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Martin Gil C, Raoof R, Versteeg S, Willemen HLDM, Lafeber FPJG, Mastbergen SC, Eijkelkamp N. Myostatin and CXCL11 promote nervous tissue macrophages to maintain osteoarthritis pain. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:203-215. [PMID: 38070625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is the most debilitating symptom of knee osteoarthritis (OA) that can even persist after total knee replacement. The severity and duration of pain do not correlate well with joint tissue alterations, suggesting other mechanisms may drive pain persistence in OA. Previous work identified that macrophages accumulate in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) containing the somas of sensory neurons innervating the injured knee joint in a mouse OA model and acquire a M1-like phenotype to maintain pain. Here we aimed to unravel the mechanisms that govern DRG macrophage accumulation and programming. The accumulation of F4/80+iNOS+ (M1-like) DRG macrophages was detectable at day 3 after mono-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA in the mouse. Depletion of macrophages prior to induction of OA resolved pain-like behaviors by day 7 without affecting the initial development of pain-like behaviors. Analysis of DRG transcript identified CXCL11 and myostatin. CXCL11 and myostatin were increased at 3 weeks post OA induction, with CXCL11 expression partially localized in satellite glial cells and myostatin in sensory neurons. Blocking CXCL11 or myostatin prevented the persistence of OA pain, without affecting the initiation of pain. CXCL11 neutralization reduced the number of total and F4/80+iNOS+ DRG macrophages, whilst myostatin inhibition diminished the programming of F4/80+iNOS+ DRG macrophages. Intrathecal injection of recombinant CXCL11 did not induce pain-associated behaviors. In contrast, intrathecal myostatin increased the number of F4/80+iNOS+ DRG macrophages concurrent with the development of mechanical hypersensitivity that was prevented by macrophages depletion or CXCL11 blockade. Finally, myostatin inhibition during established OA, resolved pain and F4/80+iNOS+ macrophage accumulation in the DRG. In conclusion, DRG macrophages maintain OA pain, but are not required for the induction of OA pain. Myostatin is a key ligand in neuro-immune communication that drives the persistence of pain in OA through nervous tissue macrophages and represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of OA pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Martin Gil
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramin Raoof
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Versteeg
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris P J G Lafeber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Simon C Mastbergen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Bahat G, Ozkok S. The Current Landscape of Pharmacotherapies for Sarcopenia. Drugs Aging 2024; 41:83-112. [PMID: 38315328 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-023-01093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a skeletal muscle disorder characterized by progressive and generalized decline in muscle mass and function. Although it is mostly known as an age-related disorder, it can also occur secondary to systemic diseases such as malignancy or organ failure. It has demonstrated a significant relationship with adverse outcomes, e.g., falls, disabilities, and even mortality. Several breakthroughs have been made to find a pharmaceutical therapy for sarcopenia over the years, and some have come up with promising findings. Yet still no drug has been approved for its treatment. The key factor that makes finding an effective pharmacotherapy so challenging is the general paradigm of standalone/single diseases, traditionally adopted in medicine. Today, it is well known that sarcopenia is a complex disorder caused by multiple factors, e.g., imbalance in protein turnover, satellite cell and mitochondrial dysfunction, hormonal changes, low-grade inflammation, senescence, anorexia of aging, and behavioral factors such as low physical activity. Therefore, pharmaceuticals, either alone or combined, that exhibit multiple actions on these factors simultaneously will likely be the drug of choice to manage sarcopenia. Among various drug options explored throughout the years, testosterone still has the most cumulated evidence regarding its effects on muscle health and its safety. A mas receptor agonist, BIO101, stands out as a recent promising pharmaceutical. In addition to the conventional strategies (i.e., nutritional support and physical exercise), therapeutics with multiple targets of action or combination of multiple therapeutics with different targets/modes of action appear to promise greater benefit for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulistan Bahat
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Ozkok
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hatay Training and Research Hospital, Hatay, 31040, Turkey
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Yang M, Liu C, Jiang N, Liu Y, Luo S, Li C, Zhao H, Han Y, Chen W, Li L, Xiao L, Sun L. Myostatin: a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1181913. [PMID: 37288303 PMCID: PMC10242177 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder, its main clinical manifestations are obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Although metabolic syndrome has been the focus of research in recent decades, it has been proposed that the occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome is related to pathophysiological processes such as insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction and chronic inflammation, but there is still a lack of favorable clinical prevention and treatment measures for metabolic syndrome. Multiple studies have shown that myostatin (MSTN), a member of the TGF-β family, is involved in the development and development of obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension (clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome), and thus may be a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. In this review, we describe the transcriptional regulation and receptor binding pathway of MSTN, then introduce the role of MSTN in regulating mitochondrial function and autophagy, review the research progress of MSTN in metabolic syndrome. Finally summarize some MSTN inhibitors under clinical trial and proposed the use of MSTN inhibitor as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chongbin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yachun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Abstract
Individuals with cancer face unique risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures. Clinicians must consider the additive effects of cancer-specific factors, including treatment-induced bone loss, and premorbid fracture risk, utilizing FRAX score and bone mineral densitometry when available. Pharmacologic therapy should be offered as per cancer-specific guidelines, when available, or local general osteoporosis guidelines informed by clinical judgment and patient preferences. Our objective was to review and summarize the epidemiologic burden of osteoporotic fracture risk and fracture risk assessment in adults with cancer, and recommended treatment thresholds for cancer treatment-induced bone loss, with specific focus on breast, prostate, thyroid, gynecological, multiple myeloma, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. This narrative review was informed by PubMed searches to July 25, 2022, that combined terms for cancer, stem cell transplantation, fracture, bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score, FRAX, Garvan nomogram or fracture risk calculator, QFracture, prediction, and risk factors. The literature informs that cancer can impact bone health in numerous ways, leading to both systemic and localized decreases in BMD. Many cancer treatments can have detrimental effects on bone health. In particular, hormone deprivation therapies for hormone-responsive cancers such as breast cancer and prostate cancer, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant for hematologic malignancies, adversely affect bone turnover, resulting in osteoporosis and fractures. Surgical treatments such as hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for gynecological cancers can also lead to deleterious effects on bone health. Radiation therapy is well documented to cause localized bone loss and fractures. Few studies have validated the use of fracture risk prediction tools in the cancer population. Guidelines on cancer-specific treatment thresholds are limited, and major knowledge gaps still exist in fracture risk and fracture risk assessment in patients with cancer. Despite the limitations of current knowledge on fracture risk assessment and treatment thresholds in patients with cancer, clinicians must consider the additive effects of bone damaging factors to which these patients are exposed and their premorbid fracture risk profile. Pharmacologic treatment should be offered as per cancer-specific guidelines when available, or per local general osteoporosis guidelines, in accordance with clinical judgment and patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Ye
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Abstract
Myostatin (GDF-8) was discovered 25 years ago as a new transforming growth factor-β family member that acts as a master regulator of skeletal muscle mass. Myostatin is made by skeletal myofibers, circulates in the blood, and acts back on myofibers to limit growth. Myostatin appears to have all of the salient properties of a chalone, which is a term proposed over a half century ago to describe hypothetical circulating, tissue-specific growth inhibitors that control tissue size. The elucidation of the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms underlying myostatin activity suggests that myostatin functions as a negative feedback regulator of muscle mass and raises the question as to whether this type of chalone mechanism is unique to skeletal muscle or whether it also operates in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;
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Sonmez HK, Sonmez G, Dogan S, Horozoglu F, Demirtas A, Evereklioglu C. Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Extraocular Muscles, Retrobulbar Orbital Fat, and the Optic Nerve in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Ophthalmic Res 2022; 66:272-280. [PMID: 36228576 DOI: 10.1159/000527387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate radiologically the effects of long-term luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy on extraocular muscle thickness, retrobulbar orbital fat (ROF), and the optic nerve (ON) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. METHODS The retrospective study included patients with primary or recurrent PCa who received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for at least 12 months. Each patient underwent gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-computed tomography both before and at the end of the 12-month treatment. Thickness of the ON, lateral rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, superior rectus muscle, and inferior rectus muscle were measured by using the coronal CT sections in soft tissue window. ROF, ocular protrusion, and ON length were measured in sagittal and coronal planes. Changes in these anatomical structures induced by LHRH analogs were investigated by comparing pre- and post-treatment measurements. RESULTS A total of 57 patients were included in the study. Median PSA and TT values of the patients before treatment were 36.5 (range, 19.6-51.2) ng/mL and 614.0 (range, 472.0-743.0) ng/dL, respectively, and these values decreased significantly after the treatment (10.6 [range, 5.2-14.2] ng/mL and 36.5 [range, 19.6-51.2] ng/dL, respectively, p < 0.001 for both). After the treatment, there was a statistically significant decrease in the areas of inferior rectus muscle, superior rectus muscle, lateral rectus muscle, and medial rectus muscle (p < 0.001 for all), while significant increases were observed in ROF (11.9%, p < 0.001) and ON thickness (14.3%, p = 0.004). The amount of ocular protrusion also showed a significant increase of approximately 14% after the treatment (14.0 [range, 12.0-16.0] mm vs. 16.0 [range, 14.0-17.2] mm, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our findings, for the first time in the literature, indicated that ADT causes a decrease in extraocular muscle mass and an increase in ROF with ocular protrusion. It can be asserted that these changes are similar to the changes in skeletal muscle and fat mass in other body parts. Further studies with a higher level of evidence are needed to clinically evaluate the increase in ocular protrusion and ON enlargement, which are likely to be caused by the increase in ROF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Kubra Sonmez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kayseri State Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Sonmez
- Department of Urology, Division of Urooncology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serap Dogan
- Department of Radiology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatih Horozoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Demirtas
- Department of Urology, Division of Urooncology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cem Evereklioglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Lacrimal Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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7
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Cho A, Hennenberg J, Untersteiner H, Hirschmann D, Gatterbauer B, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Hochmair MJ, Preusser M, Rössler K, Dorfer C, Frischer JM, Furtner J. Influence of temporal muscle thickness on the outcome of radiosurgically treated patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. J Neurosurg 2022; 137:999-1005. [PMID: 35120324 DOI: 10.3171/2021.12.jns212193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of temporal muscle thickness (TMT), a surrogate marker for sarcopenia, in radiosurgically treated patients with brain metastases (BMs) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS For 566 patients with BMs from NSCLC in the period between June 2012 and December 2019, TMT values were retrospectively measured on the planning brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that had been obtained before their first Gamma Knife radiosurgery treatment (GKRS1). Predefined sex-specific TMT cutoff values were used to stratify the study cohort into patients at risk for sarcopenia and patients with normal muscle status. Cox regression models adjusted for other prognostic parameters were used to evaluate sarcopenia as an independent prognostic factor. RESULTS In sarcopenia patients with a TMT below the sex-specific cutoff values, the risk of death was significantly increased (HR 1.908, 95% CI 1.550-2.349, p < 0.001). In addition, sarcopenia was revealed as an independent prognostic factor even after adjusting for age groups, sex, number of BMs, presence of extracranial metastases, NSCLC subtypes, Karnofsky Performance Status groups, recursive partitioning analysis classes, and concomitant immunotherapy or targeted therapy (HR 1.680, 95% CI 1.347-2.095, p < 0.001). However, patients at risk for sarcopenia showed no significant differences in the estimated mean time until local BM progression after GKRS1, compared to patients with normal muscle status (p = 0.639). CONCLUSIONS TMT obtained from planning MRI studies is an independent prognostic marker in radiosurgically treated patients with BMs from NSCLC and may aid patient stratification in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliane Hennenberg
- 2Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna
| | | | | | | | | | - Maximilian J Hochmair
- 4Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Floridsdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- 3Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna; and
| | | | | | | | - Julia Furtner
- 2Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related fibrosis and sarcopenia: An altered liver-muscle crosstalk leading to increased mortality risk. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101696. [PMID: 35843589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, known as sarcopenia, has significantly increased in prevalence, becoming a major global public health concern. On the other hand, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has also reached pandemic proportions, constituting the leading cause of hepatic fibrosis worldwide. Remarkably, while sarcopenia and NAFLD-related fibrosis are independently associated with all-cause mortality, the combination of both conditions entails a greater risk for all-cause and cardiac-specific mortality. Interestingly, both sarcopenia and NAFLD-related fibrosis share common pathophysiological pathways, including insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, hyperammonemia, alterations in the regulation of myokines, sex hormones and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling, which may explain reciprocal connections between these two disorders. Additional contributing factors, such as the gut microbiome, may also play a role in this relationship. In skeletal muscle, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and myostatin signaling are the central anabolic and catabolic pathways, respectively, and the imbalance between them can lead to muscle wasting in patients with NAFLD-related fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional influence between NAFLD-related fibrosis and sarcopenia, highlighting the main potential mechanisms involved in this complex crosstalk, and we discuss the synergistic effects of both conditions in overall and cardiovascular mortality.
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Abati E, Manini A, Comi GP, Corti S. Inhibition of myostatin and related signaling pathways for the treatment of muscle atrophy in motor neuron diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:374. [PMID: 35727341 PMCID: PMC9213329 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04408-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth secreted by skeletal myocytes. In the past years, myostatin inhibition sparked interest among the scientific community for its potential to enhance muscle growth and to reduce, or even prevent, muscle atrophy. These characteristics make it a promising target for the treatment of muscle atrophy in motor neuron diseases, namely, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), which are rare neurological diseases, whereby the degeneration of motor neurons leads to progressive muscle loss and paralysis. These diseases carry a huge burden of morbidity and mortality but, despite this unfavorable scenario, several therapeutic advancements have been made in the past years. Indeed, a number of different curative therapies for SMA have been approved, leading to a revolution in the life expectancy and outcomes of SMA patients. Similarly, tofersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, is now undergoing clinical trial phase for use in ALS patients carrying the SOD1 mutation. However, these therapies are not able to completely halt or reverse progression of muscle damage. Recently, a trial evaluating apitegromab, a myostatin inhibitor, in SMA patients was started, following positive results from preclinical studies. In this context, myostatin inhibition could represent a useful strategy to tackle motor symptoms in these patients. The aim of this review is to describe the myostatin pathway and its role in motor neuron diseases, and to summarize and critically discuss preclinical and clinical studies of myostatin inhibitors in SMA and ALS. Then, we will highlight promises and pitfalls related to the use of myostatin inhibitors in the human setting, to aid the scientific community in the development of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abati
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Manini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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Rodgers BD, Ward CW. Myostatin/Activin Receptor Ligands in Muscle and the Development Status of Attenuating Drugs. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:329-365. [PMID: 34520530 PMCID: PMC8905337 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle wasting disease indications are among the most debilitating and often deadly noncommunicable disease states. As a comorbidity, muscle wasting is associated with different neuromuscular diseases and myopathies, cancer, heart failure, chronic pulmonary and renal diseases, peripheral neuropathies, inflammatory disorders, and, of course, musculoskeletal injuries. Current treatment strategies are relatively ineffective and can at best only limit the rate of muscle degeneration. This includes nutritional supplementation and appetite stimulants as well as immunosuppressants capable of exacerbating muscle loss. Arguably, the most promising treatments in development attempt to disrupt myostatin and activin receptor signaling because these circulating factors are potent inhibitors of muscle growth and regulators of muscle progenitor cell differentiation. Indeed, several studies demonstrated the clinical potential of "inhibiting the inhibitors," increasing muscle cell protein synthesis, decreasing degradation, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and preserving muscle function. Such changes can prevent muscle wasting in various disease animal models yet many drugs targeting this pathway failed during clinical trials, some from serious treatment-related adverse events and off-target interactions. More often, however, failures resulted from the inability to improve muscle function despite preserving muscle mass. Drugs still in development include antibodies and gene therapeutics, all with different targets and thus, safety, efficacy, and proposed use profiles. Each is unique in design and, if successful, could revolutionize the treatment of both acute and chronic muscle wasting. They could also be used in combination with other developing therapeutics for related muscle pathologies or even metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopedics and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (BioMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Deep learning-based quantification of temporalis muscle has prognostic value in patients with glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2021; 126:196-203. [PMID: 34848854 PMCID: PMC8770629 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01590-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the commonest malignant brain tumour. Sarcopenia is associated with worse cancer survival, but manually quantifying muscle on imaging is time-consuming. We present a deep learning-based system for quantification of temporalis muscle, a surrogate for skeletal muscle mass, and assess its prognostic value in glioblastoma. Methods A neural network for temporalis segmentation was trained with 366 MRI head images from 132 patients from 4 different glioblastoma data sets and used to quantify muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Association between temporalis CSA and survival was determined in 96 glioblastoma patients from internal and external data sets. Results The model achieved high segmentation accuracy (Dice coefficient 0.893). Median age was 55 and 58 years and 75.6 and 64.7% were males in the in-house and TCGA-GBM data sets, respectively. CSA was an independently significant predictor for survival in both the in-house and TCGA-GBM data sets (HR 0.464, 95% CI 0.218–0.988, p = 0.046; HR 0.466, 95% CI 0.235–0.925, p = 0.029, respectively). Conclusions Temporalis CSA is a prognostic marker in patients with glioblastoma, rapidly and accurately assessable with deep learning. We are the first to show that a head/neck muscle-derived sarcopenia metric generated using deep learning is associated with oncological outcomes and one of the first to show deep learning-based muscle quantification has prognostic value in cancer.
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12
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Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, Atfi A. Cancer-Mediated Muscle Cachexia: Etiology and Clinical Management. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:382-402. [PMID: 33888422 PMCID: PMC8102392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cachexia has a major detrimental impact on cancer patients, being responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths. It is characterized by a debilitating loss in muscle mass and function, which ultimately deteriorates patients' quality of life and dampens therapeutic treatment efficacy. Muscle cachexia stems from widespread alterations in whole-body metabolism as well as immunity and neuroendocrine functions and these global defects often culminate in aberrant signaling within skeletal muscle, causing muscle protein breakdown and attendant muscle atrophy. This review summarizes recent landmark discoveries that significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer-driven muscle cachexia and further discuss emerging therapeutic approaches seeking to simultaneously target those newly discovered mechanisms to efficiently curb this lethal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Parash Parajuli
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France.
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13
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Leung DG, Bocchieri AE, Ahlawat S, Jacobs MA, Parekh VS, Braverman V, Summerton K, Mansour J, Stinson N, Bibat G, Morris C, Marraffino S, Wagner KR. A phase Ib/IIa, open-label, multiple ascending-dose trial of domagrozumab in fukutin-related protein limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2021; 64:172-179. [PMID: 33961310 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS In this study we report the results of a phase Ib/IIa, open-label, multiple ascending-dose trial of domagrozumab, a myostatin inhibitor, in patients with fukutin-related protein (FKRP)-associated limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. METHODS Nineteen patients were enrolled and assigned to one of three dosing arms (5, 20, or 40 mg/kg every 4 weeks). After 32 weeks of treatment, participants receiving the lowest dose were switched to the highest dose (40 mg/kg) for an additional 32 weeks. An extension study was also conducted. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints included muscle strength, timed function testing, pulmonary function, lean body mass, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. As an exploratory outcome, muscle fat fractions were derived from whole-body magnetic resonance images. RESULTS Serum concentrations of domagrozumab increased in a dose-dependent manner and modest levels of myostatin inhibition were observed in both serum and muscle tissue. The most frequently occurring adverse events were injuries secondary to falls. There were no significant between-group differences in the strength, functional, or imaging outcomes studied. DISCUSSION We conclude that, although domagrozumab was safe in patients in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I/R9, there was no clear evidence supporting its efficacy in improving muscle strength or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris G Leung
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex E Bocchieri
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shivani Ahlawat
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael A Jacobs
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vishwa S Parekh
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladimir Braverman
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Summerton
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Mansour
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nikia Stinson
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Genila Bibat
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl Morris
- Solid Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kathryn R Wagner
- Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Lee SJ. Targeting the myostatin signaling pathway to treat muscle loss and metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148372. [PMID: 33938454 DOI: 10.1172/jci148372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of myostatin (MSTN; also known as GDF-8) as a critical regulator of skeletal muscle mass in 1997, there has been an extensive effort directed at understanding the cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying MSTN activity, with the long-term goal of developing strategies and agents capable of blocking MSTN signaling to treat patients with muscle loss. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating key components of this regulatory system, and in parallel with this effort has been the development of numerous biologics that have been tested in clinical trials for a wide range of indications, including muscular dystrophy, sporadic inclusion body myositis, spinal muscular atrophy, cachexia, muscle loss due to aging or following falls, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Here, I review what is known about the MSTN regulatory system and the current state of efforts to target this pathway for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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15
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Lodberg A. Principles of the activin receptor signaling pathway and its inhibition. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:1-17. [PMID: 33933900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review captures the anabolic and stimulatory effects observed with inhibition of the transforming growth factor β superfamily in muscle, blood, and bone. New medicinal substances that rectify activin, myostatin, and growth differentiation factor 11 signaling give hope to the many whose lives are affected by deterioration of these tissues. The review first covers the origin, structure, and common pathway of activins, myostatin, and growth differentiation factor 11 along with the pharmacodynamics of the new class of molecules designed to oppose the activin receptor signaling pathway. Current terminology surrounding this new class of molecules is inconsistent and does not infer functionality. Adopting inhibitors of the activin receptor signaling pathway (IASPs) as a generic term is proposed because it encapsulates the molecular mechanisms along the pathway trajectory. To conclude, a pragmatic classification of IASPs is presented that integrates functionality and side effects based on the data available from animals and humans. This provides researchers and clinicians with a tool to tailor IASPs therapy according to the need of projects or patients and with respect to side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lodberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Wilhelm Meyers Allé, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
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16
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Antimyostatin Treatment in Health and Disease: The Story of Great Expectations and Limited Success. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030533. [PMID: 33802348 PMCID: PMC8001237 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 years, myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle mass, has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic target in muscular dystrophies and other conditions. Preclinical studies have shown potential for increasing muscular mass and ameliorating the pathological features of dystrophic muscle by the inhibition of myostatin in various ways. However, hardly any clinical trials have proven to translate the promising results from the animal models into patient populations. We present the background for myostatin regulation, clinical and preclinical results and discuss why translation from animal models to patients is difficult. Based on this, we put the clinical relevance of future antimyostatin treatment into perspective.
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17
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An G, Ahn S, Park JS, Jeun SS, Hong YK. Association between temporal muscle thickness and clinical outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:901-909. [PMID: 32929611 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Temporal muscle thickness (TMT) has been suggested as a novel biomarker that can represent sarcopenia in head and neck malignancies. This study investigated the association of TMT with clinical outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Using electronic medical records, all GBM patients between 2008 and 2018 at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital were reviewed. Total 177 patients met our eligibility criteria. RESULTS The thinner group who had TMT less than the median showed shorter overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) than the thicker group who had TMT more than median (OS; 11.0 versus 18.0 months, p < 0.001, and PFS; 6.0 versus 11.0 months, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the thinner group had negative associations with OS and PFS (OS; HR 2.63 (1.34-2.63), p < 0.001, and PFS; HR 2.21 (1.34-2.50), p = 0.002). We also performed propensity score matching between the thinner and thicker groups to minimize the potential bias. The thinner group showed shorter OS and PFS (OS; 13.5 versus 19.0 months, p = 0.006, and PFS; 6.5 versus 9.0 months, p = 0.028) and had negative associations with OS and PFS than the thicker group (OS; HR 1.90 (1.19-3.03), p = 0.008, and PFS; HR 1.70 (1.07-2.70), p = 0.026) in matched patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that TMT can be a useful prognostic biomarker for clinical outcomes in GBM patients. Further preclinical and clinical studies could help elucidate this association of sarcopenia with clinical outcomes in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon An
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Stephen Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Sin- Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Yong- Kil Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpodae-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
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18
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Kramerova I, Marinov M, Owens J, Lee SJ, Becerra D, Spencer MJ. Myostatin inhibition promotes fast fibre hypertrophy but causes loss of AMP-activated protein kinase signalling and poor exercise tolerance in a model of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R1/2A. J Physiol 2020; 598:3927-3939. [PMID: 33460149 DOI: 10.1113/jp279943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R1 (LGMD R1) is caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene and is characterized by progressive muscle loss, impaired mitochondrial function and reductions in the slow oxidative gene expression programme. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and its inhibition improves the phenotype in several muscle wasting disorders. The effect of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of myostatin signalling on the disease phenotype in a mouse model of LGMD R1 (CAPN3 knockout mouse-C3KO) was studied. Inhibition of myostatin signalling in C3KO muscles resulted in significant muscle hypertrophy; however, there were no improvements in muscle strength and exacerbation of exercise intolerance concomitant with further reduction of muscle oxidative capacity was observed. Inhibition of myostatin signalling is unlikely to be a valid therapeutic strategy for LGMD R1. ABSTRACT Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R1 (LGMD R1) is caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene and is characterized by progressive muscle loss, impaired mitochondrial function and reductions in the slow oxidative gene expression programme. There are currently no therapies available to patients. We sought to determine if induction of muscle growth, through myostatin inhibition, represents a viable therapeutic strategy for this disease. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth, and its inhibition improves the phenotype in several muscle wasting disorders. However, the effect of myostatin depends on the genetic and pathophysiological context and may not be efficacious in all contexts. We found that genetic inhibition of myostatin through overexpression of follistatin (an endogenous inhibitor of myostatin) in our LGMD R1 model (C3KO) resulted in 1.5- to 2-fold increase of muscle mass for the majority of limb muscles. However, muscle strength was not improved and exercise intolerance was exacerbated. Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin, using an anti-myostatin antibody, resulted in statistically significant increases in muscle mass; however, functional testing did not reveal changes in muscle strength nor endurance in treated C3KO mice. Histochemical and biochemical evaluation of follistatin overexpressing mice revealed a reduction in the percentage of oxidative fibres and decreased activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signalling in transgenics compared to C3KO muscles. Our data suggest that muscle hypertrophy, induced by myostatin inhibition, leads to loss of oxidative capacity, which further compromises metabolically impaired C3KO muscles and thus is unlikely to be a valid strategy for treatment of LGMD R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kramerova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masha Marinov
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Diana Becerra
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa J Spencer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Furtner J, Genbrugge E, Gorlia T, Bendszus M, Nowosielski M, Golfinopoulos V, Weller M, van den Bent MJ, Wick W, Preusser M. Temporal muscle thickness is an independent prognostic marker in patients with progressive glioblastoma: translational imaging analysis of the EORTC 26101 trial. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:1587-1594. [PMID: 31369680 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temporal muscle thickness (TMT) was described as a surrogate marker of skeletal muscle mass. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic relevance of TMT in patients with progressive glioblastoma. METHODS TMT was analyzed on cranial MR images of 596 patients with progression of glioblastoma after radiochemotherapy enrolled in the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 26101 trial. An optimal TMT cutoff for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was defined in the training cohort (n = 260, phase II). Patients were grouped as "below" or "above" the TMT cutoff and associations with OS and PFS were tested using the Cox model adjusted for important risk factors. Findings were validated in a test cohort (n = 308, phase III). RESULTS An optimal baseline TMT cutoff of 7.2 mm was obtained in the training cohort for both OS and PFS (area under the curve = 0.64). Univariate analyses estimated a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.70; P < 0.0001) for OS and an HR of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.64; P < 0.0001) for PFS for the comparison of training cohort patients above versus below the TMT cutoff. Similar results were obtained in Cox models adjusted for important risk factors with relevance in the trial for OS (HR, 0.54; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.70; P < 0.0001) and PFS (HR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.61; P < 0.0001). Results were confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION Reduced TMT is an independent negative prognostic parameter in patients with progressive glioblastoma and may help to facilitate patient management by supporting patient stratification for therapeutic interventions or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Furtner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Els Genbrugge
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Gorlia
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bendszus
- University Medical Center, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martha Nowosielski
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Neurology Clinic, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit, Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Weller
- Clinical Cooperation Unit, Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Dagbay KB, Treece E, Streich FC, Jackson JW, Faucette RR, Nikiforov A, Lin SC, Boston CJ, Nicholls SB, Capili AD, Carven GJ. Structural basis of specific inhibition of extracellular activation of pro- or latent myostatin by the monoclonal antibody SRK-015. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5404-5418. [PMID: 32075906 PMCID: PMC7170532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (or growth/differentiation factor 8 (GDF8)) is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of growth factors and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. Its dysregulation is implicated in muscle wasting diseases. SRK-015 is a clinical-stage mAb that prevents extracellular proteolytic activation of pro- and latent myostatin. Here we used integrated structural and biochemical approaches to elucidate the molecular mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization of pro-myostatin activation. The crystal structure of pro-myostatin in complex with 29H4-16 Fab, a high-affinity variant of SRK-015, at 2.79 Å resolution revealed that the antibody binds to a conformational epitope in the arm region of the prodomain distant from the proteolytic cleavage sites. This epitope is highly sequence-divergent, having only limited similarity to other closely related members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS experiments indicated that antibody binding induces conformational changes in pro- and latent myostatin that span the arm region, the loops contiguous to the protease cleavage sites, and the latency-associated structural elements. Moreover, negative-stain EM with full-length antibodies disclosed a stable, ring-like antigen-antibody structure in which the two Fab arms of a single antibody occupy the two arm regions of the prodomain in the pro- and latent myostatin homodimers, suggesting a 1:1 (antibody:myostatin homodimer) binding stoichiometry. These results suggest that SRK-015 binding stabilizes the latent conformation and limits the accessibility of protease cleavage sites within the prodomain. These findings shed light on approaches that specifically block the extracellular activation of growth factors by targeting their precursor forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Treece
- Scholar Rock Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan C Lin
- Scholar Rock Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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21
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Pan C, Jaiswal Agrawal N, Zulia Y, Singh S, Sha K, Mohler JL, Eng KH, Chakkalakal JV, Krolewski JJ, Nastiuk KL. Prostate tumor-derived GDF11 accelerates androgen deprivation therapy-induced sarcopenia. JCI Insight 2020; 5:127018. [PMID: 32078585 PMCID: PMC7213789 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most prostate cancers depend on androgens for growth, and therefore, the mainstay treatment for advanced, recurrent, or metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). A prominent side effect in patients receiving ADT is an obese frailty syndrome that includes fat gain and sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle function accompanied by reduced muscle mass or quality. Mice bearing Pten-deficient prostate cancers were examined to gain mechanistic insight into ADT-induced sarcopenic obesity. Castration induced fat gain as well as skeletal muscle mass and strength loss. Catabolic TGF-β family myokine protein levels were increased immediately prior to strength loss, and pan-myokine blockade using a soluble receptor (ActRIIB-Fc) completely reversed the castration-induced sarcopenia. The onset of castration-induced strength and muscle mass loss, as well as the increase in catabolic TGF-β family myokine protein levels, were coordinately accelerated in tumor-bearing mice relative to tumor-free mice. Notably, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) increased in muscle after castration only in tumor-bearing mice, but not in tumor‑free mice. An early surge of GDF11 in prostate tumor tissue and in the circulation suggests that endocrine GDF11 signaling from tumor to muscle is a major driver of the accelerated ADT-induced sarcopenic phenotype. In tumor-bearing mice, GDF11 blockade largely prevented castration-induced strength loss but did not preserve muscle mass, which confirms a primary role for GDF11 in muscle function and suggests an additional role for the other catabolic myokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kai Sha
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics
| | | | - Kevin H Eng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joe V Chakkalakal
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Kent L Nastiuk
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics.,Department of Urology, and
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22
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Marceca GP, Londhe P, Calore F. Management of Cancer Cachexia: Attempting to Develop New Pharmacological Agents for New Effective Therapeutic Options. Front Oncol 2020; 10:298. [PMID: 32195193 PMCID: PMC7064558 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, uncontrolled weight loss and dramatic metabolic alterations. This includes myofibrillar protein breakdown, increased lipolysis, insulin resistance, elevated energy expediture, and reduced food intake, hence impairing the patient's response to anti-cancer therapies and quality of life. While a decade ago the syndrome was considered incurable, over the most recent years much efforts have been put into the study of such disease, leading to the development of potential therapeutic strategies. Several important improvements have been reached in the management of CC from both the diagnostic-prognostic and the pharmacological viewpoint. However, given the heterogeneity of the disease, it is impossible to rely only on single variables to properly treat patients presenting this metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the cachexia symptoms are strictly dependent on the type of tumor, stage and the specific patient's response to cancer therapy. Thus, the attempt to translate experimentally effective therapies into the clinical practice results in a great challenge. For this reason, it is of crucial importance to further improve our understanding on the interplay of molecular mechanisms implicated in the onset and progression of CC, giving the opportunity to develop new effective, safe pharmacological treatments. In this review we outline the recent knowledge regarding cachexia mediators and pathways involved in skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) loss, mainly from the experimental cachexia standpoint, then retracing the unimodal treatment options that have been developed to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino P Marceca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Priya Londhe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Federica Calore
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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23
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Katsuki M, Suzuki Y, Kunitoki K, Sato Y, Sasaki K, Mashiyama S, Matsuoka R, Allen E, Saimaru H, Sugawara R, Hotta A, Tominaga T. Temporal Muscle as an Indicator of Sarcopenia is Independently Associated with Hunt and Kosnik Grade on Admission and the Modified Rankin Scale Score at 6 Months of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treated by Endovascular Coiling. World Neurosurg 2020; 137:e526-e534. [PMID: 32061954 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and is considered an important factor for clinical outcomes in various diseases. Recent studies have shown that temporal muscle thickness (TMT) and area (TMA) can be novel indicators of sarcopenia. We examined clinical characteristics, including TMT and TMA, of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) treated by endovascular coiling. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 298 patients with SAH who were treated with endovascular coiling from 2009 to 2019 was conducted. Their premorbid modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was 0-2. The association between the factors and Hunt and Kosnik (H-K) grades on admission and that between the clinical variables and mRS scores 6 months after the operation were analyzed. RESULTS In all 298 patients with SAH, Fisher group 4 and TMA <200 mm2 were independently associated with H-K grade III-V on admission in the multivariate analysis. In 254 patients with H-K grades I-III on admission, age, H-K grade III, presence of ventriculoperitoneal shunt, presence of postoperative complications, and TMA <200 mm2 were independent factors related to poor outcomes in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The H-K grade on admission was independently associated with TMA. The mRS score 6 months after aneurysm treatment in patients with H-K grades I-III was also independently associated with TMA. Sarcopenia could be one of a few modifiable factors that prevent severe symptoms of SAH and improve outcomes after coiling by strengthened nutrition and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Katsuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Kunitoki
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoshimichi Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shoji Mashiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuoka
- Resident, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Elissa Allen
- Resident, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hibiki Saimaru
- Resident, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugawara
- Resident, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akinori Hotta
- Resident, Iwaki City Medical Center, Mimayamachi, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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24
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Aversa Z, Zhang X, Fielding RA, Lanza I, LeBrasseur NK. The clinical impact and biological mechanisms of skeletal muscle aging. Bone 2019; 127:26-36. [PMID: 31128290 PMCID: PMC6708726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue that remarkably adapts to diverse stimuli including exercise, injury, disuse, and, as discussed here, aging. Humans achieve peak skeletal muscle mass and strength in mid-life and then experience a progressive decline of up to 50% by the ninth decade. The loss of muscle mass and function with aging is a phenomenon termed sarcopenia. It is evidenced by the loss and atrophy of muscle fibers and the concomitant accretion of fat and fibrous tissue. Sarcopenia has been recognized as a key driver of limitations in physical function and mobility, but is perhaps less appreciated for its role in age-related metabolic dysfunction and loss of organismal resilience. Similar to other tissues, muscle is prone to multiple forms of age-related molecular and cellular damage, including disrupted protein turnover, impaired regenerative capacity, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of this review is to highlight the clinical consequences of skeletal muscle aging, and provide insights into potential biological mechanisms. In light of population aging, strategies to improve muscle health in older adults promise to have a profound public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Aversa
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ian Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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25
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Cote SM, Jackson J, Pirruccello-Straub M, Carven GJ, Wawersik S. A Sensitive and Selective Immunoassay for the Quantitation of Serum Latent Myostatin after In Vivo Administration of SRK-015, a Selective Inhibitor of Myostatin Activation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:95-103. [PMID: 31347449 PMCID: PMC6927069 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219860779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, is a key regulator of skeletal muscle mass and a therapeutic target for muscle wasting diseases. We developed a human monoclonal antibody, SRK-015, that selectively binds to and inhibits proteolytic processing of myostatin precursors, thereby preventing growth factor release from the latent complex. As a consequence of antibody binding, latent myostatin accumulates in the circulation of animals treated with SRK-015 or closely related antibodies, suggesting that quantitation of latent myostatin in serum may serve as a biomarker for target engagement. To accurately measure SRK-015 target engagement, we developed a sensitive plate-based electrochemiluminescent immunoassay to quantitate latent myostatin in serum samples. The assay selectively recognizes latent myostatin without cross-reactivity to promyostatin, mature myostatin, or closely related members of the TGFβ superfamily. To enable use of the assay in samples from animals dosed with SRK-015, we incorporated a low-pH step that dissociates SRK-015 from latent myostatin, improving drug tolerance of the assay. The assay meets inter- and intra-assay accuracy and precision acceptance criteria, and it has a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 10 ng/mL. We then tested serum samples from a pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys treated with SRK-015. Serum latent myostatin increases after treatment with SRK-015, reaches a dose-dependent plateau approximately 20 days after dosing, and trends back toward baseline after cessation of antibody dosing. Taken together, these data suggest that this assay can be used to accurately measure levels of the primary circulating form of myostatin in population-based or pharmacodynamic studies.
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26
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Abdulai RM, Jensen TJ, Patel NR, Polkey MI, Jansson P, Celli BR, Rennard SI. Deterioration of Limb Muscle Function during Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:433-449. [PMID: 29064260 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201703-0615ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Important features of both stable and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. Limb muscle dysfunction during an exacerbation has been linked to various adverse outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization, readmission, and mortality. The contributing factors leading to muscle dysfunction are similar to those seen in stable COPD: disuse, nutrition/energy balance, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, electrolyte derangements, inflammation, and drugs (i.e., glucocorticoids). These factors may be the trigger for a downstream cascade of local inflammatory changes, pathway process alterations, and structural degradation. Ultimately, the clinical effects can be wide ranging and include reduced limb muscle strength. Current therapies, such as pulmonary/physical rehabilitation, have limited impact because of low participation rates. Recently, novel drugs have been developed in similar disorders, and learnings from these studies can be used as a foundation to facilitate discovery in patients hospitalized with a COPD exacerbation. Nevertheless, investigators should approach this patient population with knowledge of the limitations of each intervention. In this Concise Clinical Review, we provide an overview of acute muscle dysfunction in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD and a strategic approach to drug development in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raolat M Abdulai
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tina Jellesmark Jensen
- 3 Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Naimish R Patel
- 2 Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael I Polkey
- 5 National Institute for Health Research, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Jansson
- 3 Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bartolomé R Celli
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,6 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen I Rennard
- 7 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and.,8 Clinical Discovery Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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27
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Lodberg A, van der Eerden BCJ, Boers-Sijmons B, Thomsen JS, Brüel A, van Leeuwen JPTM, Eijken M. A follistatin-based molecule increases muscle and bone mass without affecting the red blood cell count in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:6001-6010. [PMID: 30759349 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801969rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the activin receptor signaling pathway (IASPs) have become candidate therapeutics for sarcopenia and bone remodeling disorders because of their ability to increase muscle and bone mass. However, IASPs utilizing activin type IIA and IIB receptors are also potent stimulators of erythropoiesis, a feature that may restrict their usage to anemic patients because of increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Based on the endogenous TGF-β superfamily antagonist follistatin (FST), a molecule in the IASP class, FSTΔHBS-mFc, was generated and tested in both ovariectomized and naive BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In ovariectomized mice, FSTΔHBS-mFc therapy dose-dependently increased cancellous bone mass up to 42% and improved bone microstructural indices. For the highest dosage of FSTΔHBS-mFc (30 mg/kg, 2 times/wk), the increase in cancellous bone mass was similar to that observed with parathyroid hormone therapy (1-34, 80 µg/kg, 5 times/wk). Musculus quadriceps femoris mass dose-dependently increased up to 21% in ovariectomized mice. In both ovariectomized and naive mice, FSTΔHBS-mFc therapy did not influence red blood cell count or hematocrit or hemoglobin levels. If the results are reproduced, a human FSTΔHBS-mFc version could be applicable in patients with musculoskeletal conditions irrespective of hematocrit status.-Lodberg, A., van der Eerden, B. C. J., Boers-Sijmons, B., Thomsen, J. S., Brüel, A., van Leeuwen, J. P. T. M., Eijken, M. A follistatin-based molecule increases muscle and bone mass without affecting the red blood cell count in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lodberg
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bianca Boers-Sijmons
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Marco Eijken
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Hilmi M, Jouinot A, Burns R, Pigneur F, Mounier R, Gondin J, Neuzillet C, Goldwasser F. Body composition and sarcopenia: The next-generation of personalized oncology and pharmacology? Pharmacol Ther 2018; 196:135-159. [PMID: 30521882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Body composition has gained increasing attention in oncology in recent years due to fact that sarcopenia has been revealed to be a strong prognostic indicator for survival across multiple stages and cancer types and a predictive factor for toxicity and surgery complications. Accumulating evidence over the last decade has unraveled the "pharmacology" of sarcopenia. Lean body mass may be more relevant to define drug dosing than the "classical" body surface area or flat-fixed dosing in patients with cancer. Since sarcopenia has a major impact on patient survival and quality of life, therapeutic interventions aiming at reducing muscle loss have been developed and are being prospectively evaluated in randomized controlled trials. It is now acknowledged that this supportive care dimension of oncological management is essential to ensure the success of any anticancer treatment. The field of sarcopenia and body composition in cancer is developing quickly, with (i) the newly identified concept of sarcopenic obesity defined as a specific pathophysiological entity, (ii) unsolved issues regarding the best evaluation modalities and cut-off for definition of sarcopenia on imaging, (iii) first results from clinical trials evaluating physical activity, and (iv) emerging body-composition-tailored drug administration schemes. In this context, we propose a comprehensive review providing a panoramic approach of the clinical, pharmacological and therapeutic implications of sarcopenia and body composition in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilmi
- Department of Medical Oncology, CAncer Research for PErsonalized Medicine (CARPEM), Paris Centre Teaching Hospitals, Paris Descartes University, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Anne Jouinot
- Department of Medical Oncology, CAncer Research for PErsonalized Medicine (CARPEM), Paris Centre Teaching Hospitals, Paris Descartes University, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Robert Burns
- Department of Radiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Pigneur
- Department of Radiology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG) CNRS 5310 - INSERM U1217 - UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Gondin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG) CNRS 5310 - INSERM U1217 - UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Curie Institute, Versailles Saint-Quentin University, Saint-Cloud, France, and GERCOR group, Paris, France.
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, CAncer Research for PErsonalized Medicine (CARPEM), Paris Centre Teaching Hospitals, Paris Descartes University, USPC, Paris, France
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29
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O'Sullivan TF, Smith AC, Watson EL. Satellite cell function, intramuscular inflammation and exercise in chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J 2018; 11:810-821. [PMID: 30524716 PMCID: PMC6275451 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting is a common feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is clinically relevant due to associations with quality of life, physical functioning, mortality and a number of comorbidities. Satellite cells (SCs) are a population of skeletal muscle progenitor cells responsible for accrual and maintenance of muscle mass by providing new nuclei to myofibres. Recent evidence from animal models and human studies indicates CKD may negatively affect SC abundance and function in response to stimuli such as exercise and damage. The aim of this review is to collate recent literature on the effect of CKD on SCs, with a particular focus on the myogenic response to exercise in this population. Exercise is widely recognized as important for the maintenance of healthy skeletal muscle mass and is increasingly advocated in the care of a number of chronic conditions. Therefore a greater understanding of the impact of uraemia upon SCs and the possible altered myogenic response in CKD is required to inform strategies to prevent uraemic cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom F O'Sullivan
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alice C Smith
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Emma L Watson
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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30
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Golan T, Geva R, Richards D, Madhusudan S, Lin BK, Wang HT, Walgren RA, Stemmer SM. LY2495655, an antimyostatin antibody, in pancreatic cancer: a randomized, phase 2 trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:871-879. [PMID: 30051975 PMCID: PMC6204586 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a formidable clinical challenge in pancreatic cancer. We assessed LY2495655 (antimyostatin antibody) plus standard-of-care chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer using cachexia status as a stratifier. METHODS In this randomized, phase 2 trial, patients with stage II-IV pancreatic cancer were randomized to 300 mg LY2495655, 100 mg LY2495655, or placebo, plus physician-choice chemotherapy from a prespecified list of standard-of-care regimens for first and later lines of care. Investigational treatment was continued during second-line treatment. The primary endpoint was overall survival. RESULTS Overall, 125 patients were randomized. In August 2014, 300 mg LY2495655 was terminated due to imbalance in death rates between the treatment arms; in January 2015, 100 mg LY2495655 treatment was terminated due to futility. LY2495655 did not improve overall survival: the hazard ratio was 1.70 (90% confidence interval, 1.1-2.7) for 300 mg vs. placebo and 1.3 (0.82-2.1) for 100 mg vs. placebo (recommended doses). Progression-free survival results were consistent with the overall survival results. A numerically higher hazard ratio was observed in patients with weight loss (WL) of ≥5% (cachexia) than with <5% WL within 6 months before randomization. Subgroup analyses for patients stratified by WL in the 6 months preceding enrollment suggested that functional responses to LY2495655 (either dose) may have been superior in patients with <5% WL vs. patients with ≥5% WL. Among possibly drug-related adverse events, fatigue, diarrhoea, and anorexia were more common in LY2495655-treated than in placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS In the intention-to-treat analysis, LY2495655 did not confer clinical benefit in pancreatic cancer. Our data highlight the importance of assessing survival when investigating therapeutic management of cachexia and support the use of WL as a stratifier (independent of performance status).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravit Geva
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Academic Oncology, University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Salomon M Stemmer
- Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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31
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Lessard SJ, MacDonald TL, Pathak P, Han MS, Coffey VG, Edge J, Rivas DA, Hirshman MF, Davis RJ, Goodyear LJ. JNK regulates muscle remodeling via myostatin/SMAD inhibition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3030. [PMID: 30072727 PMCID: PMC6072737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable plasticity to adapt and remodel in response to environmental cues, such as physical exercise. Endurance exercise stimulates improvements in muscle oxidative capacity, while resistance exercise induces muscle growth. Here we show that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a molecular switch that when active, stimulates muscle fibers to grow, resulting in increased muscle mass. Conversely, when muscle JNK activation is suppressed, an alternative remodeling program is initiated, resulting in smaller, more oxidative muscle fibers, and enhanced aerobic fitness. When muscle is exposed to mechanical stress, JNK initiates muscle growth via phosphorylation of the transcription factor, SMAD2, at specific linker region residues leading to inhibition of the growth suppressor, myostatin. In human skeletal muscle, this JNK/SMAD signaling axis is activated by resistance exercise, but not endurance exercise. We conclude that JNK acts as a key mediator of muscle remodeling during exercise via regulation of myostatin/SMAD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Tara L MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Prerana Pathak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, 4226, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Johann Edge
- Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Donato A Rivas
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, 02111, MA, USA
| | | | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
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32
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Furtner J, Berghoff AS, Schöpf V, Reumann R, Pascher B, Woitek R, Asenbaum U, Pelster S, Leitner J, Widhalm G, Gatterbauer B, Dieckmann K, Höller C, Prayer D, Preusser M. Temporal muscle thickness is an independent prognostic marker in melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:173-178. [PMID: 30008154 PMCID: PMC6182383 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of temporal muscle thickness (TMT) in melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. Methods TMT was retrospectively assessed in 146 melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases on cranial magnetic resonance images. Chart review was used to retrieve clinical parameters, including disease-specific graded prognostic assessment (DS-GPA) and survival times. Results Patients with a TMT > median showed a statistically significant increase in survival time (13 months) compared to patients with a TMT < median (5 months; p < 0.001; log rank test). A Cox regression model revealed that the risk of death was increased by 27.9% with every millimeter reduction in TMT. In the multivariate analysis, TMT (HR 0.724; 95% 0.642–0.816; < 0.001) and DS-GPA (HR 1.214; 95% CI 1.023–1.439; p = 0.026) showed a statistically significant correlation with overall survival. Conclusion TMT is an independent predictor of survival in melanoma patients with brain metastases. This parameter may aid in patient selection for clinical trials or to the choice of different treatment options based on the determination of frail patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Furtner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Mozartgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Reumann
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Pascher
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramona Woitek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrika Asenbaum
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Pelster
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Leitner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gatterbauer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Dieckmann
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Höller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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33
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Guo W, Pencina KM, Gagliano-Jucá T, Jasuja R, Morris N, O'Connell KE, Westmoreland S, Bhasin S. Effects of an ActRIIB.Fc Ligand Trap on Cardiac Function in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Male Rhesus Macaques. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:817-831. [PMID: 30019021 PMCID: PMC6041778 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important safety consideration in the use of antagonists of myostatin and activins is whether these drugs induce myocardial hypertrophy and impair cardiac function. The current study evaluated the effects of a soluble ActRIIB receptor Fc fusion protein (ActRIIB.Fc), a ligand trap for TGF-β/activin family members including myostatin, on myocardial mass and function in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Fourteen pair-housed, juvenile male rhesus macaques were inoculated with SIVmac239; 4 weeks postinoculation, they were treated with weekly injections of 10 mg/kg ActRIIB.Fc or saline for 12 weeks. Myocardial mass and function were evaluated using two-dimensional echocardiography at baseline and after 12 weeks. The administration of ActRIIB.Fc was associated with a significantly greater increase in thickness of left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septum both in diastole and systole. Cardiac output and cardiac index increased with time, more in animals treated with ActRIIB.Fc than in those treated with saline, but the difference was not statistically significant. The changes in ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and stroke volume did not differ significantly between groups. The changes in end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes did not differ between groups. In addition to a large reduction in IGF1 mRNA expression in the ActRIIB.Fc-treated animals, complex changes were detected in the myocardial expression of proteins related to calcium transport and storage. In conclusion, ActRIIB.Fc administration for 12 weeks was associated with increased myocardial mass but did not adversely affect myocardial function in juvenile SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Further studies are necessary to establish long-term cardiac safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karol M Pencina
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thiago Gagliano-Jucá
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ravi Jasuja
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy Morris
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Karyn E O'Connell
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Westmoreland
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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34
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Blocking extracellular activation of myostatin as a strategy for treating muscle wasting. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2292. [PMID: 29396542 PMCID: PMC5797207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many growth factors are intimately bound to the extracellular matrix, with regulated processing and release leading to cellular stimulation. Myostatin and GDF11 are closely related members of the TGFβ family whose activation requires two proteolytic cleavages to release the growth factor from the prodomain. Specific modulation of myostatin and GDF11 activity by targeting growth factor-receptor interactions has traditionally been challenging. Here we demonstrate that a novel strategy for blocking myostatin and GDF11, inhibition of growth factor release, specifically and potently inhibits signaling both in vitro and in vivo. We developed human monoclonal antibodies that selectively bind the myostatin and GDF11 precursor forms, including a subset that inhibit myostatin proteolytic activation and prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. The most potent myostatin activation-blocking antibodies promoted robust muscle growth and resulted in significant gains in muscle performance in healthy mice. Altogether, we show that blocking the extracellular activation of growth factors is a potent method for preventing signaling, serving as proof of concept for a novel therapeutic strategy that can be applied to other members of the TGFβ family of growth factors.
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Past, Present, and Future Perspective of Targeting Myostatin and Related Signaling Pathways to Counteract Muscle Atrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:153-206. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Arai H, Kritchevsky SB, Guralnik J, Bauer JM, Pahor M, Clark BC, Cesari M, Ruiz J, Sieber CC, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Waters DL, Visvanathan R, Landi F, Villareal DT, Fielding R, Won CW, Theou O, Martin FC, Dong B, Woo J, Flicker L, Ferrucci L, Merchant RA, Cao L, Cederholm T, Ribeiro SML, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Anker SD, Lundy J, Gutiérrez Robledo LM, Bautmans I, Aprahamian I, Schols JMGA, Izquierdo M, Vellas B. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, Diagnosis and Management. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:1148-1161. [PMID: 30498820 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sarcopenia, defined as an age-associated loss of skeletal muscle function and muscle mass, occurs in approximately 6 - 22 % of older adults. This paper presents evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for screening, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia from the task force of the International Conference on Sarcopenia and Frailty Research (ICSFR). METHODS To develop the guidelines, we drew upon the best available evidence from two systematic reviews paired with consensus statements by international working groups on sarcopenia. Eight topics were selected for the recommendations: (i) defining sarcopenia; (ii) screening and diagnosis; (iii) physical activity prescription; (iv) protein supplementation; (v) vitamin D supplementation; (vi) anabolic hormone prescription; (vii) medications under development; and (viii) research. The ICSFR task force evaluated the evidence behind each topic including the quality of evidence, the benefit-harm balance of treatment, patient preferences/values, and cost-effectiveness. Recommendations were graded as either strong or conditional (weak) as per the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Consensus was achieved via one face-to-face workshop and a modified Delphi process. RECOMMENDATIONS We make a conditional recommendation for the use of an internationally accepted measurement tool for the diagnosis of sarcopenia including the EWGSOP and FNIH definitions, and advocate for rapid screening using gait speed or the SARC-F. To treat sarcopenia, we strongly recommend the prescription of resistance-based physical activity, and conditionally recommend protein supplementation/a protein-rich diet. No recommendation is given for Vitamin D supplementation or for anabolic hormone prescription. There is a lack of robust evidence to assess the strength of other treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dent
- Dr. Elsa Dent, , Torrens University Australia, Wakefield Street, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Fuggle N, Shaw S, Dennison E, Cooper C. Sarcopenia. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:218-242. [PMID: 29224698 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a condition that is characterized by loss of muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle functional impairment with ageing. The definition of sarcopenia has been through various permutations; however, an enormous recent breakthrough is the inclusion of the condition in the ICD-10 classification of diseases. This chapter covers the background issues regarding definition before describing the epidemiology of the disease according to human and environmental factors. It then provides a practical guide for the assessment of sarcopenia in a clinical setting and finishes with advice on present treatment and the exciting frontiers of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fuggle
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Sarah Shaw
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Elaine Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
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Saitoh M, Ishida J, Ebner N, Anker SD, Von Haehling S. Myostatin inhibitors as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting and muscular dystrophy. JCSM CLINICAL REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.17987/jcsm-cr.v2i1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, was first described in 1997. It has been known that loss of myostatin function induces an increase in muscle mass in mice, cow, dogs and humans. Therefore, myostatin and its receptor have emerged as a therapeutic target for loss of skeletal muscle such as sarcopenia and cachexia, as well as muscular dystrophies. At the molecular level, myostatin binds to and activates the activin receptor IIB (ActRIIB)/Alk 4/5 complex. Therapeutic approaches therefore are being taken both pre-clinically and clinically to inhibit the myostatin signaling pathway. Several myostatin inhibitors , including myostatin antibodies, anti-myostatin peptibody, activin A antibody, soluble (decoy) forms of ActRIIB (ActRⅡB-Fc), anti-myostatin adnectin, ActRⅡB antibody have been tested in the last decade. The current review covers the present knowledge of several myostatin inhibitors as therapeutic approach for patients with loss of skeletal muscle however, the available information about compounds in development is limited.
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[Anabolic and molecular interventions on muscle : Meaningful anti-aging strategy?]. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 50:693-696. [PMID: 28808776 DOI: 10.1007/s00391-017-1299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cianferotti L, Bertoldo F, Carini M, Kanis JA, Lapini A, Longo N, Martorana G, Mirone V, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Brandi ML. The prevention of fragility fractures in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer: a position statement by the international osteoporosis foundation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75646-75663. [PMID: 29088899 PMCID: PMC5650454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy is commonly employed for the treatment of non-metastatic prostate cancer as primary or adjuvant treatment. The skeleton is greatly compromised in men with prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy because of the lack of androgens and estrogens, which are trophic factors for bone. Men receiving androgen deprivation therapy sustain variable degrees of bone loss with an increased risk of fragility fractures. Several bone antiresorptive agents have been tested in randomized controlled trials in these patients. Oral bisphosphonates, such as alendronate and risedronate, and intravenous bisphosphonates, such as pamidronate and zoledronic acid, have been shown to increase bone density and decrease the risk of fractures in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy. Denosumab, a fully monoclonal antibody that inhibits osteoclastic-mediated bone resorption, is also effective in increasing bone mineral density and reducing fracture rates in these patients. The assessment of fracture risk, T-score and/or the evaluation of prevalent fragility fractures are mandatory for the selection of patients who will benefit from antiresorptive therapy. In the future, new agents modulating bone turnover and skeletal muscle metabolism will be available for testing in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisella Cianferotti
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Marco Carini
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, University Hospital of Florence, Largo Brambilla Florence, Italy
| | - John A Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Lapini
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, University Hospital of Florence, Largo Brambilla Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Urology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martorana
- Department of Urology, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mirone
- Department of Urology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Reginster
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liege, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium
| | - Rene Rizzoli
- Service of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kilsby AJ, Sayer AA, Witham MD. Selecting Potential Pharmacological Interventions in Sarcopenia. Drugs Aging 2017; 34:233-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Survival prediction using temporal muscle thickness measurements on cranial magnetic resonance images in patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. Eur Radiol 2017; 27:3167-3173. [PMID: 28050694 PMCID: PMC5491578 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the prognostic relevance of temporal muscle thickness (TMT) in brain metastasis patients. Methods We retrospectively analysed TMT on magnetic resonance (MR) images at diagnosis of brain metastasis in two independent cohorts of 188 breast cancer (BC) and 247 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (overall: 435 patients). Results Survival analysis using a Cox regression model showed a reduced risk of death by 19% with every additional millimetre of baseline TMT in the BC cohort and by 24% in the NSCLC cohort. Multivariate analysis included TMT and diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment (DS-GPA) as covariates in the BC cohort (TMT: HR 0.791/CI [0.703–0.889]/p < 0.001; DS-GPA: HR 1.433/CI [1.160–1.771]/p = 0.001), and TMT, gender and DS-GPA in the NSCLC cohort (TMT: HR 0.710/CI [0.646–0.780]/p < 0.001; gender: HR 0.516/CI [0.387–0.687]/p < 0.001; DS-GPA: HR 1.205/CI [1.018–1.426]/p = 0.030). Conclusion TMT is easily and reproducibly assessable on routine MR images and is an independent predictor of survival in patients with newly diagnosed brain metastasis from BC and NSCLC. TMT may help to better define frail patient populations and thus facilitate patient selection for therapeutic measures or clinical trials. Further prospective studies are needed to correlate TMT with other clinical frailty parameters of patients. Key Points • TMT has an independent prognostic relevance in brain metastasis patients. • It is an easily and reproducibly parameter assessable on routine cranial MRI. • This parameter may aid in patient selection and stratification in clinical trials. • TMT may serve as surrogate marker for sarcopenia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4707-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Pan C, Singh S, Sahasrabudhe DM, Chakkalakal JV, Krolewski JJ, Nastiuk KL. TGFβ Superfamily Members Mediate Androgen Deprivation Therapy-Induced Obese Frailty in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4461-4472. [PMID: 27611336 PMCID: PMC5414572 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
First line treatment for recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Use of ADT has been increasing in frequency and duration, such that side effects increasingly impact patient quality of life. One of the most significant side effects of ADT is sarcopenia, which leads to a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, resulting in a clinical disability syndrome known as obese frailty. Using aged mice, we developed a mouse model of ADT-induced sarcopenia that closely resembles the phenotype seen in patients, including loss of skeletal muscle strength, reduced lean muscle mass, and increased adipose tissue. Sarcopenia onset occurred about 6 weeks after castration and was blocked by a soluble receptor (ActRIIB-Fc) that binds multiple TGFβ superfamily members, including myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11, activin A, activin B, and activin AB. Analysis of ligand expression in both gastrocnemius and triceps brachii muscles demonstrates that each of these proteins is induced in response to ADT, in 1 of 3 temporal patterns. Specifically, activin A and activin AB levels increase and decline before onset of strength loss at 6 weeks after castration, and myostatin levels increase coincident with the onset of strength loss and then decline. In contrast, activin B and growth differentiation factor 11 levels increase after the onset of strength loss, 8-10 weeks after castration. The observed patterns of ligand induction may represent differential contributions to the development and/or maintenance of sarcopenia. We hypothesize that some or all of these ligands are targets for therapy to ameliorate ADT-induced sarcopenia in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliu Pan
- Department of Cancer Genetics (C.P., S.S., J.J.K., K.L.N.) and Center for Personalized Medicine (J.J.K.), Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York 14263; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center and Department of Medicine (D.M.S.), Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research (J.V.C.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.L.N.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Cancer Genetics (C.P., S.S., J.J.K., K.L.N.) and Center for Personalized Medicine (J.J.K.), Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York 14263; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center and Department of Medicine (D.M.S.), Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research (J.V.C.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.L.N.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Deepak M Sahasrabudhe
- Department of Cancer Genetics (C.P., S.S., J.J.K., K.L.N.) and Center for Personalized Medicine (J.J.K.), Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York 14263; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center and Department of Medicine (D.M.S.), Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research (J.V.C.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.L.N.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Joe V Chakkalakal
- Department of Cancer Genetics (C.P., S.S., J.J.K., K.L.N.) and Center for Personalized Medicine (J.J.K.), Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York 14263; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center and Department of Medicine (D.M.S.), Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research (J.V.C.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.L.N.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - John J Krolewski
- Department of Cancer Genetics (C.P., S.S., J.J.K., K.L.N.) and Center for Personalized Medicine (J.J.K.), Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York 14263; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center and Department of Medicine (D.M.S.), Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research (J.V.C.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.L.N.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kent L Nastiuk
- Department of Cancer Genetics (C.P., S.S., J.J.K., K.L.N.) and Center for Personalized Medicine (J.J.K.), Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York 14263; and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center and Department of Medicine (D.M.S.), Department of Orthopedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Research (J.V.C.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (K.L.N.), University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
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Emerging therapies for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lerner L, Tao J, Liu Q, Nicoletti R, Feng B, Krieger B, Mazsa E, Siddiquee Z, Wang R, Huang L, Shen L, Lin J, Vigano A, Chiu MI, Weng Z, Winston W, Weiler S, Gyuris J. MAP3K11/GDF15 axis is a critical driver of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:467-82. [PMID: 27239403 PMCID: PMC4863827 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer associated cachexia affects the majority of cancer patients during the course of the disease and thought to be directly responsible for about a quarter of all cancer deaths. Current evidence suggests that a pro-inflammatory state may be associated with this syndrome although the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of cachexia are poorly understood. The purpose of this work was the identification of key drivers of cancer cachexia that could provide a potential point of intervention for the treatment and/or prevention of this syndrome. METHODS Genetically engineered and xenograft tumour models were used to dissect the molecular mechanisms driving cancer cachexia. Cytokine profiling from the plasma of cachectic and non-cachectic cancer patients and mouse models was utilized to correlate circulating cytokine levels with the cachexia phenotype. RESULTS Utilizing engineered tumour models we identified MAP3K11/GDF15 pathway activation as a potent inducer of cancer cachexia. Increased expression and high circulating levels of GDF15 acted as a key mediator of this process. In animal models, tumour-produced GDF15 was sufficient to trigger the cachexia phenotype. Elevated GDF15 circulating levels correlated with the onset and progression of cachexia in animal models and in patients with cancer. Inhibition of GDF15 biological activity with a specific antibody reversed body weight loss and restored muscle and fat tissue mass in several cachectic animal models regardless of their complex secreted cytokine profile. CONCLUSIONS The combination of correlative observations, gain of function, and loss of function experiments validated GDF15 as a key driver of cancer cachexia and as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and/or prevention of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Lerner
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Julie Tao
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Qing Liu
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | | | - Bin Feng
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Brian Krieger
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Elizabeth Mazsa
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Zakir Siddiquee
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Ruoji Wang
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Lucia Huang
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 211 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Luhua Shen
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Moderna Therapeutics 200 Technology Square Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jie Lin
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Stealth Peptides Inc.275 Grove Street, Ste.3-107 Newton MA 02466 USA
| | - Antonio Vigano
- McGill Nutrition and Performance Laboratory; (MNUPAL) McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) Montreal Canada
| | - M Isabel Chiu
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; Enumeral Biomedical Corp One Kendall Square Building 400 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhigang Weng
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - William Winston
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA; POTENZA Therapeutics 700 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Solly Weiler
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
| | - Jeno Gyuris
- AVEO Oncology One Broadway 14th Floor Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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Cameron JL, Jain R, Rais M, White AE, Beer TM, Kievit P, Winters-Stone K, Messaoudi I, Varlamov O. Perpetuating effects of androgen deficiency on insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1856-1863. [PMID: 27534842 PMCID: PMC5140744 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used for treatment of
prostate cancer, but is associated with side effects such as sarcopenia and
insulin resistance. The role of lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise
on insulin sensitivity and body composition in testosterone-deficient males
is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the
relationships between androgen status, diet, and insulin sensitivity. Subjects/Methods Middle-aged (11–12-yo) intact and orchidectomized male rhesus
macaques were maintained for two months on a standard chow diet, and then
exposed for six months to a Western-style, high-fat/calorie-dense diet (WSD)
followed by four months of caloric restriction (CR). Body composition,
insulin sensitivity, physical activity, serum cytokine levels, and adipose
biopsies were evaluated before and after each dietary intervention. Results Both intact and orchidectomized animals gained similar proportions of
body fat, developed visceral and subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy, and
became insulin resistant in response to the WSD. CR reduced body fat in both
groups, but reversed insulin resistance only in intact animals.
Orchidectomized animals displayed progressive sarcopenia, which persisted
after the switch to CR. Androgen deficiency was associated with increased
levels of interleukin-6 and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22), both of
which were elevated during CR. Physical activity levels showed a negative
correlation with body fat and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion Androgen deficiency exacerbated the negative metabolic side effects
of the WSD, such that CR alone was not sufficient to improve altered insulin
sensitivity, suggesting that ADT patients will require additional
interventions to reverse insulin resistance and sarcopenia.
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Hayes BD, Brady L, Pollak M, Finn SP. Exercise and Prostate Cancer: Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms for Disease Modification. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1281-8. [PMID: 27389872 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has many potential benefits in relation to cancer. Apart from primary prevention, these include improvement of nonspecific cancer-related symptoms, amelioration of symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors related to cancer treatment, and improvements in various quality-of-life-related factors. Increasing evidence also points toward improved cancer-free and overall survival in cancer patients who undertake regular exercise, findings which should encourage further research in this area. Obesity is known to be associated with a proinflammatory, prothrombotic humoral milieu, which may promote aggressiveness in prostate cancer through interactions with NK-cell-mediated killing of circulating tumor cells, through platelet-circulating tumor cell interactions, and through alterations in adipokine and myokine profile among others. Physical activity reduces levels of systemic inflammatory mediators and so exercise may represent an accessible and cost-effective means of ameliorating the proinflammatory effects of obesity in cancer patients. This review outlines the evidence for the benefits of exercise in these patients, focusing on prostate cancer, and delineates current theories of the underlying biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1281-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Hayes
- Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Pollak
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Gu H, Cao Y, Qiu B, Zhou Z, Deng R, Chen Z, Li R, Li X, Wei Q, Xia X, Yong W. Establishment and phenotypic analysis of an Mstn knockout rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:115-122. [PMID: 27289021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) is an inhibitor of myogenesis, regulating the number and size of skeletal myocytes. In addition to its myogenic regulatory function, Mstn plays important roles in the development of adipose tissues and in metabolism. In the present study, an Mstn knockout rat model was generated using the zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technique in order to further investigate the function and mechanism of Mstn in metabolism. The knockout possesses a frame shift mutation resulting in an early termination codon and a truncated peptide of 109 amino acids rather than the full 376 amino acids. The absence of detectable mRNA confirmed successful knockout of Mstn. Relative to wild-type (WT) littermates, Knockout (KO) rats exhibited significantly greater body weight, body circumference, and muscle mass. However, no significant differences in grip force was observed, indicating that Mstn deletion results in greater muscle mass but not greater muscle fiber strength. Additionally, KO rats were found to possess less body fat relative to WT littermates, which is consistent with previous studies in mice and cattle. The aforementioned results indicate that Mstn knockout increases muscle mass while decreasing fat content, leading to observed increases in body weight and body circumference. The Mstn knockout rat model provides a novel means to study the role of Mstn in metabolism and Mstn-related muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; Experimental Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ran Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- Experimental Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xueling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Weidong Yong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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49
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Abstract
Sarcopenia is now clinically defined as a loss of muscle mass coupled with functional deterioration (either walking speed or distance or grip strength). Based on the FRAX studies suggesting that the questions without bone mineral density can be used to screen for osteoporosis, there is now a valid simple questionnaire to screen for sarcopenia, i.e., the SARC-F. Numerous factors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of sarcopenia. These include genetic factors, mitochondrial defects, decreased anabolic hormones (e.g., testosterone, vitamin D, growth hormone and insulin growth hormone-1), inflammatory cytokine excess, insulin resistance, decreased protein intake and activity, poor blood flow to muscle and deficiency of growth derived factor-11. Over the last decade, there has been a remarkable increase in our understanding of the molecular biology of muscle, resulting in a marked increase in potential future targets for the treatment of sarcopenia. At present, resistance exercise, protein supplementation, and vitamin D have been established as the basic treatment of sarcopenia. High-dose testosterone increases muscle power and function, but has a number of potentially limiting side effects. Other drugs in clinical development include selective androgen receptor molecules, ghrelin agonists, myostatin antibodies, activin IIR antagonists, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, beta antagonists, and fast skeletal muscle troponin activators. As sarcopenia is a major predictor of frailty, hip fracture, disability, and mortality in older persons, the development of drugs to treat it is eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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50
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Su Z, Hu L, Cheng J, Klein JD, Hassounah F, Cai H, Li M, Wang H, Wang XH. Acupuncture plus low-frequency electrical stimulation (Acu-LFES) attenuates denervation-induced muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:426-36. [PMID: 26679610 PMCID: PMC4754622 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00175.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting occurs in a variety of clinical situations, including denervation. There is no effective pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting. In this study, we used a tibial nerve denervation model to test acupuncture plus low-frequency electric stimulation (Acu-LFES) as a therapeutic strategy for muscle atrophy. Acupuncture needles were connected to an SDZ-II electronic acupuncture device delivering pulses at 20 Hz and 1 mA; the treatment was 15 min daily for 2 wk. Acu-LFES prevented soleus and plantaris muscle weight loss and increased muscle cross-sectional area in denervated mice. The abundances of Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, and embryonic myosin heavy chain were significantly increased by Acu-LFES in both normal and denervated muscle. The number of central nuclei was increased in Acu-LFES-treated muscle fibers. Phosphorylation of Akt was downregulated by denervation leading to a decline in muscle mass; however, Acu-LFES prevented the denervation-induced decline largely by upregulation of the IGF-1 signaling pathway. Acu-LFES reduced the abundance of muscle catabolic proteins forkhead O transcription factor and myostatin, contributing to the attenuated muscle atrophy. Acu-LFES stimulated the expression of macrophage markers (F4/80, IL-1b, and arginase-1) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFNγ, and TNFα) in normal and denervated muscle. Acu-LFES also stimulated production of the muscle-specific microRNAs miR-1 and miR-206. We conclude that Acu-LFES is effective in counteracting denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and increasing muscle regeneration. Upregulation of IGF-1, downregulation of myostatin, and alteration of microRNAs contribute to the attenuation of muscle atrophy in denervated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Su
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Li Hu
- Acumox and Tuina Research Section, College of Acumox and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jinzhong Cheng
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Janet D Klein
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Faten Hassounah
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hui Cai
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Li
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Haidong Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaonan H Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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