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Nandi U, Onyesom I, Douroumis D. An in vitro evaluation of antitumor activity of sirolimus-encapsulated liposomes in breast cancer cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:300-309. [PMID: 33793879 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Design and examine the effect of sirolimus-PEGylated (Stealth) liposomes for breast cancer treatment. In this study, we developed conventional and Stealth liposome nanoparticles comprising of distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) or dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and DSPE-MPEG-2000 lipids loaded with sirolimus as an anticancer agent. The effect of lipid grade, drug loading and incubation times were evaluated. METHODS Particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency of conventional and Stealth liposomes were studied followed by cytotoxicity evaluation. The cellular uptake and internal localisation of liposome formulations were investigated using confocal microscopy. KEY FINDINGS The designed Stealth liposome formulations loaded with sirolimus demonstrated an effective in vitro anticancer therapy compared with conventional liposomes while the length of the acyl chain affected the cell viability. Anticancer activity was found to be related on the drug loading amounts and incubation times. Cell internalization was observed after 5 h while significant cellular uptake of liposome was detected after 24 h with liposome particles been located in the cytoplasm round the cell nucleus. Sirolimus Stealth liposomes induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The design and evaluation of sirolimus-loaded PEGylated liposome nanoparticles demonstrated their capacity as drug delivery carrier for the treatment of breast cancer tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Nandi
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Ichioma Onyesom
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Medway School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
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Mishra S, Dunkerly-Eyring BL, Keceli G, Ranek MJ. Phosphorylation Modifications Regulating Cardiac Protein Quality Control Mechanisms. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593585. [PMID: 33281625 PMCID: PMC7689282 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.593585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many forms of cardiac disease, including heart failure, present with inadequate protein quality control (PQC). Pathological conditions often involve impaired removal of terminally misfolded proteins. This results in the formation of large protein aggregates, which further reduce cellular viability and cardiac function. Cardiomyocytes have an intricately collaborative PQC system to minimize cellular proteotoxicity. Increased expression of chaperones or enhanced clearance of misfolded proteins either by the proteasome or lysosome has been demonstrated to attenuate disease pathogenesis, whereas reduced PQC exacerbates pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that phosphorylation of key proteins has a potent regulatory role, both promoting and hindering the PQC machinery. This review highlights the recent advances in phosphorylations regulating PQC, the impact in cardiac pathology, and the therapeutic opportunities presented by harnessing these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Mishra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brittany L Dunkerly-Eyring
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gizem Keceli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark J Ranek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Tang HX, Qin XP, Li J. Role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular 2020; 28:821-828. [PMID: 32486969 DOI: 10.1177/1708538120929504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key event in the pathogenesis of CVD. The functional and phenotypic changes in vascular cells are mediated by complex signaling cascades that initiate and control genetic reprogramming. Many studies have demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates a diverse array of functions relevant to atherosclerosis. METHODS In this review, we summarize the studies on the STAT3-mediated proliferation of VSMCs and subsequent CVDs such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, we describe the general background of STAT3, its structure, function and regulation as well as the STAT3 signaling pathway. Finally, we highlight some potential issues and propose some solutions to these issues.Results and conclusions: STAT3 activation promotes the proliferation of VSMCs by regulating the transcription of genes. Studying the mechanism of VSMC proliferation induced by the STAT3 pathway is valuable for finding therapeutic targets for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Tang
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Xu-Ping Qin
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Li
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hunan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Zhang DQ, Li JS, Zhang YM, Gao F, Dai RZ. Astragaloside IV inhibits Angiotensin II-stimulated proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells via the regulation of CDK2 activity. Life Sci 2018; 200:105-109. [PMID: 29567075 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is the central active component extracted from Radix astragali, an herbal remedy widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Aberrant proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is closely involved in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular complications, such as atherosclerosis. Here we investigated whether AS-IV inhibited agonist-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and the underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS Quiescent cultured A10 cells (adult rat VSMCs) were treated with Angiotensin II (AngII) or AngII plus AS-IV for 48 h. The growth rate of A10 cells was analyzed by CCK8 assay. RT-PCR analysis was carried out to examine the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), an important phenotypic modulation marker. In addition, whether the interference of AS-IV on AngII-mediated growth of VSMCs via regulation of cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry. In order to explore the role of cell cycle machinery, we measured kinase activity of CDK2 by Kinase assay and the protein level of Cdc25 by western blot, respectively. KEY FINDINGS These data suggested that AS-IV exerted beneficial effects on AngII -induced abnormal growth in rat VSMCs through disturbing cell cycle, especially block G1/S transition by attenuating CDK2 activity, which may hinder the process of pathological vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Qing Zhang
- Jinjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinjiang, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Song Li
- Jinjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinjiang, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- Jinjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinjiang, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Ruo-Zhu Dai
- First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
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5
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Park HS, Quan KT, Han JH, Jung SH, Lee DH, Jo E, Lim TW, Heo KS, Na M, Myung CS. Rubiarbonone C inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells through the focal adhesion kinase, MAPK and STAT3 Tyr 705 signalling pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4140-4154. [PMID: 28832962 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are important steps in cardiovascular diseases, including neointimal lesion formation, myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. Here, we evaluated the rubiarbonone C-mediated signalling pathways that regulate PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell proliferation and migration were measured in cells treated with rubiarbonone C followed by PDGF BB using the MTT assay, [3 H]-thymidine incorporation, flow cytometry and wound-healing migration assay, MMP gelatin zymography, a fluorescence assay for F-actin. Western blotting of molecules including MAPK, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and STAT3 and an immunofluorescence assay using anti-PCNA and -STAT3 antibodies were performed to evaluate rubiarbonone C signalling pathway(s). The medial thickness of the carotid artery was evaluated using a mouse carotid ligation model. KEY RESULTS Rubiarbonone C inhibited PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation and migration and diminished the ligation-induced increase in medial thickness of the carotid artery. In PDGF-stimulated VSMCs rubiarbonone C decreased the following: (i) levels of cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclins, PCNA and hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein; (ii) levels and activity of MMP2 and MMP9; (iii) activation of MAPK; (iv) F-actin reorganization, by reducing FAK activation; (v) activation of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that rubiarbonone C inhibits the proliferation and migration of VSMCs by inhibiting the FAK, MAPK and STAT3 signalling pathways. Therefore, rubiarbonone C could be a good candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Khong Trong Quan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eunji Jo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Wan Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea.,Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon, Korea.,Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Cardiomyocyte proliferation in zebrafish and mammals: lessons for human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1367-1378. [PMID: 27812722 PMCID: PMC5357290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes proliferate profusely during early development and for a brief period after birth in mammals. Within a month after birth, this proliferative capability is dramatically reduced in mammals unlike lower vertebrates where it persists into adult life. The zebrafish, for example, retains the ability to regenerate the apex of the heart following resection by a mechanism predominantly driven by cardiomyocyte proliferation. Differences in proliferative capacity of cardiomyocytes in adulthood between mammals and lower vertebrates are closely liked to ontogenetic or phylogenetic factors. Elucidation of these factors has the potential to provide enormous benefits if they lead to the development of therapeutic strategies that facilitate cardiomyocyte proliferation. In this review, we highlight the differences between Mammalian and Zebrafish cardiomyocytes, which could explain at least in part the different proliferative capacities in these two species. We discuss the advantages of the zebrafish as a model of cardiomyocyte proliferation, particularly at the embryonic stage. We also identify a number of key molecular pathways with potential to reveal key steps in switching cardiomyocytes from a quiescent to a proliferative phenotype.
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MA YI, GONG XUN, MO YINGLI, WU SAIZHU. Polydatin inhibits the oxidative stress-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by activating the eNOS/SIRT1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1652-60. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang Z, Li J, Jiang X, Yang L, Lei L, Cai D, Zhang H, Chen H. GLP-1 ameliorates the proliferation activity of INS-1 cells inhibited by intermittent high glucose concentrations through the regulation of cyclins. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:683-8. [PMID: 24859892 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its analog exendin (EX)-4 have been considered to promote β-cell growth and expansion. In the present, study we investigated the effect of GLP-1 on proliferative activity and cell cycle regulation in the pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cell line, INS-1, treated with intermittent high glucose. INS-1 cells were treated with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/l), constant high glucose (30 mmol/l) and intermittent high glucose (rotation/24 h in 5.5 or 30 mmol/l) in the presence or absence of GLP-1 (100 nmol/l) for seven days. Proliferative activity, cell cycle and the expression of cyclin D1, p21, p27 and Skp2 were examined. INS-1 treated with intermittent high glucose and GLP-1 demonstrated a significant increase in proliferation activity (1.45±0.12; P<0.01) and decreased cell proportion in G0/G1 phase (49.73±4.04%, P<0.01) compared with those without GLP-1. Furthermore, the expression levels of cyclin D1 and Skp2 were increased, while the expression of p27 and p21 were significantly reduced. Similar results were identified in those treated with constant high glucose and GLP-1. These results suggest that GLP-1 may ease the G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of INS-1 cells induced by intermittent high glucose by upregulating the expression of cyclin D1 and Skp2, downregulating the expression of p21 and p27, and finally promoting the cell cycle progression and proliferation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xinkui Jiang
- Function Department of Nanshan Maternal and Child's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dehong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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9
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Zhang Z, Li J, Yang L, Chen R, Yang R, Zhang H, Cai D, Chen H. The cytotoxic role of intermittent high glucose on apoptosis and cell viability in pancreatic beta cells. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:712781. [PMID: 24772447 PMCID: PMC3977095 DOI: 10.1155/2014/712781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucose fluctuations are both strong predictor of diabetic complications and crucial factor for beta cell damages. Here we investigated the effect of intermittent high glucose (IHG) on both cell apoptosis and proliferation activity in INS-1 cells and the potential mechanisms. METHODS Cells were treated with normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L), constant high glucose (CHG) (25 mmol/L), and IHG (rotation per 24 h in 11.1 or 25 mmol/L) for 7 days. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), xanthine oxidase (XOD) level, apoptosis, cell viability, cell cycle, and expression of cyclinD1, p21, p27, and Skp2 were determined. RESULTS We found that IHG induced more significant apoptosis than CHG and normal glucose; intracellular ROS and XOD levels were more markedly increased in cells exposed to IHG. Cells treated with IHG showed significant decreased cell viability and increased cell proportion in G0/G1 phase. Cell cycle related proteins such as cyclinD1 and Skp2 were decreased significantly, but expressions of p27 and p21 were increased markedly. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that IHG plays a more toxic effect including both apoptosis-inducing and antiproliferative effects on INS-1 cells. Excessive activation of cellular stress and regulation of cyclins might be potential mechanism of impairment in INS-1 cells induced by IHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Rongping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Dehong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- *Hong Chen:
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Pal SN, Kofidis T. Therapeutic potential of genes in cardiac repair. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:1015-28. [PMID: 23945013 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.814867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the primary reason of premature death and contribute to a major percentage of global patient morbidity. Recent knowledge in the molecular mechanisms of myocardial complications have identified novel therapeutic targets along with the availability of vectors that offer the chance for designing gene therapy technique for protection and revival of the diseased heart functions. Gene transfer procedure into the myocardium is demonstrated through direct injection of plasmid DNA or through the coronary vasculature using the direct or indirect delivery of viral vectors. Direct DNA injection to the myocardium is reported to be of immense value in research studies that aims at understanding the activities of various elements in myocardium. It is also deemed vital for investigating the effect of the myocardial pathophysiology on expression of the foreign genes that are transferred. Gene therapies have been reported to heal cardiac pathologies such as myocardial ischemia, heart failure and inherited myopathies in several animal models. The results obtained from these animal studies have also encouraged a flurry of early clinical trials. This translational research has been triggered by an enhanced understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in tissue repair after ischemic injury. While safety concerns take utmost priority in these trials, several combinational therapies, various routes and dose of delivery are being tested before concrete optimization and complete potential of gene therapy is convincingly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad N Pal
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ding F, Yu L, Wang M, Xu S, Xia Q, Fu G. O-GlcNAcylation involvement in high glucose-induced cardiac hypertrophy via ERK1/2 and cyclin D2. Amino Acids 2013; 45:339-49. [PMID: 23665912 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Continuous hyperglycemia is considered to be the most significant pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which manifests as cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure. O-GlcNAcylation has attracted attention as a post-translational protein modification in the past decade. The role of O-GlcNAcylation in high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy remains unclear. We studied the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes that were exposed to high glucose and myocardium in diabetic rats induced by streptozocin. High glucose (30 mM) incubation induced a greater than twofold increase in cell size and increased hypertrophy marker gene expression accompanied by elevated O-GlcNAcylation protein levels. High glucose increased ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK or JNK activity, and cyclin D2 expression was also increased. PUGNAc, an inhibitor of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, enhanced O-GlcNAcylation and imitated the effects of high glucose. OGT siRNA and ERK1/2 inhibition with PD98059 treatment blunted the hypertrophic response and cyclin D2 upregulation. OGT inhibition also prevented ERK1/2 activation. We also observed concentric hypertrophy and similar changes of O-GlcNAcylation level, ERK1/2 activation and cyclin D2 expression in myocardium of diabetic rats induced by streptozocin. In conclusion, O-GlcNAcylation plays a role in high glucose-induced cardiac hypertrophy via ERK1/2 and cyclin D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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Goh D, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. Nanotechnology-Based Gene-Eluting Stents. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1279-98. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Goh
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- UCL Medical School, University
College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Farhatnia
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials & Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, School of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation
Trust, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Shahzad K, Thati M, Wang H, Kashif M, Wolter J, Ranjan S, He T, Zhou Q, Blessing E, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP, Isermann B. Minocycline reduces plaque size in diet induced atherosclerosis via p27(Kip1). Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:74-83. [PMID: 21719015 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Minocycline, a tetracycline derivate, mediates vasculoprotective effects independent of its antimicrobial properties. Thus, minocycline protects against diabetic nephropathy and reduces neointima formation following vascular injury through inhibition of apoptosis or migration, respectively. Whether minocycline has an effect on primary atherogenesis remains unknown. METHODS Using morphological and immunohistochemical analyses we determined de novo atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice receiving a high fat diet (HFD) with or without minocycline treatment. The effect of minocycline on proliferation, expression of p27(Kip1) or PARP-1 (Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1), or on PAR (poly ADP-ribosylation) modification in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) was analyzed in ex vivo and in vitro (primary human and mouse VSMC). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Minocycline reduced plaque size and stenosis in ApoE-/- HFD mice. This was associated with a lower number and less proliferation of VSMC, reduced PAR (poly ADP-ribosylation) modification and increased p27(Kip1) expression within the plaques. In agreement with the ex vivo data minocycline reduced proliferation, PARP-1 expression, PAR modification while inducing p27 expression in human and mouse VSMC in vitro. These effects were observed at a low minocycline concentration (10 μM), which had no effect on VSMC migration or apoptosis. Minocycline inhibited PARP-1 and induced p27(Kip1) expression in VSMC as efficiently as the specific PARP-1 inhibitor PJ 34. Knock down of p27(Kip1) abolished the antiproliferative effect of minocycline. These data establish a novel antiatherosclerotic mechanism of minocycline during de novo atherogenesis, which depends on p27(Kip1) mediated inhibition of VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurrum Shahzad
- Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Chan JY, Koon JC, Leung PC, Che CT, Fung KP. Suppression of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by a herbal extract of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis and Cortex Lycii. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:32. [PMID: 21513503 PMCID: PMC3107819 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death in developed world. Atherosclerosis is characterized by low-density lipoprotein deposition in the arterial wall which ultimately begets the formation of lesions. Rupture of lesions finally leads to clinical events such as heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis is a complication associated with diabetes. In patients with diabetes, the risk of atherosclerosis is three to five folds greater than in non-diabetics. Our previous study showed that a herbal extract of Radix Astragali, Radix Codonopsis and Cortex Lycii, namely SR10, could improve glucose homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we want to further investigate the efficacy of SR10 in treating atherosclerosis. Method The inhibitory effect of SR10 on low-density lipoprotein oxidation was investigated using free radical-induced erythrocyte hemolysis model and copper ion-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation model. Since vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration are important processes in atherogenesis, we also examined the effect of SR10 in inhibiting these events. Results Our results showed that SR10 inhibited erythrocyte hemolysis with IC50 value at 0.25 mg/ml and significantly prolonged low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. SR10 attenuated platelet derived growth factor-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase as well as inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Conclusion The potential application of SR10 in treating atherosclerosis has been implied in this study. Animal model will be needed to further verify the efficacy of SR10 in future.
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Di Stefano V, Giacca M, Capogrossi MC, Crescenzi M, Martelli F. Knockdown of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors induces cardiomyocyte re-entry in the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8644-8654. [PMID: 21209082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of mammalian cardiomyocytes stops rapidly after birth and injured hearts do not regenerate adequately. High cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) levels have been observed in cardiomyocytes, but their role in maintaining cardiomyocytes in a post-mitotic state is still unknown. In this report, it was investigated whether CKI knockdown by RNA interference induced cardiomyocyte proliferation. We found that triple transfection with p21(Waf1), p27(Kip1), and p57(Kip2) siRNAs induced both neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte to enter S phase and increased the nuclei/cardiomyocyte ratio; furthermore, a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes progressed beyond karyokynesis, as assessed by the detection of mid-body structures and by straight cardiomyocyte counting. Intriguingly, cardiomyocyte proliferation occurred in the absence of overt DNA damage and aberrant mitotic figures. Finally, CKI knockdown and DNA synthesis reactivation correlated with a dramatic change in adult cardiomyocyte morphology that may be a prerequisite for cell division. In conclusion, CKI expression plays an active role in maintaining cardiomyocyte withdrawal from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Di Stefano
- From the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio C Capogrossi
- Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy, and
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- the Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Vascular Pathology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy, and.
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16
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Movassagh M, Bicknell KA, Brooks G. Characterisation and regulation of E2F-6 and E2F-6b in the rat heart: a potential target for myocardial regeneration? J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:73-82. [PMID: 16393466 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.1.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors are instrumental in regulating cell cycle progression and growth, including that in cardiomyocytes, which exit the cell cycle shortly after birth. E2F-6 has been demonstrated to act as a transcriptional repressor; however, its potential role in normal cardiomyocyte proliferation and hypertrophy has not previously been investigated. Here we report the isolation and characterisation of E2F-6 and E2F-6b in rat cardiomyocytes and consider its potential as a target for myocardial regeneration following injury. At the mRNA level, both rat E2F-6 and the alternatively spliced variant, E2F-6b, were expressed in E18 myocytes and levels were maintained throughout development into adulthood. Interestingly, E2F-6 protein expression was down-regulated during myocyte development suggesting that it is regulated post-transcriptionally in these cells. During myocyte hypertrophy, the mRNA expressions of E2F-6 and E2F-6b were not regulated whereas E2F-6 protein was up-regulated significantly. Indeed, E2F-6 protein expression levels closely parallel the developmental withdrawal of myocytes from the cell cycle and the subsequent reactivation of their cell cycle machinery during hypertrophic growth. Furthermore, depletion of E2F-6, using anti-sense technology, results in death of cultured neonatal myocytes. Taken together, abrogation of E2F-6 expression in neonatal cardiomyocytes leads to a significant decrease in their viability, consistent with the notion that E2F-6 might be required for maintaining normal myocyte growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehregan Movassagh
- Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridgeshire, CB2 2XZ, UK
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17
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George VT, Brooks G, Humphrey TC. Regulation of cell cycle and stress responses to hydrostatic pressure in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4168-79. [PMID: 17699598 PMCID: PMC1995737 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-12-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the cellular responses to hydrostatic pressure by using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. Exposure to sublethal levels of hydrostatic pressure resulted in G2 cell cycle delay. This delay resulted from Cdc2 tyrosine-15 (Y-15) phosphorylation, and it was abrogated by simultaneous disruption of the Cdc2 kinase regulators Cdc25 and Wee1. However, cell cycle delay was independent of the DNA damage, cytokinesis, and cell size checkpoints, suggesting a novel mechanism of Cdc2-Y15 phosphorylation in response to hydrostatic pressure. Spc1/Sty1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, a conserved member of the eukaryotic stress-activated p38, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, was rapidly activated after pressure stress, and it was required for cell cycle recovery under these conditions, in part through promoting polo kinase (Plo1) phosphorylation on serine 402. Moreover, the Spc1 MAP kinase pathway played a key role in maintaining cell viability under hydrostatic pressure stress through the bZip transcription factor, Atf1. Further analysis revealed that prestressing cells with heat increased barotolerance, suggesting adaptational cross-talk between these stress responses. These findings provide new insight into eukaryotic homeostasis after exposure to pressure stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoj T. George
- *Medical Research Council Radiation Oncology and Biology Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gavin Brooks
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy C. Humphrey
- *Medical Research Council Radiation Oncology and Biology Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, United Kingdom; and
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18
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Zheng CJ, Han LY, Yap CW, Ji ZL, Cao ZW, Chen YZ. Therapeutic targets: progress of their exploration and investigation of their characteristics. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:259-79. [PMID: 16714488 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern drug discovery is primarily based on the search and subsequent testing of drug candidates acting on a preselected therapeutic target. Progress in genomics, protein structure, proteomics, and disease mechanisms has led to a growing interest in and effort for finding new targets and more effective exploration of existing targets. The number of reported targets of marketed and investigational drugs has significantly increased in the past 8 years. There are 1535 targets collected in the therapeutic target database compared with approximately 500 targets reported in a 1996 review. Knowledge of these targets is helpful for molecular dissection of the mechanism of action of drugs and for predicting features that guide new drug design and the search for new targets. This article summarizes the progress of target exploration and investigates the characteristics of the currently explored targets to analyze their sequence, structure, family representation, pathway association, tissue distribution, and genome location features for finding clues useful for searching for new targets. Possible "rules" to guide the search for druggable proteins and the feasibility of using a statistical learning method for predicting druggable proteins directly from their sequences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Zheng
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Computational Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Jia G, Cheng G, Agrawal DK. Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and atheroma-associated cytokines on cell proliferation and apoptosis in plaque smooth muscle cells of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:422-9. [PMID: 16942485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality from atherosclerosis are associated with complicated atherosclerotic lesions due to plaque rupture, which is regulated by a balance between proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We examined insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced survival of plaque VSMC from carotid endarterectomy specimens and investigated the underlying cellular mechanisms in the presence and absence of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. Both IL-12 and IFN-gamma were strongly expressed in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques as compared with asymptomatic plaques. In asymptomatic plaque VSMC, IGF-1 induced the survival and proliferation of VSMC and accelerated VSMC into S-phase. IL-12 or IFN-gamma inhibited proliferation and VSMC were arrested in the G0-G1 phase. IGF-1 markedly inhibited the expression of p27(kip) and p21(cip) and significantly induced cyclin E and cyclin D. Both cytokines by themselves increased the expression of p27(kip) and p21(cip) and inhibited cyclin E and cyclin D. On the contrary, in symptomatic VSMC there was already increased apoptosis of VSMC and there was no significant effect of IGF-1 or inflammatory cytokines on proliferation, apoptosis or the expression of p27(kip) and p21(cip) and cyclin D and E. These data suggest that IGF-1 is more potent in inducing the survival of VSMC from the endarterectomy specimens of asymptomatic patients as compared to that of symptomatic subjects and cytokines associated with atheroma lesions decrease the activity of IGF-1-induced survival in the VSMC of asymptomatic plaques. The different expression and activity of cell cycle regulatory proteins could be responsible for apoptosis of VSMC and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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20
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Zheng C, Han L, Yap CW, Xie B, Chen Y. Progress and problems in the exploration of therapeutic targets. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:412-20. [PMID: 16635803 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs exert their therapeutic effect by binding and regulating the activity of a particular protein or nucleic acid target. A large number of targets have been explored for drug discovery. Continuous effort has been directed at the search for new targets and more-extensive exploration of existing targets. Knowledge of these targets facilitates the understanding of molecular mechanisms of drugs and the effort required for drug discovery and target searches. Areas of progress, current focuses of research and development and the difficulties in target exploration are reviewed. The characteristics of the currently explored targets and their correlation to the level of difficulty for target exploration are analyzed. From these characteristics, simple rules can be derived for estimating the difficulty level of target exploration. The feasibility of predicting druggable proteins by using simple rules and sequence-derived physicochemical properties is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Zheng
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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21
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Stubbs S, Thomas N. Dynamic Green Fluorescent Protein Sensors for High‐Content Analysis of the Cell Cycle. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:1-21. [PMID: 17110183 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed two dynamic sensors that report cell cycle position in living mammalian cells. The sensors use well-characterized components from proteins that are spatially and temporally regulated through the cell cycle. Coupling of these components to Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) has been used to engineer fusion proteins that report G1/S and G2/M transitions during the cell cycle without perturbing cell cycle progression. Expression of these sensors in stable cell lines allows high content analysis of the effects of drugs and gene knockdown on the cell cycle using automated image analysis to determine cell cycle position and to abstract correlative data from multiplexed sensors and morphological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stubbs
- GE Healthcare, the Maynard Centre, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Lee S, Ji H, Wu Z, Zheng W, Hassan A, Sandberg K. Translational regulation of ANG II type 1 receptors in proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R50-6. [PMID: 16123226 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00448.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined angiotensin receptor (ATR) regulation in proliferating rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in culture. Radioligand competition analysis coupled with RNase protection assays (RPAs) revealed that angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1aR) densities (Bmax) increased by 30% between 5 and 7 days in culture [Bmax (fmol/mg protein): day 5, 379 ± 8.4 vs. day 7, 481 ± 12, n = 3, P < 0.05] under conditions in which no significant changes in AT1aR mRNA expression occurred [in RPA arbitrary units (AU): day 5, 0.23 ± 0.01 vs. day 7, 0.24 ± 0.04, n = 4] or in mRNA synthesis determined by nuclear run-on assays [AU: day 5, 0.35 ± 0.14 vs. day 7, 0.33 ± 0.11, n = 5]. In contrast, polysome distribution analysis indicated that AT1aR mRNA was more efficiently translated in day 7 cells compared with day 5 [% of AT1aR mRNA in fraction 2 out of total AT1R mRNA recovered from the sucrose gradient: day 5, 20.9 ± 9.9 vs. day 7, 56.8 ± 5.6, n = 3, P < 0.001]. Accompanying the polysome shift was 50% less RNA-protein complex (RPC) formation between VSMC cytosolic RNA binding proteins in day 7 cells compared with 5-day cultures and the 5′ leader sequence (5′LS) of the AT1aR [5′LS RPC (AU): day 5, 0.62 ± 0.15 vs. day 7, 0.23 ± 0.03; n = 4, P < 0.05] and also with exon 2 [Exon 2 RPC (AU): day 5, 35.0 ± 5.7 vs. day 7, 17.2 ± 3.6; n = 4, P < 0.05]. Taken together, these results suggest that AT1aR expression is regulated by translation during VSMC proliferation in part by RNA binding proteins that interact within exon 2 in the 5′LS of the AT1aR mRNA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghou Lee
- Georgetown University, 4000 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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23
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Bicknell K, Coxon C, Brooks G. Forced expression of the cyclin B1-CDC2 complex induces proliferation in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem J 2005; 382:411-6. [PMID: 15253691 PMCID: PMC1133796 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Repair of the mature mammalian myocardium following injury is impaired by the inability of the majority of cardiomyocytes to undergo cell division. We show that overexpression of the cyclin B1-CDC2 (cell division cycle 2 kinase) complex re-initiates cell division in adult cardiomyocytes. Thus strategies targeting the cyclin B1-CDC2 complex might re-initiate cell division in mature cardiomyocytes in vivo and facilitate myocardial regeneration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A. Bicknell
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Carmen H. Coxon
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Gavin Brooks
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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24
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Chaudhary J, Sadler-Riggleman I, Ague JM, Skinner MK. The helix-loop-helix inhibitor of differentiation (ID) proteins induce post-mitotic terminally differentiated Sertoli cells to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:1205-17. [PMID: 15647457 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.035717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to puberty the Sertoli cells undergo active cell proliferation, and at the onset of puberty they become a terminally differentiated postmitotic cell population that support spermatogenesis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the postmitotic block of pubertal and adult Sertoli cells are unknown. The four known helix-loop-helix ID proteins (i.e., Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) are considered dominant negative regulators of cellular differentiation pathways and act as positive regulators of cellular proliferation. ID proteins are expressed at low levels by postpubertal Sertoli cells and are transiently induced by serum. The hypothesis tested was that ID proteins can induce a terminally differentiated postmitotic Sertoli cell to reenter the cell cycle if they are constitutively expressed. To test this hypothesis, ID1 and ID2 were stably integrated and individually overexpressed in postmitotic rat Sertoli cells. Overexpression of ID1 or ID2 allowed postmitotic Sertoli cells to reenter the cell cycle and undergo mitosis. The cells continued to proliferate even after 300 cell doublings. The functional markers of Sertoli cell differentiation such as transferrin, inhibin alpha, Sert1, and androgen binding protein (ABP) continued to be expressed by the proliferating Sertoli cells, but at lower levels. FSH receptor expression was lost in the proliferating Sertoli cell-Id lines. Some Sertoli cell genes, such as cyclic protein 2 (cathepsin L) and Sry-related HMG box protein-11 (Sox11) increase in expression. At no stage of proliferation did the cells exhibit senescence. The expression profile as determined with a microarray protocol of the Sertoli cell-Id lines suggested an overall increase in cell cycle genes and a decrease in growth inhibitory genes. These results demonstrate that overexpression of ID1 and ID2 genes in a postmitotic, terminally differentiated cell type have the capacity to induce reentry into the cell cycle. The observations are discussed in regards to potential future applications in model systems of terminally differentiated cell types such as neurons or myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Chaudhary
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman,Washington 99164-4231, USA
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25
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Li JJ, Gao RL. Should atherosclerosis be considered a cancer of the vascular wall? Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:694-8. [PMID: 15694684 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and cancer are the leading causes of death in industrialized society. Although atherosclerosis has been considered to be multi-factorial disease in which genetic, environmental, and other factors have been implicated, the gaps remain in our knowledge of the etiopathogenesis as well as features of atherosclerosis. However, Numerous data suggested that the some characteristics of atherosclerosis were similar as a cancer. Should atherosclerosis be considered a cancer of the vascular wall? A large number of data have showed that both cancer and atherosclerosis are characterized by a local increase in tissue mass that may be hard to control, and appears that the disease state of atherosclerosis and cancer might share a common etiology. More recently, a series of molecular markers and gene-regulating pathways have been associated with disease development and progression common in both atherosclerosis and cancer. These chronic diseases appear to be multi-staged in their progression, with genetic, nutritional, psycho-social, environmental and viral factors influencing their appearances. In addition, the experimental and clinical studies on atherosclerosis and cancer have also showed common pathogenic mechanisms of clotting system. Furthermore, emerging novel therapeutic strategies have similarly targeted both atherosclerosis and cancer, including reducing oxidative stress; inhibiting chemokine, cytokine, and growth factor cell signal transmit; down-regulating excess matrix digestion; inactivating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) signal pathway, interfering cell cycle regulation, applying radiation treatment for controlling expansion and invasion of both atherosclerosis and cancer. Based on those previous observations, a hypothesis has been proposed that atherosclerosis and cancer may represent variants of a common disease entity. In the other word, atherosclerosis may be just a cancer of vascular wall. In the future, it is likely that the shared features of atherosclerosis and cancer will not only become clinically significant but also stimulate therapeutic strategies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, 167 Bei Li Shi Road, Beijing 100037, PR China.
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26
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Twaites B, de las Heras Alarcón C, Alexander C. Synthetic polymers as drugs and therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b410799n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Wang W, Sun W, Wang X. Intramuscular gene transfer of CGRP inhibits neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in the rat abdominal aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H1582-9. [PMID: 15371265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00168.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CGRP is a well-known neuropeptide that has various protective effects on cardiovascular system. Our previous studies have shown that CGRP inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in vitro. The present study aimed to explore the role of the CGRP in neointimal formation after balloon injury in the rat aortic wall and the underlying mechanism. Gene transfer of CGRP was performed with the use of intramuscular electroporation in a balloon-injured rat aorta model. Apoptosis in VSMCs was determined by electrophoresis assessment of DNA fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Overexpression of the CGRP gene significantly inhibited the neointimal formation after balloon injury compared with the mock transfer, as assessed by the intima-to-media ratio 14 days after balloon injury (29.2 +/- 3.7% vs. 52.7 +/- 5.4%; n = 9-12, P < 0.05). In addition, CGRP gene expression increased the number of apoptotic cells in the neointima in vivo 14 days after balloon injury. Similarly, the addition of bioactive CGRP and the nitric oxide donor induced similar apoptosis in cultured VSMCs. The antagonist of the CGRP(1) receptor and inhibitors of cAMP-PKA and nitric oxide blocked CGRP-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, CGRP gene transfer increased inducible nitric oxide synthase and p53 but decreased PCNA and Bcl-2 protein levels in balloon-injured rat aorta. Our data demonstrated that CGRP potently inhibited neointimal thickening in the rat aorta, at least in part through its distinct effects on apoptosis and proliferation of VSMCs both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, delivery of the CGRP gene may have therapeutic implications in limiting vascular restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
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28
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Pasterkamp G, Van Keulen JK, De Kleijn DPV. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:328-34. [PMID: 15147329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiates an innate immune response after recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Evidence is accumulating that TLRs, and particularly TLR4, are important players in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. Not only exogenous ligands but also endogenous ligands that are expressed during arterial injury are recognized by TLR4. Mouse knockout studies and epidemiological studies of human TLR4 polymorphisms have demonstrated that the TLR4 might play a role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. This review will summarize the latest progression in research on the role of TLR4 in arterial occlusive disease In addition, the potential of intervention in TLR4 signalling to influence progression of atherosclerotic disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pasterkamp
- University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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29
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Llorente-Cortés V, Otero-Viñas M, Berrozpe M, Badimon L. Intracellular lipid accumulation, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein expression, and cell survival in vascular smooth muscle cells derived from normal and atherosclerotic human coronaries. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:182-90. [PMID: 15025676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) regulation during atherosclerotic plaque progression is determinant for plaque stability. AIMS To study lipid accumulation, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) expression, and cell survival in VSMCs isolated from nonatherosclerotic areas (normal VSMCs) and advanced atherosclerotic plaques (plaque-VSMCs) of human coronaries. DESIGN Normal or plaque-VSMCs were obtained from the intima by modification of the explant technique. RESULTS Aggregated low-density lipoprotein (agLDL) (100 micro g mL(-1)) internalization induced higher intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation in plaque-VSMC compared with normal VSMCs (89.28 +/- 6.1 vs. 60.34 +/- 4.1 micro g CE mg(-1) of protein; P < 0.05). This internalization was associated with LRP expression, as plaque-VSMCs show higher levels of LRP mRNA (6.06 +/- 0.55 vs. 3.87 +/- 0.28; P < 0.05) and LRP protein expression than normal VSMCs. However, plaque-VSMCs showed a lower proliferative response than normal VSMCs (6536 +/- 636 vs. 11151 +/- 815 c.p.m. [(3)H]thymidine; P < 0.05) and did not respond to platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) stimulus. In agreement, the Bcl(2)/BAX ratio was significantly lower in plaque-VSMCs compared with normal VSMCs (0.14 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.07; P < 0.05) and it was independent of lipid loading. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that higher intracellular lipid deposition in plaque-VSMCs is related to higher LRP expression levels. However, LRP-mediated agLDL internalization is not directly related to the reduced survival of plaque-VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Llorente-Cortés
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Sta. Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Chung HJ, Maruyama I, Tani T. Saiko-ka-Ryukotsu-Borei-To inhibits intimal thickening in carotid artery after balloon endothelial denudation in cholesterol-fed rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:56-60. [PMID: 12520173 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of Saiko-ka-Ryukotsu-Borei-To (SRB), a traditional Chinese formulation, dose dependently inhibited intimal thickening in carotid artery injured by balloon endothelial denudation in cholesterol-fed rats. SRB also inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, which is assessed by counting the VSMCs immunoreactive with antiproliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody in the intimal area. VSMC proliferation is considered to play a central role in the development of intimal thickening. SRB slightly, but not significantly, reduced serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These results indicate that the suppressive effect of SRB on intimal thickening may result from its inhibitory effect against VSMC proliferation, but does not depend on lowering of lipid levels. The balloon injury model used in this study has similar pathological processes to restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Therefore the present results may provide a new therapeutic strategy using SRB to reduce restenosis after PCI in the treatment of patients with ischemic coronary artery disease. Furthermore, since it is considered that artery restenosis after balloon injury in PCI is "accelerated atherosclerosis, " SRB may have beneficial effects in atherosclerosis that develops over a long clinical course in hyperlipidemia, diabetes, etc.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Cholesterol, Dietary/adverse effects
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Jin Chung
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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