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Salas-Lucia F, Stan MN, James H, Rajwani A, Liao XH, Dumitrescu AM, Refetoff S. Effect of the Fetal THRB Genotype on the Placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e944-e948. [PMID: 37149816 PMCID: PMC10505537 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pregnant women with mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB) gene expose their fetuses to high thyroid hormone (TH) levels shown to be detrimental to a normal fetus (NlFe) but not to an affected fetus (AfFe). However, no information is available about differences in placental TH regulators. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether there are differences in placentas associated with a NlFe compared with an AfFe, we had the unique opportunity to study placentas from 2 pregnancies of the same woman with THRB mutation G307D. One placenta supported a NlFe while the other an AfFe. METHODS Sections of placentas were collected and frozen at -80 °C after term delivery of a NlFe and an AfFe. Two placentas from healthy women of similar gestational age were also obtained. The fetal origin of the placental tissues was established by gDNA quantitation of genes on the X and Y chromosomes and THRB gene. Expression and enzymatic activity of deiodinases 2 and 3 were measured. Expression of following genes was also quantitated: MCT10, MCT8, LAT1, LAT2, THRB, THRA. RESULTS The placenta carrying the AfFe exhibited a significant reduction of deiodinase 2 and 3 activities as well as the expression of the TH transporters MCT10, LAT1 and LAT2, and THRA. CONCLUSION We present the first study of the effect of the fetal THRB genotype on the placenta. Though limited by virtue of the rarity of THRB mutations and sample availability, we show that the fetal THRB genotype influences the levels of TH regulators in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius N Stan
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haleigh James
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aadil Rajwani
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Departments of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexandra M Dumitrescu
- Departments of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Departments of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Departments of Committees on Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Mantzouratou P, Malaxianaki E, Cerullo D, Lavecchia AM, Pantos C, Xinaris C, Mourouzis I. Thyroid Hormone and Heart Failure: Charting Known Pathways for Cardiac Repair/Regeneration. Biomedicines 2023; 11:975. [PMID: 36979954 PMCID: PMC10046827 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure affects more than 64 million people worldwide, having a serious impact on their survival and quality of life. Exploring its pathophysiology and molecular bases is an urgent need in order to develop new therapeutic approaches. Thyroid hormone signaling, evolutionarily conserved, controls fundamental biological processes and has a crucial role in development and metabolism. Its active form is L-triiodothyronine, which not only regulates important gene expression by binding to its nuclear receptors, but also has nongenomic actions, controlling crucial intracellular signalings. Stressful stimuli, such as acute myocardial infarction, lead to changes in thyroid hormone signaling, and especially in the relation of the thyroid hormone and its nuclear receptor, which are associated with the reactivation of fetal development programmes, with structural remodeling and phenotypical changes in the cardiomyocytes. The recapitulation of fetal-like features of the signaling may be partially an incomplete effort of the myocardium to recapitulate its developmental program and enable cardiomyocytes to proliferate and finally to regenerate. In this review, we will discuss the experimental and clinical evidence about the role of the thyroid hormone in the recovery of the myocardium in the setting of heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction and its future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Cerullo
- Centro Anna Maria Astori, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Centro Anna Maria Astori, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Centro Anna Maria Astori, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
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Hernandez A, Martinez ME, Chaves C, Anselmo J. Epigenetic developmental programming and intergenerational effects of thyroid hormones. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:23-49. [PMID: 36863795 PMCID: PMC10938172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence is showing that altered signaling through the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily can cause abnormal, long-term epigenetic changes which translate into pathological modifications and susceptibility to disease. These effects seem to be more prominent if the exposure occurs early in life, when transcriptomic profiles are rapidly changing. At this time, the coordination of the complex coordinated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation that characterize mammalian development. Such exposures may also alter the epigenetic information of the germ line, potentially leading to developmental changes and abnormal outcomes in subsequent generations. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is mediated by specific nuclear receptors, which have the ability to markedly change chromatin structure and gene transcription, and can also regulate other determinants of epigenetic marks. TH exhibits pleiotropic effects in mammals, and during development, its action is regulated in a highly dynamic manner to suit the rapidly evolving needs of multiple tissues. Their molecular mechanisms of action, timely developmental regulation and broad biological effects place THs in a central position to play a role in the developmental epigenetic programming of adult pathophysiology and, through effects on the germ line, in inter- and trans-generational epigenetic phenomena. These areas of epigenetic research are in their infancy, and studies regarding THs are limited. In the context of their characteristics as epigenetic modifiers and their finely tuned developmental action, here we review some of the observations underscoring the role that altered TH action may play in the developmental programming of adult traits and in the phenotypes of subsequent generations via germ line transmission of altered epigenetic information. Considering the relatively high prevalence of thyroid disease and the ability of some environmental chemicals to disrupt TH action, the epigenetic effects of abnormal levels of TH action may be important contributors to the non-genetic etiology of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States; Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States; Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Carolina Chaves
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
| | - Joao Anselmo
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Nutrição, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
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Fenneman AC, Bruinstroop E, Nieuwdorp M, van der Spek AH, Boelen A. A Comprehensive Review of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism in the Gut and Its Clinical Implications. Thyroid 2023; 33:32-44. [PMID: 36322786 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: The gut is a target organ of thyroid hormone (TH) that exerts its action via the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. THs are partially metabolized via hepatic sulfation and glucuronidation, resulting in the production of conjugated iodothyronines. Gut microbiota play an important role in peripheral TH metabolism as they produce and secrete enzymes with deconjugation activity (β-glucuronidase and sulfatase), via which TH can re-enter the enterohepatic circulation. Summary: Intestinal epithelium homeostasis (the finely tuned balance between cell proliferation and differentiation) is controlled by the crosstalk between triiodothyronine and TRα1 and the presence of specific TH transporters and TH-activating and -inactivating enzymes. Patients and experimental murine models with a dominant-negative mutation in the TRα exhibit gross abnormalities in the morphology of the intestinal epithelium and suffer from severe symptoms of a dysfunctional gastrointestinal tract. Over the past decade, gut microbiota has been identified as an essential factor in health and disease, depending on its compositional and functional profile. This has led to a renewed interest in the so-called gut-thyroid axis. Disruption of gut microbial homeostasis (dysbiosis) is associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Graves' orbitopathy. These studies reviewed here provide new insights into the gut microbiota roles in thyroid disease pathogenesis and may be an initial step toward microbiota-based therapies in AITD. However, it should be noted that cause-effect mechanisms remain to be proven, for which prospective cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, and experimental studies are needed. Conclusion: This review aims at providing a comprehensive insight into the interplay between TH metabolism and gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C Fenneman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shimi G, Pourvali K, Ghorbani A, Nooshin S, Zare Karizi S, Iranirad R, Zand H. Alterations of DNA methylation and expression of genes related to thyroid hormone metabolism in colon epithelium of obese patients. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:229. [PMID: 36320063 PMCID: PMC9628115 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is common among obese individuals. The purpose of the current study was to determine changes in DNA methylation status and mRNA expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB), as a tumor suppressor, and thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme, type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) genes, in human epithelial colon tissues of healthy obese individuals.
Methods Colon biopsies were analyzed by methylation sensitive-high resolution melting (MS-HRM) to investigate promoter methylation of DIO3 and THRB, and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to assay expression of DIO3 and THRB mRNA on eighteen obese and twenty-one normal-weight healthy men.
Results There was no significant difference in mean methylation levels at the THRB promoter region between the two groups. Nevertheless, obesity decreased THRB expression levels, significantly (P < 0.05; fold change: 0.19). Furthermore, obesity attenuated DNA methylation (P < 0.001) and enhanced mRNA expression of DIO3 (P < 0.05; fold change: 3). Conclusions Our findings suggest that obesity may alter expression of THRB and DIO3 genes through epigenetic mechanism. Alterations of THRB and DIO3 expressions may predispose colon epithelium of obese patients to neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Shimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Katayoun Pourvali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Arman Ghorbani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran
| | - Sajad Nooshin
- MSc Molecular Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Pishva-Varamin, Iran
| | - Shohreh Zare Karizi
- Department of Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Varamin, Iran
| | - Reza Iranirad
- Sasan Alborz Biomedical Research Center, Masoud Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, Tehran, 14117-13135, Iran
| | - Hamid Zand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran.
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Yamauchi I, Yamashita T, Sugawa T, Tagami T, Hanaoka I, Usui T, Hirota K, Hakata T, Ueda Y, Fujii T, Sakane Y, Yasoda A, Inagaki N. Bezafibrate induces hypothyroidism in a patient with resistance to thyroid hormone β due to a G347R variant. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:236-245. [PMID: 34519083 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A unique clinical course was observed in a patient with resistance to thyroid hormone β (RTHβ) caused by a variant of the THRB gene leading to the replacement of glycine with arginine in codon 347 (p.G347R). He presented with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) (free T4 [fT4]: 32.43 pmol/L, TSH: 4.67 mIU/L), but slowly developed progressive hypothyroidism (fT4: 8.37 pmol/L, TSH: 100.90 mIU/L) that resolved after suspending bezafibrate (BZ) treatment (fT4: 32.18 pmol/L, TSH: 7.14 mIU/L). This study clinically and experimentally evaluated this interesting phenomenon. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of non-RTHβ patients was performed at Kyoto University Hospital. Data before BZ treatment were compared to the first data after treatment. Using reporter assays of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO1, DIO2, DIO3) in HEK293T cells, we performed functional analyses of mutant thyroid hormone receptor β with p.G347R (G347R TRβ). Mice with G347R TRβ were generated by hydrodynamic gene delivery. RESULTS In non-RTHβ patients (n = 7), BZ treatment did not change serum free T3 and TSH but significantly increased fT4 (p = .008). BZ administration increased DIO3 reporter activity in the context of G347R TRβ, whereas did not change DIO1 and DIO2 reporter activity. In the livers of mice with G347R TRβ, BZ administration increased reverse T3 content, which corresponded to an increase in Dio3 messenger RNA. CONCLUSIONS While hypothyroidism associated with BZ treatment did not occur in non-RTHβ patients, it was observed in a patient with RTHβ due to the p.G347R variant. Liver DIO3 upregulation might involve this hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamashita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Metabolism and Endocrinology Division of Internal Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Sugawa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tagami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hanaoka
- Metabolism and Endocrinology Division of Internal Medicine, Kishiwada City Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Usui
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Research Support Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keisho Hirota
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuro Hakata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Ueda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihito Fujii
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoriko Sakane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Sugawa Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Di Cicco E, Moran C, Visser WE, Nappi A, Schoenmakers E, Todd P, Lyons G, Dattani M, Ambrosio R, Parisi S, Salvatore D, Chatterjee K, Dentice M. Germ Line Mutations in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Gene Predispose to Cutaneous Tags and Melanocytic Nevi. Thyroid 2021; 31:1114-1126. [PMID: 33509032 PMCID: PMC8290313 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Many physiological effects of thyroid hormone (TH) are mediated by its canonical action via nuclear receptors (TH receptor α and β [TRα and TRβ]) to regulate transcription of target genes. Heterozygous dominant negative mutations in human TRα mediate resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα), characterized by features of hypothyroidism (e.g., skeletal dysplasia, neurodevelopmental retardation, constipation) in specific tissues, but near-normal circulating TH concentrations. Hitherto, 41 RTHα cases have been recorded worldwide. Methods: RTHα cases (n = 10) attending a single center underwent cutaneous assessment, recording skin lesions. Lesions excised from different RTHα patients were analyzed histologically and profiled for cellular markers of proliferation and oncogenic potential. Proliferative characteristics of dermal fibroblasts and inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived keratinocytes from patients and control subjects were analyzed. Results: Multiple skin tags and nevi were recorded in all cases, mainly in the head and neck area with a predilection for flexures. The affected patients had highly deleterious mutations (p.E403X, p.E403K, p.F397fs406X, p.A382PfsX7) involving TRα1 alone or mild/moderate loss-of-function mutations (p.A263V, p.L274P) common to TRα1 and TRα2 isoforms. In four patients, although lesions excised for cosmetic reasons were benign intradermal melanocytic nevi histologically, they significantly overexpressed markers of cell proliferation (K17, cyclin D1) and type 3 deiodinase. In addition, oncogenic markers typical of basal cell carcinoma (Gli-1, Gli-2, Ptch-1, n = 2 cases) and melanoma (c-kit, MAGE, CDK4, n = 1) were markedly upregulated in skin lesions. Cell cycle progression and proliferation of TRα mutation-containing dermal fibroblasts and iPSC-derived keratinocytes from patients were markedly increased. Conclusions: Our observations highlight frequent occurrence of skin tags and benign melanocytic nevi in RTHα, with cutaneous cells from patients being in a hyperproliferative state. Such excess of skin lesions, including nevi expressing oncogenic markers, indicates that dermatologic surveillance of RTHα patients, monitoring lesions for features that are suspicious for neoplastic change, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery Di Cicco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Moran
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Erik Schoenmakers
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Todd
- Department of Dermatology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Lyons
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Dattani
- Genetics and Genomics Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health London; Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silvia Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, and University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: Krishna Chatterjee, MD, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Address correspondence to: Monica Dentice, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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Furman AE, Dumitrescu AM, Refetoff S, Weiss RE. Early Diagnosis and Treatment of an Infant with a Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Gene (pC380SfsX9) Mutation. Thyroid 2021; 31:1003-1005. [PMID: 33198587 PMCID: PMC8215396 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) is caused by mutations in thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA). Little is known about the natural history and treatment of RTHα, and diagnosis before the age of 1 year has not been previously reported. A de novo heterozygous THRA mutation (pC380SfsX9) was identified in a 10-month-old female investigated for developmental delay, hypotonia, macrocephaly, and severe constipation. Treatment with levothyroxine was accompanied by an appropriate rise in thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), as well as decrease in thyrotropin levels and in the T3/T4 ratio with a trend toward normalization of peripheral markers of thyroid hormone action. THRA pC380SfsX9 results in extreme RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary E. Furman
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Address correspondence to: Roy E. Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th Street, Suite 310F, Miami, FL 33133, USA
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Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha occurs due to pathogenic, heterozygous variants in THRA. The entity was first described in 2012 and to date only a small number of patients with varying severity have been reported. In this review, we summarize and interpret the heterogeneous clinical and laboratory features of all published cases, including ours. Many symptoms and findings are similar to those seen in primary hypothyroidism. However, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are normal. Free triiodothyronine (T3) levels are in the upper half of normal range or frankly high and free thyroxine (T4) levels are low or in the lower half of normal range. Alterations in free T3 and free T4 may not be remarkable, particularly in adults, possibly contributing to underdiagnosis. In such patients, low reverse T3 levels, normo- or macrocytic anemia or, particularly in children, mildly elevated creatine kinase levels would warrant THRA sequencing. Treatment with L-thyroxine results in improvement of some clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Mert Erbaş
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey Phone: +90 232 412 60 77 E-mail:
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Halsall DJ, Oddy S. Clinical and laboratory aspects of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3). Ann Clin Biochem 2020; 58:29-37. [PMID: 33040575 DOI: 10.1177/0004563220969150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reverse T3 (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine or rT3) is the third most abundant iodothyronine circulating in human blood and is produced by the inner ring deiodination of the pro-hormone thyroxine (T4). Unlike the more abundant and active metabolite T3, the measurement of serum rT3 is yet to find a routine clinical application. As rT3 binds weakly to the T3 thyroid nuclear hormone receptors, it is thought to represent an inactive end-product of thyroid hormone metabolism, diverting T4 away from T3 production. The analysis of serum rT3 has, up until recently, been measured by competitive radioimmunoassay, but these methods have been superseded by mass-spectrometric methods which are less susceptible to interference from other more abundant iodothyronines. Serum rT3 concentration is increased as part of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome, and by administration of common medications such as amiodarone which inhibit the metabolism of rT3. Serum rT3 concentration is also affected by genetic conditions that affect the iodothyronine deiodinases, as well as thyroid transporters and transport proteins. Analysis of rT3 can provide a useful diagnostic fingerprint for these conditions. rT3 has been shown to bind extra-nuclear iodothyronine receptors with a potential role in cell proliferation; however, the clinical relevance of these findings awaits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Halsall
- Blood Sciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Oddy
- Blood Sciences, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Sarin H. Pressure regulated basis for gene transcription by delta-cell micro-compliance modeled in silico: Biphenyl, bisphenol and small molecule ligand models of cell contraction-expansion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236446. [PMID: 33021979 PMCID: PMC7537880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diameter, lipophilicity and hydrophilicity exclusion affinity limits exist for small molecule carrier-mediated diffusion or transport through channel pores or interaction with the cell surface glycocalyx. The molecular structure lipophilicity limit for non-specific carrier-mediated transmembrane diffusion through polarity-selective transport channels of the cell membrane is Lexternal structure ∙ Hpolar group-1 of ≥ 1.07. The cell membrane channel pore size is > 0.752 and < 0.758 nm based on a 3-D ellipsoid model (biphenyl), and within the molecular diameter size range 0.744 and 0.762 nm based on a 2-D elliptical model (alkanol). The adjusted van der Waals diameter (vdWD, adj; nm) for the subset of halogenated vapors is predictive of the required MAC for anesthetic potency at an initial (-) Δ Cmicro effect. The molecular structure L ∙ Hpolar group-1 for Neu5Ac is 0.080, and the L ∙ Hpolar group-1 interval range for the cell surface glycocalyx hydrophilicity barrier interaction is 0.101 (Saxitoxin, Stx; Linternal structure ∙ Hpolar group-1) - 0.092 (m-xylenediamine, Lexternal structure · Hpolar group). Differential predictive effective pressure mapping of gene activation or repression reveals that p-dioxin exposure results in activation of AhR-Erβ (Arnt)/Nrf-2, Pparδ, Errγ (LxRα), Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs, and due to high affinity Dio2 and Dio3 (OH-TriCDD, Lext · H-1: 1.91–4.31) exothermy-antagonism (Δ contraction) with high affinity T4/rT3-TRα-mediated agonism (Δ expansion). co-planar PCB metabolite exposure (Lext · H-1: 1.95–3.91) results in activation of AhR (Erα/β)/Nrf2, Rev-Erbβ, Errα, Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs with a Δ Cmicro contraction of 0.89 and Δ Cmicro expansion of 1.05 as compared to p-dioxin. co-, ortho-planar PCB metabolite exposure results in activation of Car/PxR, Pparα (Srebf1,—Lxrβ), Arnt (AhR-Erβ), AR, Dio1 (Dio2) and Trβ limbs with a Δ Cmicro contraction of 0.73 and Δ Cmicro expansion of 1.18 (as compared to p-dioxin). Bisphenol A exposure (Lext struct ∙ H-1: 1.08–1.12, BPA–BPE, Errγ; BPAF, Lext struct ∙ H-1: 1.23, CM Erα, β) results in increased duration at Peff for Timm8b (Peff 0.247) transcription and in indirect activation of the AhR/Nrf-2 hybrid pathway with decreased duration at Peff 0.200 (Nrf1) and increased duration at Peff 0.257 (Dffa). The Bpa/Bpaf convergent pathway Cmicro contraction-expansion response increase in the lower Peff interval is 0.040; in comparison, small molecule hormone Δ Cmicro contraction-expansion response increases in the lower Peff intervals for gene expression ≤ 0.168 (Dex· GR) ≥ 0.156 (Dht · AR), with grade of duration at Peff (min·count) of 1.33x105 (Dex/Cort) and 1.8–2.53x105 (Dht/R1881) as compared to the (-) coupled (+) Δ CmicroPeff to 0.136 (Wnt5a, Esr2) with applied DES (1.86x106). The subtype of trans-differentiated cell as a result of an applied toxin or toxicant is predictable by delta-Cmicro determined by Peff mapping. Study findings offer additional perspective on the basis for pressure regulated gene transcription by alterations in cell micro-compliance (Δ contraction-expansion, Cmicro), and are applicable for the further predictive modeling of gene to gene transcription interactions, and small molecule modulation of cell effective pressure (Peff) and its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Giannocco G, Kizys MML, Maciel RM, de Souza JS. Thyroid hormone, gene expression, and Central Nervous System: Where we are. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:47-56. [PMID: 32980238 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH; T3 and T4) play a fundamental role in the fetal stage to the adult phase, controlling gene and protein expression in virtually all tissues. The endocrine and CNS systems have relevant interaction, and the TH are pivotal for the proper functioning of the CNS. A slight failure to regulate TH availability during pregnancy and/or childhood can lead to neurological disorders, for example, autism and cognitive impairment, or depression. In this review, we highlight how TH acts in controlling gene expression, its role in the CNS, and what substances widely found in the environment can cause in this tissue. We highlight the role of Endocrine Disruptors used on an everyday basis in the processing of mRNAs responsible for neurodevelopment. We conclude that TH, more precisely T3, acts mainly throughout its nuclear receptors, that the deficiency of this hormone, either due to the lack of its main substrate iodine, or by to incorrect organification of T4 and T3 in the gland, or by a mutation in transporters, receptors and deiodinases may cause mild (dysregulated mood in adulthood) to severe neurological impairment (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, presented as early as childhood); T3 is responsible for the expression of numerous CNS genes related to oxygen transport, growth factors, myelination, cell maturation. Substances present in the environment and widely used can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland, the action of TH, and the functioning of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Giannocco
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP 09920-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Malta Letro Kizys
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rui Monteiro Maciel
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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13
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Hernandez A, Martinez ME. Thyroid hormone action in the developing testis: intergenerational epigenetics. J Endocrinol 2020; 244:R33-R46. [PMID: 31977317 PMCID: PMC7220832 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Male fertility involves the successful transmission of the genetic code to the next generation. It requires appropriately timed cellular processes during testis development, adequate support of spermatogenesis by hormonal cues from the reproductive axis and cellular cross-talk between germ and somatic cells. In addition to being the vessel of the father’s genome, increasing evidence shows that the mature sperm carries valuable epigenetic information – the epigenome – that, after fecundation, influences the development of the next generation, affecting biological traits and disease susceptibility. The epigenome of the germ line is susceptible to environmental factors, including exogenous chemicals and diet, but it is also affected by endogenous molecules and pathophysiological conditions. Factors affecting testis development and the epigenetic information of the germ line are critical for fertility and of relevance to the non-genetic but heritable component in the etiology of complex conditions. Thyroid hormones are one of those factors and their action, when untimely, produces profound effects on the developing testis, affecting spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, testis size, reproductive hormones and fertility. Altered thyroid hormone states can also change the epigenetic information of the male germ line, with phenotypic consequences for future generations. In the context of past literature concerning the consequences of altered thyroid hormone action for testis development, here we review recent findings about the pathophysiological roles of the principal determinants of testicular thyroid hormone action. We also discuss limited work on the effects of thyroid hormone on the male germ line epigenome and the implications for the intergenerational transmission of phenotypes via epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Arturo Hernandez, Ph.D., Faculty Scientist II, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA, , Phone number: 1-207-396-8139, Fax number: 1-207-396-8110
| | - M. Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
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14
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Walter KM, Dach K, Hayakawa K, Giersiefer S, Heuer H, Lein PJ, Fritsche E. Ontogenetic expression of thyroid hormone signaling genes: An in vitro and in vivo species comparison. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221230. [PMID: 31513589 PMCID: PMC6742404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for brain development. While disruption of TH signaling by environmental chemicals has been discussed as a mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) for more than a decade, there remains a paucity of information linking specific TH disrupting chemicals to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This data gap reflects, in part, the fact that the molecular machinery of TH signaling is complex and varies according to cell type and developmental time. Thus, establishing a baseline of the ontogenetic profile of expression of TH signaling molecules in relevant cell types is critical for developing in vitro and alternative systems-based models for screening TH disrupting chemicals for DNT. Here, we characterize the transcriptomic profile of molecules critical to TH signaling across three species-human, rat, and zebrafish-in vitro and in vivo across different stages of neurodevelopment. Our data indicate that while cultured human and rat neural progenitor cells, primary cultures of rat cortical cells, and larval zebrafish all express a fairly comprehensive transcriptome of TH signaling molecules, the spatiotemporal expression profiles as well as the responses to TH vary across species and developmental stages. The data presented here provides a roadmap for identifying appropriate in vitro and in simpler systems-based models for mechanistic studies and screening of chemicals that alter neurodevelopment via interference with TH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla M. Walter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Katharina Dach
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Keri Hayakawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Susanne Giersiefer
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Dept. Endocrinology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJL); (EF)
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (PJL); (EF)
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15
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de Vries EM, Surovtseva O, Vos WG, Kunst RF, van Beeren M, Kwakkel J, Chassande O, Ackermans MT, Fliers E, Boelen A. Downregulation of Type 3 Deiodinase in the Hypothalamus During Inflammation. Thyroid 2019; 29:1336-1343. [PMID: 31303139 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inflammation is associated with marked changes in cellular thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism in triiodothyronine (T3) target organs. In the hypothalamus, type 2 deiodinase (D2), the main T3 producing enzyme, increases upon inflammation, leading to an increase in local T3 availability, which in turn decreases thyrotropin releasing hormone expression in the paraventricular nucleus. Type 3 deiodinase (D3), the T3 inactivating enzyme, decreases during inflammation, which might also contribute to the increased T3 availability in the hypothalamus. While it is known that D2 is regulated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) during inflammation, the underlying mechanisms of D3 regulation are unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate inflammation-induced D3 regulation using in vivo and in vitro models. Methods: Mice were injected with a sublethal dose of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) to induce a systemic acute-phase response. A human neuroblastoma (SK-N-AS) cell line was used to test the involvement of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1) as well as the activator protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-κB inflammatory pathways in the inflammation-induced decrease of D3. Results: D3 expression in the hypothalamus was decreased 24 hours after LPS injection in mice. This decrease was similar in mice lacking the TRα. Incubation of SK-N-AS cells with LPS robustly decreased both D3 mRNA expression and activity. This led to increased intracellular T3 concentrations. The D3 decrease was prevented when NF-κB or AP-1 was inhibited. TRα1 mRNA expression decreased in SK-N-AS cells incubated with LPS, but knockdown of the TRα in SK-N-AS cells did not prevent the LPS-induced D3 decrease. Conclusions: We conclude that the inflammation-induced D3 decrease in the hypothalamus is mediated by the inflammatory pathways NF-κB and AP-1, but not TRα1. Furthermore, the observed decrease modulates intracellular T3 concentrations. Our results suggest a concerted action of inflammatory modulators to regulate both hypothalamic D2 and D3 activities to increase the local TH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmely M de Vries
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Surovtseva
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roni F Kunst
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke van Beeren
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Kwakkel
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Chassande
- Tissue Bioengineering, U1026, F-33076, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Research Institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Carmody C, Ogawa-Wong AN, Martin C, Luongo C, Zuidwijk M, Sager B, Petersen T, Roginski Guetter A, Janssen R, Wu EY, Bogaards S, Neumann NM, Hau K, Marsili A, Boelen A, Silva JE, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Wagers AJ, Larsen PR, Simonides WS, Zavacki AM. A Global Loss of Dio2 Leads to Unexpected Changes in Function and Fiber Types of Slow Skeletal Muscle in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1205-1222. [PMID: 30951174 PMCID: PMC6482039 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine-deiodinase (D2) enzyme converts T4 to T3, and mice deficient in this enzyme [D2 knockout (D2KO) mice] have decreased T3 derived from T4 in skeletal muscle despite normal circulating T3 levels. Because slow skeletal muscle is particularly susceptible to changes in T3 levels, we expected D2 inactivation to result in more pronounced slow-muscle characteristics in the soleus muscle, mirroring hypothyroidism. However, ex vivo studies of D2KO soleus revealed higher rates of twitch contraction and relaxation and reduced resistance to fatigue. Immunostaining of D2KO soleus showed that these properties were associated with changes in muscle fiber type composition, including a marked increase in the number of fast, glycolytic type IIB fibers. D2KO soleus muscle fibers had a larger cross-sectional area, and this correlated with increased myonuclear accretion in myotubes formed from D2KO skeletal muscle precursor cells differentiated in vitro. Consistent with our functional findings, D2KO soleus gene expression was markedly different from that in hypothyroid wild-type (WT) mice. Comparison of gene expression between euthyroid WT and D2KO mice indicated that PGC-1α, a T3-dependent regulator of slow muscle fiber type, was decreased by ∼50% in D2KO soleus. Disruption of Dio2 in the C2C12 myoblast cell line led to a significant decrease in PGC-1α expression and a faster muscle phenotype upon differentiation. These results indicate that D2 loss leads to significant changes in soleus contractile function and fiber type composition that are inconsistent with local hypothyroidism and suggest that reduced levels of PCG-1α may contribute to the observed phenotypical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- University of Naples “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Marian Zuidwijk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob Janssen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvia Bogaards
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kaman Hau
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Enrique Silva
- Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Malagola E, Chen R, Bombardo M, Saponara E, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Reding T, Myers S, Hills AP, Graf R, Sonda S. Local hyperthyroidism promotes pancreatic acinar cell proliferation during acute pancreatitis. J Pathol 2019; 248:217-229. [PMID: 30714146 DOI: 10.1002/path.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells is a critical process in the pathophysiology of pancreatic diseases, because limited or defective proliferation is associated with organ dysfunction and patient morbidity. In this context, elucidating the signalling pathways that trigger and sustain acinar proliferation is pivotal to develop therapeutic interventions promoting the regenerative process of the organ. In this study we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones to elucidate their role in acinar proliferation following caerulein-mediated acute pancreatitis in mice. In addition, molecular mechanisms mediating the effects of thyroid hormones were identified by genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways.In this study we demonstrated that levels of the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) transiently increased in the pancreas during acute pancreatitis. Moreover, by using genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate both local and systemic levels of thyroid hormones, we showed that T3 was required to promote proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells, without affecting the extent of tissue damage or inflammatory infiltration.Finally, upon genetic and pharmacological inactivation of selected signalling pathways, we demonstrated that T3 exerted its mitogenic effect on acinar cells via a tightly controlled action on different molecular effectors, including histone deacetylase, AKT, and TGFβ signalling.In conclusion, our data suggest that local availability of T3 in the pancreas is required to promote acinar cell proliferation and provide the rationale to exploit thyroid hormone signalling to enhance pancreatic regeneration. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Malagola
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rong Chen
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bombardo
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrica Saponara
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Theresia Reding
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Myers
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Sonda
- Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Persani L, Campi I. Syndromes of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Action. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2019; 111:55-84. [PMID: 31588528 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action is crucial for the development of several tissues.A number of syndromes are associated with reduced responsiveness to thyroid hormones, expanding the original definition of thyroid hormone resistance, firstly described by Refetoff and collaborators in 1967, which is characterized by elevated circulating levels of T4 and T3 with measurable serum TSH concentrations, as a consequence of mutations of thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ), recently named as RTHβ. More recently, another form of insensitivity to TH has been identified due to mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα), named RTHα. In this chapter we will focus the discussion on the phenotype of RTHβ and RTHα. These diseases share the same pathogenic mechanism caused by dominant negative mutations in TH receptor genes that reduce T3 binding or affect the recruitment of cofactors. As a consequence, thyroid hormone actions are impaired at the tissue level. The phenotypic manifestations of RTHβ and RTHα are to some extent correlated with the degree of disruption and the tissue distribution of the TRs being characterized by variable coexistence of hypothyroid or thyrotoxic manifestations in RTHβ or by a congenital hypothyroid features in RTHα despite normal TSH and borderline low free T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Persani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, San Luca Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Irene Campi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, San Luca Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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19
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Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone and the brain: Mechanisms of action in development and role in protection and promotion of recovery after brain injury. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:176-185. [PMID: 29378220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal brain development and may also promote recovery and neuronal regeneration after brain injury. TH acts predominantly through the nuclear receptors, TH receptor alpha (THRA) and beta (THRB). Additional factors that impact TH action in the brain include metabolism, activation of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) by the enzyme 5'-deiodinase Type 2 (Dio2), inactivation by the enzyme 5-deiodinase Type 3 (Dio3) to reverse T3 (rT3), which occurs in glial cells, and uptake by the Mct8 transporter in neurons. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with inflammation, metabolic alterations and neural death. In clinical studies, central hypothyroidism, due to hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction, has been found in some individuals after brain injury. TH has been shown, in animal models, to be protective for the damage incurred from brain injury and may have a role to limit injury and promote recovery. Although clinical trials have not yet been reported, findings from in vitro and in vivo models inform potential treatment strategies utilizing TH for protection and promotion of recovery after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States.
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20
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Nakajima K, Tazawa I, Yaoita Y. Thyroid Hormone Receptor α- and β-Knockout Xenopus tropicalis Tadpoles Reveal Subtype-Specific Roles During Development. Endocrinology 2018; 159:733-743. [PMID: 29126198 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) binds TH receptor α (TRα) and β (TRβ) to induce amphibian metamorphosis. Whereas TH signaling has been well studied, functional differences between TRα and TRβ during this process have not been characterized. To understand how each TR contributes to metamorphosis, we generated TRα- and TRβ-knockout tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis and examined developmental abnormalities, histology of the tail and intestine, and messenger RNA expression of genes encoding extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. In TRβ-knockout tadpoles, tail regression was delayed significantly and a healthy notochord was observed even 5 days after the initiation of tail shortening (stage 62), whereas in the tails of wild-type and TRα-knockout tadpoles, the notochord disappeared after ∼1 day. The messenger RNA expression levels of genes encoding extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP2, MMP9TH, MMP13, MMP14, and FAPα) were obviously reduced in the tail tip of TRβ-knockout tadpoles, with the shortening tail. The reduction in olfactory nerve length and head narrowing by gill absorption were also affected. Hind limb growth and intestinal shortening were not compromised in TRβ-knockout tadpoles, whereas tail regression and olfactory nerve shortening appeared to proceed normally in TRα-knockout tadpoles, except for the precocious development of hind limbs. Our results demonstrated the distinct roles of TRα and TRβ in hind limb growth and tail regression, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nakajima
- Division of Embryology, Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tazawa
- Division of Embryology, Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yaoita
- Division of Embryology, Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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21
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Bárez-López S, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Bosch-García D, Venero C, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Increased anxiety and fear memory in adult mice lacking type 2 deiodinase. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 84:51-60. [PMID: 28654773 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A euthyroid state in the brain is crucial for its adequate development and function. Impairments in thyroid hormones (THs; T3 or 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and T4 or thyroxine) levels and availability in brain can lead to neurological alterations and to psychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders. The thyroid gland synthetizes mainly T4, which is secreted to circulating blood, however, most actions of THs are mediated by T3, the transcriptionally active form. In the brain, intracellular concentrations of T3 are modulated by the activity of type 2 (D2) and type 3 (D3) deiodinases. In the present work, we evaluated learning and memory capabilities and anxiety-like behavior at adult stages in mice lacking D2 (D2KO) and we analyzed the impact of D2-deficiency on TH content and on the expression of T3-dependent genes in the amygdala and the hippocampus. We found that D2KO mice do not present impairments in spatial learning and memory, but they display emotional alterations with increased anxiety-like behavior as well as enhanced auditory-cued fear memory and spontaneous recovery of fear memory following extinction. D2KO mice also presented reduced T3 content in the hippocampus and decreased expression of the T3-dependent gene Dio3 in the amygdala suggesting a hypothyroid status in this structure. We propose that the emotional dysfunctions found in D2KO mice can arise from the reduced T3 content in their brain, which consequently leads to alterations in gene expression with functional consequences. We found a downregulation in the gene encoding for the calcium-binding protein calretinin (Calb2) in the amygdala of D2KO mice that could affect the GABAergic transmission. The current findings in D2KO mice can provide insight into emotional disorders present in humans with DIO2 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols'', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrine, U-708, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols'', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Bosch-García
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols'', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - César Venero
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Juan del Rosal 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols'', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Endocrine, U-708, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Ferrara SJ, Meinig JM, Placzek AT, Banerji T, McTigue P, Hartley MD, Sanford-Crane HS, Banerji T, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. Ester-to-amide rearrangement of ethanolamine-derived prodrugs of sobetirome with increased blood-brain barrier penetration. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2743-2753. [PMID: 28385597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic options for treating demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) do not stimulate myelin repair, thus creating a clinical need for therapeutic agents that address axonal remyelination. Thyroid hormone is known to play an important role in promoting developmental myelination and repair, and CNS permeable thyromimetic agents could offer an increased therapeutic index compared to endogenous thyroid hormone. Sobetirome is a clinical stage thyromimetic that has been shown to have promising activity in preclinical models related to MS and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a genetic disease that involves demyelination. Here we report a new series of sobetirome prodrugs containing ethanolamine-based promoieties that were found to undergo an intramolecular O,N acyl migration to form the pharmacologically relevant amide species. Several of these systemically administered prodrugs deliver more sobetirome to the brain compared to unmodified sobetirome. Pharmacokinetic properties of the parent drug sobetirome and amidoalcohol prodrug 3 are described and prodrug 3 was found to be more potent than sobetirome in target engagement in the brain from systemic dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J Ferrara
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - J Matthew Meinig
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Andrew T Placzek
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tapasree Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Peter McTigue
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Meredith D Hartley
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Hannah S Sanford-Crane
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Tania Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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23
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van Gucht ALM, Moran C, Meima ME, Visser WE, Chatterjee K, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Resistance to Thyroid Hormone due to Heterozygous Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:337-355. [PMID: 28527577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) acts via nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). TR isoforms (TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2) are encoded by distinct genes (THRA and THRB) and show differing tissue distributions. Patients with mutations in THRB, exhibiting resistance within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis with elevated TH and nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, were first described decades ago. In 2012, the first patients with mutations in THRA were identified. Scope of this review: This review describes the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) due to heterozygous mutations in THRA. The genetic basis and molecular pathogenesis of the disorder together with effects of levothyroxine treatment are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The severity of the clinical phenotype of RTHα patients seems to be associated with the location and type of mutation in THRA. The most frequent abnormalities observed include anemia, constipation, and growth and developmental delay. In addition, serum (F)T3 levels can be high-normal to high, (F)T4 and rT3 levels normal to low, while TSH is normal or mildly raised. Despite heterogeneous consequences of mutations in THRA, RTHα should be suspected in subjects with even mild clinical features of hypothyroidism together with high/high-normal (F)T3, low/low-normal (F)T4, and normal TSH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Moran
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theo J Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Marelli F, Carra S, Rurale G, Cotelli F, Persani L. In vivo Functional Consequences of Human THRA Variants Expressed in the Zebrafish. Thyroid 2017; 27:279-291. [PMID: 27809680 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) gene cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα), a disease characterized by variable manifestations reminiscent of untreated congenital hypothyroidism but a raised triiodothyronine/thyroxine ratio and normal thyrotropin levels. It was recently described that zebrafish embryos expressing a dominant negative (DN) form of thraa recapitulate the key features of RTHα, and that zebrafish and human receptors are functionally interchangeable. METHODS This study expressed several human thyroid hormone receptor alpha (hTRα) variants in zebrafish embryos and analyzed the resulting phenotypes. RESULTS All hTRα-injected embryos showed variable defects, including cerebral and cardiac edema likely caused by an aberrant looping during heart development, anemia, and an incomplete formation of the vascular network. Moreover, the hTRα-injected embryos presented severe defects of motorneurons and craniofacial development, thus affecting their autonomous feeding and swimming behaviors. Surprisingly, expression of all hTRα mutants had no detectable effect on thyrotropin beta and thyrotropin-releasing hormone transcripts, indicating that their DN action is limited on the thyroid hormone reception beta 2 targets at the hypothalamic/pituitary level in vivo. As previously described in vitro, treatment with high triiodothyronine doses can efficiently revert the observed defects only in embryos injected with missense hTRα variants. CONCLUSION Injection of human THRA variants in zebrafish embryos causes tissue-specific defects recapitulating most of the RTHα clinical and biochemical manifestations. The described manipulation of zebrafish embryos represents a novel in vivo model to screen the functional consequences of THRA variants and the rescue potential of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Marelli
- 1 Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carra
- 2 Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuditta Rurale
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- 2 Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- 1 Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano , Milan, Italy
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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25
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Bernal J. Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R83-R97. [PMID: 27852726 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and developmental effects of thyroid hormones are mainly due to the control of gene expression after interaction of T3 with the nuclear receptors. To understand the role of thyroid hormones on cerebral cortex development, knowledge of the genes regulated by T3 during specific stages of development is required. In our laboratory, we previously identified genes regulated by T3 in primary cerebrocortical cells in culture. By comparing these data with transcriptomics of purified cell types from the developing cortex, the cellular targets of T3 can be identified. In addition, many of the genes regulated transcriptionally by T3 have defined roles in cortex development, from which the role of T3 can be derived. This review analyzes the specific roles of T3-regulated genes in the different stages of cortex development within the physiological frame of the developmental changes of thyroid hormones and receptor concentrations in the human cerebral cortex during fetal development. These data indicate an increase in the sensitivity to T3 during the second trimester of fetal development. The main cellular targets of T3 appear to be the Cajal-Retzius and the subplate neurons. On the other hand, T3 regulates transcriptionally genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, involved in cell migration and the control of diverse signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Jones RA, Cohn WB, Wilkes AA, MacKenzie DS. Negative feedback regulation of thyrotropin subunits and pituitary deiodinases in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 240:19-26. [PMID: 27597549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) undergoes dynamic daily cycles in the perciform fish the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, that are inversely timed to cycles of thyrotropin (TSH) subunit mRNA expression in the pituitary gland. We have proposed that these daily cycles are regulated by negative feedback of circulating T4 on expression of pituitary thyroid hormone deiodinase type 3 (Dio3), such that elevated circulating T4 results in diminished pituitary thyroid hormone catabolism and consequent increased negative feedback on expression of TSH subunits during the day. To determine whether thyroid hormones function to modulate expression of pituitary deiodinase enzymes we developed an immersion technique to administer physiological doses of T3 and T4in vivo. Immersion in T4 or T3 significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of the TSH α and β subunits from 4 to 66h of immersion. Pituitary Dio3 expression was significantly diminished by T3 and T4 at 22h. These results indicate that both T4 and T3 are capable of negative feedback regulation of TSH subunit expression in red drum at physiological concentrations and on a time scale consistent with the T4 daily cycle. Furthermore, thyroid hormones negatively regulate Dio3 expression in the pituitary in a manner suggesting that negative thyroxine feedback on Dio3 promotes the release of TSH subunits from TH inhibition and may be an important mechanism for generating daily thyroid hormone cycles. These results highlight a potentially important role for D3 in mediating thyroid hormone feedback on TSH expression, not previously described in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Jones
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
| | - W B Cohn
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
| | - A A Wilkes
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
| | - D S MacKenzie
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMUS, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
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27
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Devereaux J, Ferrara SJ, Banerji T, Placzek AT, Scanlan TS. Increasing Thyromimetic Potency through Halogen Substitution. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2459-2465. [PMID: 27731931 PMCID: PMC5389920 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sobetirome is one of the most studied thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ)-selective thyromimetics in the field due to its excellent selectivity and potency. A small structural change-replacing the 3,5-dimethyl groups of sobetirome with either chlorine or bromine-produces significantly more potent compounds, both in vitro and in vivo. These halogenated compounds induce transactivation of a TRβ-mediated cell-based reporter with an EC50 value comparable to that of T3, access the central nervous system (CNS) at levels similar to their parent, and activate an endogenous TR-regulated gene in the brain with an EC50 value roughly five-fold lower than that of sobetirome. Previous studies suggest that this apparent increase in affinity can be explained by halogen bonding between the ligand and a backbone carbonyl group in the receptor. This makes the new analogues potential candidates for treating CNS disorders that may respond favorably to thyroid-hormone-stimulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Devereaux
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Skylar J Ferrara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tania Banerji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Andrew T Placzek
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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28
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Tang Y, Yu M, Lian X. Resistance to thyroid hormone α, revelation of basic study to clinical consequences. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:511-22. [PMID: 26812777 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past 3 years, 15 patients with resistance to thyroid hormone α (RTHα), nine THRA gene mutations have been reported, reforming classification of RTH. RTHα exhibits distinguished clinical manifestations from RTHβ, including growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia, impaired neurodevelopment, cardiovascular dysfunction, constipation and specific thyroid axis type. This review focuses on possible pathogenesis by revelatory basic science of RTHα animal models in vivo, and patients' mutant thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in vitro. Clinical manifestations and L-T4 effects are summarized, showing strong correlation to the severity of mutation mostly within the domain which dominated TR interaction with T3 and its corepressors/coactivators. In particular, we propose the diagnosis clues and promising treatment for clinicians.
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29
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Stoney PN, Helfer G, Rodrigues D, Morgan PJ, McCaffery P. Thyroid hormone activation of retinoic acid synthesis in hypothalamic tanycytes. Glia 2015; 64:425-39. [PMID: 26527258 PMCID: PMC4949630 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for adult brain function and its actions include several key roles in the hypothalamus. Although TH controls gene expression via specific TH receptors of the nuclear receptor class, surprisingly few genes have been demonstrated to be directly regulated by TH in the hypothalamus, or the adult brain as a whole. This study explored the rapid induction by TH of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Raldh1), encoding a retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme, as a gene specifically expressed in hypothalamic tanycytes, cells that mediate a number of actions of TH in the hypothalamus. The resulting increase in RA may then regulate gene expression via the RA receptors, also of the nuclear receptor class. In vivo exposure of the rat to TH led to a significant and rapid increase in hypothalamic Raldh1 within 4 hours. That this may lead to an in vivo increase in RA is suggested by the later induction by TH of the RA-responsive gene Cyp26b1. To explore the actions of RA in the hypothalamus as a potential mediator of TH control of gene regulation, an ex vivo hypothalamic rat slice culture method was developed in which the Raldh1-expressing tanycytes were maintained. These slice cultures confirmed that TH did not act on genes regulating energy balance but could induce Raldh1. RA has the potential to upregulate expression of genes involved in growth and appetite, Ghrh and Agrp. This regulation is acutely sensitive to epigenetic changes, as has been shown for TH action in vivo. These results indicate that sequential triggering of two nuclear receptor signalling systems has the capability to mediate some of the functions of TH in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Stoney
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Gisela Helfer
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Rodrigues
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Morgan
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter McCaffery
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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30
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Tamijani SMS, Karimi B, Amini E, Golpich M, Dargahi L, Ali RA, Ibrahim NM, Mohamed Z, Ghasemi R, Ahmadiani A. Thyroid hormones: Possible roles in epilepsy pathology. Seizure 2015; 31:155-64. [PMID: 26362394 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) L-thyroxine and L-triiodothyronine, primarily known as metabolism regulators, are tyrosine-derived hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They play an essential role in normal central nervous system development and physiological function. By binding to nuclear receptors and modulating gene expression, THs influence neuronal migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. Any uncorrected THs supply deficiency in early life may result in irreversible neurological and motor deficits. The development and function of GABAergic neurons as well as glutamatergic transmission are also affected by THs. Though the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unknown, the effects of THs on inhibitory and excitatory neurons may affect brain seizure activity. The enduring predisposition of the brain to generate epileptic seizures leads to a complex chronic brain disorder known as epilepsy. Pathologically, epilepsy may be accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and eventually dysregulation of excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. Based on the latest evidence on the association between THs and epilepsy, we hypothesize that THs abnormalities may contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We also review gender differences and the presumed underlying mechanisms through which TH abnormalities may affect epilepsy here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benyamin Karimi
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raymond Azman Ali
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones act via nuclear receptors (TRα1, TRβ1, TRβ2) with differing tissue distribution; the role of α2 protein, derived from the same gene locus as TRα1, is unclear. Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) is characterised by tissue-specific hypothyroidism associated with near-normal thyroid function tests. Clinical features include dysmorphic facies, skeletal dysplasia (macrocephaly, epiphyseal dysgenesis), growth retardation, constipation, dyspraxia and intellectual deficit. Biochemical abnormalities include low/low-normal T4 and high/high-normal T3 concentrations, a subnormal T4/T3 ratio, variably reduced reverse T3, raised muscle creatine kinase and mild anaemia. The disorder is mediated by heterozygous, loss-of-function, mutations involving either TRα1 alone or both TRα1 and α2, with no discernible phenotype attributable to defective α2. Whole exome sequencing and diagnostic biomarkers may enable greater ascertainment of RTHα, which is important as thyroxine therapy reverses some metabolic abnormalities and improves growth, constipation, dyspraxia and wellbeing. The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of RTHα and its optimal management remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Moran
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Krishna Chatterjee
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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32
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Bassett JHD, Boyde A, Zikmund T, Evans H, Croucher PI, Zhu X, Park JW, Cheng SY, Williams GR. Thyroid hormone receptor α mutation causes a severe and thyroxine-resistant skeletal dysplasia in female mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3699-712. [PMID: 24914936 PMCID: PMC4138578 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A new genetic disorder has been identified that results from mutation of THRA, encoding thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1). Affected children have a high serum T3:T4 ratio and variable degrees of intellectual deficit and constipation but exhibit a consistently severe skeletal dysplasia. In an attempt to improve developmental delay and alleviate symptoms of hypothyroidism, patients are receiving varying doses and durations of T4 treatment, but responses have been inconsistent so far. Thra1(PV/+) mice express a similar potent dominant-negative mutant TRα1 to affected individuals, and thus represent an excellent disease model. We hypothesized that Thra1(PV/+) mice could be used to predict the skeletal outcome of human THRA mutations and determine whether prolonged treatment with a supraphysiological dose of T4 ameliorates the skeletal abnormalities. Adult female Thra1(PV/+) mice had short stature, grossly abnormal bone morphology but normal bone strength despite high bone mass. Although T4 treatment suppressed TSH secretion, it had no effect on skeletal maturation, linear growth, or bone mineralization, thus demonstrating profound tissue resistance to thyroid hormone. Despite this, prolonged T4 treatment abnormally increased bone stiffness and strength, suggesting the potential for detrimental consequences in the long term. Our studies establish that TRα1 has an essential role in the developing and adult skeleton and predict that patients with different THRA mutations will display variable responses to T4 treatment, which depend on the severity of the causative mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Duncan Bassett
- Department of Medicine (J.H.D.B., G.R.W.), Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Dental Physical Sciences, Oral Growth and Development (A.B.), Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom; Laboratory of X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography and Nano-Computed Tomography (T.Z.), Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology CZ-61600 Brno, Czech Republic; Sheffield Myeloma Research Team (H.E.), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; Bone Biology Program (P.I.C.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia; and Laboratory of Molecular Biology (X.Z., J.W.P., S-y.C.), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Moran C, Agostini M, Visser WE, Schoenmakers E, Schoenmakers N, Offiah AC, Poole K, Rajanayagam O, Lyons G, Halsall D, Gurnell M, Chrysis D, Efthymiadou A, Buchanan C, Aylwin S, Chatterjee KK. Resistance to thyroid hormone caused by a mutation in thyroid hormone receptor (TR)α1 and TRα2: clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses of three related patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:619-26. [PMID: 24969835 PMCID: PMC5989926 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid hormone receptor α gene (THRA) transcript is alternatively spliced to generate either thyroid hormone receptor (TR)α1 or a non-hormone-binding variant protein, TRα2, the function of which is unknown. Here, we describe the first patients identified with a mutation in THRA that affects both TRα1 and TRα2, and compare them with patients who have resistance to thyroid hormone owing to a mutation affecting only TRα1, to delineate the relative roles of TRα1 and TRα2. METHODS We did clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses of an index case and her two sons. We assessed physical and radiological features, thyroid function, physiological and biochemical markers of thyroid hormone action, and THRA sequence. FINDINGS The patients presented in childhood with growth failure, developmental delay, and constipation, which improved after treatment with thyroxine, despite normal concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones. They had similar clinical (macrocephaly, broad faces, skin tags, motor dyspraxia, slow speech), biochemical (subnormal ratio of free thyroxine:free tri-iodothyronine [T3], low concentration of total reverse T3, high concentration of creatine kinase, mild anaemia), and radiological (thickened calvarium) features to patients with TRα1-mediated resistance to thyroid hormone, although our patients had a heterozygous mis-sense mutation (Ala263Val) in both TRα1 and TRα2 proteins. The Ala263Val mutant TRα1 inhibited the transcriptional function of normal receptor in a dominant-negative fashion. By contrast, function of Ala263Val mutant TRα2 matched its normal counterpart. In vitro, high concentrations of T3 restored transcriptional activity of Ala263Val mutant TRα1, and reversed the dominant-negative inhibition of its normal counterpart. High concentrations of T3 restored expression of thyroid hormone-responsive target genes in patient-derived blood cells. INTERPRETATION TRα1 seems to be the principal functional product of the THRA gene. Thyroxine treatment alleviates hormone resistance in patients with mutations affecting this gene, possibly ameliorating the phenotype. These findings will help the diagnosis and treatment of other patients with resistance to thyroid hormone resulting from mutations in THRA. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Marie Curie Actions, Foundation for Development of Internal Medicine in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Moran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maura Agostini
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Edward Visser
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ken Poole
- Department of Rheumatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Odelia Rajanayagam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Greta Lyons
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Halsall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Gurnell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Medical School University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandra Efthymiadou
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Medical School University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Simon Aylwin
- Department of Endocrinology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Krishna K Chatterjee
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, CVK, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed in tissues and have distinct roles in TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a key mechanism of TH regulation of metabolism. D2 is expressed in the hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle and is required for adaptive thermogenesis. The thyroid gland is regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition to TRH/TSH regulation by TH feedback, there is central modulation by nutritional signals, such as leptin, as well as peptides regulating appetite. The nutrient status of the cell provides feedback on TH signaling pathways through epigentic modification of histones. Integration of TH signaling with the adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, in liver, white fat, and BAT, but also centrally, in the hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The role of TH in regulating metabolic pathways has led to several new therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of the various TH signaling pathways in metabolism will improve our likelihood of identifying effective and selective targets.
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Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression in primary cerebrocortical cells: role of thyroid hormone receptor subtypes and interactions with retinoic acid and glucocorticoids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91692. [PMID: 24618783 PMCID: PMC3950245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of thyroid hormone on brain development and function are largely mediated by the binding of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) to its nuclear receptors (TR) to regulate positively or negatively gene expression. We have analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction the effect of T3 on primary cultured cells from the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex, on the expression of Hr, Klf9, Shh, Dio3, Aldh1a1, and Aldh1a3. In particular we focused on T3 receptor specificity, and on the crosstalk between T3, retinoic acid and dexamethasone. To check for receptor subtype specificity we used cerebrocortical cells derived from wild type mice and from mice deficient in thyroid hormone receptor subtypes. Receptor subtype specificity was found for Dio3 and Aldh1a1, which were induced by T3 only in cells expressing the T3 receptor alpha 1 subtype. Interactions of T3 with retinoic acid signaling through the control of retinoic acid metabolism are likely to be important during development. T3 had opposing influences on retinoic acid synthesizing enzymes, increasing the expression of Aldh1a1, and decreasing Aldh1a3, while increasing the retinoic acid degrading enzyme Cyp26b1. Dexamethasone increased Klf9 and Aldh1a1 expression. The effects of T3 and dexamethasone on Aldh1a1 were highly synergistic, with mRNA increments of up to 20 fold. The results provide new data on thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression and underscore the importance of thyroid hormone interactions with retinoic acid and glucocorticoids during neural development.
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van Mullem AA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Clinical Consequences of Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor-α1. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3:17-24. [PMID: 24847461 PMCID: PMC4005264 DOI: 10.1159/000360637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) exerts its biological activity via the TH receptors TRα1 and TRβ1/2, which are encoded by the THRA and THRB genes. The first patients with mutations in THRB were identified decades ago. These patients had a clinical syndrome of resistance to TH associated with high serum TH and nonsuppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Until recently, no patients with mutations in THRA had been identified. In an attempt to predict the clinical phenotype of such patients, different TRα1 mutant mouse models have been generated. These mice have a variable phenotype depending on the location and severity of the mutation. Recently, the first humans with mutations in THRA were identified. Their phenotype consists of relatively low serum T4 and high serum T3 levels (and thus an elevated T3/T4 ratio), growth retardation, delayed mental and bone development, and constipation. While, in retrospect, certain features present in humans can also be found in mouse models, the first humans carrying a defect in TRα1 were not suspected of having a THRA gene mutation initially. The current review focuses on the clinical consequences of TRα1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin P. Peeters
- *Robin P. Peeters, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Dr Molewaterplein 50, NL-3015 Rotterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Treatment with thyroxine restores myelination and clinical recovery after intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17232-46. [PMID: 24174657 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2713-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a major cause of white matter injury in preterm infants with no viable therapeutic strategy to restore myelination. Maturation of oligodendrocytes and myelination is influenced by thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, which is mediated by TH receptor α (TRα) and TRβ. In the brain, cellular levels of TH are regulated by deiodinases, with deiodinase-2 mediating TH activation and deiodinase-3 TH inactivation. Therefore, we hypothesized that IVH would decrease TH signaling via changes in the expression of deiodinases and/or TRs, and normalization of TH signaling would enhance maturation of oligodendrocytes and myelination in preterm infants with IVH. These hypotheses were tested using both autopsy materials from human preterm infants and a rabbit model of IVH. We found that deiodinase-2 levels were reduced, whereas deiodinase-3 levels were increased in brain samples of both humans and rabbits with IVH compared with controls without IVH. TRα expression was also increased in human infants with IVH. Importantly, treatment with TH accelerated the proliferation and maturation of oligodendrocytes, increased transcription of Olig2 and Sox10 genes, augmented myelination, and restored neurological function in pups with IVH. Consistent with these findings, the density of myelinating oligodendrocytes was almost doubled in TH-treated human preterm infants compared with controls. Thus, in infants with IVH the combined elevation in deiodinase-3 and reduction in deiodinase-2 decreases TH signaling that can be worsened by an increase in unliganded TRα. Given that TH promotes neurological recovery in IVH, TH treatment might improve the neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with IVH.
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Jones RA, Cohn WB, Miller TC, Jaques JT, Mackenzie DS. Cyclic mRNA expression of thyrotropin subunits and deiodinases in red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 194:248-56. [PMID: 24095808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) in driving peripheral thyroid function in non-mammalian species is still poorly understood. Thyroxine (T₄), the principal hormone released from the thyroid gland in response to TSH stimulation, circulates with a robust daily rhythm in the teleost fish the red drum. Previous research suggests that the red drum T₄ cycle is circadian in nature, driven by TSH secretion in the early photophase and inhibited by T₄ feedback in the early scotophase. To determine whether TSH is produced in a pattern consistent with feedback inhibition by this T₄ cycle, we used quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the daily cycle of expression of the pituitary TSH subunits GSUα, and TSHβ. We found that TSH expression cycled inversely to, and 6-12 h out of phase with, the T₄ cycle, consistent with the hypothesis that TSH secretion drives the T₄ cycle. To examine the potential role of deiodinases in negative feedback regulation of this TSH cycle, we also utilized qPCR to assess the pituitary expression patterns of the TH activating enzyme outer-ring deiodinase (Dio2) and the TH deactivating enzyme inner-ring deiodinase (Dio3). Dio2 was not expressed with an obvious daily cycle, whereas Dio3 expression mirrored the expression of TSH. These results are consistent with circulating T₄ providing the negative feedback signal controlling both TSH production and Dio3 expression in the pituitary, and suggest that TH inactivation by inner ring deiodination is an important component of TSH negative feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Jones
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
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Visser WE, van Mullem AAA, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Different causes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: diagnosis and clinical management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:595-605. [PMID: 23834164 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Normal thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and action require adequate cellular TH signalling. This entails proper function of TH transporters in the plasma membrane, intracellular deiodination of TH and action of the bioactive hormone T3 at its nuclear receptors (TRs). The present review summarizes the discoveries of different syndromes with reduced sensitivity at the cellular level. Mutations in the TH transporter MCT8 cause psychomotor retardation and abnormal thyroid parameters. Mutations in the SBP2 protein, which is required for normal deiodination, give rise to a multisystem disorder including abnormal thyroid function tests. Mutations in TRβ1 are a well-known cause of resistance to TH with mostly a mild phenotype, while only recently, patients with mutations in TRα1 were identified. The latter patients have slightly abnormal TH levels, growth retardation and cognitive defects. This review will describe the mechanisms of disease, clinical phenotype, diagnostic testing and suggestions for treatment strategies for each of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the importance of post-transcriptional gene regulation in toxic responses. In the present study, we used two rat models to investigate mRNA translation in the liver following xenobiotic-induced toxicity. By combining polysome profiling with genomic methodologies, we were able to assess global changes in hepatic mRNA translation. Dio3 (iodothyronine deiodinase type III) was identified as a gene that exhibited specific translational repression and had a functional role in a number of relevant canonical pathways. Western blot analysis indicated that this repression led to reduced D3 (the protein expressed by Dio3) levels, enhanced over time and with increased dose. Using Northern blotting techniques and qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription–PCR), we confirmed further that there was no reduction in Dio3 mRNA, suggesting that translational repression of Dio3 is an important determinant of the reduced D3 protein expression following liver damage. Finally, we show that drug-induced hepatotoxicity appears to cause localized disruptions in thyroid hormone levels in the liver and plasma. We suggest that this leads to reduced translation of Dio3 mRNA, which results in decreased D3 production. It may therefore be possible that this is an important mechanism by which the liver can, upon early signs of damage, act rapidly to maintain its own energy equilibrium, thereby avoiding global disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis.
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Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. RTHα, a newly recognized phenotype of the resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) syndrome in patients with THRA gene mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2684-6. [PMID: 23837191 PMCID: PMC3701265 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van Mullem AA, Chrysis D, Eythimiadou A, Chroni E, Tsatsoulis A, de Rijke YB, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP. Clinical phenotype of a new type of thyroid hormone resistance caused by a mutation of the TRα1 receptor: consequences of LT4 treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:3029-38. [PMID: 23633213 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recently the first patients with inactivating mutations in T₃ receptor (TR)-α1 have been identified. These patients have low free T₄, low T₄, high T₃, low rT₃, and normal TSH serum levels, in combination with growth retardation, delayed bone development, and constipation. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to report the effects of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment on the clinical phenotype of 2 patients (father and daughter) with a heterozygous inactivating mutation in TRα1. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Both patients were treated with LT4 for the last 5 years. To evaluate the effect of LT4 treatment, LT4 was withdrawn for 35 days and subsequently reinitiated. Data were collected from medical records, by reanalysis of serum collected over the last 6 years, and by a detailed clinical evaluation. RESULTS Treatment with LT4 resulted in a suppression of serum TSH and normalization of serum free T₄ and rT₃, whereas T₃ levels remained elevated in both patients. In addition, there was a normalization of the dyslipidemia as well as a response in serum IGF-I, SHBG, and creatine kinase in the index patient. All these parameters returned to pretreatment values when LT4 was briefly stopped. LT4 also resulted in an improvement of certain clinical features, such as constipation and nerve conductance. However, cognitive and fine motor skill defects remained. CONCLUSION This study reports the consequences of LT4 treatment over a prolonged period of time in 2 of the first patients with a heterozygous mutation in TRα1. LT4 therapy leads to an improvement of certain but not all features of the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alies A van Mullem
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Schoenmakers N, Moran C, Peeters RP, Visser T, Gurnell M, Chatterjee K. Resistance to thyroid hormone mediated by defective thyroid hormone receptor alpha. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4004-8. [PMID: 23528896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone acts via receptor subtypes (TRα1, TRβ1, TRβ2) with differing tissue distributions, encoded by distinct genes (THRA, THRB). THRB mutations cause a disorder with central (hypothalamic-pituitary) resistance to thyroid hormone action with markedly elevated thyroid hormone and normal TSH levels. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review describes the clinical features, genetic and molecular pathogenesis of a homologous human disorder mediated by defective THRA. Clinical features include growth retardation, skeletal dysplasia and constipation associated with low-normal T4 and high-normal T3 levels and a low T4/T3 ratio, together with subnormal reverse T3 levels. Heterozygous TRa1 mutations in affected individuals generate defective mutant receptors which inhibit wild-type receptor action in a dominant negative manner. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mutations in human TRα1 mediate RTH with features of hypothyroidism in particular tissues (e.g. skeleton, gastrointestinal tract), but are not associated with a markedly dysregulated pituitary-thyroid axis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Human THRA mutations could be more common but may have eluded discovery due to the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction. Nevertheless, in the appropriate clinical context, a thyroid biochemical signature (low T4/T3 ratio, subnormal reverse T3 levels), may enable future identification of cases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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van Beeren HC, Kwakkel J, Ackermans MT, Wiersinga WM, Fliers E, Boelen A. Action of specific thyroid hormone receptor α(1) and β(1) antagonists in the central and peripheral regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism in the rat. Thyroid 2012; 22:1275-82. [PMID: 22985455 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The iodine-containing drug amiodarone (Amio) and its noniodine containing analogue dronedarone (Dron) are potent antiarrhythmic drugs. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the major metabolite of Amio, desethylamiodarone, acts as a thyroid hormone receptor (TR) α(1) and β(1) antagonist, whereas the major metabolite of Dron debutyldronedarone acts as a selective TRα(1) antagonist. In the present study, Amio and Dron were used as tools to discriminate between TRα(1) or TRβ(1) regulated genes in central and peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. METHODS Three groups of male rats received either Amio, Dron, or vehicle by daily intragastric administration for 2 weeks. We assessed the effects of treatment on triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) plasma and tissue concentrations, deiodinase type 1, 2, and 3 mRNA expressions and activities, and thyroid hormone transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), monocarboxylate transporter 10 (MCT10), and organic anion transporter 1C1 (OATP1C1). RESULTS Amio treatment decreased serum T(3), while serum T(4) and thyrotropin (TSH) increased compared to Dron-treated and control rats. At the central level of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, Amio treatment decreased hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) expression, while increasing pituitary TSHβ and MCT10 mRNA expression. Amio decreased the pituitary D2 activity. By contrast, Dron treatment resulted in decreased hypothalamic TRH mRNA expression only. Upon Amio treatment, liver T(3) concentration decreased substantially compared to Dron and control rats (50%, p<0.01), but liver T(4) concentration was unaffected. In addition, liver D1, mRNA, and activity decreased, while the D3 activity and mRNA increased. Liver MCT8, MCT10, and OATP1C1 mRNA expression were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an important role for TRα1 in the regulation of hypothalamic TRH mRNA expression, whereas TRβ plays a dominant role in pituitary and liver thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermina C van Beeren
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Thyroid hormone receptors: the challenge of elucidating isotype-specific functions and cell-specific response. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3900-7. [PMID: 22704954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone receptors TRα1, TRβ1 and TRβ2 are broadly expressed and exert a pleiotropic influence on many developmental and homeostatic processes. Extensive genetic studies in mice precisely defined their respective function. SCOPE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review is to discuss two puzzling issues: MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mouse genetics support a balanced contribution of expression pattern and receptor intrinsic properties in defining the receptor respective functions. The molecular mechanisms sustaining cell specific response remain hypothetical and based on studies performed with other nuclear receptors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The isoform-specificity and cell-specificity questions have many implications for clinical research, drug development, and endocrine disruptor studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Hernandez A, Morte B, Belinchón MM, Ceballos A, Bernal J. Critical role of types 2 and 3 deiodinases in the negative regulation of gene expression by T₃in the mouse cerebral cortex. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2919-28. [PMID: 22523155 PMCID: PMC3359606 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones regulate brain development and function through the control of gene expression, mediated by binding of T(3) to nuclear receptors. Brain T(3) concentration is tightly controlled by homeostatic mechanisms regulating transport and metabolism of T(4) and T(3). We have examined the role of the inactivating enzyme type 3 deiodinase (D3) in the regulation of 43 thyroid hormone-dependent genes in the cerebral cortex of 30-d-old mice. D3 inactivation increased slightly the expression of two of 22 positively regulated genes and significantly decreased the expression of seven of 21 negatively regulated genes. Administration of high doses of T(3) led to significant changes in the expression of 12 positive genes and three negative genes in wild-type mice. The response to T(3) treatment was enhanced in D3-deficient mice, both in the number of genes and in the amplitude of the response, demonstrating the role of D3 in modulating T(3) action. Comparison of the effects on gene expression observed in D3 deficiency with those in hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and type 2 deiodinase (D2) deficiency revealed that the negative genes are more sensitive to D2 and D3 deficiencies than the positive genes. This observation indicates that, in normal physiological conditions, D2 and D3 play critical roles in maintaining local T(3) concentrations within a very narrow range. It also suggests that negatively and positively regulated genes do not have the same physiological significance or that their regulation by thyroid hormone obeys different paradigms at the molecular or cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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Bochukova E, Schoenmakers N, Agostini M, Schoenmakers E, Rajanayagam O, Keogh JM, Henning E, Reinemund J, Gevers E, Sarri M, Downes K, Offiah A, Albanese A, Halsall D, Schwabe JWR, Bain M, Lindley K, Muntoni F, Vargha-Khadem F, Dattani M, Farooqi IS, Gurnell M, Chatterjee K. A mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:243-9. [PMID: 22168587 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert their effects through alpha (TRα1) and beta (TRβ1 and TRβ2) receptors. Here we describe a child with classic features of hypothyroidism (growth retardation, developmental retardation, skeletal dysplasia, and severe constipation) but only borderline-abnormal thyroid hormone levels. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation in a gene encoding thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) and generating a mutant protein that inhibits wild-type receptor action in a dominant negative manner. Our observations are consistent with defective human TRα-mediated thyroid hormone resistance and substantiate the concept of hormone action through distinct receptor subtypes in different target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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