinical prediction tool identifying those at risk for incident hypothyroidism to inform prioritized screening, monitoring, and treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Amy S You
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - John J Sim
- Division of Nephrology, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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4
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Inoue K, Guo R, Lee ML, Neverova NV, Ebrahimi R, Currier JW, Bashir MT, Leung AM. Iodine-Induced Hypothyroidism and Long-Term Risks of Incident Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030511. [PMID: 37815042 PMCID: PMC10757548 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Although most individuals can adapt to a large iodine load and remain euthyroid, hypothyroidism can develop after iodine exposure. Hypothyroidism is associated with adverse cardiovascular consequences, including heart failure. This study was performed to investigate the relationships between iodine-induced hypothyroidism and incident heart failure. Methods and Results This cohort study of the US Veterans Health Administration (1998-2021) included adults aged ≥18 years with a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) <60 days of iodine contrast administration, and <1 year of a baseline normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. Cox proportional hazards regression ascertained risk of incident heart failure following iodine-induced hypothyroidism, adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index, and history of coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. Of 45 470 veterans (mean±SD age, 61.1±14.1 years; 88% men), 3361 (7.4%) developed iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Heart failure developed in 5685 (12.5%) individuals over a median follow-up of 3.6 years (interquartile range, 1.9-7.2 years). Adjusted for risk factors, iodine-induced hypothyroidism was associated with increased risk of heart failure, compared with those who remained euthyroid after iodine exposure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.11 [95% CI, 1.01-1.22]). Women were at greater risk than men (adjusted HR: women, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.13-2.40]; men, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.98-1.19]; P for interaction, 0.02). Conclusions In the largest US study of this topic, hypothyroidism following iodine exposure was associated with an increased risk of incident heart failure, particularly in women. These findings support the need for further research to address the clinical significance of this issue, including the possible sex-specific risks of incident heart failure in more diverse data sets and study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Rong Guo
- Research ServiceVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of MedicineUniversity of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Martin L. Lee
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for the Study of Health Care Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemCALos AngelesUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public HealthLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Natalia V. Neverova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineUniversity of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineUniversity of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jesse W. Currier
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineUniversity of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Muhammad T. Bashir
- Research ServiceVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Angela M. Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of MedicineUniversity of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCAUSA
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Spahia N, Rroji M, Barbullushi M, Spasovski G. Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Kidney, and Heart from Normal to Uremic Milieu. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:415-425. [PMID: 37433213 DOI: 10.1089/met.2023.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) imbalances, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism (SCHT), are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). SCHT is more prevalent in CKD and ESKD patients than in the general population, and this condition increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. The risk of CVD is higher in CKD and ESKD patients compared with the general population. Traditional and nontraditional risk factors, including TH abnormalities, contribute to the high CVD burden in CKD and ESKD patients. The review discusses the link between CKD and hypothyroidism, with a focus on SCHT, and the mechanisms that lead to CVD burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida Spahia
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa," Tirana, Albania
| | - Merita Rroji
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa," Tirana, Albania
| | - Myftar Barbullushi
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa," Tirana, Albania
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Sts. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Alsulami SS, Baig M, Albeladi AH, Alyoubi SB, Alsubaie SA, Albeladi SA, Ghamri KA, Alraiqi AMS, Alyoubi SM, Almutairi WA. Correlation between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Metabolic Syndrome: A Retrospective Study. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 11:250-256. [PMID: 37533656 PMCID: PMC10393097 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_225_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Several studies worldwide have studied the correlation between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), and metabolic syndrome (MetS), but have reported inconsistent findings. Objectives To assess the correlation between SCH and MetS in a population from Saudi Arabia. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital and analyzed all thyroid function tests conducted between January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021. A predesigned checklist was used to collect data about patients' characteristics such as age, gender, nationality, TSH, FT4 level, and MetS components. Results A total of 41,519 thyroid function tests were conducted during the study period. From this, 1303 (3.1%) patients were found to have SCH, with the majority being females (74.4%). The prevalence did not differ according to gender but increased to 3.5% among those aged >60 years. MetS components between mildly and markedly elevated TSH were significant for total cholesterol (P < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05). Male patients with SCH were at a higher risk of developing diabetes (P < 0.001) and hypertension (P < 0.02), than female patients with SCH. After adjusting for age, in the multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, a significant association was found between TSH levels and ALT (odds ratio: 0.77) and SBP (odds ratio: 0.35). Conclusion The study demonstrated that the prevalence of SCH is similar between both genders but increases with age. MetS components were abnormal in patients aged >50 years and in males with SCH. SCH and MetS components were found to be correlated, and thus monitoring these variables in patients with SCH is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah Saleh Alsulami
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtiar Baig
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Hameed Albeladi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Bandar Alyoubi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Alhumaidi Alsubaie
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah Abdulsalam Albeladi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholoud Alawi Ghamri
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Safa Mobarak Alyoubi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam Aied Almutairi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Rhee CM, You AS, Page V, Hayashida G, Kataoka-Yahiro M, Davis J, Wong LL, Narasaki Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Risk Factors among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders in Hawaii. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:373-382. [PMID: 36603561 PMCID: PMC10272063 DOI: 10.1159/000527990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that Asian-American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI) racial/ethnic groups have a heightened risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but provide limited inference due to the aggregation of these groups into a single racial/ethnic category. We thus examined the association of granularly defined racial/ethnic groups with specific CKD indicators among a diverse group of participants from the National Kidney Foundation of Hawaii's Kidney Early Detection Screening (KEDS) Program. METHODS Among 1,243 participants enrolled in 19 KEDS screening events over 2006-2009, we examined the association between Asian-American and NHOPI groups and specific CKD indicators, defined as self-reported CKD, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria, using multivariable logistic regression. We then examined associations of race/ethnicity with various CKD risk factors. RESULTS The most predominant racial/ethnic groups were White (22.0%), Multiracial (18.9%), Japanese (19.2%), Filipino (13.4%), NHOPI (8.4%), and Chinese (4.5%) participants. NHOPI and Chinese participants had a higher risk of microalbuminuria (adjusted ORs [aORs] [95% CIs] 2.48 [1.25-4.91] and 2.37 [1.07-5.27], respectively), while point estimates for all other minority groups suggested higher risk (reference: Whites). NHOPI participants also had a higher risk of macroalbuminuria and self-reported CKD. While most minorities had a higher risk of diabetes and hypertension, NHOPI and Multiracial participants had a higher risk of obesity, whereas the East Asian groups had a lower risk. CONCLUSIONS In this community-based cohort, compared with Whites, Asian-Americans had a higher risk of early CKD indicators, whereas NHOPIs had a higher risk of more severe CKD indicators. Further studies are needed to elucidate the distinct pathways leading to CKD across diverse racial/ethnic groups in Hawaii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Rhee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Amy S. You
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Victoria Page
- National Kidney Foundation - Hawaii Chapter, Honolulu, HI
| | - Glen Hayashida
- National Kidney Foundation - Hawaii Chapter, Honolulu, HI
| | - Merle Kataoka-Yahiro
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - James Davis
- Office of Statistics and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI
| | - Linda L. Wong
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI
- Department of Surgery, Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, HI
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
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8
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Relationship Between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cardiovascular Complications. Cureus 2023; 15:e33708. [PMID: 36788909 PMCID: PMC9922092 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by raised thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the presence of normal free thyroxine levels. When free thyroxine levels are normal and subclinical hypothyroidism is present, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are elevated. The impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on the cardiovascular system has recently garnered attention because it is known that thyroid hormones impact the heart and its vasculature. There is compelling evidence linking subclinical hypothyroidism to increased cardiac risks, including changes in blood pressure and cholesterol. It is unclear whether subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular illnesses. In addition to discussing the advantages of levothyroxine therapy in delaying the onset of cardiovascular complications, this review makes the connection between subclinical hypothyroidism patients and the risk of cardiovascular complications-related death.
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9
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Prognostic Relevance of Thyroid Disorders in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol 2022; 166:107-113. [PMID: 34930612 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are frequently affected by thyroid diseases (TDs). However, the clinical relevance of TD in ACHD remains unknown. We aimed to describe the prevalence of TD in the ACHD population and to ascertain whether TD are associated with worse outcome. Patients with ACHD >18 years attending our tertiary center for a day-case between 2014 and 2019 were included. Clinical data between patients' first visit and December 2020 were collected. Primary end point was a combination of death, hospitalization for heart failure (HF), and new-onset of arrhythmic events. Secondary end points were each part of the primary outcome as separate end points. A total of 495 patients with ACHD (32.2 [24.5 to 45.6] years; 54% women) were included. Median follow-up was 9.4 (4.5 to 13.1) years. The prevalence of TD was 30%. TD group showed worse clinical status, as demonstrated by N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide values (243.5 [96.5 to 523] vs 94 [45 to 207] pg/ml, p <0.001) and New York Heart Association class (27% vs 13% in class III to IV, p <0.0001) with higher incident rate of adverse events at follow-up (4.45 [3.43 to 5.69] % vs 1.29[0.94 to 1.75] % per person-year, p <0.001). TD were independently associated with higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 4.1, p = 0.009), arrhythmic events (HR 3.8, p <0.0001), and hospitalization for HF (HR 8.02, p <0.0001). There was a fourfold increased risk of primary end point in the TD group even after propensity score matching for clinical variables including age, gender, disease complexity, physiological stage, previous palliative surgery, ventricular function, pulmonary arterial hypertension, cyanosis, and presence of systemic right ventricle (HR 4.47, p <0.0001). In conclusion, TD are predictive of adverse outcome in the ACHD population. Routine screening of thyroid function during follow-up in this population may be helpful to identify those with higher risk of death, arrhythmias, and HF.
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10
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Biondi B, Cappola AR. Subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022; 10:129-141. [PMID: 34953533 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism, which is defined as a thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration higher than the reference range (generally 4·5 mIU/L or higher) with normal free thyroxine concentrations, is frequently found in older individuals. International guidelines differ in recommendations for management of subclinical hypothyroidism in older individuals. We assessed published data during the past decade on the clinical significance and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in individuals aged 65 years and older. Meta-analyses, randomised clinical trials, and cohort studies are discussed in this narrative Review. Studies showed no significantly increased incidence in adverse cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or cognitive outcomes in individuals aged 65 years or older when serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration was 4·5-7·0 mIU/L versus a euthyroid group. Moreover, in older individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism, symptoms of hypothyroidism and cardiac and bone parameters did not improve after levothyroxine treatment. These data suggest that treatment with levothyroxine should be considered for individuals aged 65 years or older with subclinical hypothyroidism when thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration is persistently 7 mIU/L or higher and to not initiate treatment with thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations of less than 7 mIU/L. Levothyroxine doses should be personalised according to age, comorbidities, and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Biondi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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11
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Chaturvedi A, Khoury F, Vashistha K, Patel K, Mareda P, Veasey T, Link C, Raina A. Incidence of Post-Heart Transplant Chronic Thyroiditis and Its Association With Pretransplant Amiodarone Use. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:3045-3050. [PMID: 34728077 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic thyroiditis (CT) is a common cause of thyroid dysfunction and could therefore adversely affect outcomes in patients undergoing heart transplant (HT). The incidence of post-HT CT and whether amiodarone, a commonly used anti-arrhythmic drug in patients with heart failure during pre-HT period, is associated with the development of post-HT CT are unknown. METHODS A retrospective review of HT recipients from February 2, 2010 to October 16, 2018 was performed. Patients who lacked relevant pre-/post-HT records, underwent thyroidectomy, had pre-HT thyroid dysfunction or thyroiditis within 15 days post-HT, and those on amiodarone during the post-HT period were excluded, yielding a final cohort of 75 patients. RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 63.3 ± 1.4 years and were predominantly male (90.7%) and white (80%). The incidence of post-HT CT was 32% with the majority (83.3%) manifesting as hypothyroidism. Median time to diagnosis of CT after transplant was 10.2 months (interquartile range, 4-27.4). Additionally, the CT group had higher pre-HT use of amiodarone (non-CT vs CT: 21.6% vs 50%, P = .01), higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (non-CT vs CT: 23.5% vs 45.8%; P = .05), and more stage IV/V chronic kidney disease (non-CT vs CT: 2% vs 16.7%, P = .02). On multivariate analysis, pre-HT amiodarone use was associated with the development of post-HT CT after adjustment for age, sex, and chronic kidney disease (odds ratio, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.17-11.44; P = .03). CONCLUSION The incidence of post-HT CT is high and is strongly associated with pre-HT amiodarone use underpinning the importance of closely following the post-HT thyroid profile in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chaturvedi
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States; Medicine Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Fadi Khoury
- Medicine Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Kinjalben Patel
- Medicine Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Patricia Mareda
- Department of Endocrinology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Tara Veasey
- Department of Pharmacy, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Christopher Link
- Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Amresh Raina
- Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
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Ding X, Zhao Y, Zhu CY, Wu LP, Wang Y, Peng ZY, Deji C, Zhao FY, Shi BY. The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome: an update meta-analysis of observational studies. Endocr J 2021; 68:1043-1056. [PMID: 33883332 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been widely discussed. This study aimed to conduct an update and comprehensive meta-analysis to reveal the risk of MetS and its components in SCH. PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched to identify relevant studies through February 20th, 2020. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 14.0 were used to conduct the meta-analysis. Both fixed-effects and random-effects models were used. In total, 18 articles (19 studies) incorporating 79,727 participants were included. The pooled OR for MetS comparing subjects with SCH with euthyroid subjects was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.39, p = 0.04, I2 = 40%). Subgroup analysis results showed significant associations of SCH and MetS in the adult subgroup (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18-1.40), Asian population subgroup (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.19-1.42) and cross-sectional study design subgroup (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16-1.47). Significant associations of SCH and MetS also existed in all MetS definition criteria subgroups except the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) subgroup. SCH was correlated with MetS and was not affected by the subgroup analysis stratified by the proportion of females in the total population, the TSH cutoff value in SCH diagnostic criteria, or the adjustment for confounding factors. SCH was identified to be associated with an increased risk of obesity, hypertension, high triglyceride (TG) levels and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. In conclusion, SCH is significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS and four out of five components of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chun-Ying Zhu
- Department of Disease Prevention And Control, Shaanxi Xi'an Electric Power Center Hospital, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Li-Ping Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhao-Yi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Cuomu Deji
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Feng-Yi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bing-Yin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Jing W, Long G, Yan Z, Ping Y, Mingsheng T. Subclinical Hypothyroidism Affects Postoperative Outcome of Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty. Orthop Surg 2021; 13:932-941. [PMID: 33817980 PMCID: PMC8126938 DOI: 10.1111/os.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether subclinical hypothyroidism could increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS A prospective case-control study of 796 patients undergoing primary TKA between January 2015 and January 2020 was performed. A total of 700 patients (87.9%) were female and the average age of included patients was 65.0 years, with a standard deviation of 5.6. The participants who had subclinical hypothyroidism were referred to as the case group, while those without abnormal thyrotropin (TSH) were included in the control group (matched for age and gender). The fasting plasma levels of TSH were tested in the morning in all patients. The diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism was completed by a senior endocrinologist based on laboratory tests; namely, a serum TSH ≥ 5 mu/L and normal free thyroxine (FT4). Subclinical hypothyroidism was further described as mild (TSH < 10 mu/L) or severe (TSH ≥ 10 mu/L). The incidence of 90-day postoperative complications was compared between two cohorts. Logistic regression analysis was used for the risk factors of 90-day postoperative complications following TKA. RESULTS A total of 398 patients had a diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism. Among them, 275 cases (69.1%) were described as mild (79 patients [19.8%] with low FT4 and 196 patients [49.2%] with normal FT4 in the repeated test) and 123 cases (30.9%) as severe subclinical hypothyroidism. Of the 196 patients (49.2%) with mild subclinical hypothyroidism and normal FT4, 63 patients (15.8%) had symptoms before surgery. Patients were followed up for an average duration of 25.4 months (6 to 43 months). A total of 265 patients (66.6%) received preoperative treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism, with an average therapy time of 9.2 months. There were 162 patients (40.7%) with positive autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO). There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between cohorts (all P > 0.05). As for the cumulative 90-day outcomes, subclinical hypothyroidism increased the incidences of both medical and surgical complications following primary TKA compared to those without this condition (11.6% vs 7.2%, OR = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47-1.62, P < 0.05). Subclinical hypothyroidism caused patients to suffer increased total incidence of readmission within the first 90 days after discharge when compared to those without this condition (20.61% vs 14.15%, OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.41-1.49, P < 0.001). Controlling for preoperative and intraoperative variables, the patients with TSH ≥ 10 mu/L and positive anti-TPO and those without corrected subclinical hypothyroid and thyroid hormone supplementation were more likely to experience postoperative complications within 90 days of TKA. CONCLUSION Subclinical hypothyroidism might increase the risk of postoperative complications within 90 days of TKA, especially for the patients with TSH ≥ 10 mu/L and positive anti-TPO and those without corrected subclinical hypothyroid and thyroid hormone supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 99, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, 030032, China
| | - Gong Long
- Department of Orthopedic, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medica College, Chinese Academy of Medical College, No.2 Yin Hua East Street, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the 980th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA., Shijiazhuang, He Bei Province, 050000, China
| | - Yi Ping
- Department of Orthopedic, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medica College, Chinese Academy of Medical College, No.2 Yin Hua East Street, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tan Mingsheng
- Department of Orthopedic, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Peking Union Medica College, Chinese Academy of Medical College, No.2 Yin Hua East Street, Beijing, 100029, China
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Pekgör S, Eryılmaz MA, Kaya İFK. Evaluation of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio and Mean Platelet Volume in Patients with Hypothyroidism. EURASIAN JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.33880/ejfm.2020090304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our aim was the evaluation of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume levels in the patient and control groups with hypothyroidism.
Methods: Our study was conducted with 111 participants; 68 patients and 43 healthy individuals as the control group. Thyroid hormones, lipid panel and hemogram levels of the participants were examined. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume levels were calculated.
Results: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume levels were similar between the patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism and the control group. A positive correlation was found between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet lymphocyte ratio. A negative correlation was found between platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume. While there was no relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume; a negative correlation was found between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and free thyroxine.
Conclusion: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume levels were similar in the hypothyroidism and control groups. We believe that prospective studies that evaluate neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume together with other inflammatory parameters are needed to predict the risk of microinflammation and cardiovascular disease in patients with hypothyroidism.
Keywords: Neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, mean platelet volume, hypothyroidism
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Pekgör
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Konya Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Aile Hekimliği Kliniği
| | - Mehmet Ali Eryılmaz
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Konya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Genel Cerrahi Kliniği
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15
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Tsai TY, Tu YK, Munir KM, Lin SM, Chang RHE, Kao SL, Loh CH, Peng CCH, Huang HK. Association of Hypothyroidism and Mortality in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5661569. [PMID: 31829418 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The evidence of whether hypothyroidism increases mortality in the elderly population is currently inconsistent and conflicting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis is to determine the impact of hypothyroidism on mortality in the elderly population. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until May 10, 2019. STUDY SELECTION Studies evaluating the association between hypothyroidism and all-cause and/or cardiovascular mortality in the elderly population (ages ≥ 60 years) were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the studies. Relative risk (RR) was retrieved for synthesis. A random-effects model for meta-analyses was used. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 27 cohort studies with 1 114 638 participants met the inclusion criteria. Overall, patients with hypothyroidism experienced a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those with euthyroidism (pooled RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.15-1.37); meanwhile, no significant difference in cardiovascular mortality was found between patients with hypothyroidism and those with euthyroidism (pooled RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.84-1.43). Subgroup analyses revealed that overt hypothyroidism (pooled RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20) rather than subclinical hypothyroidism (pooled RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.92-1.41) was associated with increased all-cause mortality. The heterogeneity primarily originated from different study designs (prospective and retrospective) and geographic locations (Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania). CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, hypothyroidism is significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality instead of cardiovascular mortality among the elderly. We observed considerable heterogeneity, so caution is needed when interpreting the results. Further prospective, large-scale, high-quality studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tou-Yuan Tsai
- Emergency Department, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kashif M Munir
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shu-Man Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Sheng-Lun Kao
- Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Loh
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center for Aging and Health, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Carol Chiung-Hui Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huei-Kai Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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16
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Inoue K, Ritz B, Brent GA, Ebrahimi R, Rhee CM, Leung AM. Association of Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Cardiovascular Disease With Mortality. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e1920745. [PMID: 32031647 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Subclinical hypothyroidism is a common clinical entity among US adults associated in some studies with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, the extent to which CVD mediates the association between elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) and mortality has not yet been well established or sufficiently quantified. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the extent to which subclinical hypothyroidism, elevated serum TSH and normal serum free thyroxine, or high-normal TSH concentrations (ie, upper normative-range TSH concentrations) are associated with mortality through CVD among US adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study relied on representative samples of US adults enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2001 to 2002, 2007 to 2008, 2009 to 2010, and 2011 to 2012 and their mortality data through 2015. Data were analyzed from January to August 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate associations between the TSH concentration category (subclinical hypothyroidism or tertiles of serum TSH concentrations within the reference range; low-normal TSH, 0.34-1.19 mIU/L; middle-normal TSH, 1.20-1.95 mIU/L; and high-normal TSH, 1.96-5.60 mIU/L) and all-cause mortality. Mediation analysis was used within the counterfactual framework to estimate natural direct associations (not through CVD) and indirect associations (through CVD). RESULTS Of 9020 participants, 4658 (51.6%) were men; the mean (SD) age was 49.4 (17.8) years. Throughout follow-up (median [interquartile range], 7.3 [5.4-8.3] years), serum thyroid function test results consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism and high-normal TSH concentrations were both associated with increased all-cause mortality (subclinical hypothyroidism: hazard ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.14-3.19; high-normal TSH: hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07-1.73) compared with the middle-normal TSH group. Cardiovascular disease mediated 14.3% and 5.9% of the associations of subclinical hypothyroidism and high-normal TSH with all-cause mortality, respectively, with the CVD mediation being most pronounced in women (7.5%-13.7% of the association) and participants aged 60 years and older (6.0%-14.8% of the association). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, CVD mediated the associations of subclinical hypothyroidism and high-normal TSH concentrations with all-cause mortality in the US general population. Further studies are needed to examine the clinical benefit of thyroid hormone replacement therapy targeted to a middle-normal TSH concentration or active CVD screening for people with elevated TSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Beate Ritz
- Fielding School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Gregory A Brent
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange
| | - Angela M Leung
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Bhatt N, Taufique Z, Kamen E, Wang B, Concert C, Li Z, Hu K, Givi B. Improving thyroid function monitoring in head and neck cancer patients: A quality improvement study. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:E573-E579. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhatt
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York New York
| | - Zahrah Taufique
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
| | - Emily Kamen
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
| | - Binhuan Wang
- Department of Population Health New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
| | - Catherine Concert
- Department of Radiation Oncology New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
| | - Zujun Li
- Department of Medicine New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
| | - Kenneth Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
| | - Babak Givi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery New York University Langone Health New York New York U.S.A
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18
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Kannan L, Shaw PA, Morley MP, Brandimarto J, Fang JC, Sweitzer NK, Cappola TP, Cappola AR. Thyroid Dysfunction in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Circ Heart Fail 2019; 11:e005266. [PMID: 30562095 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.118.005266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of thyroid dysfunction in patients with preexisting heart failure have not been adequately studied. We examined the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and associations with cardiovascular outcomes in a large, prospective cohort of outpatients with preexisting heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined associations between thyroid dysfunction and New York Heart Association class, atrial fibrillation, and a composite end point of ventricular assist device placement, heart transplantation, or death in 1365 participants with heart failure enrolled in the Penn Heart Failure Study. Mean age was 57 years, 35% were women, and the majority had New York Heart Association class II (45%) or III (32%) symptoms. More severe heart failure was associated with higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), higher free thyroxine (FT4), and lower total triiodothyronine (TT3) concentrations ( P<0.001 all models). Atrial fibrillation was positively associated with higher levels of FT4 alone ( P≤0.01 all models). There were 462 composite end points over a median 4.2 years of follow-up. In adjusted models, compared with euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 4.51-19.99 mIU/L with normal FT4) was associated with an increased risk of the composite end point overall (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.27-2.61; P=0.001) and in the subgroup with TSH ≥7.00 mIU/L (hazard ratio, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.96-5.39; P<0.001), but not in the subgroup with TSH 4.51-6.99 mIU/L (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.78-2.06; P=0.34). Isolated low T3 was also associated with the composite end point (hazard ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.65-2.72; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with preexisting heart failure, subclinical hypothyroidism with TSH ≥7 mIU/L and isolated low T3 levels are associated with poor prognosis. Clinical trials are needed to explore therapeutic effects of T4 and T3 administration in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kannan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (L.K., A.R.C.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics (P.A.S.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Michael P Morley
- the Cardiovascular Institute (M.P.M., J.B., T.P.C.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jeffrey Brandimarto
- the Cardiovascular Institute (M.P.M., J.B., T.P.C.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - James C Fang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J.C.F.)
| | - Nancy K Sweitzer
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson (N.K.S.)
| | - Thomas P Cappola
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (T.P.C.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- the Cardiovascular Institute (M.P.M., J.B., T.P.C.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (L.K., A.R.C.) at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, Cooper LS, Egan D, Sopko G, Fishman GI, Goldman S, Cooper DS, Mora S, Kudenchuk PJ, Hollenberg AN, McDonald CL, Ladenson PW. Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease: Research Agenda for Enhancing Knowledge, Prevention, and Treatment. Circulation 2019; 139:2892-2909. [PMID: 31081673 PMCID: PMC6851449 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.036859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have long been known to have a range of effects on the cardiovascular system. However, significant knowledge gaps exist concerning the precise molecular and biochemical mechanisms governing these effects and the optimal strategies for management of abnormalities in thyroid function in patients with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. In September 2017, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a Working Group with the goal of developing priorities for future scientific research relating thyroid dysfunction to the progression of cardiovascular disease. The Working Group reviewed and discussed the roles of normal thyroid physiology, the consequences of thyroid dysfunction, and the effects of therapy in 3 cardiovascular areas: cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias, the vasculature and atherosclerosis, and the myocardium and heart failure. This report describes the current state of the field, outlines barriers and challenges to progress, and proposes research opportunities to advance the field, including strategies for leveraging novel approaches using omics and big data. The Working Group recommended research in 3 broad areas: (1) investigation into the fundamental biology relating thyroid dysfunction to the development of cardiovascular disease and into the identification of novel biomarkers of thyroid hormone action in cardiovascular tissues; (2) studies that define subgroups of patients with thyroid dysfunction amenable to specific preventive strategies and interventional therapies related to cardiovascular disease; and (3) clinical trials focused on improvement in cardiovascular performance and cardiovascular outcomes through treatment with thyroid hormone or thyromimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R. Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Akshay S. Desai
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lawton S. Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debra Egan
- Office of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - George Sopko
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - David S. Cooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Samia Mora
- Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter J. Kudenchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Services, the University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Cheryl L. McDonald
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul W. Ladenson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Cappola AR, Desai AS, Medici M, Cooper LS, Egan D, Sopko G, Fishman GI, Goldman S, Cooper DS, Mora S, Kudenchuk PJ, Hollenberg AN, McDonald CL, Ladenson PW. Thyroid and Cardiovascular Disease: Research Agenda for Enhancing Knowledge, Prevention, and Treatment. Thyroid 2019; 29:760-777. [PMID: 31081722 PMCID: PMC6913785 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have long been known to have a range of effects on the cardiovascular system. However, significant knowledge gaps exist concerning the precise molecular and biochemical mechanisms governing these effects and the optimal strategies for management of abnormalities in thyroid function in patients with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. In September 2017, The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a Working Group with the goal of developing priorities for future scientific research relating thyroid dysfunction to the progression of cardiovascular disease. The Working Group reviewed and discussed the roles of normal thyroid physiology, the consequences of thyroid dysfunction, and the effects of therapy in three cardiovascular areas: cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias, the vasculature and atherosclerosis, and the myocardium and heart failure. This report describes the current state of the field, outlines barriers and challenges to progress, and proposes research opportunities to advance the field, including strategies for leveraging novel approaches using omics and big data. The Working Group recommended research in three broad areas: 1) investigation into the fundamental biology relating thyroid dysfunction to the development of cardiovascular disease and into the identification of novel biomarkers of thyroid hormone action in cardiovascular tissues; 2) studies that define subgroups of patients with thyroid dysfunction amenable to specific preventive strategies and interventional therapies related to cardiovascular disease; and 3) clinical trials focused on improvement in cardiovascular performance and cardiovascular outcomes through treatment with thyroid hormone or thyromimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R. Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Address correspondence to: Anne R. Cappola, MD, MSc, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Akshay S. Desai
- Cardiovascular Division; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lawton S. Cooper
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Debra Egan
- Office of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Sopko
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Glenn I. Fishman
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Steven Goldman
- Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David S. Cooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samia Mora
- Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter J. Kudenchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Cheryl L. McDonald
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul W. Ladenson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse prognosis in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:83. [PMID: 30947691 PMCID: PMC6450005 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical thyroid dysfunction whose typical patterns include subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism, has been indicated to be associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF). However, the relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the clinical outcomes of HF patients is uncertain. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the clinical outcomes of HF patients. METHODS Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials were searched for eligible studies published up to August 1, 2018 which reported the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the clinical outcomes of HF patients. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the association. RESULTS Fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria and a total of 21,221 patients with heart failure were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with HF patients with euthyroidism, the pooled HR of subclinical hypothyroidism for all-cause mortality was 1.45 (95% CI 1.26-1.67) in a randomized effects model with mild heterogeneity (I2 = 40.1, P = 0.073). The pooled HR of subclinical hypothyroidism for cardiac death and/or hospitalization was 1.33 (1.17-1.50) in a randomized effects model with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 69.4, P < 0.001). Subclinical hyperthyroid can increase the risk of all-cause mortality without heterogeneity (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.10-1.55, I2 = 25.5%, P = 0.225) but have no influence on the risk of cardiac death and/or hospitalization (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87-1.23, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.958). These significant adverse associations were also retained in subgroup analysis. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the stability of the results of our meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Both subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism are associated with adverse prognosis in patients with HF. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction may be a useful and promising predictor for the long-term prognosis in HF patients.
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Li X, Yao Y, Chen Z, Fan S, Hua W, Zhang S, Fan X. Thyroid-stimulating hormone within the normal range and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Clin Cardiol 2018; 42:120-128. [PMID: 30447088 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) and prognosis of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) in patients with normal thyroid function remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS Our aim was to investigate the association between TSH and major adverse cardiovascular events in euthyroid NIDCM patients. METHODS The original cohort consisted of 216 consecutive euthyroid NIDCM patients, with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, who were observed from 2010 to 2013. Patients with persistent ventricular arrhythmia (VA) histories, amiodarone taken for VA prevention, or on heart transplant list within 1 year were excluded. A follow-up evaluation was performed, and VA events, heart failure (HF) exacerbation/heart transplant, cardiac death, or death from any cause were separately evaluated. RESULTS A total of 184 patients were enrolled, and 97.8% (180/184) ultimately received follow-up evaluations. During the median 4.6-year follow-up, 24 VA events, 28 cardiac deaths, 30 all-cause deaths, 40 HF exacerbations, and 11 heart transplant events occurred. Serum TSH levels showed good predictive efficacies for VA events (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.702, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.629-0.767), and the risk of VA events increased, according to serum TSH quarters, as determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis (2.2% vs 13.4% vs 21.0% vs 30.0%, Q1-Q4, P = 0.011). Multivariable Cox analysis showed that patients at the Q4 level of serum TSH (>2.67 mIU/L) suffered an increased risk of VA events, compared with those at the Q1 level of TSH (hazard ratio [HR] = 15.88, 95% CI: 2.01-65.15) or those at the other three quarters (HR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.38-7.26). However, the Q4 TSH level was not associated with other adverse cardiac events. CONCLUSION An association between TSH levels and the risk of VA events may exist in euthyroid NIDCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ro K, Yuen AD, Du L, Ro CC, Seger C, Yeh MW, Leung AM, Rhee CM. Impact of Hypothyroidism and Heart Failure on Hospitalization Risk. Thyroid 2018; 28:1094-1100. [PMID: 29897016 PMCID: PMC6154446 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies suggest that the relationship between hypothyroidism and mortality is dependent on underlying cardiovascular risk. Little is known about the association of hypothyroidism with hospitalization risk, and how these associations are modified by cardiovascular status. METHODS This study examined the association of thyroid status, defined by serum thyrotropin (TSH), with hospitalization risk among patients who received care at a large university-based tertiary care center between 1990 and 2015. Thyroid status was categorized as hypothyroidism versus euthyroidism (TSH >4.7 vs. 0.3-4.7 mIU/L, respectively). The relationship between thyroid status and hospitalization risk stratified by cardiovascular status was examined using multivariable Cox models. RESULTS Among 52,856 patients who met eligibility criteria, 49,791 (94.2%) had euthyroidism and 3065 (5.8%) had hypothyroidism. In analyses stratified by congestive heart failure (CHF) status, compared to euthyroidism, hypothyroidism was associated with higher risk of hospitalization in those with CHF but slightly lower risk in those without CHF (adjusted hazard ratio [aHRs] = 1.86 [confidence interval (CI) 1.17-2.94] and HR = 0.95 [CI 0.92-0.99], respectively; p = 0.006). In sensitivity analyses accounting for death as a competing event, underlying coronary artery disease modified the hypothyroidism-hospitalization relationship, such that stronger associations were observed among those with versus without coronary artery disease. In competing risk analyses, hypothyroidism was associated with higher versus lower risk of hospitalization among those with versus without cerebrovascular disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hypothyroidism is associated with higher hospitalization risk among patients with underlying cardiovascular disease. Future studies are needed to determine whether correction of thyroid status with replacement therapy ameliorates hospitalization risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander D. Yuen
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Clarissa C. Ro
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christian Seger
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael W. Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Angela M. Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Connie M. Rhee
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California
- Address correspondence to:Connie M. Rhee, MD, MScHarold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and EpidemiologyDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity of California Irvine School of Medicine101 The City Drive South, City TowerOrange, CA 92868
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Moon S, Kim MJ, Yu JM, Yoo HJ, Park YJ. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Thyroid 2018; 28:1101-1110. [PMID: 29978767 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed according to the age or coexisting CVD risk status of the participants. METHODS Studies regarding the association of SCH with all-cause mortality from PubMed and Embase databases were included. The pooled relative risk (RR) of CVD and all-cause mortality was calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method. A subgroup analysis of participants with high CVD risk was conducted, including history of coronary, cerebral, or peripheral artery disease; dilated cardiomyopathy; heart failure; atrial fibrillation; venous thromboembolism; diabetes mellitus; or chronic kidney disease. RESULTS In total, 35 eligible articles incorporating 555,530 participants were included. SCH was modestly associated with CVD and all-cause mortality (RR for CVD = 1.33 [confidence interval (CI) 1.14-1.54]; RR for all-cause mortality = 1.20 [CI 1.07-1.34]). However, the association was not observed in participants aged ≥65 years. Subgroup analysis showed that participants with SCH and high CVD risk showed a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR for CVD = 2.20 [CI 1.28-3.77]; RR for all-cause mortality = 1.66 [CI 1.41-1.94]), whereas those with SCH and low CVD risk did not. Additional subgroup analysis of six studies with a mean participant age of ≥65 years and high CVD risk showed a significant high risk of all-cause mortality in the SCH group (RR = 1.41 [CI 1.08-1.85]; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS SCH is associated with an increased CVD risk and all-cause mortality, particularly in participants with high CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinje Moon
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School, Hanyang University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Yoo
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, Republic of Korea
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Burke SL, Cadet T, Maddux M. Chronic Health Illnesses as Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment Among African American Older Adults. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 110:314-325. [PMID: 30126555 PMCID: PMC6108440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 5.5 million individuals are diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, a number which includes those with mild cognitive impairment and asymptomatic individuals with biomarkers of AD. There is a higher incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in African American populations as compared to White populations, even when controlling for sociodemographic factors. The existing body of ethnically/racially targeted research on MCI has been limited by few studies with the ability to generalize to African American communities. This study sought to examine whether medical conditions which occur at a higher rate in African American individuals increase the hazard of subsequent MCI development. A secondary data analysis of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set was employed to examine the associations between health conditions (congestive heart failure, traumatic brain injury, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, B12 deficiency, thyroid disease) and their relationship to MCI. The analytic sample included 2847 participants with 9872 observations. Binary logistic generalized estimating equation modeling was used to examine repeated measures over the course of 1-11 observations. Education was associated with MCI development, specifically those with some college or college graduates (p < 0.001) and more than college (p = 0.002). Female sex was associated with development of MCI (p < 0.001). African Americans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were more likely to develop MCI (p < 0.001) compared to those with no reports of a TBI. Inactive thyroid conditions decreased the risk of MCI development (p = 0.005) compared to those without thyroid disease. Though vascular factors are often attributed to higher mortality and neurodegeneration in African Americans, congestive heart failure, diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, nor seizures were associated with an increased risk of MCI development. Findings from this study provide formative data to develop targeted interventions for subsets of the African American community, including those with higher educational levels, those with TBI, and those with a history of thyroid disease. While it may not be possible to prevent MCI development, it is possible to modify lifestyle behaviors contributing to these health conditions, such as falls that are often experienced by older adults. Practitioners can increase awareness, knowledge, and resources relevant to clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Burke
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, AHC5 564 Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Tamara Cadet
- Simmons College School of Social Work, HSDM-Oral Health Policy and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Marlaina Maddux
- Florida International University, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, School of Social Work, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, AHC5 564 Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Mahal S, Datta S, Ravat V, Patel P, Saroha B, Patel RS. Does Subclinical Hypothyroidism Affect Hospitalization Outcomes and Mortality in Congestive Cardiac Failure Patients? Cureus 2018; 10:e2766. [PMID: 30101045 PMCID: PMC6082583 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the differences in hospitalization outcomes among patients admitted for congestive cardiac failure (CCF) with underlying subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods This retrospective case-control study used data from the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) for the years 2012–2014. We identified cases with CCF as the primary diagnosis and SCH as the secondary diagnosis using validated ICD-9-CM codes and controls with CCF only. The differences in hospitalization outcomes and hospital characteristics were quantified using the multinomial logistic regression model (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)). Results A total of 143,735 CCF patients were enrolled in this study, and 73,440 cases had IH. About 31.8% of SCH patients were hospitalized for more than four days (median) compared to 44.7% patients without SCH (P < .001). The median hospitalization charges per admission for CCF was $20,312. CCF patients with SCH had lower odds of longer hospitalization (aOR = .709, 95% CI .660-.762, P < .001) and higher hospitalization charges (aOR = .783, 95% CI .728-.841, P < .001) compared to CCF patients without SCH. CCF patients with SCH had two times higher odds of minor morbidity (aOR = 2.276; 95% CI 2.105-2.462; P < .001) but lower odds of major morbidity (aOR = .783; 95% CI .728-.841; P < .001). Inpatient mortality with SCH patients (2%) compared to 3.6% patients without SCH (P < .001). CCF patients with SCH had lower odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR = .547; 95% CI .496-.604; P < .001). CCF patients with SCH had higher odds of being seen in rural non-teaching hospitals (aOR = 1.696; 95% CI 1.572-1.831; P < .001). Also, CCF patients with SCH had the highest likelihood of presence in the western region of the United States (aOR = 149.924; 95% CI 110.497-203.419; P < .001) followed by the southern region (aOR = 31.431; 95% CI 26.066-37.900; P < .001). Conclusions Among CCF with SCH patients during hospitalization, we observed a variation in hospitalization outcomes, including inpatient length of stay and cost, morbidity, and in-hospital mortality. We found no significant increase in mortality and major morbidity in CCF patients with SCH. There were differences in the hospital characteristics between CCF patients with and without SCH. Thus, hospital bed size, location, and teaching status act as predictors for a co-diagnosis of SCH in CCF. Further research is needed to guide the development of clinical care models for targeting early diagnosis and treatment to determine whether thyroid hormone replacement would be beneficial for CCF patients with SCH and improve quality of care in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanan Mahal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Providence Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sorabh Datta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Providence Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Virendrasinh Ravat
- Department of Infectious Disease, Clinical Infectious Disease Specialist, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Priya Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Windsor University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Bipin Saroha
- Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Rikinkumar S Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Griffin Memorial Hospital (odmhsas), Norman, USA
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Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ravel V, Streja E, You AS, Brunelli SM, Nguyen DV, Brent GA, Kovesdy CP. Thyroid Status and Death Risk in US Veterans With Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:573-585. [PMID: 29728200 PMCID: PMC6049829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given that patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) have a disproportionately higher prevalence of hypothyroidism compared with their non-CKD counterparts, we sought to determine the association between thyroid status, defined by serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels, and mortality among a national cohort of patients with NDD-CKD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among 227,422 US veterans with stage 3 NDD-CKD with 1 or more TSH measurements during the period October 1, 2004, to September 30, 2012, we first examined the association of thyroid status, defined by TSH categories of less than 0.5, 0.5 to 5.0 (euthyroidism), and more than 5.0 mIU/L, with all-cause mortality. We then evaluated 6 granular TSH categories: less than 0.1, 0.1 to less than 0.5, 0.5 to less than 3.0, 3.0 to 5.0, more than 5.0 to 10.0, and more than 10.0 mIU/L. We concurrently examined thyroid status, thyroid-modulating therapy, and mortality in sensitivity analyses. RESULTS In expanded case-mix adjusted Cox analyses, compared with euthyroidism, baseline and time-dependent TSH levels of more than 5.0 mIU/L were associated with higher mortality (adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs] [95% CI], 1.19 [1.15-1.24] and 1.23 [1.19-1.28], respectively), as were baseline and time-dependent TSH levels of less than 0.5 mIU/L (aHRs [95% CI], 1.18 [1.15-1.22] and 1.41 [1.37-1.45], respectively). Granular examination of thyroid status showed that incrementally higher TSH levels of 3.0 mIU/L or more were associated with increasingly higher mortality in baseline and time-dependent analyses, and TSH categories of less than 0.5 mIU/L were associated with higher mortality (reference, 0.5-<3.0 mIU/L) in baseline analyses. In time-dependent analyses, untreated and undertreated hypothyroidism and untreated hyperthyroidism were associated with higher mortality (reference, spontaneous euthyroidism), whereas hypothyroidism treated-to-target showed lower mortality. CONCLUSION Among US veterans with NDD-CKD, high-normal TSH (≥3.0 mIU/L) and lower TSH (<0.5 mIU/L) levels were associated with higher death risk. Interventional studies identifying the target TSH range associated with the greatest survival in patients with NDD-CKD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Vanessa Ravel
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Amy S You
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | | | - Danh V Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.
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Grossman A, Feldhamer I, Meyerovitch J. Treatment with levothyroxin in subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with increased mortality in the elderly. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 50:65-68. [PMID: 29174213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is uncertain whether subclinical hypothyroidism should be treated with levothyroxine, particularly in the elderly. This study evaluated the association between levothyroxine treatment and mortality in individuals 65years or older with subclinical hypothyroidism and TSH values <10mIU/L. METHODS A case-control study in which patients 65years or older with TSH levels of 4.2-10mIU/L who died in the years 2012-2016 ('cases') were compared with matched individuals who did not die during this period ('controls'). Matching was based on gender, age, Charlson comorbidity index, date of TSH testing, duration of follow-up and TSH quartile. All cases of known thyroid disease or cases in which anti-thyroid medications or glucocorticoids were dispensed in the year preceding the TSH evaluation were excluded. Use of levothyroxine was compared between groups. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 419 individuals died and these were matched with 1558 individuals who did not. Factors found to be associated with mortality were age, senile dementia, congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure and a history of cerebrovascular disease. On multivariate analysis, treatment with levothyroxine was associated with significantly increased mortality (HR=1.19 CI 1.03-1.38). Femoral fractures and atrial fibrillation following initiation of levothyroxine therapy were not more prevalent in individuals who died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with levothyroxine is associated with significantly increased mortality in individuals 65years or older with subclinical hypothyroidism and TSH<10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grossman
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ilan Feldhamer
- Clalit Health Services Research and Information Department, Chief Physician Office, Israel.
| | - Joseph Meyerovitch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Medicine Wings, Community Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Gil-Cayuela C, Ortega A, Tarazón E, Martínez-Dolz L, Cinca J, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F, Roselló-Lletí E, Rivera M, Portolés M. Myocardium of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy presents altered expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190987. [PMID: 29320567 PMCID: PMC5761948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and low thyroid hormone (TH) levels has been previously described. In these patients abnormal thyroid function is significantly related to impaired left ventricular (LV) function and increased risk of death. Although TH was originally thought to be produced exclusively by the thyroid gland, we recently reported TH biosynthesis in the human ischemic heart. Objectives Based on these findings, we evaluated whether the genes required for TH production are also altered in patients with DCM. Methods Twenty-three LV tissue samples were obtained from patients with DCM (n = 13) undergoing heart transplantation and control donors (n = 10), and used for RNA sequencing analysis. The number of LV DCM samples was increased to 23 to determine total T4 and T3 tissue levels by ELISA. Results We found that all components of TH biosynthesis are expressed in human dilated heart tissue. Expression of genes encoding thyroperoxidase (–2.57-fold, P < 0.05) and dual oxidase 2 (2.64-fold, P < 0.01), the main enzymatic system of TH production, was significantly altered in patients with DCM and significantly associated with LV remodeling parameters. Thyroxine (T4) cardiac tissue levels were significantly increased (P < 0.01), whilst triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly diminished (P < 0.05) in the patients. Conclusions Expression of TH biosynthesis machinery in the heart and total tissue levels of T4 and T3, are altered in patients with DCM. Given the relevance of TH in cardiac pathology, our results provide a basis for new gene-based therapeutic strategies for treating DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gil-Cayuela
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ortega
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Tarazón
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Dolz
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Heart Failure and Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Cinca
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Cardiology Service of Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Cardiology and Institute of Biomedical Research, University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MR); (MP); (ERL)
| | - Miguel Rivera
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MR); (MP); (ERL)
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Cardiocirculatory Unit, Health Research Institute of La Fe University Hospital (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- Members of the Center for Biomedical Research Network in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MR); (MP); (ERL)
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Parent S, Cujec B. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Heart Failure: Chicken or Egg? Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:11-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Schultheiss UT, Daya N, Grams ME, Seufert J, Steffes M, Coresh J, Selvin E, Köttgen A. Thyroid function, reduced kidney function and incident chronic kidney disease in a community-based population: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:1874-1881. [PMID: 27540046 PMCID: PMC5837276 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced kidney function is a common public health problem that increases risk for a wide variety of adverse outcomes, making the identification of potentially modifiable factors associated with the development of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) important. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis have been linked to reduced kidney function, but the association of thyroid function with the development of incident CKD is largely uncharacterized. METHODS Concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were quantified in 12 785 black and white participants of the ongoing community-based prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Thyroid markers and clinical categories of thyroid dysfunction (euthyroidism, combined subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, combined subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism) were also evaluated for their association with reduced kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) at study baseline and with incident CKD over a median follow-up time of 19.6 years. RESULTS Higher TSH and FT4 as well as lower T3 concentrations were strongly and independently associated with reduced kidney function at study baseline. The clinical entities hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were also associated with higher odds of baseline reduced kidney function, but this was not significant. However, none of the markers of thyroid function nor different clinical categories of thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism or TPOAb positivity) were associated with incident CKD in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS Elevated TSH, FT4 and reduced T3 concentrations were associated with reduced kidney function cross-sectionally. The lack of association with the development of incident CKD suggests that altered thyroid function in the general population is not causally related to CKD development, but screening for thyroidal status may be especially relevant in persons with reduced kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla T Schultheiss
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Daya
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Morgan E Grams
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Steffes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Gallo D, Piantanida E, Veronesi G, Lai A, Sassi L, Lombardi V, Masiello E, Premoli P, Bianconi E, Cusini C, Rosetti S, Tanda ML, Toniolo A, Ferrario M, Bartalena L. Physical performance in newly diagnosed hypothyroidism: a pilot study. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:1099-1106. [PMID: 28434158 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypothyroidism is complicated by neuromuscular symptoms (myalgias, slowness of movements, and tiredness) and signs (easy fatigability and cramps), which may have a negative impact on general well-being and quality of life. In a pilot, prospective, controlled study, we investigated the features of muscle dysfunction in hypothyroidism by disease questionnaire, biochemical measures, and physical performance tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-seven consecutive patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism were enrolled, 27 subclinical (S-Hypo) and 30 overt (O-Hypo). A series of 30 euthyroid subjects, with similar demographic characteristics, served as controls. Patients were administered a short disease questionnaire and underwent laboratory exams and standardized physical tests, both at baseline and after restoration of biochemical euthyroidism. RESULTS Compared to euthyroid controls, the O-Hypo group showed significantly higher prevalence of neuromuscular symptoms and significantly higher serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels (p value < 0.0001). S-Hypo had slightly higher CPK levels and prevalence of neuromuscular symptoms than controls. Both S-Hypo and O-Hypo patients performed worse than controls in the six-minute walking test. Differences between patients and controls in handgrip strength test and timed chair standing test failed to reach statistical significance (although a trend was noticeable), possibly due to the small sample size. In O-Hypo, an inverse correlation was found between CPK levels and the handgrip strength test (p value < 0.001). Restoration of euthyroidism was associated with normalization of questionnaire responses, six-minute walking test, as well as serum CPK levels. CONCLUSION In addition to neuromuscular symptoms, hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities of physical performance. The six-minute walking test is the most valuable test to assess this aspect. In the pilot study, levothyroxine therapy could reverse muscle functional abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - E Piantanida
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - G Veronesi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
- Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - A Lai
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - L Sassi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - V Lombardi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - E Masiello
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - P Premoli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - E Bianconi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - C Cusini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - S Rosetti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - M L Tanda
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - A Toniolo
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - M Ferrario
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - L Bartalena
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy.
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33
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Thyroid hormone biosynthesis machinery is altered in the ischemic myocardium: An epigenomic study. Int J Cardiol 2017; 243:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Aziz M, Kandimalla Y, Machavarapu A, Saxena A, Das S, Younus A, Nguyen M, Malik R, Anugula D, Latif MA, Humayun C, Khan IM, Adus A, Rasool A, Veledar E, Nasir K. Effect of Thyroxin Treatment on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) Reduction in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH): a Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:643-659. [PMID: 28566564 PMCID: PMC5517537 DOI: 10.5551/jat.39917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Research shows that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is related to an increased carotid intima –media thickness (CIMT), a surrogate marker of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is controversial whether or not SCH should be treated to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality. This meta-analysis aimed to determine whether SCH is associated with an increase in CIMT as compared to Euthyroidism (EU) and whether thyroxin (T4) treatment in SCH can reverse the change in CIMT. Methods: Two independent reviewers conducted an extensive database research up to December 2016. A total of 12 clinical trials discussed the effect of Thyroxin on CIMT values at pre- and post-treatment in subjects with SCH. Results: CIMT was significantly higher among SCH (n = 280) as compared to EU controls (n = 263) at baseline; the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) of CIMT was 0.44 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14, 0.74], p = 0.004; I2 = 65%. After treatment with thyroxin in subjects with SCH (n = 314), there was a statistically significant decrease in CIMT from pre- to post-treatment; the pooled WMD of CIMT decrease was [WMD −0.32; 95% CI (−0.47, −0.16), p = < 0.0001; I2 = 2%], and it was no longer different from EU controls [WMD 0.13 mm; 95% CI (−0.04, 0.30); p = 0.14; I2 = 27%]. The total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were higher in SCH as compared to EU controls and decreased significantly after treatment with thyroxin. Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows that thyroxin therapy in subjects with SCH significantly decreases CIMT and improves lipid profile, modifiable CVD risk factors. Thyroid hormone replacement in subjects with SCH may play a role in slowing down or preventing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aziz
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida.,Benedictine University, Department of Public Health
| | | | | | - Anshul Saxena
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Sankalp Das
- Baptist Health South Florida, Wellness Advantage
| | - Adnan Younus
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | | | - Rehan Malik
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Dixitha Anugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Creighton University Medical Center
| | - Muhammad A Latif
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Choudhry Humayun
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Idrees M Khan
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Ali Adus
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Aisha Rasool
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida
| | - Emir Veledar
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida.,Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Center for Healthcare Advancement & Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida.,Director High Risk Cardiovascular Disease Clinic, Baptist Health South Florida.,Florida International University, Department of Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine.,Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Heart Disease.,Florida International University, Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in general population. Besides well-known risk factors such as hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, growing evidence suggests that hormonal changes in various endocrine diseases also impact the cardiac morphology and function. Recent studies highlight the importance of ectopic intracellular myocardial and pericardial lipid deposition, since even slight changes of these fat depots are associated with alterations in cardiac performance. In this review, we overview the effects of hormones, including insulin, thyroid hormones, growth hormone and cortisol, on heart function, focusing on their impact on myocardial lipid metabolism, cardiac substrate utilization and ectopic lipid deposition, in order to highlight the important role of even subtle hormonal changes for heart function in various endocrine and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wolf
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Winhofer
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- High Field MR CentreDepartment of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Rhee CM, You AS, Nguyen DV, Brunelli SM, Budoff MJ, Streja E, Nakata T, Kovesdy CP, Brent GA, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Thyroid Status and Mortality in a Prospective Hemodialysis Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1568-1577. [PMID: 28324018 PMCID: PMC5443328 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Compared with the general population, hemodialysis patients have a substantially higher risk of hypothyroidism, as defined by an elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) level, and cardiovascular mortality. Whereas an elevated TSH is associated with cardiovascular disease and death in the general population, associations among dialysis patients have been inconsistent. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MAIN OUTCOME We examined 541 hemodialysis patients from 17 southern California dialysis centers in the prospective Hypothyroidism, Cardiovascular Health, and Survival study who underwent protocolized measurement of repeated serum TSH levels every 6 months from 2013 to 2015. Associations between TSH tertiles (<1.28, 1.28 to <2.14, and 2.14 to 86.7 mIU/L) and mortality were estimated using time-dependent Cox models with four adjustment levels. In sensitivity analyses, we excluded patients receiving thyroid hormone supplementation. RESULTS Compared with the lowest TSH tertile, the highest TSH tertile was associated with a 2.2- to 2.5-fold higher mortality risk in unadjusted, case-mix, expanded case-mix+laboratory, and expanded case-mix+laboratory+medication models [hazard ratios (95% confidence interval), 2.54 (1.32 to 4.89), 2.53 (1.30 to 4.93), 2.19 (1.11 to 4.32), and 2.28 (1.45 to 3.58), respectively]. We observed a consistent trend between higher TSH tertiles and numerically higher mortality risk across all models. Similar findings were observed in analyses excluding patients receiving thyroid hormone supplementation. CONCLUSION In time-dependent analyses, TSH levels in the high-normal to high range were independently associated with higher death risk in hemodialysis patients. Further studies are indicated to determine whether normalization of TSH levels with thyroid hormone supplementation improves survival in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California 92868
| | - Amy S. You
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California 92868
| | - Danh V. Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, California 92868
| | | | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California 92868
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822
| | - Tracy Nakata
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California 92868
| | - Csaba P. Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
- Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104
| | - Gregory A. Brent
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System 90073
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Orange, California 92868
- Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822
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What is the association of hypothyroidism with risks of cardiovascular events and mortality? A meta-analysis of 55 cohort studies involving 1,898,314 participants. BMC Med 2017; 15:21. [PMID: 28148249 PMCID: PMC5289009 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events is still disputed. We aimed to assess the association between hypothyroidism and risks of cardiovascular events and mortality. METHODS We searched PubMed and Embase from inception to 29 February 2016. Cohort studies were included with no restriction of hypothyroid states. Priori main outcomes were ischemic heart disease (IHD), cardiac mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS Fifty-five cohort studies involving 1,898,314 participants were identified. Patients with hypothyroidism, compared with euthyroidism, experienced higher risks of IHD (relative risk (RR): 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.26), myocardial infarction (MI) (RR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.05-1.25), cardiac mortality (RR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.38-2.80), and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.13-1.39); subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH; especially with thyrotropin level ≥10 mIU/L) was also associated with higher risks of IHD and cardiac mortality. Moreover, cardiac patients with hypothyroidism, compared with those with euthyroidism, experienced higher risks of cardiac mortality (RR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.28-3.83) and all-cause mortality (RR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.26-1.81). CONCLUSIONS Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for IHD and cardiac mortality. Hypothyroidism is associated with higher risks of cardiac mortality and all-cause mortality compared with euthyroidism in the general public or in patients with cardiac disease.
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Rhee CM, Ravel VA, Streja E, Mehrotra R, Kim S, Wang J, Nguyen DV, Kovesdy CP, Brent GA, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Thyroid Functional Disease and Mortality in a National Peritoneal Dialysis Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4054-4061. [PMID: 27525529 PMCID: PMC5095247 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE End-stage renal disease patients have a higher risk of thyroid disease compared with those without kidney disease. Although thyroid dysfunction is associated with higher death risk in the general population and those undergoing hemodialysis, little is known about the effect of thyroid disease upon mortality in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MAIN OUTCOME We examined the association of thyroid status, assessed by serum TSH, with all-cause mortality among PD patients from a large national dialysis organization who underwent one or more TSH measurements over 5 years (January 2007 to December 2011). Thyroid status was categorized as overt-hyperthyroid, subclinical-hyperthyroid, low-normal, high-normal, subclinical-hypothyroid, and overt-hypothyroid range (TSH < 0.1, 0.1–<0.5, 0.5–<3.0, 3.0–<5.0, 5.0–<10.0, and ≥10.0 mIU/L, respectively). We examined the association between TSH and mortality using case mix–adjusted time-dependent Cox models to assess short-term thyroid function–mortality associations and to account for changes in thyroid function over time. RESULTS Among 1484 patients, 7 and 18% had hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively, at baseline. We found that both lower and higher time-dependent TSH levels were associated with higher mortality (reference: TSH, 0.5-<3.0 mIU/L): adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) 2.09 (1.08-4.06), 1.53 (0.87-2.70), 1.05 (0.75-1.46), 1.63 (1.11-2.40), and 3.11 (2.08-4.63) for TSH levels, <0.1, 0.1-<0.5, 0.5-<3.0, 3.0-<5.0, 5.0-<10.0, and ≥10.0 mIU/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Time-dependent TSH levels < 0.1 mIU/L and ≥ 5.0 mIU/L were associated with higher mortality, suggesting hyper- and hypothyroidism carry short-term risk in PD patients. Additional studies are needed to determine mechanisms underlying the thyroid dysfunction-mortality association, and whether normalization of TSH with treatment ameliorates mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Vanessa A Ravel
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Rajnish Mehrotra
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Steven Kim
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension (C.M.R., V.A.R., E.S., J.W., K.K.-Z.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; Kidney Research Institute and Harborview Medical Center, Division of Nephrology (R.M.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; Department of Mathematics and Statistics (S.K.), California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, California 93955; Department of Medicine (D.V.N.), University of California-Irvine, Orange, California 92868; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (C.P.K.), Memphis, Tennessee 38104; and Department of Medicine (G.A.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, Melmed S, Murad MH, Salvatori R, Samuels MH. Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3888-3921. [PMID: 27736313 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To formulate clinical practice guidelines for hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults. PARTICIPANTS The participants include an Endocrine Society-appointed Task Force of six experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. The American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the Pituitary Society, and the European Society of Endocrinology co-sponsored this guideline. EVIDENCE The Task Force developed this evidence-based guideline using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The Task Force commissioned two systematic reviews and used the best available evidence from other published systematic reviews and individual studies. CONSENSUS PROCESS One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Committees and members of the Endocrine Society, the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the Pituitary Society, and the European Society of Endocrinology reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of these guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Using an evidence-based approach, this guideline addresses important clinical issues regarding the evaluation and management of hypopituitarism in adults, including appropriate biochemical assessments, specific therapeutic decisions to decrease the risk of co-morbidities due to hormonal over-replacement or under-replacement, and managing hypopituitarism during pregnancy, pituitary surgery, and other types of surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fleseriu
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ibrahim A Hashim
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Mary H Samuels
- Oregon Health & Science University, Northwest Pituitary Center (M.F.), and Departments of Neurological Surgery and Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition), Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Pathology (I.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (N.K.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (N.K.), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom, Pituitary Center (S.M.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, (M.H.M), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.S.), Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition (M.H.S.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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Inoue K, Tsujimoto T, Saito J, Sugiyama T. Association Between Serum Thyrotropin Levels and Mortality Among Euthyroid Adults in the United States. Thyroid 2016; 26:1457-1465. [PMID: 27539006 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low thyroid function within the euthyroid range, as well as overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, reportedly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, the association between low normal thyroid function and mortality remains controversial. This study was performed to elucidate the association between low normal thyroid function and all-cause and/or cause-specific mortalities among U.S. adults. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted using a nationally representative sample of 12,584 U.S. adults aged ≥20 years with thyrotropin (TSH) levels within the reference range from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994). Associations between TSH tertiles (high, medium, and low normal TSH groups) and mortalities (all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer) were investigated using multivariable Cox models. Stratum-specific analyses were estimated within subgroups defined according to sex (male or female) and baseline age (age <60 years or age ≥60 years). Further, the same analysis was conducted using continuous NHANES 2001-2002, 2007-2008, and 2009-2010 cohorts, which included data on free thyroxine levels. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 19.1 years, with 3395 all-cause deaths. A significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.27; [confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.47]), and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.30 [CI 1.02-1.67]), and cancer mortality (HR 1.43 [CI 1.01-2.01]) was observed in the high normal TSH group than in the medium normal TSH group. Additionally, the low normal TSH group had an increased risk of all-cause mortality. In stratum-specific analyses, a significant association was found between high normal TSH levels and all-cause mortality among males, females, and participants <60 years. Continuous NHANES cohorts demonstrated a non-significant increase in the HR for all-cause mortality in the high normal TSH group. CONCLUSIONS High normal TSH levels compared with medium normal TSH levels were associated with increased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortalities over a long-term follow-up period among U.S. adults. This study indicates that the reference range for TSH levels may require re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- 1 Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tsujimoto
- 2 Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Saito
- 1 Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital , Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sugiyama
- 3 Department of Clinical Study and Informatics, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
- 4 Department of Public Health/Health Policy, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, including those receiving dialysis. This review examines potential mechanistic links between thyroid and kidney disease; current evidence for hypothyroidism as a risk factor for de novo CKD and CKD progression; and studies of thyroid functional disorders, cardiovascular disease, and death in the CKD population. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic data have demonstrated an incrementally higher prevalence of hypothyroidism with increasing severity of kidney dysfunction. Various thyroid functional test abnormalities are also commonly observed in CKD due to alterations in thyroid hormone synthesis, metabolism, and regulation. Although the mechanistic link between thyroid and kidney disease remains unclear, observational studies suggest that hypothyroidism is associated with abnormal kidney structure and function. Previously thought to be a physiologic adaptation, recent studies show that hypothyroidism is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and death in CKD. SUMMARY A growing body of evidence suggests that hypothyroidism is a risk factor for incident CKD, CKD progression, and higher death risk in kidney disease patients. Rigorous studies are needed to determine the impact of thyroid hormone replacement upon kidney disease progression, cardiovascular disease, and mortality, which may shed light onto the causal implications of hypothyroidism in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, United States
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Hennessey JV, Garber JR, Woeber KA, Cobin R, Klein I. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY POSITION STATEMENT ON THYROID DYSFUNCTION CASE FINDING. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:262-70. [PMID: 26848631 DOI: 10.4158/ep151038.ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be readily diagnosed and can be treated in a safe, cost-effective manner. Professional organizations have given guidance on how and when to employ thyroid-stimulating hormone testing for the detection of thyroid dysfunction. Most recently, the United States Preventive Services Task Force did not endorse screening for thyroid dysfunction based on a lack of proven benefit and potential harm of treating those with thyroid dysfunction, which is mostly subclinical disease. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) is concerned that this may discourage physicians from testing for thyroid dysfunction when clinically appropriate. Given the lack of specificity of thyroid-associated symptoms, the appropriate diagnosis of thyroid disease requires biochemical confirmation. The Thyroid Scientific Committee of the AACE has produced this White Paper to highlight the important difference between screening and case-based testing in the practice of clinical medicine. We recommend that thyroid dysfunction should be frequently considered as a potential etiology for many of the nonspecific complaints that physicians face daily. The application and success of safe and effective interventions are dependent on an accurate diagnosis. We, therefore, advocate for an aggressive case-finding approach, based on identifying those persons most likely to have thyroid disease that will benefit from its treatment.
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Afsar B, Yilmaz MI, Siriopol D, Unal HU, Saglam M, Karaman M, Gezer M, Sonmez A, Eyileten T, Aydin I, Hamcan S, Oguz Y, Covic A, Kanbay M. Thyroid function and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients. J Nephrol 2016; 30:235-242. [PMID: 27039198 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-016-0300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Abnormalities of thyroid function are commonly seen in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. They are associated with adverse clinical conditions such as atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and abnormal blood pressure variability. We investigated the association between thyroid disorders and endothelial function, assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and cardiovascular events (CVE) in CKD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational cohort study included 305 CKD (stages 1-5) patients. Routine biochemistry, including free T3, free T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and FMD, CIMT were measured. We divided patients into four groups according to thyroid hormone status: euthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and euthyroid sick syndrome. Fatal and composite CVE were recorded for a median 29 months. RESULTS Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes and also were more likely to have higher values of systolic CIMT, phosphorus, intact parathormone (iPTH), FGF-23, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and lower levels of FMD than euthyroid patients. In the unadjusted survival analysis, subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome were associated with an increased risk for the outcome as compared with euthyroidism [hazard ratio 30.63 (95 % confidence interval 12.27-76.48) and 12.17 (3.70-39.98), respectively]. The effects of subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome were maintained even in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroid sick syndrome are associated with increased CVE in CKD patients. Further studies are needed to explore these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Konya Numune State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Dimitrie Siriopol
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, 'C.I. PARHON' University Hospital, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - Hilmi Umut Unal
- Department of Nephrology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Saglam
- Department of Radiology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Karaman
- Department of Nephrology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gezer
- Department of Nephrology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alper Sonmez
- Department of Endocrinology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Eyileten
- Department of Nephrology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Aydin
- Department of Endocrinology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Hamcan
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Oguz
- Department of Nephrology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, 'C.I. PARHON' University Hospital, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Nephrology, Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Topkapı, 03490, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Grossman A, Weiss A, Koren-Morag N, Shimon I, Beloosesky Y, Meyerovitch J. Subclinical Thyroid Disease and Mortality in the Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Am J Med 2016; 129:423-30. [PMID: 26714213 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and mortality in the elderly is poorly defined. This study was designed to evaluate the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism and mortality in the elderly and to define the thyroid-stimulating hormone values associated with excess mortality in the elderly. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study with a review of a computerized database of a large health care organization. Patients aged more than 65 years evaluated in the years 2002 to 2012 with documented normal free T4 values were included in the analysis. All cases of known thyroid disease or cases in which thyroid medications were dispensed were excluded. Analysis was performed only on individuals who were not treated for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism during the follow-up period. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on thyroid-stimulating hormone values: normal (normal thyroid-stimulating hormone), subclinical hypothyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone >4.2 mIU/L), and subclinical hyperthyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone <0.35 mIU/L). All-cause mortality hazard ratio (HR) was compared among the 3 groups, and a subanalysis according to thyroid-stimulating hormone values was performed in those with subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism. RESULTS A final analysis was performed on 17,440 individuals with subclinical thyroid disease (538 with subclinical hyperthyroidism [3.1%], 1956 with subclinical hypothyroidism [11.2%], 14,946 normal cases [85.7%], average age of 83 years, 10,289 were women) who were followed up for 10 years. Both subclinical hypothyroidism (HR, 1.75; confidence interval [CI], 1.63-1.88) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (HR, 2.33; CI, 2.08-2.63) were associated with significantly increased mortality, and this association persisted on multivariate analysis (subclinical hypothyroidism HR, 1.68; CI, 1.56-1.8, subclinical hyperthyroidism HR, 1.93; CI, 1.7-2.17). Crude mortality was elevated at 1, 2, and 5 years, but this association seemed to decrease as time from initial analysis increased (most significant association at 1 year). Thyroid-stimulating hormone values greater than 6.38 mIU/L were associated with the highest mortality in those with subclinical hypothyroidism after multivariate adjustment (HR, 1.708; CI, 1.38-2.12), whereas in subclinical hyperthyroidism, no threshold for increased mortality was identified. Mortality was higher. CONCLUSIONS Both subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism are associated with increased mortality in the elderly. A threshold thyroid-stimulating hormone value (>6.35 mIU/L) exists for increased mortality in subclinical hypothyroidism, but not in subclinical hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grossman
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Avraham Weiss
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Geriatrics, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Nira Koren-Morag
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Shimon
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yichayaou Beloosesky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Geriatrics, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Joseph Meyerovitch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Community Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Peath Tikva, Israel.
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Gao X, Liu M, Qu A, Chen Z, Jia Y, Yang N, Feng X, Liu J, Xu Y, Yang X, Wang G. Native Magnetic Resonance T1-Mapping Identifies Diffuse Myocardial Injury in Hypothyroidism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151266. [PMID: 26964099 PMCID: PMC4786209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Hypothyroidism (HT) is characterized by thyroid hormone deficiencies, which can lead to diffuse myocardial interstitium lesions in patients with HT. Myocardial longitudinal relaxation time (T1) mapping is a potential diagnostic tool for quantifying diffuse myocardial injury. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of T1 mapping in identifying myocardial involvement in HT, and determine the relationship between T1 values and myocardial function. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 30 untreated HT patients alongside 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All subjects underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with non-contrast (native) T1 mapping using a modified Look-Locker inversion-recovery (MOLLI) sequence to assess the native T1 values of myocardium and cardiac function. Results Native myocardial T1 values were significantly increased in HT patients, especially those with pericardial effusion (p < 0.05), compared with healthy controls. In addition, significantly reduced peak filling rate (PFR) and prolonged peak filling time (PFT) were obtained (p < 0.05) in HT patients compared with controls. Furthermore, stroke volume (SV) and cardiac index (CI) were significantly lower in HT patients than controls (all p < 0.05). Interestingly, native T1 values were negatively correlated with free triiodothyronine (FT3), PFR, SV and CI (all p < 0.05). Conclusion Diffuse myocardial injuries are common in HT patients, and increased T1 values are correlated with FT3 and cardiac function impairment. These findings indicate that T1 mapping might be useful in evaluating myocardial injuries in HT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Heart Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (GW)
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XY); (GW)
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Lei MK, Beach SRH, Simons RL. Stress, relationship satisfaction, and health among African American women: Genetic moderation of effects. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2016; 30:221-32. [PMID: 26376424 PMCID: PMC4749476 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether romantic relationship satisfaction would serve as a link between early and later stressors which in turn would influence the thyroid function index (TFI), an indicator of physiological stress response. Using the framework of genetic susceptibility theory combined with hypotheses derived from the vulnerability-stress-adaptation and stress-generation models, we tested whether the hypothesized mediational model would be conditioned by 5-HTTLPR genotype, with greater effects and stronger evidence of mediation among carriers of the "s" allele. In a sample of African American women in romantic relationships (n = 270), we found that 5-HTTLPR moderated each stage of the hypothesized mediational model in a "for better or for worse" manner. That is genetic polymorphisms function to exacerbate not only the detrimental impact of negative environments (i.e., "for worse effects") but also the beneficial impact of positive environments (i.e., "for better effects"). The effect of early stress on relationship satisfaction was greater among carriers of the "short" allele than among those who did not carry the short allele, and was significantly different in both the "for better" and "for worse" direction. Likewise, the effect of relationship satisfaction on later stressors was moderated in a "for better "or "for worse" manner. Finally, impact on physiological stress, indexed using TFI level, indicated that the impact of later stressors on TFI level was greater in the presence of the short allele, and also followed a "for better" or "for worse" pattern. As expected, the proposed mediational model provided a better fit for "s" allele carriers.
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Liu P, Liu R, Chen X, Chen Y, Wang D, Zhang F, Wang Y. Can levothyroxine treatment reduce urinary albumin excretion rate in patients with early type 2 diabetic nephropathy and subclinical hypothyroidism? A randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:2233-40. [PMID: 26366481 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1094044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of levothyroxine (LT4) therapy on urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in early type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) patients with mildly increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) positivity. METHODS Application of randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled methods. A total of 136 normotensive patients with early type 2 DN and SCH (TSH 4.0-7.0 mIU/L and TPO-Ab positive) were selected, and were randomly divided into two groups for LT4 or placebo treatments, respectively. Changes in UAER, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, serum uric acid and lipids in patients before and after 48 weeks of treatment were examined and compared between groups. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the baseline characteristics of study participants between two treatment groups (p > 0.05 for all). After 48 weeks of treatment, compared to the placebo treatment, the LT4 treatment was more effective in reducing total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Further comparison of therapy-related differences between groups showed that the LT4 treatment was better in reducing UAER, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and uric acid than the placebo group (p < 0.01 for all). CONCLUSION The LT4 treatment may decrease UAER and exert kidney protection effects in early type 2 DN and SCH patients with mildly increased TSH levels and serum TPO-Ab positivity. However, due to the short duration of follow-up and small number of cases, the results of this study need future trials with larger numbers of patients and longer follow-up periods to verify whether such a strategy can provide durable benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- a a Department of Endocrinology , Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical College , Laiwu China
- b b Department of Endocrinology , the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao China
| | - Ruidong Liu
- c c Department of Clinical Laboratory , Laiwu Hospital affiliated to Taishan Medical College , Laiwu China
| | - Xia Chen
- d d Emergency Department, the Central Hospital of Tai'an , Tai'an , China
| | - Yingying Chen
- c c Department of Clinical Laboratory , Laiwu Hospital affiliated to Taishan Medical College , Laiwu China
| | - Debao Wang
- a a Department of Endocrinology , Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical College , Laiwu China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- a a Department of Endocrinology , Laiwu Hospital Affiliated to Taishan Medical College , Laiwu China
| | - Yangang Wang
- b b Department of Endocrinology , the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao China
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Follow-up of congenital heart disease patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Cardiol Young 2015; 25:1111-8. [PMID: 25247450 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951114001711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subclinical hypothyroidism or mild thyroid failure is a common problem in patients without known thyroid disease. METHODS Demographic and analytical data were collected in 309, of which 181 were male and 128 were female, congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. CHD patients with thyroid-stimulating hormone above 5.5 mIU/L were also followed up from an analytical point of view to determine changes in serum glucose, cholesterol, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein concentrations. RESULTS Of the CHD patients, 35 (11.3%) showed thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration above 5.5 mIU/L. Of them, 27 were followed up during 2.4±1.2 years - 10 were under thyroid hormone replacement treatment, and 17 were not. Of the 27 patients (25.9%), 7 with subclinical hypothyroidism had positive anti-thyroid peroxidase, and 3 of them (42.8%) with positive anti-thyroid peroxidase had Down syndrome. Down syndrome and hypoxaemic CHD patients showed higher thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations than the rest of the congenital patients (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed in serum thyroxine, creatinine, uric acid, lipids, C-reactive protein, or N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide concentrations before and after the follow-up in those CHD patients with thyroid-stimulating hormone above 5.5 mIU/L whether or not they received levothyroxine therapy. CONCLUSIONS CHD patients with subclinical hypothyroidism showed no significant changes in serum thyroxine, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, or N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide concentrations whether or not they were treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
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Ning N, Gao D, Triggiani V, Iacoviello M, Mitchell JE, Ma R, Zhang Y, Kou H. Prognostic Role of Hypothyroidism in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1159. [PMID: 26222845 PMCID: PMC4554113 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a risk factor of heart failure (HF) in the general population. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism and clinical outcomes in patients with established HF is still inconclusive.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the association of hypothyroidism and all-cause mortality as well as cardiac death and/or hospitalization in patients with HF. We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases for studies of hypothyroidism and clinical outcomes in patients with HF published up to the end of January 2015. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary relative risk (RR) statistics. We included 13 articles that reported RR estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for hypothyroidism with outcomes in patients with HF. For the association of hypothyroidism with all-cause mortality and with cardiac death and/or hospitalization, the pooled RR was 1.44 (95% CI: 1.29-1.61) and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.22-1.55), respectively. However, the association disappeared on adjustment for B-type natriuretic protein level (RR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.90-1.52) and in studies of patients with mean age <65 years (RR 1.23, 95% CI: 0.88-1.76).We found hypothyroidism associated with increased all-cause mortality as well as cardiac death and/or hospitalization in patients with HF. Further diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for hypothyroidism may be needed for patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ning
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (NN), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Department of Cardiology (DG, RM, YZ, HK), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (VT), Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; Cardiology Unit (MI), Department of Emergency and Organs Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy; and State University of New York Downstate Medical Center (JE), Brooklyn, NY
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Rhee CM, Brent GA, Kovesdy CP, Soldin OP, Nguyen D, Budoff MJ, Brunelli SM, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Thyroid functional disease: an under-recognized cardiovascular risk factor in kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:724-37. [PMID: 24574542 PMCID: PMC4425477 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid functional disease, and in particular hypothyroidism, is highly prevalent among chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In the general population, hypothyroidism is associated with impaired cardiac contractility, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and possibly higher cardiovascular mortality. It has been hypothesized that hypothyroidism is an under-recognized, modifiable risk factor for the enormous burden of cardiovascular disease and death in CKD and ESRD, but this has been difficult to test due to the challenge of accurate thyroid functional assessment in uremia. Low thyroid hormone levels (i.e. triiodothyronine) have been associated with adverse cardiovascular sequelae in CKD and ESRD patients, but these metrics are confounded by malnutrition, inflammation and comorbid states, and hence may signify nonthyroidal illness (i.e. thyroid functional test derangements associated with underlying ill health in the absence of thyroid pathology). Thyrotropin is considered a sensitive and specific thyroid function measure that may more accurately classify hypothyroidism, but few studies have examined the clinical significance of thyrotropin-defined hypothyroidism in CKD and ESRD. Of even greater uncertainty are the risks and benefits of thyroid hormone replacement, which bear a narrow therapeutic-to-toxic window and are frequently prescribed to CKD and ESRD patients. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which hypothyroidism adversely affects cardiovascular health; examine the prognostic implications of hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone alterations and exogenous thyroid hormone replacement in CKD and ESRD; and identify areas of uncertainty related to the interplay between hypothyroidism, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A. Brent
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Csaba P. Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Offie P. Soldin
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Danh Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, LA Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Brunelli
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- DaVita Clinical Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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