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Arora S, Sahadevan P, Sundarakumar JS. Association of sleep quality with physical and psychological health indicators in overweight and obese rural Indians. Sleep Med X 2024; 7:100112. [PMID: 38800099 PMCID: PMC11127281 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To measure the association of sleep quality with physical (i.e., grip strength, functional mobility, balance) and psychological (depression, anxiety) health indicators in an overweight/obese population. Methods Baseline data of 2337 participants (1382 overweight/obese and 955 normal weight) from an aging cohort in rural southern India (CBR-SANSCOG) was analyzed retrospectively. Assessment tools included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, dynamometry for Hand Grip Strength (HGS), Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) for functional mobility, Chair Stand Test (CST) for lower limb strength, Geriatric Depression scale (GDS-30) for depressive symptoms and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) for anxiety symptoms. Linear regression models, adjusted for known confounders, were used to examine the association of sleep quality with the health parameters in overweight/obese and normal-weight groups. Results In the fully adjusted model, higher global PSQI score was associated with higher TUG time (β = 0.06, 95 % CI: 0.004,0.12), higher scores on GDS (β = 1.08, 95 % CI: 0.96,1.20) and GAD (β = 0.71, 95 % CI: 0.62,0.79), and lower scores on CST (β = -0.12, 95 % CI: -0.19,-0.06) in overweight/obese individuals. The sleep disturbance sub-component of PSQI was associated with most of the physical (TUG, CST) and psychological (GDS and GAD) health indicators. Sleep duration and use of sleep medication showed no significant association with any of the health indicators. Conclusion The concurrent presence of poor sleep quality and overweight/obesity could worsen physical and psychological health in middle-aged and older adults. We highlight the importance of early detection and timely management of sleep problems in this population to reduce physical and psychological morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Arora
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pravin Sahadevan
- Centre for Brain Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Morgan PT, Smeuninx B, Marshall RN, Korzepa M, Quinlan JI, McPhee JS, Breen L. Greater myofibrillar protein synthesis following weight-bearing activity in obese old compared with non-obese old and young individuals. GeroScience 2024; 46:3759-3778. [PMID: 37328646 PMCID: PMC11226697 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms through which obesity impacts age-related muscle mass regulation are unclear. In the present study, rates of integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (iMyoPS) were measured over 48-h prior-to and following a 45-min treadmill walk in 10 older-obese (O-OB, body fat[%]: 33 ± 3%), 10 older-non-obese (O-NO, 20 ± 3%), and 15 younger-non-obese (Y-NO, 13 ± 5%) individuals. Surface electromyography was used to determine thigh muscle "activation". Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA), volume, and intramuscular thigh fat fraction (ITFF) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured by dynamometry. Quadriceps CSA and volume were greater (muscle volume, Y-NO: 1182 ± 232 cm3; O-NO: 869 ± 155 cm3; O-OB: 881 ± 212 cm3, P < 0.01) and ITFF significantly lower (m. vastus lateralis, Y-NO: 3.0 ± 1.0%; O-NO: 4.0 ± 0.9%; O-OB: 9.1 ± 2.6%, P ≤ 0.03) in Y-NO compared with O-NO and O-OB, with no difference between O-NO and O-OB in quadriceps CSA and volume. ITFF was significantly higher in O-OB compared with O-NO. Relative MVC was lower in O-OB compared with Y-NO and O-NO (Y-NO: 5.5 ± 1.6 n·m/kg-1; O-NO: 3.9 ± 1.0 n·m/kg-1; O-OB: 2.9 ± 1.1 n·m/kg-1, P < 0.0001). Thigh muscle "activation" during the treadmill walk was greater in O-OB compared with Y-NO and O-NO (Y-NO: 30.5 ± 13.5%; O-NO: 35.8 ± 19.7%; O-OB: 68.3 ± 32.3%, P < 0.01). Habitual iMyoPS did not differ between groups, whereas iMyoPS was significantly elevated over 48-h post-walk in O-OB (+ 38.6 ± 1.2%·day-1, P < 0.01) but not Y-NO or O-NO (+ 11.4 ± 1.1%·day-1 and + 17.1 ± 1.1%·day-1, respectively, both P > 0.271). Equivalent muscle mass in O-OB may be explained by the muscle anabolic response to weight-bearing activity, whereas the age-related decline in indices of muscle quality appears to be exacerbated in O-OB and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Monash Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan N Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Prosser S, Fava M, Rogers LM, Liaset B, Breen L. Postprandial plasma amino acid and appetite responses with ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide in healthy young adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1860-1872. [PMID: 38418422 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed postprandial plasma aminoacidemia, glycemia, insulinemia and appetite responses to ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide (Salmon PP) compared with milk protein isolate (Milk PI). In a randomised, participant-blind crossover design, eleven healthy adults (M = 5, F = 6; mean ± sd age: 22 ± 3 years; BMI: 24 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 0·3 g/kg/body mass of Salmon PP or Milk PI. Arterialised blood samples were collected whilst fasted and over a 240-min postprandial period. Appetite sensations were measured via visual analogue scales. An ad libitum buffet-style test meal was administered after each trial. The incremental AUC (iAUC) plasma essential amino acid (EAA) response was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The iAUC plasma leucine response was significantly greater following Milk PI ingestion (P < 0·001), whereas temporal and iAUC plasma total amino acid (P = 0·001), non-essential amino acid (P = 0·002), glycine (P = 0·0025) and hydroxyproline (P < 0·001) responses were greater following Salmon PP ingestion. Plasma insulin increased similarly above post-absorptive values following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, whilst plasma glucose was largely unaltered. Indices of appetite were similarly altered following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, and total energy and macronutrient intake during the ad libitum meal was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The postprandial plasma EAA, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline response to Salmon PP ingestion suggest this novel protein source could support muscle and possibly connective tissue adaptive remodelling, which warrants further investigation, particularly as the plasma leucine response to Salmon PP ingestion was inferior to Milk PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Prosser
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Mia Fava
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucy M Rogers
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
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Davies TW, Watson N, Pilkington JJ, McClelland TJ, Azzopardi G, Pearse RM, Prowle J, Puthucheary Z. Creatine supplementation for optimization of physical function in the patient at risk of functional disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2024; 48:389-405. [PMID: 38417175 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of creatine replacement through supplementation for the optimization of physical function in the population at risk of functional disability is unclear. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL from inception to November 2022. Studies included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing creatine supplementation with placebos in older adults and adults with chronic disease. The primary outcome was physical function measured by the sit-to-stand test after pooling data using random-effects modeling. We also performed a Bayesian meta-analysis to describe the treatment effect in probability terms. Secondary outcomes included other measures of physical function, muscle function, and body composition. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS We identified 33 RCTs, comprising 1076 participants. From six trials reporting the primary outcome, the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) was 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-1.00; I2 = 62%; P = 0.04); using weakly informative priors, the posterior probability that creatine supplementation improves physical function was 66.7%. Upper-body muscle strength (SMD: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.06-0.44; I2 = 0%; P = 0.01), handgrip strength (SMD 0.23; 95% CI: 0.01-0.45; I2 = 0%; P = 0.04), and lean tissue mass (MD 1.08 kg; 95% CI: 0.77-1.38; I2 = 26%; P < 0.01) improved with creatine supplementation. The quality of evidence for all outcomes was low or very low because of a high risk of bias. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation improves sit-to-stand performance, muscle function, and lean tissue mass. It is crucial to conduct high-quality prospective RCTs to confirm these hypotheses (PROSPERO number, CRD42023354929).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Davies
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Naomi Watson
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - James J Pilkington
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas J McClelland
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Giada Azzopardi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rupert M Pearse
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - John Prowle
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Zudin Puthucheary
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Adult Critical Care Unit, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
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Liao CD, Huang SW, Chen HC, Huang MH, Liou TH, Lin CL. Comparative Efficacy of Different Protein Supplements on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Indices of Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling, Hospitalized or Institutionalized Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024; 16:941. [PMID: 38612975 PMCID: PMC11013298 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging-related sarcopenia exerts harmful impacts on muscle mass, strength, and physical mobility. Protein supplementation has been demonstrated to augment efficacy of resistance training (RT) in elderly. This study compared the relative effects of different protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and mobility outcomes in middle-aged and older individuals undergoing RT. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of protein supplement plus RT in untrained community-dwelling adults, hospitalized, or institutionalized residents who suffered acute or chronic health conditions. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed using a frequentist method for all analyses. Treatment effects for main outcomes were expressed as standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). We used the surface-under-the cumulative-ranking (SUCRA) scores to rank probabilities of effect estimation among all identified treatments. Meta-regression analyses were performed to identify any relevant moderator of the treatment efficacy and results were expressed as β with 95% credible interval (CrI). We finally included 78 RCTs (5272 participants) for analyses. Among the six protein sources identified in this NMA, namely whey, milk, casein, meat, soy, and peanut, whey supplement yielded the most effective treatments augmenting efficacy of RT on muscle mass (SMD = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.62; SUCRA = 0.86), handgrip strength (SMD = 1.46, 95% CI: 0.92, 2.00; SUCRA = 0.85), and walking speed (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.07; SUCRA = 0.84). Participant's health condition, sex, and supplementation dose were significant factors moderating the treatment efficacy on muscle mass (β = 0.74; 95% CrI: 0.22, 1.25), handgrip strength (β = -1.72; 95% CrI: -2.68, -0.77), and leg strength (β = 0.76; 95% CrI: 0.06, 1.47), respectively. Our findings suggest whey protein yields the optimal supplements to counter sarcopenia in older individuals undergoing RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- International Ph.D. Program in Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98015, USA;
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
| | - Che-Li Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
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Dirks ML, Jameson TSO, Andrews RC, Dunlop MV, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. The impact of forearm immobilization and acipimox administration on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy, young volunteers. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E277-E289. [PMID: 38231001 PMCID: PMC11193527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00345.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms underpinning short-term muscle disuse atrophy and associated insulin resistance remain to be elucidated, perturbed lipid metabolism might be involved. Our aim was to determine the impact of acipimox administration [i.e., pharmacologically lowering circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) availability] on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity during short-term disuse. Eighteen healthy individuals (age: 22 ± 1 years; body mass index: 24.0 ± 0.6 kg·m-2) underwent 2 days forearm immobilization with placebo (PLA; n = 9) or acipimox (ACI; 250 mg Olbetam; n = 9) ingestion four times daily. Before and after immobilization, whole body glucose disposal rate (GDR), forearm glucose uptake (FGU; i.e., muscle insulin sensitivity), and amino acid kinetics were measured under fasting and hyperinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic clamp conditions using forearm balance and l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine infusions. Immobilization did not affect GDR but decreased insulin-stimulated FGU in both groups, more so in ACI (from 53 ± 8 to 12 ± 5 µmol·min-1) than PLA (from 52 ± 8 to 38 ± 13 µmol·min-1; P < 0.05). In ACI only, and in contrast to our hypothesis, fasting arterialized NEFA concentrations were elevated to 1.3 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1 postimmobilization (P < 0.05), and fasting forearm NEFA balance increased approximately fourfold (P = 0.10). Forearm phenylalanine net balance decreased following immobilization (P < 0.10), driven by an increased rate of appearance [from 32 ± 5 (fasting) and 21 ± 4 (clamp) preimmobilization to 53 ± 8 and 31 ± 4 postimmobilization; P < 0.05] while the rate of disappearance was unaffected by disuse or acipimox. Disuse-induced insulin resistance is accompanied by early signs of negative net muscle amino acid balance, which is driven by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux. Acutely elevated NEFA availability worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting amino acid kinetics, suggesting increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not cause anabolic resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that 2 days of forearm cast immobilization in healthy young volunteers leads to the rapid development of insulin resistance, which is accompanied by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux in the absence of impaired muscle amino acid uptake. Acutely elevated fasting nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) availability as a result of acipimox supplementation worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting amino acid kinetics, suggesting increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not cause anabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S O Jameson
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rob C Andrews
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Safonicheva O, Zaborova V, Lazareva I, Kryuchkova K, Bolotskaya A, Ovchinnikova M, Popova C, Putilo V, Rybakov V, Kotovskiy S, Nikitin M. Age-Related Study of Anthropometry Indicators, Body Composition, Strength and Vital Capacity at Masters Athletics: How to Postpone Sarcopenia. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:2155-2164. [PMID: 38146330 PMCID: PMC10749483 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s433944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometric indicators of sports veterans, former athletes who stopped training, and non-sports people aged 40 years and older to assess the impact of regular sports on the stability of the body. Patients and Methods 100 athletes and 31 people non-sports were included in the study. Athletes were divided into two groups depending on the mode of motor activity. The first group (n=75) continued their regular sports activities. The second group (n=25) stopped training. Height, weight, chest circumference, mobility, waist, shoulder circumference, forearm, hip, ankle, fat mass, and muscle mass were measured, and dynamometry was performed. Results Body weight is statistically significantly (p<0.05) less in those who continue sports (70.7±10.2) classes after 60 years compared with the control group (82.4±9.3). In sports veterans, the chest excursion and the shoulder circumference is statistically significantly (p<0.05) greater than in the control group. In the subjects of the first group aged from 40 to 49 (4551±612) and from 50 to 59 (4242±416), the FVC index was statistically significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the control group (3890±344 and 3786±401, respectively). The body composition of veterans is characterized by a high level of muscle mass and a low level of fat mass. At the age of 40-49, the percentage of muscle tissue in sports veterans was statistically significantly higher (46.32±2.74) (p<0.05) than in the group of athletes who stopped sports activities (44.09±5.29). Conclusion Veterans of sports demonstrate higher indicators of limb girth and muscle strength compared to untrained people of the same age. In addition, sports veterans have a lower content of adipose tissue and a greater expression of muscle mass. Thus, the data obtained by us show that sports prevent the development of sarcopenia and can also affect cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Safonicheva
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Zaborova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Lazareva
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kira Kryuchkova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Bolotskaya
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Ovchinnikova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Christina Popova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Putilo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Rybakov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey Kotovskiy
- National Medical Research Center of Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Nikitin
- National Medical Research Center of Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
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Larsen MS, Witard OC, Holm L, Scaife P, Hansen R, Smith K, Tipton KD, Mose M, Bengtsen MB, Lauritsen KM, Mikkelsen UR, Hansen M. Dose-Response of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis To Ingested Whey Protein During Energy Restriction in Overweight Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:3173-3184. [PMID: 37598750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced weight loss is associated with a decline in lean body mass, as mediated by an impaired response of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The dose-response of MPS to ingested protein, with or without resistance exercise, is well characterized during energy balance but limited data exist under conditions of energy restriction in clinical populations. OBJECTIVE To determine the dose-response of MPS to ingested whey protein following short-term diet-induced energy restriction in overweight, postmenopausal, women at rest and postexercise. DESIGN Forty middle-aged (58.6±0.4 y), overweight (BMI: 28.6±0.4), postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: Three groups underwent 5 d of energy restriction (∼800 kcal/d). On day 6, participants performed a unilateral leg resistance exercise bout before ingesting either a bolus of 15g (ERW15, n = 10), 35g (ERW35, n = 10) or 60g (ERW60, n = 10) of whey protein. The fourth group (n = 10) ingested a 35g whey protein bolus after 5 d of an energy balanced diet (EBW35, n = 10). Myofibrillar fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was calculated under basal, fed (FED) and postexercise (FED-EX) conditions by combining an L-[ring-13C6] phenylalanine tracer infusion with the collection of bilateral muscle biopsies. RESULTS Myofibrillar FSR was greater in ERW35 (0.043±0.003%/h, P = 0.013) and ERW60 (0.042±0.003%/h, P = 0.026) than ERW15 (0.032 ± 0.003%/h), with no differences between ERW35 and ERW60 (P = 1.000). Myofibrillar FSR was greater in FED (0.044 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.001) and FED-EX (0.048 ± 0.003%/h, P < 0.001) than BASAL (0.027 ± 0.003%/h), but no differences were detected between FED and FED-EX (P = 0.732) conditions. No differences in myofibrillar FSR were observed between EBW35 (0.042 ± 0.003%/h) and ERW35 (0.043 ± 0.003%/h, P = 0.744). CONCLUSION A 35 g dose of whey protein, ingested with or without resistance exercise, is sufficient to stimulate a maximal acute response of MPS following short-term energy restriction in overweight, postmenopausal women, and thus may provide a per serving protein recommendation to mitigate muscle loss during a weight loss program. TRIAL REGISTRY clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03326284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Denmark
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Paula Scaife
- Metabolic Physiology, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- Metabolic Physiology, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Excellence in Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, UK
| | - Maike Mose
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Mads B Bengtsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Katrine M Lauritsen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Smeuninx B, Elhassan YS, Sapey E, Rushton AB, Morgan PT, Korzepa M, Belfield AE, Philp A, Brook MS, Gharahdaghi N, Wilkinson D, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Breen L. A single bout of prior resistance exercise attenuates muscle atrophy and declines in myofibrillar protein synthesis during bed-rest in older men. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37856286 DOI: 10.1113/jp285130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) during bed rest accelerate skeletal muscle loss in older adults, increasing the risk of adverse secondary health outcomes. We investigated the effect of prior resistance exercise (RE) on MyoPS and muscle morphology during a disuse event in 10 healthy older men (65-80 years). Participants completed a single bout of unilateral leg RE the evening prior to 5 days of in-patient bed-rest. Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined prior to and following bed-rest. Serial muscle biopsies and dual stable isotope tracers were used to determine rates of integrated MyoPS (iMyoPS) over a 7 day habitual 'free-living' phase and the bed-rest phase, and rates of acute postabsorptive and postprandial MyoPS (aMyoPS) at the end of bed rest. Quadriceps CSA at 40%, 60% and 80% of muscle length significantly decreased in exercised (EX) and non-exercised control (CTL) legs with bed-rest. The decline in quadriceps CSA at 40% and 60% of muscle length was attenuated in EX compared with CTL. During bed-rest, iMyoPS rates decreased from habitual values in CTL, but not EX, and were significantly different between legs. Postprandial aMyoPS rates increased above postabsorptive values in EX only. The change in iMyoPS over bed-rest correlated with the change in quadriceps CSA in CTL, but not EX. A single bout of RE attenuated the decline in iMyoPS rates and quadriceps atrophy with 5 days of bed-rest in older men. Further work is required to understand the functional and clinical implications of prior RE in older patient populations. KEY POINTS: Age-related skeletal muscle deterioration, linked to numerous adverse health outcomes, is driven by impairments in muscle protein synthesis that are accelerated during periods of disuse. Resistance exercise can stimulate muscle protein synthesis over several days of recovery and therefore could counteract impairments in this process that occur in the early phase of disuse. In the present study, we demonstrate that the decline in myofibrillar protein synthesis and muscle atrophy over 5 days of bed-rest in older men was attenuated by a single bout of unilateral resistance exercise performed the evening prior to bed-rest. These findings suggest that concise resistance exercise intervention holds the potential to support muscle mass retention in older individuals during short-term disuse, with implications for delaying sarcopenia progression in ageing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yasir S Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison B Rushton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Archie E Belfield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew S Brook
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Daniel Wilkinson
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre Of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (COMAP), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Duarte CK, de Abreu Silva L, Castro CF, Ribeiro MV, Saldanha MF, Machado AM, Jansen AK. Prediction equations to estimate muscle mass using anthropometric data: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1414-1440. [PMID: 37815928 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Reduced muscle mass is linked to poor outcomes in both inpatients and outpatients, highlighting the importance of muscle mass assessment in clinical practice. However, laboratory methods to assess muscle mass are not yet feasible for routine use in clinical practice because of limited availability and high costs. OBJECTIVE This work aims to review the literature on muscle mass prediction by anthropometric equations in adults or older people. DATA SOURCES The following databases were searched for observational studies published until June 2022: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. DATA EXTRACTION Of 6437 articles initially identified, 63 met the inclusion criteria for this review. Four independent reviewers, working in pairs, selected and extracted data from those articles. DATA ANALYSIS Two studies reported new equations for prediction of skeletal muscle mass: 10 equations for free-fat mass and lean soft tissue, 22 for appendicular lean mass, 7 for upper-body muscle mass, and 7 for lower-body muscle mass. Twenty-one studies validated previously proposed equations. This systematic review shows there are numerous equations in the literature for muscle mass prediction, and most are validated for healthy adults. However, many equations were not always accurate and validated in all groups, especially people with obesity, undernourished people, and older people. Moreover, in some studies, it was unclear if fat-free mass or lean soft tissue had been assessed because of an imprecise description of muscle mass terminology. CONCLUSION This systematic review identified several feasible, practical, and low-cost equations for muscle mass prediction, some of which have excellent accuracy in healthy adults, older people, women, and athletes. Malnourished individuals and people with obesity were understudied in the literature, as were older people, for whom there are only equations for appendicular lean mass. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42021257200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Kümmel Duarte
- are with the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Abreu Silva
- are with the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Fernandes Castro
- are with the Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Vassallo Ribeiro
- are with the Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Ferreira Saldanha
- are with the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriane Moreira Machado
- is with the Department of Nutrition, Faculdade Dinâmica do Vale do Piranga, Ponte Nova, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ann Kristine Jansen
- are with the Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Genario R, Gil S, Oliveira-Júnior G, Leitão AE, Franco T, Dos Santos Sales RC, Ferriolli E, Busse AL, Filho WJ, Gualano B, Roschel H. Sleep quality is a predictor of muscle mass, strength, quality of life, anxiety and depression in older adults with obesity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11256. [PMID: 37438429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate associations between sleep quality with selected quantitative and qualitative parameters of health in older individuals with obesity. Cross-sectional assessment (n = 95 men/women; ≥ 65 years; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) of sleep quality, body composition, handgrip strength, quality-of-life, anxiety/depression. Mean PSQI score was 6.3. Poor sleepers (n = 49) presented lower appendicular lean mass (ALM) (16.2 vs 17.8 kg; p = 0.0273), ALM/BMI (0.47 vs 0.53 kg/BMI; p = 0.0085), fat mass (48.6 vs 46.6%; p = 0.0464), handgrip strength (19.7 vs 22.0 kgf; p = 0.0542) and handgrip/BMI (0.57 vs 0.66 kgf/BMI; p = 0.0242) than good sleepers. They also had higher anxiety (8.6 vs 5.6; p = 0.0100) and depression (4.8 vs 3.2; p = 0.0197) scores, worse health-related quality-of-life and lower scores in mental (62.8 vs 73.0; p = 0.0223) and physical (52.9 vs 67.3; p = 0.0015) domains. Adjusted models showed that PSQI was negatively associated with ALM (β = - 0.13, 95% CI - 0.25; - 0.01) and health-related quality of life on physical (β = - 2.76, 95% CI - 3.82; - 1.70) and mental (β = - 2.25, 95% CI - 3.38; - 1.12) domains, and positively associated with anxiety (β = 0.57; 95% CI 0.26; 0.87) and depression (β = 0.31; 95% CI 0.13; 0.49). Poor sleep quality associates with impaired selected quantitative and qualitative parameters of health. Additionally, sleep quality was shown as an independent predictor of ALM, health-related quality-of-life, anxiety and depression in older individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Genario
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gersiel Oliveira-Júnior
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Erwig Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tathiane Franco
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruan Célio Dos Santos Sales
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferriolli
- Division of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine-Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Leopold Busse
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica em Envelhecimento (LIM-66), Serviço de Geriatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica em Envelhecimento (LIM-66), Serviço de Geriatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- Rheumatology Division, Clinical Hospital, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Cappellari GG, Semolic A, Zanetti M, Vinci P, Ius M, Guarnieri G, Busetto L, Donini LM, Barazzoni R. Sarcopenic obesity in free-living older adults detected by the ESPEN-EASO consensus diagnostic algorithm: Validation in an Italian cohort and predictive value of insulin resistance and altered plasma ghrelin profile. Metabolism 2023:155595. [PMID: 37245728 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging and obesity are synergistic sarcopenia risk factors (RF). Their association in sarcopenic obesity (SO) enhances morbidity and mortality, but consensus on SO diagnostic criteria is limited. ESPEN and EASO issued a consensus algorithm for SO screening (obesity and clinical SO suspicion) and diagnosis [low muscle strength by hand-grip (HGS) and low muscle mass by BIA], and we investigated its implementation in older adults (>65-years), as well as SO-associated metabolic RF [insulin resistance (IR: HOMA) and plasma acylated (AG) and unacylated (UnAG) ghrelin, with predictive value also assessed from 5-year-prior observations]. Older adults with obesity from the Italian MoMa study on metabolic syndrome in primary care (n = 76) were studied. 7 of 61 individuals with positive screening had SO (SO+; 9 % of cohort). No individuals with negative screening had SO. SO+ had higher IR, AG and plasma AG/UnAG ratio (p < 0.05 vs negative screening and SO-), and both IR and ghrelin profile predicted 5-year SO risk independent of age, sex and BMI. The current results provide the first ESPEN-EASO algorithm-based investigation of SO in free-living older adults, with 9 % prevalence in those with obesity and 100 % algorithm sensitivity, and they support IR and plasma ghrelin profile as SO risk factors in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamaria Semolic
- Dept. of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Zanetti
- Dept. of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Vinci
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Ius
- Dept. of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Guarnieri
- Dept. of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Dept. of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy.
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14
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Aragon AA, Tipton KD, Schoenfeld BJ. Age-related muscle anabolic resistance: inevitable or preventable? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:441-454. [PMID: 36018750 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, has wide-ranging detrimental effects on human health, the ramifications of which can have serious implications for both morbidity and mortality. Various interventional strategies have been proposed to counteract sarcopenia, with a particular emphasis on those employing a combination of exercise and nutrition. However, the efficacy of these interventions can be confounded by an age-related blunting of the muscle protein synthesis response to a given dose of protein/amino acids, which has been termed "anabolic resistance." While the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is undoubtedly complex, anabolic resistance is implicated in the progression of age-related muscle loss and its underlying complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed as underlying age-related impairments in the anabolic response to protein consumption. These include decreased anabolic molecular signaling activity, reduced insulin-mediated capillary recruitment (thus, reduced amino acid delivery), and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids (thus, reduced availability for muscular uptake). Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. This narrative review addresses the key factors and contextual elements involved in reduction of the acute muscle protein synthesis response associated with aging and its varied consequences. Practical interventions focused on dietary protein manipulation are proposed to prevent the onset of anabolic resistance and mitigate its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Aragon
- is with the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- is with the Institute of Performance Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- is with the Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
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15
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Allen SL, Elliott BT, Carson BP, Breen L. Improving physiological relevance of cell culture: the possibilities, considerations, and future directions of the ex vivo coculture model. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C420-C427. [PMID: 36571441 PMCID: PMC9902212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00473.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models provide an important platform for the investigation of cellular growth and atrophy to inform, or extend mechanistic insights from, logistically challenging in vivo trials. Although these models allow for the identification of candidate mechanistic pathways, many models involve supraphysiological dosages, nonphysiological conditions, or experimental changes relating to individual proteins or receptors, all of which limit translation to human trials. To overcome these drawbacks, the use of ex vivo human plasma and serum has been used in cellular models to investigate changes in myotube hypertrophy, cellular protein synthesis, anabolic and catabolic markers in response to differing age, disease states, and nutrient status. However, there are currently no concurrent guidelines outlining the optimal methodology for this model. This review discusses the key methodological considerations surrounding the use of ex vivo plasma and serum with a focus in application to skeletal muscle cell lines (i.e., C2C12, L6, and LHCN-M2) and human primary skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs) as a means to investigate molecular signaling in models of atrophy and hypertrophy, alongside future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Allen
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley T Elliott
- Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian P Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, https://ror.org/03angcq70University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Aging Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Liu C, Wong PY, Chung YL, Chow SKH, Cheung WH, Law SW, Chan JCN, Wong RMY. Deciphering the "obesity paradox" in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sarcopenic obesity. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13534. [PMID: 36443946 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging and obesity are two global concerns in public health. Sarcopenic obesity (SO), defined as the combination of age-related sarcopenia and obesity, has become a pressing issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarize the current clinical evidence relevant to SO. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched, and 106 clinical studies with 167,151 elderlies were included. The estimated prevalence of SO was 9% in both men and women. Obesity was associated with 34% reduced risk of sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR] 0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.91; p < 0.001). The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality was 1.51 (95% CI 1.14-2.02; p < 0.001) for people with SO compared with healthy individuals. SO was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and related mortality, metabolic disorders, cognitive impairment, arthritis, functional limitation, and lung diseases (all ORs > 1.0, p < 0.05). The attenuated risk of sarcopenia in elderlies with obesity ("obesity paradox") was dependent on higher muscle mass and strength. Apart from unifying the diagnosis of SO, more research is needed to subphenotype people with obesity and sarcopenia for individualized treatment. Meanwhile, the maintenance of proper body composition of muscle and fat may delay or attenuate the adverse outcomes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pui Yan Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yik Lok Chung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheung Wai Law
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juliana Chung Ngor Chan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Paez HG, Pitzer CR, Alway SE. Age-Related Dysfunction in Proteostasis and Cellular Quality Control in the Development of Sarcopenia. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020249. [PMID: 36672183 PMCID: PMC9856405 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a debilitating skeletal muscle disease that accelerates in the last decades of life and is characterized by marked deficits in muscle strength, mass, quality, and metabolic health. The multifactorial causes of sarcopenia have proven difficult to treat and involve a complex interplay between environmental factors and intrinsic age-associated changes. It is generally accepted that sarcopenia results in a progressive loss of skeletal muscle function that exceeds the loss of mass, indicating that while loss of muscle mass is important, loss of muscle quality is the primary defect with advanced age. Furthermore, preclinical models have suggested that aged skeletal muscle exhibits defects in cellular quality control such as the degradation of damaged mitochondria. Recent evidence suggests that a dysregulation of proteostasis, an important regulator of cellular quality control, is a significant contributor to the aging-associated declines in muscle quality, function, and mass. Although skeletal muscle mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a critical role in cellular control, including skeletal muscle hypertrophy, paradoxically, sustained activation of mTORC1 recapitulates several characteristics of sarcopenia. Pharmaceutical inhibition of mTORC1 as well as caloric restriction significantly improves muscle quality in aged animals, however, the mechanisms controlling cellular proteostasis are not fully known. This information is important for developing effective therapeutic strategies that mitigate or prevent sarcopenia and associated disability. This review identifies recent and historical understanding of the molecular mechanisms of proteostasis driving age-associated muscle loss and suggests potential therapeutic interventions to slow or prevent sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector G. Paez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Christopher R. Pitzer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Stephen E. Alway
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- The Tennessee Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Gries KJ, Hart CR, Kunz HE, Ryan Z, Zhang X, Parvizi M, Liu Y, Dasari S, Lanza I. Acute responsiveness to single leg cycling in adults with obesity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15539. [PMID: 36541258 PMCID: PMC9768637 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with several skeletal muscle impairments which can be improved through an aerobic exercise prescription. The possibility that exercise responsiveness is diminished in people with obesity has been suggested but not well-studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate how obesity influences acute exercise responsiveness in skeletal muscle and circulating amino metabolites. Non-obese (NO; n = 19; 10F/9M; BMI = 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2 ) and Obese (O; n = 21; 14F/7M; BMI = 37.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2 ) adults performed 30 min of single-leg cycling at 70% of VO2 peak. 13 C6 -Phenylalanine was administered intravenously for muscle protein synthesis measurements. Serial muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected before exercise and 3.5- and 6.5-h post-exercise to measure protein synthesis and gene expression. Targeted plasma metabolomics was used to quantitate amino metabolites before and 30 and 90 min after exercise. The exercise-induced fold change in mixed muscle protein synthesis trended (p = 0.058) higher in NO (1.28 ± 0.54-fold) compared to O (0.95 ± 0.42-fold) and was inversely related to BMI (R2 = 0.140, p = 0.027). RNA sequencing revealed 331 and 280 genes that were differentially expressed after exercise in NO and O, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis showed O had six blunted pathways related to metabolism, cell to cell communication, and protein turnover after exercise. The circulating amine response further highlighted dysregulations related to protein synthesis and metabolism in adults with obesity at the basal state and in response to the exercise bout. Collectively, these data highlight several unique pathways in individuals with obesity that resulted in a modestly blunted exercise response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Gries
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health ProfessionsConcordia University of WisconsinMequonWisconsinUSA
| | - Corey R. Hart
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOhioUSA
| | - Hawley E. Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Zachary Ryan
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of GeriatricsShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Mojtaba Parvizi
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ian R. Lanza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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19
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Ozkok S, Aydin CO, Sacar DE, Catikkas NM, Erdogan T, Bozkurt ME, Kilic C, Karan MA, Bahat G. Sarcopenic obesity versus sarcopenia alone with the use of probable sarcopenia definition for sarcopenia: Associations with frailty and physical performance. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2509-2516. [PMID: 36219979 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ageing brings alterations in body composition, as skeletal muscle gradually declines and accumulation of adipose tissue accompanies it. Although sarcopenia (S) and obesity (O) were separately reported to be associated with frailty and poor physical performance, whether they bring more detrimental or favorable effect when they coexist (i.e. sarcopenic obesity; SO) is an issue needs clarification. We aimed to study the associations of SO and S alone with frailty and poor physical performance, by using probable S definition. METHODS This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study including community dwelling older adults who were ≥60 years old and admitted to the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital between 2012 and 2020. We measured handgrip strength via hand dynamometer and defined decreased muscle strength as probable S. We performed bioimpedance analysis to evaluate body composition and used fat percentile method to define obesity. We assessed nutritional status via Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, frailty via FRAIL scale, and physical performance via Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. We examined the associations of four body phenotypes, i.e. non-S non-O, SO, S alone and O alone with frailty and impaired TUG in univariate and multivariate analyses (Model 1). We further performed a head to head analysis of SO vs S to see if one of them was associated more with frailty and impaired TUG (Model 2). RESULTS There were 1366 older adults included in the study (mean age: 74.6 ± 6.9; 68.3% female). The prevalences of non-S non-O, S alone, SO and O alone were 53.5, 7.5, 2.8 and 36.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender and nutritional status revealed that both SO and S alone were independently associated with frailty and impaired TUG, with SO demonstrating lower odds than S alone (OR = 5.9 and 6.05 for frailty, and 3.9 and 4.4 for TUG, respectively). Head-to-head comparison between SO and S alone in Model 2 showed that two groups did not demonstrate significant difference in terms of the frailty and impaired TUG risk. CONCLUSION Although SO and S groups demonstrated similar risks, obesity accompanying sarcopenia might show a favorable trend in terms of frailty and poor physical performance, compared to sarcopenia alone. Longitudinal studies are needed to reveal whether an obesity paradox exists for frailty and physical performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Ozkok
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Caglar Ozer Aydin
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Erbas Sacar
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nezahat Muge Catikkas
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Erdogan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meris Esra Bozkurt
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cihan Kilic
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Karan
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Bahat
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical School, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
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20
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Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation in Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Update. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152359. [PMID: 35954203 PMCID: PMC9367570 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is generally an age-related condition that directly impacts the quality of life. It is also related to chronic diseases such as metabolic dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity. This means that everyone will be vulnerable to sarcopenia at some point in their life. Research to find the precise molecular mechanisms implicated in this condition can increase knowledge for the better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcopenia. Our work gathered the most recent research regarding inflammation in sarcopenia and new therapeutic agents proposed to target its consequences in pyroptosis and cellular senescence. Finally, we compared dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) as imaging techniques to diagnose and follow up on sarcopenia, indicating their respective advantages and disadvantages. Our goal is for the scientific evidence presented here to help guide future research to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sarcopenia, new treatment strategies, and their translation into clinical practice.
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21
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Kalinkovich A, Becker M, Livshits G. New Horizons in the Treatment of Age-Associated Obesity, Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis. Drugs Aging 2022; 39:673-683. [PMID: 35781216 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-022-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in both the lifespan and proportion of older adults in developed countries is accompanied by the dramatic growth of age-associated chronic diseases, including obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. Hence, prevention and treatment of age-associated chronic diseases has become increasingly urgent. The key to achieving this goal is a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying their pathophysiology, some aspects of which, despite extensive investigation, are still not fully understood. Aging, obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis are characterized by the creation of a systemic, chronic, low-grade inflammation (SCLGI). The common mechanisms that govern the development of these chronic conditions include a failed resolution of inflammation. Physiologically, the process of inflammation resolution is provided mainly by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) acting via cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Noteworthy, SPM levels and the expression of their receptors are significantly reduced in aging and the associated chronic disorders. In preclinical studies, supplementation of SPMs or their stable, small-molecule SPM mimetics and receptor agonists reveals clear beneficial effects in inflammation-related obesity and sarcopenic and osteoporotic conditions, suggesting a translational potential. Age-associated chronic disorders are also characterized by gut dysbiosis and the accumulation of senescent cells in the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and bones. Based on these findings, we propose SCLGI resolution as a novel strategy for the prevention/treatment of age-associated obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. Our approach entails the enhancement of inflammation resolution by SPM mimetics and receptor agonists in concert with probiotics/prebiotics and compounds that eliminate senescent cells and their pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kalinkovich
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6905126, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria Becker
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, 4077625, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gregory Livshits
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6905126, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, 4077625, Ariel, Israel.
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22
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Nogami E, Miyai N, Zhang Y, Onishi S, Sakaguchi M, Yokoi K, Utusmi M, Arita M. Effects of cigarette smoking on the association between respiratory muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults: the Wakayama Study. Eur Geriatr Med 2022; 13:805-815. [PMID: 35705784 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-022-00662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine whether cumulative smoking exposure affects the association between peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS The study participants comprised 832 community-dwelling individuals aged 50-89 years (mean age: 69 years) without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed to estimate the skeletal muscle mass of each participant. PEFR was assessed using an electronic spirometer. Cumulative smoking exposure was expressed in pack years, that is a product of the average number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day and smoking duration in years. RESULTS The whole-body skeletal muscle mass progressively reduced with decreasing PEFR levels in both males and females. In the multiple regression analysis, PEFR was found to be significantly associated with skeletal muscle mass, independent of the potential confounding factors. When participants were stratified based on the cumulative smoking exposure, the association between low PEFR and reduced skeletal muscle mass persisted in individuals with non-smoking and light-to-moderate smoking exposure (< 30 pack-years). However, this association was not clearly observed in individuals with heavy smoking exposure (≥ 30 pack-years). CONCLUSION The findings of this study support the notion that PEFR declines with a reduction in systemic skeletal muscle mass due to aging. However, chronic cigarette smoking induces respiratory dysfunction exceeding the expected values by age, and thus a low PEFR level may not be used as a marker of reduced muscle mass in older adults exposed to heavy smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Nogami
- Graduate School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, 580 Mikazura, P.O. Box 641-0011, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyai
- Graduate School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, 580 Mikazura, P.O. Box 641-0011, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Onishi
- Graduate School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, 580 Mikazura, P.O. Box 641-0011, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masato Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, 580 Mikazura, P.O. Box 641-0011, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Sumiya Rehabilitation Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yokoi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyoko Utusmi
- Wakayama Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mikio Arita
- Department of Cardiology, Sumiya Rehabilitation Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
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23
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Bellafronte NT, Govêia TR, Chiarello PG. Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: prevalence by different definitions and relationship with adiposity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:915-925. [PMID: 35658617 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This was a cross-sectional study with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients under non-dialysis-dependent (NDD), hemodialysis (HD) and kidney transplant (KTx) treatment aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) and the Foundation of the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) guidelines; also analyze the relationship between sarcopenia and its components with body adiposity. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry. Bioelectrical impedance provided data of phase angle and body water. The prevalence of sarcopenia in total sample (n=243; 53% men, 48±10 y) was 7% by FNIH and 5% by EWGSOP2 criteria; and was low in each CKD group independently of the criteria applied (max 11% prevalence). Low muscle mass was present in 39% (FNIH) and 36% (EWGSOP2) and dynapenia in 10% of patients. Sarcopenic patients by EWGSOP2 criteria presented low body adiposity. Conversely, sarcopenic patients by FNIH presented high adiposity. This study suggests that in CKD (i) sarcopenia and low muscle mass prevalence varies according to the diagnostic criteria, (ii) are common conditions, (iii) association with body adiposity depends on the criteria used to define low muscle mass, (iv) FNIH criteria detected high adiposity in individuals with sarcopenia. Novelty bullets: Prevalence of sarcopenia and low muscle mass in CKD varied according to the diagnostic criteria; association of excess adiposity with sarcopenia and low muscle mass depends on muscle mass index applied; FNIH criteria detected higher adiposity in individuals with sarcopenia. NOVELTY BULLETS Prevalence of sarcopenia and low muscle mass in CKD varied according to the diagnostic criteria; Association of excess adiposity with sarcopenia and low muscle mass depends on muscle mass index applied; FNIH criteria detected higher adiposity in individuals with sarcopenia and low muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaísa Ribeiro Govêia
- University of São Paulo, Nutrition and Metabolism Undergraduate Course, Ribeirão Preto City, São Paulo State, Brazil;
| | - Paula Garcia Chiarello
- University of São Paulo, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto City, São Paulo State, Brazil;
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24
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Chapple LAS, Kouw IWK, Summers MJ, Weinel LM, Gluck S, Raith E, Slobodian P, Soenen S, Deane AM, van Loon LJC, Chapman MJ. Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Protein Administration in Critical Illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:740-749. [PMID: 35584344 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202112-2780oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Dietary protein may attenuate the muscle atrophy experienced by patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), yet protein handling is poorly understood. Objective To quantify protein digestion and amino acid absorption, and fasting and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis during critical illness. Methods Fifteen mechanically ventilated adults (12M; age 50±17y, Body Mass Index (BMI) 27±5kg·m-2) and 10 healthy controls (6M; 54±23y, BMI 27±4kg·m-2) received a primed intravenous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, L-[3,5-2H2]-tyrosine, and L-[1-13C]-leucine infusion over 9.5h, and a duodenal bolus of intrinsically-labelled (L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]-leucine) intact milk protein (20g protein) over 60min. Arterial blood and muscle samples were taken at baseline (fasting) and for 6h following duodenal protein administration. Data are mean±SD; analysed with 2-way repeated measures ANOVA and independent samples t-test. Measurements and main results Fasting myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between ICU patients and healthy controls (0.023±0.013 vs 0.034±0.016%/h; P=0.077). Following protein administration, plasma amino acid availability did not differ between groups (ICU patients 54.2±9.1 vs healthy controls 61.8±13.1%; P=0.12), and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates increased in both groups (0.028±0.010 vs 0.043±0.018 %/h, main time effect P=0.046, P-interaction=0.584) with lower rates in ICU patients compared to healthy controls (main group effect P=0.001). Incorporation of protein-derived phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein was ~60% lower in ICU patients (0.007±0.007 vs 0.017±0.009 mole % excess (MPE); P=0.007). Conclusion The capacity for critically ill patients to use ingested protein for muscle protein synthesis is markedly blunted despite relatively normal protein digestion and amino acid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Anne S Chapple
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 199236, Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Summers
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke M Weinel
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Gluck
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eamon Raith
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, 1062, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Slobodian
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, 375072, Pharmacy, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, 104559, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam M Deane
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Melbourne Medical School, Department of Critical Care, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marianne J Chapman
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, 1066, Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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25
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Freitas EDS, Katsanos CS. (Dys)regulation of Protein Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Humans With Obesity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:843087. [PMID: 35350688 PMCID: PMC8957804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.843087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the proteome of skeletal muscle present clear evidence that protein metabolism is altered in muscle of humans with obesity. Moreover, muscle quality (i.e., strength per unit of muscle mass) appears lower in humans with obesity. However, relevant evidence to date describing the protein turnover, a process that determines content and quality of protein, in muscle of humans with obesity is quite inconsistent. This is due, at least in part, to heterogeneity in protein turnover in skeletal muscle of humans with obesity. Although not always evident at the mixed-muscle protein level, the rate of synthesis is generally lower in myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins in muscle of humans with obesity. Moreover, alterations in the synthesis of protein in muscle of humans with obesity are manifested more readily under conditions that stimulate protein synthesis in muscle, including the fed state, increased plasma amino acid availability to muscle, and exercise. Current evidence supports various biological mechanisms explaining impairments in protein synthesis in muscle of humans with obesity, but this evidence is rather limited and needs to be reproduced under more defined experimental conditions. Expanding our current knowledge with direct measurements of protein breakdown in muscle, and more importantly of protein turnover on a protein by protein basis, will enhance our understanding of how obesity modifies the proteome (content and quality) in muscle of humans with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos S Katsanos
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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26
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Allen SL, Seabright AP, Quinlan JI, Dhaliwal A, Williams FR, Fine NHF, Hodson DJ, Armstrong MJ, Elsharkaway AM, Greig CA, Lai YC, Lord JM, Lavery GG, Breen L. The Effect of Ex Vivo Human Serum from Liver Disease Patients on Cellular Protein Synthesis and Growth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071098. [PMID: 35406665 PMCID: PMC8997893 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a common complication affecting liver disease patients, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate the cellular mechanisms that drive sarcopenia progression using an in vitro model of liver disease. C2C12 myotubes were serum and amino acid starved for 1-h and subsequently conditioned with fasted ex vivo serum from four non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (NAFLD), four decompensated end-stage liver disease patients (ESLD) and four age-matched healthy controls (CON) for 4- or 24-h. After 4-h C2C12 myotubes were treated with an anabolic stimulus (5 mM leucine) for 30-min. Myotube diameter was reduced following treatment with serum from ESLD compared with CON (−45%) and NAFLD (−35%; p < 0.001 for both). A reduction in maximal mitochondrial respiration (24% and 29%, respectively), coupling efficiency (~12%) and mitophagy (~13%) was identified in myotubes conditioned with NAFLD and ESLD serum compared with CON (p < 0.05 for both). Myostatin (43%, p = 0.04) and MuRF-1 (41%, p = 0.03) protein content was elevated in myotubes treated with ESLD serum compared with CON. Here we highlight a novel, experimental platform to further probe changes in circulating markers associated with liver disease that may drive sarcopenia and develop targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Allen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Alex P. Seabright
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Jonathan I. Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
| | - Amritpal Dhaliwal
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Felicity R. Williams
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Nicholas H. F. Fine
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.F.F.); (D.J.H.)
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.F.F.); (D.J.H.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hosptial, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Matthew J. Armstrong
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Ahmed M. Elsharkaway
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Nuffield House, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yu-Chiang Lai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (N.H.F.F.); (D.J.H.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 8NS, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (S.L.A.); (A.P.S.); (J.I.Q.); (C.A.G.); (Y.-C.L.)
- National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.D.); (F.R.W.); (M.J.A.); (A.M.E.); (J.M.L.); (G.G.L.)
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence:
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27
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Kis O, Buch A, Eldor R, Rubin A, Dunsky A, Stern N, Moran DS. Should knee extension strength testing be implemented as a screening test for identifying probable and confirmed sarcopenia in older T2DM patients? Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:5. [PMID: 35086483 PMCID: PMC8903495 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accelerated loss of muscle strength and mass observed in older type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients due to the combined effects of diabetes and obesity, greatly increases their risk for sarcopenia. Early detection and treatment of probable and confirmed sarcopenia is paramount to delay mobility disability. Using low handgrip strength cut-off points for the initial identification of sarcopenia according to the new European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) guidelines may mask the presence of sarcopenia. Relative knee extension strength cut-off points using a simple hand-held dynamometer can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of probable and confirmed sarcopenia by possibly reducing false negative results. Methods A cohort of one hundred T2DM older patients (60% women) (mean age 74.5 years) mostly obese community dwelling older adults were evaluated for body composition by Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), yielding appendicular skeletal mass index (ASMI) results. Patients underwent handgrip strength (HGS) and knee extension strength (KES) tests as well as functional ability tests. Prevalence of probable and confirmed sarcopenia using HGS and KES cut-off points were calculated. Pearson correlations were performed to evaluate the relationship between ASMI and limbs strength. A regression analysis was conducted to examine which variables best predict ASMI values. A multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to assess the effect of independent variables on KES and HGS. Results Using cutoff points for low KES identified 24 patients with probable sarcopenia and two with confirmed sarcopenia. Conversely, using the EWGSOP2 cut off points for low HGS, identified only one patient with probable sarcopenia and none of the patients with confirmed sarcopenia. Conclusion KES cut-off points using a simple hand-held dynamometer can assist in the identification of probable and confirmed sarcopenia using EWGSOP2 cut off points for low muscle mass in a population of older T2DM patients for further analysis and early treatment. This is notably true in patients possessing high body mass index (BMI) alongside normal ASMI and HGS, potentially reducing false positive sarcopenia screening results. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov PRS: NCT03560375. Last registration date (last update): 06/06/2018. The trial was a-priori registered before actual recruitment of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Kis
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Assaf Buch
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Metabolism and Aging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,School of Health Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Roy Eldor
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann St, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Rubin
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Ayelet Dunsky
- The Academic College at Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Naftali Stern
- The Sagol Center for Epigenetics of Metabolism and Aging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel S Moran
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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28
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Poggiogalle E, Rossignon F, Carayon A, Capel F, Rigaudière JP, De Saint Vincent S, Le-Bacquer O, Salles J, Giraudet C, Patrac V, Lebecque P, Walrand S, Boirie Y, Martin V, Guillet C. Deleterious Effect of High-Fat Diet on Skeletal Muscle Performance Is Prevented by High-Protein Intake in Adult Rats but Not in Old Rats. Front Physiol 2022; 12:749049. [PMID: 35111075 PMCID: PMC8801536 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of sarcopenic obesity is frequently associated with impaired muscle strength and performance. Ectopic lipid deposition may interfere with muscle anabolic response especially during aging. Evidence is scarce concerning the potential interplay among aging and nutrient imbalance on skeletal muscle functionality. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of protein intake in the context of an obesogenic diet on skeletal muscle functional properties and intramuscular lipid infiltration. Two groups of forty-two adult and thirty-seven old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: isocaloric standard diet (12% protein, 14% lipid, as ST12); isocaloric standard (high-protein) diet (25% protein, 14% lipid, ST25); hypercaloric high-fat (normal-protein) diet (12% protein, 45% lipid, HF12); and hypercaloric high-fat (high-protein) diet (25% protein, 45% lipid, HF25). The nutritional intervention lasted 10 weeks. Total body composition was measured through Echo-MRI. Lipids were extracted from tibialis anterior muscle and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The functional properties of the plantarflexor muscles were evaluated in vivo on an isokinetic dynamometer. Maximal torque was assessed from the torque-frequency relationship in isometric condition and maximal power was evaluated from the torque-velocity relationship in concentric condition. In adult rats high-protein intake combined with high-fat diet determined a lower decrease in relative isometric torque, normalized to either FFM or body weight, compared with adult rats fed a high-fat normal-protein diet. High-fat diet was also detrimental to relative muscle power, as normalized to body weight, that decreased to a larger extent in adult rats fed a high-fat normal-protein diet than their counterparts fed a normal-fat, high-protein diet. The effect of high-fat diet observed in adults, with the enhanced protein intake (25%) conferring some kind of protection against the negative effects of HFD, may be linked to the reduced intramuscular fat in this group, which may have contributed to preserve, at least partly, the contractile properties. A potential role for high-protein diet in preventing ectopic lipid deposition needs to be explored in future research. Detrimental effects of high- fat diet on skeletal muscle performance are mitigated by high- protein intake in adult rats but not in old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Poggiogalle
- Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Eleonora Poggiogalle,
| | - Fanny Rossignon
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aude Carayon
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fréderic Capel
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rigaudière
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah De Saint Vincent
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Le-Bacquer
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérôme Salles
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Giraudet
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Patrac
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Lebecque
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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29
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Strategies to Prevent Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Role of Protein Intake and Exercise. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010052. [PMID: 35010928 PMCID: PMC8746908 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is one of the main issues associated with the process of aging. Characterized by muscle mass loss, it is triggered by several conditions, including sedentary habits and negative net protein balance. According to World Health Organization, it is expected a 38% increase in older individuals by 2025. Therefore, it is noteworthy to establish recommendations to prevent sarcopenia and several events and comorbidities associated with this health issue condition. In this review, we discuss the role of these factors, prevention strategies, and recommendations, with a focus on protein intake and exercise.
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30
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Wilburn D, Ismaeel A, Machek S, Fletcher E, Koutakis P. Shared and distinct mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101463. [PMID: 34534682 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is an incredibly nuanced balance of anabolism and catabolism that can become distorted within different pathological conditions. In this paper we intend to discuss the distinct intracellular signaling events that regulate muscle protein atrophy for a given clinical occurrence. Aside from the common outcome of muscle deterioration, several conditions have at least one or more distinct mechanisms that creates unique intracellular environments that facilitate muscle loss. The subtle individuality to each of these given pathologies can provide both researchers and clinicians with specific targets of interest to further identify and increase the efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Steven Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Emma Fletcher
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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31
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El Ayadi A, Tapking C, Prasai A, Rontoyanni VG, Abdelrahman DR, Cui W, Fang G, Bhattarai N, Murton AJ. Cafeteria Diet Impacts the Body Weight and Energy Expenditure of Brown Norway Rats in an Apparent Age Dependent Manner, but Has no Effect on Muscle Anabolic Sensitivity to Nutrition. Front Nutr 2021; 8:719612. [PMID: 34568406 PMCID: PMC8459992 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.719612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While obesity blunts the ability of muscle to mount a protein synthetic response to an amino acid infusion in older adults, it is unclear if this insensitivity to nutrition persists long term and in response to complete foods is unknown. To address this, young (2 months old) and old (17–20 months old) Brown Norway rats were randomized to receive either chow or a 12 wk diet of calorie-dense human foods. At wk 10 drinking water was supplemented with 2% heavy water, followed 2 weeks later by a flooding dose of [2H5]-phenylalanine and an oral leucine bolus, allowing the short and long-term effects of age and diet on muscle protein synthesis rates to be determined. The experimental diet increased energy intake in both young (7.4 ± 0.9%) and old (18.2 ± 1.8%) animals (P < 0.01), but only led to significant increases in body weight in the former (young: 10.2 ± 3.0% (P < 0.05) and old: 3.1 ± 5.1% (NS) vs. age-matched controls). Notably, energy expenditure in response to the cafeteria diet was increased in old animals only (chow: 5.1 ± 0.4; cafe: 8.2 ± 1.6 kcal.kg b.w−1.h−1; P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius protein fractional synthetic rates in response to either an acute leucine bolus or two weeks of feeding were equivalent across groups irrespective of age or diet. Rodents in old age appear capable of preventing weight gain in response to a calorie-dense diet by increasing energy expenditure while maintaining the anabolic sensitivity of muscle to nutrition; the mechanisms of which could have important implications for the aging obese human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina El Ayadi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Anesh Prasai
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria G Rontoyanni
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Weihua Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Geping Fang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.,Institute of Translation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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32
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Moore DR. Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves. Sports Med 2021; 51:13-30. [PMID: 34515969 PMCID: PMC8566396 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada.
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33
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Cannataro R, Carbone L, Petro JL, Cione E, Vargas S, Angulo H, Forero DA, Odriozola-Martínez A, Kreider RB, Bonilla DA. Sarcopenia: Etiology, Nutritional Approaches, and miRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9724. [PMID: 34575884 PMCID: PMC8466275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically affects the quality of life. Although there is a consensus that sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, the etiology and underlying mechanisms are not yet delineated. Moreover, research about nutritional interventions to prevent the development of sarcopenia is mainly focused on the amount and quality of protein intake. The impact of several nutrition strategies that consider timing of food intake, anti-inflammatory nutrients, metabolic control, and the role of mitochondrial function on the progression of sarcopenia is not fully understood. This narrative review summarizes the metabolic background of this phenomenon and proposes an integral nutritional approach (including dietary supplements such as creatine monohydrate) to target potential molecular pathways that may affect reduce or ameliorate the adverse effects of sarcopenia. Lastly, miRNAs, in particular those produced by skeletal muscle (MyomiR), might represent a valid tool to evaluate sarcopenia progression as a potential rapid and early biomarker for diagnosis and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Galascreen Laboratories, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Leandro Carbone
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Salvador, Buenos Aires 1020, Argentina
| | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Galascreen Laboratories, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Salvador Vargas
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
| | - Heidy Angulo
- Grupo de Investigación Programa de Medicina (GINUMED), Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena 130001, Colombia;
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Adrián Odriozola-Martínez
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society, DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; (J.L.P.); (S.V.); (D.A.B.)
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
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34
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Lewgood J, Oliveira B, Korzepa M, Forbes SC, Little JP, Breen L, Bailie R, Candow DG. Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2378. [PMID: 34371888 PMCID: PMC8308746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, which creates a large economic burden. Diet is a critical factor in the treatment and management of T2D; however, there are a large number of dietary approaches and a general lack of consensus regarding the efficacy of each. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to critically evaluate the effects of various dietary strategies on diabetes management and treatment, such as Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, low-calorie and very low-calorie diets, intermittent fasting, low-carbohydrate and very low-carbohydrate diets, and low glycemic diets and (2) to examine several purported supplements, such as protein, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and vitamin D to improve glucose control and body composition. This review can serve as a resource for those wanting to evaluate the evidence supporting the various dietary strategies and supplements that may help manage T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lewgood
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Barbara Oliveira
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Bailie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
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35
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McKendry J, Stokes T, Mcleod JC, Phillips SM. Resistance Exercise, Aging, Disuse, and Muscle Protein Metabolism. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2249-2278. [PMID: 34190341 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the organ of locomotion, its optimal function is critical for athletic performance, and is also important for health due to its contribution to resting metabolic rate and as a site for glucose uptake and storage. Numerous endogenous and exogenous factors influence muscle mass. Much of what is currently known regarding muscle protein turnover is owed to the development and use of stable isotope tracers. Skeletal muscle mass is determined by the meal- and contraction-induced alterations of muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown. Increased loading as resistance training is the most potent nonpharmacological strategy by which skeletal muscle mass can be increased. Conversely, aging (sarcopenia) and muscle disuse lead to the development of anabolic resistance and contribute to the loss of skeletal muscle mass. Nascent omics-based technologies have significantly improved our understanding surrounding the regulation of skeletal muscle mass at the gene, transcript, and protein levels. Despite significant advances surrounding the mechanistic intricacies that underpin changes in skeletal muscle mass, these processes are complex, and more work is certainly needed. In this article, we provide an overview of the importance of skeletal muscle, describe the influence that resistance training, aging, and disuse exert on muscle protein turnover and the molecular regulatory processes that contribute to changes in muscle protein abundance. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2249-2278, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Schoufour JD, Tieland M, Barazzoni R, Ben Allouch S, van der Bie J, Boirie Y, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Eglseer D, Topinková E, Visser B, Voortman T, Tsagari A, Weijs PJM. The Relevance of Diet, Physical Activity, Exercise, and Persuasive Technology in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults. Front Nutr 2021; 8:661449. [PMID: 34109204 PMCID: PMC8180560 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.661449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging population faces two conditions that threaten healthy aging: high fat mass (obesity) and low muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). The combination of both-referred to as sarcopenic obesity-synergistically increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. The two conditions often co-occur because they reinforce each other and share common etiologies, including poor nutrition and inactivity. All aging people are at risk of gaining weight and losing muscle mass and could benefit from improvements in physical activity, exercise and dietary intake. one specific window of opportunity is during the transient time of retirement, as older adults already need to restructure their daily activities. It is key to change lifestyle behavior in a sustainable manner, providing scientifically proven, personalized, and acceptable principles that can be integrated in daily life. Health technologies (e.g., applications) can provide promising tools to deliver personalized and appealing lifestyle interventions to a large group of people while keeping health care costs low. Several studies show that health technologies have a strong positive effect on physical activity, exercise and dietary intake. Specifically, health technology is increasingly applied to older people, although strong evidence for long term effects in changing lifestyle behavior is generally lacking. Concluding, technology could play an important role in the highly warranted prevention of sarcopenic obesity in older adults. Although health technology seems to be a promising tool to stimulate changes in physical activity, exercise and dietary intake, studies on long lasting effects and specifically targeted on older people around the time of retirement are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje D Schoufour
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Tieland
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Somaya Ben Allouch
- Digital Life Research Group, Faculty of Digital Media and Creative Industry, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joey van der Bie
- Digital Life Research Group, Faculty of Digital Media and Creative Industry, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yves Boirie
- University Clermont Auvergne, Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Nutrition Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Doris Eglseer
- Department of Nursing Science, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Topinková
- First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Geriatrics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Bart Visser
- Faculty of Health, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amalia Tsagari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Paulussen KJM, McKenna CF, Beals JW, Wilund KR, Salvador AF, Burd NA. Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes. Front Nutr 2021; 8:615849. [PMID: 34026802 PMCID: PMC8131552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.615849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic resistance is defined by a blunted stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to common anabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle tissue such as dietary protein and exercise. Generally, MPS is the target of most exercise and feeding interventions as muscle protein breakdown rates seem to be less responsive to these stimuli. Ultimately, the blunted responsiveness of MPS to dietary protein and exercise underpins the loss of the amount and quality of skeletal muscle mass leading to decrements in physical performance in these populations. The increase of both habitual physical activity (including structured exercise that targets general fitness characteristics) and protein dense food ingestion are frontline strategies utilized to support muscle mass, performance, and health. In this paper, we discuss anabolic resistance as a common denominator underpinning muscle mass loss with aging, obesity, and other disease states. Namely, we discuss the fact that anabolic resistance exists as a dimmer switch, capable of varying from higher to lower levels of resistance, to the main anabolic stimuli of feeding and exercise depending on the population. Moreover, we review the evidence on whether increased physical activity and targeted exercise can be leveraged to restore the sensitivity of skeletal muscle tissue to dietary amino acids regardless of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W. Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Silveira EA, da Silva Filho RR, Spexoto MCB, Haghighatdoost F, Sarrafzadegan N, de Oliveira C. The Role of Sarcopenic Obesity in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: A Synthesis of the Evidence on Pathophysiological Aspects and Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4339. [PMID: 33919368 PMCID: PMC8122649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is globally a serious public health concern and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and various types of cancers. It is important to evaluate various types of obesity, such as visceral and sarcopenic obesity. The evidence on the associated risk of CVD, cancer and sarcopenic obesity, including pathophysiological aspects, occurrence, clinical implications and survival, needs further investigation. Sarcopenic obesity is a relatively new term. It is a clinical condition that primarily affects older adults. There are several endocrine-hormonal, metabolic and lifestyle aspects involved in the occurrence of sarcopenic obesity that affect pathophysiological aspects that, in turn, contribute to CVD and neoplasms. However, there is no available evidence on the role of sarcopenic obesity in the occurrence of CVD and cancer and its pathophysiological interplay. Therefore, this review aims to describe the pathophysiological aspects and the clinical and epidemiological evidence on the role of sarcopenic obesity related to the occurrence and mortality risk of various types of cancer and cardiovascular disease. This literature review highlights the need for further research on sarcopenic obesity to demonstrate the interrelation of these various associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Aparecida Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Brazil;
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | | | - Maria Claudia Bernardes Spexoto
- Postgraduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79.804-970, Brazil;
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan 815838899, Iran;
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8158388994, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cesar de Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
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Murphy CH, Flanagan EM, De Vito G, Susta D, Mitchelson KAJ, de Marco Castro E, Senden JMG, Goessens JPB, Mikłosz A, Chabowski A, Segurado R, Corish CA, McCarthy SN, Egan B, van Loon LJC, Roche HM. Does supplementation with leucine-enriched protein alone and in combination with fish-oil-derived n-3 PUFA affect muscle mass, strength, physical performance, and muscle protein synthesis in well-nourished older adults? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1411-1427. [PMID: 33871558 PMCID: PMC8168361 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-enriched protein (LEU-PRO) and long-chain (LC) n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs have each been proposed to improve muscle mass and function in older adults, whereas their combination may be more effective than either alone. OBJECTIVE The impact of LEU-PRO supplementation alone and combined with LC n-3 PUFAs on appendicular lean mass, strength, physical performance and myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) was investigated in older adults at risk of sarcopenia. METHODS This 24-wk, 3-arm parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 107 men and women aged ≥65 y with low muscle mass and/or strength. Twice daily, participants consumed a supplement containing either LEU-PRO (3 g leucine, 10 g protein; n = 38), LEU-PRO plus LC n-3 PUFAs (0.8 g EPA, 1.1 g DHA; LEU-PRO+n-3; n = 38), or an isoenergetic control (CON; n = 31). Appendicular lean mass, handgrip strength, leg strength, physical performance, and circulating metabolic and renal function markers were measured pre-, mid-, and postintervention. Integrated rates of MyoPS were assessed in a subcohort (n = 28). RESULTS Neither LEU-PRO nor LEU-PRO+n-3 supplementation affected appendicular lean mass, handgrip strength, knee extension strength, physical performance or MyoPS. However, isometric knee flexion peak torque (treatment effect: -7.1 Nm; 95% CI: -12.5, -1.8 Nm; P < 0.01) was lower postsupplementation in LEU-PRO+n-3 compared with CON. Serum triacylglycerol and total adiponectin concentrations were lower, and HOMA-IR was higher, in LEU-PRO+n-3 compared with CON postsupplementation (all P < 0.05). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was higher and cystatin c was lower in LEU-PRO and LEU-PRO+n-3 postsupplementation compared with CON (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe a beneficial effect of LEU-PRO supplementation alone or combined with LC n-3 PUFA supplementation on appendicular lean mass, strength, physical performance or MyoPS in older adults at risk of sarcopenia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03429491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoileann H Murphy
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ellen M Flanagan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Davide Susta
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Normal Physiology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kathleen A J Mitchelson
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena de Marco Castro
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joan M G Senden
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Mikłosz
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ricardo Segurado
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,UCD Centre for Support and Training in Analysis and Research (CSTAR), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare A Corish
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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40
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Smeuninx B, Elhassan YS, Manolopoulos KN, Sapey E, Rushton AB, Edwards SJ, Morgan PT, Philp A, Brook MS, Gharahdaghi N, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Breen L. The effect of short-term exercise prehabilitation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and atrophy during bed rest in older men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:52-69. [PMID: 33347733 PMCID: PMC7890266 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor recovery from periods of disuse accelerates age-related muscle loss, predisposing individuals to the development of secondary adverse health outcomes. Exercise prior to disuse (prehabilitation) may prevent muscle deterioration during subsequent unloading. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term resistance exercise training (RET) prehabilitation on muscle morphology and regulatory mechanisms during 5 days of bed rest in older men. METHODS Ten healthy older men aged 65-80 years underwent four bouts of high-volume unilateral leg RET over 7 days prior to 5 days of inpatient bed rest. Physical activity and step-count were monitored over the course of RET prehabilitation and bed rest, whilst dietary intake was recorded throughout. Prior to and following bed rest, quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA), and hormone/lipid profiles were determined. Serial muscle biopsies and dual-stable isotope tracers were used to determine integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (iMyoPS) over RET prehabilitation and bed rest phases, and acute postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis (aMyoPS) rates at the end of bed rest. RESULTS During bed rest, daily step-count and light and moderate physical activity time decreased, whilst sedentary time increased when compared with habitual levels (P < 0.001 for all). Dietary protein and fibre intake during bed rest were lower than habitual values (P < 0.01 for both). iMyoPS rates were significantly greater in the exercised leg (EX) compared with the non-exercised control leg (CTL) over prehabilitation (1.76 ± 0.37%/day vs. 1.36 ± 0.18%/day, respectively; P = 0.007). iMyoPS rates decreased similarly in EX and CTL during bed rest (CTL, 1.07 ± 0.22%/day; EX, 1.30 ± 0.38%/day; P = 0.037 and 0.002, respectively). Postprandial aMyoPS rates increased above postabsorptive values in EX only (P = 0.018), with no difference in delta postprandial aMyoPS stimulation between legs. Quadriceps CSA at 40%, 60%, and 80% of muscle length decreased significantly in EX and CTL over bed rest (0.69%, 3.5%, and 2.8%, respectively; P < 0.01 for all), with no differences between legs. No differences in fibre-type CSA were observed between legs or with bed rest. Plasma insulin and serum lipids did not change with bed rest. CONCLUSIONS Short-term resistance exercise prehabilitation augmented iMyoPS rates in older men but did not offset the relative decline in iMyoPS and muscle mass during bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Yasir S. Elhassan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health PartnersBirminghamUK
| | - Konstantinos N. Manolopoulos
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBirmingham Health PartnersBirminghamUK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alison B. Rushton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sophie J. Edwards
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Andrew Philp
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincents Medical School, UNSW MedicineUNSW SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Matthew S. Brook
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular PhysiologyUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- MRC‐Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
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41
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McKendry J, Joanisse S, Baig S, Liu B, Parise G, Greig CA, Breen L. Superior Aerobic Capacity and Indices of Skeletal Muscle Morphology in Chronically Trained Master Endurance Athletes Compared With Untrained Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1079-1088. [PMID: 31155637 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to comprehensively assess physiological function and muscle morphology in chronically trained older individuals against untrained young and older individuals. In a cross-sectional design, 15 young untrained controls (YC) (20 ± 2.7 years, 78.9 ± 13.3 kg), 12 untrained older controls (OC) (69.8 ± 4.1 years, 77.5 ± 14.2 kg), and 14 endurance-trained master athletes (MA) (67.1 ± 4.1 years, 68.7 ± 6.5 kg) underwent assessments of body composition, aerobic capacity, strength, muscle architecture, and fiber-type morphology. Skeletal muscle index was lower and body fat greater in OC versus MA. Estimated VO2max (mL·kg-1·minute-1) was similar between MA and YC, but lower in OC. Isometric leg strength normalized to fat-free mass was similar between groups, whereas normalized isometric arm strength was greater in YC than MA. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) I fiber area was greater in MA than OC, while MHC II fiber area was greater in YC than OC. MHC II fiber myonuclear domain size was greater in YC than OC and MA, whereas MA had greater MHC I and MHC II fiber capillarization than OC and YC. Satellite cell content was similar between groups. Chronic endurance training enhances indices of muscle morphology and improves body composition and aerobic capacity in older age, with potentially important implications for healthspan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shanat Baig
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Boyang Liu
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn A Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Ontario, Canada.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Ontario, Canada.,NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham.,MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham
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42
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Morgan PT, Smeuninx B, Breen L. Exploring the Impact of Obesity on Skeletal Muscle Function in Older Age. Front Nutr 2020; 7:569904. [PMID: 33335909 PMCID: PMC7736105 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is of important clinical relevance for loss of independence in older adults. The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia ("sarcopenic-obesity") is increasing at a rapid rate. However, whilst the development of sarcopenia is understood to be multi-factorial and harmful to health, the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on skeletal muscle in aging, is poorly understood. Specifically, the presence of obesity in older age may be accompanied by a greater volume of skeletal muscle mass in weight-bearing muscles compared with lean older individuals, despite impaired physical function and resistance to anabolic stimuli. Collectively, these findings support a potential paradox in which obesity may protect skeletal muscle mass in older age. One explanation for these paradoxical findings may be that the anabolic response to weight-bearing activity could be greater in obese vs. lean older individuals due to a larger mechanical stimulus, compensating for the heightened muscle anabolic resistance. However, it is likely that there is a complex interplay between muscle, adipose, and external influences in the aging process that are ultimately harmful to health in the long-term. This narrative briefly explores some of the potential mechanisms regulating changes in skeletal muscle mass and function in aging combined with obesity and the interplay with sarcopenia, with a particular focus on muscle morphology and the regulation of muscle proteostasis. In addition, whilst highly complex, we attempt to provide an updated summary for the role of obesity from a protective and damaging perspective on muscle mass and function in older age. We conclude with a brief discussion on treatment of sarcopenia and obesity and a summary of future directions for this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A paradoxical double challenge has emerged in the last decades with respect to nutrition and nutrition-related clinical conditions. Hunger-related undernutrition continues to represent an unacceptable burden, although its prevalence has been encouragingly reduced worldwide. On the other hand, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, defined as fat excess accumulation with negative impact on individual health, has dramatically increased due to increasingly pervasive obesogenic lifestyle changes. Undernutrition and obesity may coexist in world regions, Countries and even smaller communities and households, being referred to as double burden of malnutrition. It is however important to point out that fat accumulation and obesity may also induce additional nutritional derangements in affected individuals, both directly through metabolic and body composition changes and indirectly through acute and chronic diseases with negative impact on nutritional status. In the current narrative review, associations between fat accumulation in obesity and malnutrition features as well as their known causes will be reviewed and summarized. These include risk of loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) that may allow for malnutrition diagnosis also in overweight and obese individuals, thereby introducing a new clinically relevant perspective to the obesity-related double burden of malnutrition concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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44
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Liao CD, Wu YT, Tsauo JY, Chen PR, Tu YK, Chen HC, Liou TH. Effects of Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training on Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults with Lower-Extremity Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082422. [PMID: 32806718 PMCID: PMC7468926 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and osteoarthritis (OA) are associated with a high risk of muscle mass loss, which can lead to physical disability. This study investigated the effectiveness of protein supplementation combined with exercise training (PS + ET) in improving muscle mass and functional outcomes in older adults with lower-limb OA. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of PS + ET in older adults with hip or knee OA. Meta-analysis and risk of bias assessment of the included RCTs were conducted. Six RCTs were included in this systemic review; they had a median (range/total) Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score of 7 (6-9) out of 10, respectively. Five RCTs that enrolled patients who underwent total joint replacement were included in this meta-analysis. The PS + ET group exhibited significant improvements in muscle mass (standard mean difference [SMD] = 1.13, p < 0.00001), pain (SMD = 1.36, p < 0.00001), and muscle strength (SMD = 0.44, p = 0.04). Our findings suggest that PS + ET improves muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional outcomes and reduces pain in older adults with lower-limb OA, particularly in those who have undergone total joint replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan; (C.-D.L.); (Y.-T.W.); (J.-Y.T.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Tzu Wu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan; (C.-D.L.); (Y.-T.W.); (J.-Y.T.)
- Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yih Tsauo
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan; (C.-D.L.); (Y.-T.W.); (J.-Y.T.)
| | - Pey-Rong Chen
- Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan;
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2249-0088 (ext. 1600); Fax: +886-2-2248-0577
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45
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Lynch GM, Murphy CH, Castro EDM, Roche HM. Inflammation and metabolism: the role of adiposity in sarcopenic obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-13. [PMID: 32669148 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is characterised by the double burden of diminished skeletal muscle mass and the presence of excess adiposity. From a mechanistic perspective, both obesity and sarcopenia are associated with sub-acute, chronic pro-inflammatory states that impede metabolic processes, disrupting adipose and skeletal functionality, which may potentiate disease. Recent evidence suggests that there is an important cross-talk between metabolism and inflammation, which has shifted focus upon metabolic-inflammation as a key emerging biological interaction. Dietary intake, physical activity and nutritional status are important environmental factors that may modulate metabolic-inflammation. This paradigm will be discussed within the context of sarcopenic obesity risk. There is a paucity of data in relation to the nature and the extent to which nutritional status affects metabolic-inflammation in sarcopenic obesity. Research suggests that there may be scope for the modulation of sarcopenic obesity with alterations in diet. The potential impact of increasing protein consumption and reconfiguration of dietary fat composition in human dietary interventions are evaluated. This review will explore emerging data with respect to if and how different dietary components may modulate metabolic-inflammation, particularly with respect to adiposity, within the context of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lynch
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C H Murphy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E de Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072067. [PMID: 32664648 PMCID: PMC7400893 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ingesting a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (EAA) gel alone or combined with resistance exercise (RE) versus RE alone (control) on plasma aminoacidemia and intramyocellular anabolic signaling in healthy younger (28 ± 4 years) and older (71 ± 3 years) adults. Blood samples were obtained throughout the three trials, while muscle biopsies were collected in the postabsorptive state and 2 h following RE, following the consumption of two 50 mL EAA gels (40% leucine, 15 g total EAA), and following RE with EAA (combination (COM)). Protein content and the phosphorylation status of key anabolic signaling proteins were determined via immunoblotting. Irrespective of age, during EAA and COM peak leucinemia (younger: 454 ± 32 µM and 537 ± 111 µM; older: 417 ± 99 µM and 553 ± 136 µM) occurred ~60–120 min post-ingestion (younger: 66 ± 6 min and 120 ± 60 min; older: 90 ± 13 min and 78 ± 12 min). In the pooled sample, the area under the curve for plasma leucine and the sum of branched-chain amino acids was significantly greater in EAA and COM compared with RE. For intramyocellular signaling, significant main effects were found for condition (mTOR (Ser2481), rpS6 (Ser235/236)) and age (S6K1 (Thr421/Ser424), 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)) in age group analyses. The phosphorylation of rpS6 was of similar magnitude (~8-fold) in pooled and age group data 2 h following COM. Our findings suggest that a gel-based, leucine-enriched EAA supplement is associated with aminoacidemia and a muscle anabolic signaling response, thus representing an effective means of stimulating muscle protein anabolism in younger and older adults following EAA and COM.
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McKendry J, Currier BS, Lim C, Mcleod JC, Thomas AC, Phillips SM. Nutritional Supplements to Support Resistance Exercise in Countering the Sarcopenia of Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2057. [PMID: 32664408 PMCID: PMC7399875 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays an indispensable role in metabolic health and physical function. A decrease in muscle mass and function with advancing age exacerbates the likelihood of mobility impairments, disease development, and early mortality. Therefore, the development of non-pharmacological interventions to counteract sarcopenia warrant significant attention. Currently, resistance training provides the most effective, low cost means by which to prevent sarcopenia progression and improve multiple aspects of overall health. Importantly, the impact of resistance training on skeletal muscle mass may be augmented by specific dietary components (i.e., protein), feeding strategies (i.e., timing, per-meal doses of specific macronutrients) and nutritional supplements (e.g., creatine, vitamin-D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids etc.). The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based account of nutritional strategies to enhance resistance training-induced adaptations in an attempt to combat age-related muscle mass loss. In addition, we provide insight on how to incorporate the aforementioned nutritional strategies that may support the growth or maintenance of skeletal muscle and subsequently extend the healthspan of older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (J.M.); (B.S.C.); (C.L.); (J.C.M.); (A.C.Q.T.)
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48
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Wall BT, Cruz AM, Otten B, Dunlop MV, Fulford J, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Stephens FB, Dirks ML. The Impact of Disuse and High-Fat Overfeeding on Forearm Muscle Amino Acid Metabolism in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5821526. [PMID: 32303743 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anabolic resistance is mechanistically implicated in muscle disuse atrophy. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess whether anabolic resistance is associated with reduced postprandial amino acid uptake or exacerbated by excess lipid availability. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Twenty men underwent 7 days of forearm immobilization while consuming a eucaloric (CON; n = 11) or high-fat overfeeding (HFD; n = 9; 50% excess energy as fat) diet (parallel design) within our Nutritional Physiology Research Unit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preimmobilization and postimmobilization we measured forearm muscle cross-sectional area (aCSA), and postabsorptive and postprandial (3-hour postingestion of a liquid, protein-rich, mixed meal) forearm amino acid metabolism using the arterialized venous-deep venous balance method and infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]leucine. RESULTS Immobilization did not affect forearm muscle aCSA in either group, but tended to reduce postabsorptive phenylalanine (P = .07) and leucine (P = .05) net balances equivalently in CON and HFD. Mixed-meal ingestion switched phenylalanine and leucine net balances from negative to positive (P < .05), an effect blunted by immobilization (P < .05) and to a greater extent in HFD than CON (P < .05). Preimmobilization, meal ingestion increased leucine rates of disappearance (Rd; P < .05), with values peaking at 191% (from 87 ± 38 to 254 ± 60 µmol·min-1·100 mL forearm volume-1) and 183% (from 141 ± 24 to 339 ± 51 µmol·min-1·100 mL-1) above postabsorptive rates in CON and HFD, respectively, with meal-induced increases not evident postimmobilization in either group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Disuse impairs the ability of a protein-rich meal to promote positive muscle amino acid balance, which is aggravated by dietary lipid oversupply. Moreover, disuse reduced postprandial forearm amino acid uptake; however, this is not worsened under high-fat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Ana M Cruz
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Britt Otten
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, USA
| | - Doaa Reda Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, USA
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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49
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McKendry J, Thomas ACQ, Phillips SM. Muscle Mass Loss in the Older Critically Ill Population: Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35:607-616. [PMID: 32578900 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in everyday life, and its age-associated reduction has severe health consequences. The pre-existing presence of sarcopenia, combined with anabolic resistance, protein undernutrition, and the pro-catabolic/anti-anabolic milieu induced by aging and exacerbated in critical care, may accelerate the rate at which skeletal muscle is lost in patients with critical illness. Advancements in intensive care unit (ICU)-care provision have drastically improved survival rates; therefore, attention can be redirected toward other significant issues affecting ICU patients (e.g., length of stay, days on ventilation, nosocomial disease development, etc.). Thus, strategies targeting muscle mass and function losses within an ICU setting are essential to improve patient-related outcomes. Notably, loading exercise and protein provision are the most compelling. Many older ICU patients seldom meet the recommended protein intake, and loading exercise is difficult to conduct in the ICU. Nevertheless, the incorporation of physical therapy (PT), neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and early mobilization strategies may be beneficial. Furthermore, a number of nutrition practices within the ICU have been shown to improve patient-related outcomes ((e.g., feeding strategy [i.e., oral, early enteral, or parenteral]), be hypocaloric (∼70%-80% energy requirements), and increase protein provision (∼1.2-2.5 g/kg/d)). The aim of this brief review is to discuss the dysregulation of muscle mass maintenance in an older ICU population and highlight the potential benefits of strategic nutrition practice, specifically protein, and PT within the ICU. Finally, we provide some general guidelines that may serve to counteract muscle mass loss in patients with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron C Q Thomas
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Marshall RN, Smeuninx B, Morgan PT, Breen L. Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051533. [PMID: 32466126 PMCID: PMC7284346 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity is essential for healthy ageing. Transient periods of disuse and/or inactivity in combination with sub-optimal dietary intake have been shown to accelerate the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, predisposing to disability and metabolic disease. Mechanisms underlying disuse and/or inactivity-related muscle deterioration in the older adults, whilst multifaceted, ultimately manifest in an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, resulting in net muscle loss. To date, the most potent intervention to mitigate disuse-induced muscle deterioration is mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. However, the feasibility of older individuals performing resistance exercise during disuse and inactivity has been questioned, particularly as illness and injury may affect adherence and safety, as well as accessibility to appropriate equipment and physical therapists. Therefore, optimising nutritional intake during disuse events, through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated proteins and nutrient compounds with purported pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties could offset impairments in muscle protein turnover and, ultimately, the degree of muscle atrophy and recovery upon re-ambulation. The current review therefore aims to provide an overview of nutritional countermeasures to disuse atrophy and anabolic resistance in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4109
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