1
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Vicidomini R, Choudhury SD, Han TH, Nguyen TH, Nguyen P, Opazo F, Serpe M. Versatile nanobody-based approach to image, track and reconstitute functional Neurexin-1 in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6068. [PMID: 39025931 PMCID: PMC11258300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are key adhesion proteins that coordinate extracellular and intracellular synaptic components. Nonetheless, the low abundance of these multidomain proteins has complicated any localization and structure-function studies. Here we combine an ALFA tag (AT)/nanobody (NbALFA) tool with classic genetics, cell biology and electrophysiology to examine the distribution and function of the Drosophila Nrx-1 in vivo. We generate full-length and ΔPDZ ALFA-tagged Nrx-1 variants and find that the PDZ binding motif is key to Nrx-1 surface expression. A PDZ binding motif provided in trans, via genetically encoded cytosolic NbALFA-PDZ chimera, fully restores the synaptic localization and function of NrxΔPDZ-AT. Using cytosolic NbALFA-mScarlet intrabody, we achieve compartment-specific detection of endogenous Nrx-1, track live Nrx-1 transport along the motor neuron axons, and demonstrate that Nrx-1 co-migrates with Rab2-positive vesicles. Our findings illustrate the versatility of the ALFA system and pave the way towards dissecting functional domains of complex proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Vicidomini
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Saumitra Dey Choudhury
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Centralized Core Research Facility-Microscopy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tae Hee Han
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tho Huu Nguyen
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Nguyen
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felipe Opazo
- Department of Neuro and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mihaela Serpe
- Section on Cellular Communication, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Xu M, Wu Z, Li W, Xue L. Gp93 inhibits unfolded protein response-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and cell invasion. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38922869 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, Hsp90B1 serves as a vital chaperonin, facilitating the accurate folding of proteins. Interestingly, Hsp90B1 exhibits contrasting roles in the development of various types of cancers, although the underlying reasons for this duality remain enigmatic. Through the utilization of the Drosophila model, this study unveils the functional significance of Gp93, the Drosophila ortholog of Hsp90B1, which hitherto had limited reported developmental functions. Employing the Drosophila cell invasion model, we elucidated the pivotal role of Gp93 in regulating cell invasion and modulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Furthermore, our investigation highlights the involvement of the unfolded protein response-associated IRE1/XBP1 pathway in governing Gp93 depletion-induced, JNK-dependent cell invasion. Collectively, these findings not only uncover a novel molecular function of Gp93 in Drosophila, but also underscore a significant consideration pertaining to the testing of Hsp90B1 inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihan Wu
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
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3
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Zhu Y, Cho K, Lacin H, Zhu Y, DiPaola JT, Wilson BA, Patti GJ, Skeath JB. Loss of dihydroceramide desaturase drives neurodegeneration by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplet homeostasis in glial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.01.573836. [PMID: 38260379 PMCID: PMC10802327 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.01.573836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturases convert dihydroceramides to ceramides, the precursors of all complex sphingolipids. Reduction of DEGS1 dihydroceramide desaturase function causes pediatric neurodegenerative disorder hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-18 (HLD-18). We discovered that infertile crescent (ifc), the Drosophila DEGS1 homolog, is expressed primarily in glial cells to promote CNS development by guarding against neurodegeneration. Loss of ifc causes massive dihydroceramide accumulation and severe morphological defects in cortex glia, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion, failure of neuronal ensheathment, and lipid droplet depletion. RNAi knockdown of the upstream ceramide synthase schlank in glia of ifc mutants rescues ER expansion, suggesting dihydroceramide accumulation in the ER drives this phenotype. RNAi knockdown of ifc in glia but not neurons drives neuronal cell death, suggesting that ifc function in glia promotes neuronal survival. Our work identifies glia as the primary site of disease progression in HLD-18 and may inform on juvenile forms of ALS, which also feature elevated dihydroceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Haluk Lacin
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jose T DiPaola
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth A Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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4
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Link N, Harnish JM, Hull B, Gibson S, Dietze M, Mgbike UE, Medina-Balcazar S, Shah PS, Yamamoto S. A Zika virus protein expression screen in Drosophila to investigate targeted host pathways during development. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050297. [PMID: 38214058 PMCID: PMC10924231 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a global public health concern. Although adult infections are typically mild, maternal infection can lead to adverse fetal outcomes. Understanding how ZIKV proteins disrupt development can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of disease caused by this virus, which includes microcephaly. In this study, we generated a toolkit to ectopically express ZIKV proteins in vivo in Drosophila melanogaster in a tissue-specific manner using the GAL4/UAS system. We used this toolkit to identify phenotypes and potential host pathways targeted by the virus. Our work identified that expression of most ZIKV proteins caused scorable phenotypes, such as overall lethality, gross morphological defects, reduced brain size and neuronal function defects. We further used this system to identify strain-dependent phenotypes that may have contributed to the increased pathogenesis associated with the outbreak of ZIKV in the Americas in 2015. Our work demonstrates the use of Drosophila as an efficient in vivo model to rapidly decipher how pathogens cause disease and lays the groundwork for further molecular study of ZIKV pathogenesis in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Link
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - J. Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brooke Hull
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shelley Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Miranda Dietze
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | - Silvia Medina-Balcazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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5
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Yu Y, Chen D, Farmer SM, Xu S, Rios B, Solbach A, Ye X, Ye L, Zhang S. Endolysosomal trafficking controls yolk granule biogenesis in vitellogenic Drosophila oocytes. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011152. [PMID: 38315726 PMCID: PMC10898735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and endolysosomal trafficking are essential for almost all aspects of physiological functions of eukaryotic cells. As our understanding on these membrane trafficking events are mostly from studies in yeast and cultured mammalian cells, one challenge is to systematically evaluate the findings from these cell-based studies in multicellular organisms under physiological settings. One potentially valuable in vivo system to address this challenge is the vitellogenic oocyte in Drosophila, which undergoes extensive endocytosis by Yolkless (Yl), a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), to uptake extracellular lipoproteins into oocytes and package them into a specialized lysosome, the yolk granule, for storage and usage during later development. However, by now there is still a lack of sufficient understanding on the molecular and cellular processes that control yolk granule biogenesis. Here, by creating genome-tagging lines for Yl receptor and analyzing its distribution in vitellogenic oocytes, we observed a close association of different endosomal structures with distinct phosphoinositides and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. We further showed that Rab5 and Rab11, but surprisingly not Rab4 and Rab7, are essential for yolk granules biogenesis. Instead, we uncovered evidence for a potential role of Rab7 in actin regulation and observed a notable overlap of Rab4 and Rab7, two Rab GTPases that have long been proposed to have distinct spatial distribution and functional roles during endolysosomal trafficking. Through a small-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screen on a set of reported Rab5 effectors, we showed that yolk granule biogenesis largely follows the canonical endolysosomal trafficking and maturation processes. Further, the data suggest that the RAVE/V-ATPase complexes function upstream of or in parallel with Rab7, and are involved in earlier stages of endosomal trafficking events. Together, our study provides s novel insights into endolysosomal pathways and establishes vitellogenic oocyte in Drosophila as an excellent in vivo model for dissecting the highly complex membrane trafficking events in metazoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, #1 Beijing East Road, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stephen M. Farmer
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Xu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Rios
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amanda Solbach
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xin Ye
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lili Ye
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sheng Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MD Anderson UTHealth GSBS), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, United States of America
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6
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Madan V, Albacete‐Albacete L, Jin L, Scaturro P, Watson JL, Muschalik N, Begum F, Boulanger J, Bauer K, Kiebler MA, Derivery E, Bullock SL. HEATR5B associates with dynein-dynactin and promotes motility of AP1-bound endosomal membranes. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114473. [PMID: 37872872 PMCID: PMC10690479 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule motor dynein mediates polarised trafficking of a wide variety of organelles, vesicles and macromolecules. These functions are dependent on the dynactin complex, which helps recruit cargoes to dynein's tail and activates motor movement. How the dynein-dynactin complex orchestrates trafficking of diverse cargoes is unclear. Here, we identify HEATR5B, an interactor of the adaptor protein-1 (AP1) clathrin adaptor complex, as a novel player in dynein-dynactin function. HEATR5B was recovered in a biochemical screen for proteins whose association with the dynein tail is augmented by dynactin. We show that HEATR5B binds directly to the dynein tail and dynactin and stimulates motility of AP1-associated endosomal membranes in human cells. We also demonstrate that the Drosophila HEATR5B homologue is an essential gene that selectively promotes dynein-based transport of AP1-bound membranes to the Golgi apparatus. As HEATR5B lacks the coiled-coil architecture typical of dynein adaptors, our data point to a non-canonical process orchestrating motor function on a specific cargo. We additionally show that HEATR5B promotes association of AP1 with endosomal membranes independently of dynein. Thus, HEATR5B co-ordinates multiple events in AP1-based trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Madan
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
AbcamCambridgeUK
| | - Lucas Albacete‐Albacete
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Li Jin
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | | | - Joseph L Watson
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Farida Begum
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Karl Bauer
- Biomedical Center, Department for Cell Biology, Medical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center, Department for Cell Biology, Medical FacultyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Emmanuel Derivery
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Simon L Bullock
- Division of Cell BiologyMedical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
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7
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Giedt MS, Thomalla JM, White RP, Johnson MR, Lai ZW, Tootle TL, Welte MA. Adipose triglyceride lipase promotes prostaglandin-dependent actin remodeling by regulating substrate release from lipid droplets. Development 2023; 150:dev201516. [PMID: 37306387 PMCID: PMC10281261 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), crucial regulators of lipid metabolism, accumulate during oocyte development. However, their roles in fertility remain largely unknown. During Drosophila oogenesis, LD accumulation coincides with the actin remodeling necessary for follicle development. Loss of the LD-associated Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) disrupts both actin bundle formation and cortical actin integrity, an unusual phenotype also seen when the prostaglandin (PG) synthase Pxt is missing. Dominant genetic interactions and PG treatment of follicles indicate that ATGL acts upstream of Pxt to regulate actin remodeling. Our data suggest that ATGL releases arachidonic acid (AA) from LDs to serve as the substrate for PG synthesis. Lipidomic analysis detects AA-containing triglycerides in ovaries, and these are increased when ATGL is lost. High levels of exogenous AA block follicle development; this is enhanced by impairing LD formation and suppressed by reducing ATGL. Together, these data support the model that AA stored in LD triglycerides is released by ATGL to drive the production of PGs, which promote the actin remodeling necessary for follicle development. We speculate that this pathway is conserved across organisms to regulate oocyte development and promote fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. Giedt
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Roger P. White
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Matthew R. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Zon Weng Lai
- Harvard T.H. Chan Advanced Multi-omics Platform, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tina L. Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael A. Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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8
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Presser A, Freund O, Hassapelis T, Hunter G. Scabrous is distributed via signaling filopodia to modulate Notch response during bristle patterning in Drosophila. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291409. [PMID: 37729137 PMCID: PMC10511103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cells in tissues must be patterned correctly in order to support tissue function and shape. The sensory bristles of the peripheral nervous system on the thorax of Drosophila melanogaster self-organizes from a unpatterned epithelial tissue to a regular spot pattern during pupal stages. Wild type patterning requires Notch-mediated lateral inhibition. Scabrous is a protein that can bind to and modify Notch receptor activity. Scabrous can be secreted, but it is also known to be localized to basal signaling filopodia, or cytonemes, that play a role in long-range Notch signaling. Here we show that Scabrous is primarily distributed basally, within the range of signaling filopodia extension. We show that filamentous actin dynamics are required for the distribution of Scabrous protein during sensory bristle patterning stages. We show that the Notch response of epithelial cells is sensitive to the level of Scabrous protein being expressed by the sensory bristle precursor cell. Our findings at the cell-level suggest a model for how epithelial cells engaged in lateral inhibition at a distance are sensitive local levels of Scabrous protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Presser
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Olivia Freund
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Theodora Hassapelis
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Ginger Hunter
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
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9
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Demir E, Kacew S. Drosophila as a Robust Model System for Assessing Autophagy: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:682. [PMID: 37624187 PMCID: PMC10458868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process through which a body breaks down and recycles its own cellular components, primarily inside lysosomes. It is a cellular response to starvation and stress, which plays decisive roles in various biological processes such as senescence, apoptosis, carcinoma, and immune response. Autophagy, which was first discovered as a survival mechanism during starvation in yeast, is now known to serve a wide range of functions in more advanced organisms. It plays a vital role in how cells respond to stress, starvation, and infection. While research on yeast has led to the identification of many key components of the autophagy process, more research into autophagy in more complex systems is still warranted. This review article focuses on the use of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a robust testing model in further research on autophagy. Drosophila provides an ideal environment for exploring autophagy in a living organism during its development. Additionally, Drosophila is a well-suited compact tool for genetic analysis in that it serves as an intermediate between yeast and mammals because evolution conserved the molecular machinery required for autophagy in this species. Experimental tractability of host-pathogen interactions in Drosophila also affords great convenience in modeling human diseases on analogous structures and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esref Demir
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sam Kacew
- R. Samuel McLaughllin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart (320), Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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10
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Snee M, Wever J, Guyton J, Beehler-Evans R, Yokoyama CC, Micchelli CA. Peptidoglycan recognition in Drosophila is mediated by LysMD3/4. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104758. [PMID: 37116706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial recognition is a key step in regulating the immune signaling pathways of multicellular organisms. Peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall, exhibits immune stimulating activity in both plants and animals. Lysin motif domain (LysMD) family proteins are ancient peptidoglycan receptors that function in bacteriophage and plants. This report focuses on defining the role of LysMD-containing proteins in animals. Here, we characterize a novel transmembrane LysMD family protein. Loss-of-function mutations at the lysMD3/4 locus in Drosophila are associated with systemic innate immune activation following challenge, so we refer to this gene as immune active (ima). We show that Ima selectively binds peptidoglycan, is enriched in cell membranes, and is necessary to regulate terminal innate immune effectors through an NF-kB-dependent pathway. Hence, Ima fulfills the key criteria of a peptidoglycan pattern recognition receptor. The human Ima ortholog, hLysMD3, exhibits similar biochemical properties. Together, these findings establish LysMD3/4 as the founding member of a novel family of animal peptidoglycan recognition proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Snee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason Wever
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Guyton
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Beehler-Evans
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christine C Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig A Micchelli
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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11
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Zhang C, Kalaitsidou E, Damen JMA, Grond R, Rabouille C, Wu W. Novel Components of the Stress Assembly Sec Body Identified by Proximity Labeling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071055. [PMID: 37048128 PMCID: PMC10093351 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sec bodies are membraneless stress-induced assemblies that form by the coalescence of endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES). Through APEX2 tagging of Sec24AB, we biotinylated and identified the full complement of Sec body proteins. In the presence of biotin-phenol and H2O2 (APEX on), APEX2 facilitates the transfer of a biotin moiety to nearby interactors of chimeric Sec24AB. Using this unbiased approach comparing APEX on and off (−H2O2) conditions, we identified 52 proteins specifically enriched in Sec bodies. These include a large proportion of ER and Golgi proteins, packaged without defined stoichiometry, which we could selectively verify by imaging. Interestingly, Sec body components are neither transcriptionally nor translationally regulated under the conditions that induce Sec body formation, suggesting that incorporation of these proteins into granules may be driven instead by the aggregation of nucleating proteins with a high content of intrinsically disordered regions. This reinforces the notion that Sec bodies may act as storage for ERES, ER and Golgi components during stress.
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12
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Saha B, Acharjee S, Ghosh G, Dasgupta P, Prasad M. Germline protein, Cup, non-cell autonomously limits migratory cell fate in Drosophila oogenesis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010631. [PMID: 36791149 PMCID: PMC9974129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Specification of migratory cell fate from a stationary population is complex and indispensable both for metazoan development as well for the progression of the pathological condition like tumor metastasis. Though this cell fate transformation is widely prevalent, the molecular understanding of this phenomenon remains largely elusive. We have employed the model of border cells (BC) in Drosophila oogenesis and identified germline activity of an RNA binding protein, Cup that limits acquisition of migratory cell fate from the neighbouring follicle epithelial cells. As activation of JAK-STAT in the follicle cells is critical for BC specification, our data suggest that Cup, non-cell autonomously restricts the domain of JAK-STAT by activating Notch in the follicle cells. Employing genetics and Delta endocytosis assay, we demonstrate that Cup regulates Delta recycling in the nurse cells through Rab11GTPase thus facilitating Notch activation in the adjacent follicle cells. Since Notch and JAK-STAT are antagonistic, we propose that germline Cup functions through Notch and JAK-STAT to modulate BC fate specification from their static epithelial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banhisikha Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education & Research- Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sayan Acharjee
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education & Research- Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurab Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education & Research- Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Purbasa Dasgupta
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education & Research- Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohit Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education & Research- Kolkata Mohanpur Campus Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kovacs L, Fatalska A, Glover DM. Targeting Drosophila Sas6 to mitochondria reveals its high affinity for Gorab. Biol Open 2022; 11:279330. [PMID: 36331102 PMCID: PMC9836085 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to relocalize proteins to defined subcellular locations presents a powerful tool to examine protein-protein interactions that can overcome a tendency of non-targeted exogenous proteins to form inaccessible aggregates. Here, we show that a 24-amino-acid sequence from the Drosophila proapoptotic protein Hid's tail anchor (HTA) domain can target exogenous proteins to the mitochondria in Drosophila cells. We use this HTA tag to target the Drosophila centriole cartwheel protein Sas6 to the mitochondria, and show that both exogenous and endogenous Gorab can be co-recruited from the Golgi to the new mitochondrial site. This accords with our previous observation that monomeric Drosophila Gorab binds Sas6 to become centriole associated with a 50-fold greater affinity than dimeric Gorab binds Rab6 to become localized at the Golgi. Strikingly, Drosophila Sas6 can bind both Drosophila Gorab and its human GORAB ortholog, whereas human SAS6 is unable to bind either GORAB or Gorab. We discuss these findings in relation to the evolutionary conservation of Gorab and the divergence of Sas6, possibly reflecting known differences in persistence of the cartwheel in the centriole duplication cycle of fly and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kovacs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Agnieszka Fatalska
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David M. Glover
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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14
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Park SY, Muschalik N, Chadwick J, Munro S. In vivo characterization of Drosophila golgins reveals redundancy and plasticity of vesicle capture at the Golgi apparatus. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4549-4564.e6. [PMID: 36103876 PMCID: PMC9849145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi is the central sorting station in the secretory pathway and thus the destination of transport vesicles arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomes and from within the Golgi itself. Cell viability, therefore, requires that the Golgi accurately receives multiple classes of vesicle. One set of proteins proposed to direct vesicle arrival at the Golgi are the golgins, long coiled-coil proteins localized to specific parts of the Golgi stack. In mammalian cells, three of the golgins, TMF, golgin-84, and GMAP-210, can capture intra-Golgi transport vesicles when placed in an ectopic location. However, the individual golgins are not required for cell viability, and mouse knockout mutants only have defects in specific tissues. To further illuminate this system, we examine the Drosophila orthologs of these three intra-Golgi golgins. We show that ectopic forms can capture intra-Golgi transport vesicles, but strikingly, the cargo present in the vesicles captured by each golgin varies between tissues. Loss-of-function mutants show that the golgins are individually dispensable, although the loss of TMF recapitulates the male fertility defects observed in mice. However, the deletion of multiple golgins results in defects in glycosylation and loss of viability. Examining the vesicles captured by a particular golgin when another golgin is missing reveals that the vesicle content in one tissue changes to resemble that of a different tissue. This reveals a plasticity in Golgi organization between tissues, providing an explanation for why the Golgi is sufficiently robust to tolerate the loss of many of the individual components of its membrane traffic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Park
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jessica Chadwick
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sean Munro
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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15
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Zhou L, Xue X, Yang K, Feng Z, Liu M, Pastor-Pareja JC. Convergence of secretory, endosomal, and autophagic routes in trans-Golgi-associated lysosomes. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213547. [PMID: 36239631 PMCID: PMC9577102 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the trans-Golgi, complex traffic connections exist to the endolysosomal system additional to the main Golgi-to-plasma membrane secretory route. Here, we investigated three hits in a Drosophila screen displaying secretory cargo accumulation in autophagic vesicles: ESCRT-III component Vps20, SNARE-binding Rop, and lysosomal pump subunit VhaPPA1-1. We found that Vps20, Rop, and lysosomal markers localize near the trans-Golgi. Furthermore, we document that the vicinity of the trans-Golgi is the main cellular location for lysosomes and that early, late, and recycling endosomes associate as well with a trans-Golgi-associated degradative compartment where basal microautophagy of secretory cargo and other materials occurs. Disruption of this compartment causes cargo accumulation in our hits, including Munc18 homolog Rop, required with Syx1 and Syx4 for Rab11-mediated endosomal recycling. Finally, besides basal microautophagy, we show that the trans-Golgi-associated degradative compartment contributes to the growth of autophagic vesicles in developmental and starvation-induced macroautophagy. Our results argue that the fly trans-Golgi is the gravitational center of the whole endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xutong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - José C. Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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16
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O’Brien CE, Younger SH, Jan LY, Jan YN. The GARP complex prevents sterol accumulation at the trans-Golgi network during dendrite remodeling. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 222:213548. [PMID: 36239632 PMCID: PMC9577387 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is essential for sculpting neuronal morphology. The GARP and EARP complexes are conserved tethers that regulate vesicle trafficking in the secretory and endolysosomal pathways, respectively. Both complexes contain the Vps51, Vps52, and Vps53 proteins, and a complex-specific protein: Vps54 in GARP and Vps50 in EARP. In Drosophila, we find that both complexes are required for dendrite morphogenesis during developmental remodeling of multidendritic class IV da (c4da) neurons. Having found that sterol accumulates at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in Vps54KO/KO neurons, we investigated genes that regulate sterols and related lipids at the TGN. Overexpression of oxysterol binding protein (Osbp) or knockdown of the PI4K four wheel drive (fwd) exacerbates the Vps54KO/KO phenotype, whereas eliminating one allele of Osbp rescues it, suggesting that excess sterol accumulation at the TGN is, in part, responsible for inhibiting dendrite regrowth. These findings distinguish the GARP and EARP complexes in neurodevelopment and implicate vesicle trafficking and lipid transfer pathways in dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. O’Brien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Susan H. Younger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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17
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Identification of two pathways mediating protein targeting from ER to lipid droplets. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1364-1377. [PMID: 36050470 PMCID: PMC9481466 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathways localizing proteins to their sites of action are essential for eukaryotic cell organization and function. Although mechanisms of protein targeting to many organelles have been defined, how proteins, such as metabolic enzymes, target from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cellular lipid droplets (LDs) is poorly understood. Here we identify two distinct pathways for ER-to-LD protein targeting: early targeting at LD formation sites during formation, and late targeting to mature LDs after their formation. Using systematic, unbiased approaches in Drosophila cells, we identified specific membrane-fusion machinery, including regulators, a tether and SNARE proteins, that are required for the late targeting pathway. Components of this fusion machinery localize to LD–ER interfaces and organize at ER exit sites. We identified multiple cargoes for early and late ER-to-LD targeting pathways. Our findings provide a model for how proteins target to LDs from the ER either during LD formation or by protein-catalysed formation of membrane bridges. Song et al. identify two protein-targeting pathways from the endoplasmic reticulum to (1) early lipid droplets (LDs) and (2) mature lipid droplets. They define key factors mediating the second, late pathway and its many cargoes.
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18
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Moreno MR, Boswell K, Casbolt HL, Bulgakova NA. Multifaceted control of E-cadherin dynamics by Adaptor Protein Complex 1 during epithelial morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar80. [PMID: 35609212 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking regulates the distribution of transmembrane proteins including the key determinants of epithelial polarity and adhesion. The Adaptor Protein 1 (AP-1) complex is the key regulator of vesicle sorting, which binds many specific cargoes. We examined roles of the AP-1 complex in epithelial morphogenesis, using the Drosophila wing as a paradigm. We found that AP-1 knockdown leads to ectopic tissue folding, which is consistent with the observed defects in integrin targeting to the basal cell-extracellular matrix adhesion sites. This occurs concurrently with an integrin-independent induction of cell death, which counteracts elevated proliferation and prevents hyperplasia. We discovered a distinct pool of AP-1 that localizes at the subapical adherens junctions. Upon AP-1 knockdown, E-cadherin is hyperinternalized from these junctions and becomes enriched at the Golgi and recycling endosomes. We then provide evidence that E-cadherin hyperinternalization acts upstream of cell death in a potential tumor-suppressive mechanism. Simultaneously, cells compensate for elevated internalization of E-cadherin by increasing its expression to maintain cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramírez Moreno
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katy Boswell
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen L Casbolt
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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19
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Tanasic D, Berns N, Riechmann V. Myosin V facilitates polarised E-cadherin secretion. Traffic 2022; 23:374-390. [PMID: 35575181 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin has a fundamental role in epithelial tissues by providing cell-cell adhesion. Polarised E-cadherin exocytosis to the lateral plasma membrane is central for cell polarity and epithelial homeostasis. Loss of E-cadherin secretion compromises tissue integrity and is a prerequisite for metastasis. Despite this pivotal role of E-cadherin secretion, the transport mechanism is still unknown. Here we identify Myosin V as the motor for E-cadherin secretion. Our data reveal that Myosin V and F-actin are required for the formation of a continuous apicolateral E-cadherin belt, the zonula adherens. We show by live imaging how Myosin V transports E-cadherin vesicles to the plasma membrane, and distinguish two distinct transport tracks: an apical actin network leading to the zonula adherens and parallel actin bundles leading to the basal-most region of the lateral membrane. E-cadherin secretion starts in endosomes, where Rab11 and Sec15 recruit Myosin V for transport to the zonula adherens. We also shed light on the endosomal sorting of E-cadherin by showing how Rab7 and Snx16 cooperate in moving E-cadherin into the Rab11 compartment. Thus, our data help to understand how polarised E-cadherin secretion maintains epithelial architecture and prevents metastasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Tanasic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicola Berns
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Veit Riechmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, Mannheim, Germany
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20
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Koehler S, Odenthal J, Ludwig V, Jess DU, Höhne M, Jüngst C, Grawe F, Helmstädter M, Janku JL, Bergmann C, Hoyer PF, Hagmann HHH, Walz G, Bloch W, Niessen C, Schermer B, Wodarz A, Denholm B, Benzing T, Iden S, Brinkkoetter PT. Scaffold polarity proteins Par3A and Par3B share redundant functions while Par3B acts independent of atypical protein kinase C/Par6 in podocytes to maintain the kidney filtration barrier. Kidney Int 2021; 101:733-751. [PMID: 34929254 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are a major cause for chronic kidney disorders. In most cases podocyte injury is causative for disease development. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and morphological changes are hallmark features of podocyte injury and result in dedifferentiation and loss of podocytes. Here, we establish a link between the Par3 polarity complex and actin regulators necessary to establish and maintain podocyte architecture by utilizing mouse and Drosophila models to characterize the functional role of Par3A and Par3B and its fly homologue Bazooka in vivo. Only simultaneous inactivation of both Par3 proteins caused a severe disease phenotype. Rescue experiments in Drosophila nephrocytes revealed atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)-Par6 dependent and independent effects. While Par3A primarily acts via aPKC-Par6, Par3B function was independent of Par6. Actin-associated synaptopodin protein levels were found to be significantly upregulated upon loss of Par3A/B in mouse podocytes. Tropomyosin2, which shares functional similarities with synaptopodin, was also elevated in Bazooka depleted nephrocytes. The simultaneous depletion of Bazooka and Tropomyosin2 resulted in a partial rescue of the Bazooka knockdown phenotype and prevented increased Rho1, a member of a GTPase protein family regulating the cytoskeleton. The latter contribute to the nephrocyte phenotype observed upon loss of Bazooka. Thus, we demonstrate that Par3 proteins share a high functional redundancy but also have specific functions. Par3A acts in an aPKC-Par6 dependent way and regulates RhoA-GTP levels, while Par3B exploits Par6 independent functions influencing synaptopodin localization. Hence, Par3A and Par3B link elements of polarity signaling and actin regulators to maintain podocyte architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Johanna Odenthal
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vivian Ludwig
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Unnersjö Jess
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Höhne
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Jüngst
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdi Grawe
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna L Janku
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Medizinische Genetik Mainz, Limbach Genetics, Mainz, Germany; Department of Medicine, Nephrology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Hoyer
- Klinik für Kinderheilkunde 2, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H H Henning Hagmann
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carien Niessen
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barry Denholm
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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21
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Baker FC, Neiswender H, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Gonsalvez GB. In vivo proximity biotin ligation identifies the interactome of Egalitarian, a Dynein cargo adaptor. Development 2021; 148:dev199935. [PMID: 35020877 PMCID: PMC8645207 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Numerous motors of the Kinesin family contribute to plus-end-directed microtubule transport. However, almost all transport towards the minus-end of microtubules involves Dynein. Understanding the mechanism by which Dynein transports this vast diversity of cargo is the focus of intense research. In selected cases, adaptors that link a particular cargo with Dynein have been identified. However, the sheer diversity of cargo suggests that additional adaptors must exist. We used the Drosophila egg chamber as a model to address this issue. Within egg chambers, Egalitarian is required for linking mRNA with Dynein. However, in the absence of Egalitarian, Dynein transport into the oocyte is severely compromised. This suggests that additional cargoes might be linked to Dynein in an Egalitarian-dependent manner. We therefore used proximity biotin ligation to define the interactome of Egalitarian. This approach yielded several novel interacting partners, including P body components and proteins that associate with Dynein in mammalian cells. We also devised and validated a nanobody-based proximity biotinylation strategy that can be used to define the interactome of any GFP-tagged protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graydon B. Gonsalvez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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22
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Girard JR, Goins LM, Vuu DM, Sharpley MS, Spratford CM, Mantri SR, Banerjee U. Paths and pathways that generate cell-type heterogeneity and developmental progression in hematopoiesis. eLife 2021; 10:e67516. [PMID: 34713801 PMCID: PMC8610493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of Drosophila lymph gland hematopoiesis are limited by the availability of cell-type-specific markers. Using a combination of bulk RNA-Seq of FACS-sorted cells, single-cell RNA-Seq, and genetic dissection, we identify new blood cell subpopulations along a developmental trajectory with multiple paths to mature cell types. This provides functional insights into key developmental processes and signaling pathways. We highlight metabolism as a driver of development, show that graded Pointed expression allows distinct roles in successive developmental steps, and that mature crystal cells specifically express an alternate isoform of Hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif/Sima). Mechanistically, the Musashi-regulated protein Numb facilitates Sima-dependent non-canonical, and inhibits canonical, Notch signaling. Broadly, we find that prior to making a fate choice, a progenitor selects between alternative, biologically relevant, transitory states allowing smooth transitions reflective of combinatorial expressions rather than stepwise binary decisions. Increasingly, this view is gaining support in mammalian hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Dung M Vuu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Mark S Sharpley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shreya R Mantri
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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23
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Lakatos Z, Benkő P, Juhász G, Lőrincz P. Drosophila Rab39 Attenuates Lysosomal Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910635. [PMID: 34638976 PMCID: PMC8508792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal degradation, the common destination of autophagy and endocytosis, is one of the most important elements of eukaryotic metabolism. The small GTPases Rab39A and B are potential new effectors of this pathway, as their malfunction is implicated in severe human diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration. In this study, the lysosomal regulatory role of the single Drosophila Rab39 ortholog was characterized, providing valuable insight into the potential cell biological mechanisms mediated by these proteins. Using a de novo CRISPR-generated rab39 mutant, we found no failure in the early steps of endocytosis and autophagy. On the contrary, we found that Rab39 mutant nephrocytes internalize and degrade endocytic cargo at a higher rate compared to control cells. In addition, Rab39 mutant fat body cells contain small yet functional autolysosomes without lysosomal fusion defect. Our data identify Drosophila Rab39 as a negative regulator of lysosomal clearance during both endocytosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Lakatos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Péter Benkő
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.B.)
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: (G.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.B.)
- Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1052 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (G.J.); (P.L.)
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24
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iPLA2-VIA is required for healthy aging of neurons, muscle, and the female germline in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256738. [PMID: 34506510 PMCID: PMC8432841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) is a growing health burden worldwide, but its causes and treatments remain elusive. Although most cases of ND are sporadic, rare familial cases have been attributed to single genes, which can be investigated in animal models. We have generated a new mutation in the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) VIA gene CG6718, the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of human PLA2G6/PARK14, mutations in which cause a suite of NDs collectively called PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). Our mutants display age-related loss of climbing ability, a symptom of neurodegeneration in flies. Although phospholipase activity commonly is presumed to underlie iPLA2-VIA function, locomotor decline in our mutants is rescued by a transgene carrying a serine-to-alanine mutation in the catalytic residue, suggesting that important functional aspects are independent of phospholipase activity. Additionally, we find that iPLA2-VIA knockdown in either muscle or neurons phenocopies locomotor decline with age, demonstrating its necessity in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridization shows high endogenous iPLA2-VIA mRNA expression in adult germ cells, and transgenic HA-tagged iPLA2-VIA colocalizes with mitochondria there. Mutant males are fertile with normal spermatogenesis, while fertility is reduced in mutant females. Mutant female germ cells display age-related mitochondrial aggregation, loss of mitochondrial potential, and elevated cell death. These results suggest that iPLA2-VIA is critical for mitochondrial integrity in the Drosophila female germline, which may provide a novel context to investigate its functions with parallels to PLAN.
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25
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Droujinine IA, Meyer AS, Wang D, Udeshi ND, Hu Y, Rocco D, McMahon JA, Yang R, Guo J, Mu L, Carey DK, Svinkina T, Zeng R, Branon T, Tabatabai A, Bosch JA, Asara JM, Ting AY, Carr SA, McMahon AP, Perrimon N. Proteomics of protein trafficking by in vivo tissue-specific labeling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2382. [PMID: 33888706 PMCID: PMC8062696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional approaches to identify secreted factors that regulate homeostasis are limited in their abilities to identify the tissues/cells of origin and destination. We established a platform to identify secreted protein trafficking between organs using an engineered biotin ligase (BirA*G3) that biotinylates, promiscuously, proteins in a subcellular compartment of one tissue. Subsequently, biotinylated proteins are affinity-enriched and identified from distal organs using quantitative mass spectrometry. Applying this approach in Drosophila, we identify 51 muscle-secreted proteins from heads and 269 fat body-secreted proteins from legs/muscles, including CG2145 (human ortholog ENDOU) that binds directly to muscles and promotes activity. In addition, in mice, we identify 291 serum proteins secreted from conditional BirA*G3 embryo stem cell-derived teratomas, including low-abundance proteins with hormonal properties. Our findings indicate that the communication network of secreted proteins is vast. This approach has broad potential across different model systems to identify cell-specific secretomes and mediators of interorgan communication in health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Droujinine
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Amanda S Meyer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Rocco
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill A McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - JinJin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luye Mu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tess Branon
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Areya Tabatabai
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin A Bosch
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice Y Ting
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Genetics, Biology, and Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew P McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Lund VK, Lycas MD, Schack A, Andersen RC, Gether U, Kjaerulff O. Rab2 drives axonal transport of dense core vesicles and lysosomal organelles. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108973. [PMID: 33852866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast axonal transport of neuropeptide-containing dense core vesicles (DCVs), endolysosomal organelles, and presynaptic components is critical for maintaining neuronal functionality. How the transport of DCVs is orchestrated remains an important unresolved question. The small GTPase Rab2 mediates DCV biogenesis and endosome-lysosome fusion. Here, we use Drosophila to demonstrate that Rab2 also plays a critical role in bidirectional axonal transport of DCVs, endosomes, and lysosomal organelles, most likely by controlling molecular motors. We further show that the lysosomal motility factor Arl8 is required as well for axonal transport of DCVs, but unlike Rab2, it is also critical for DCV exit from cell bodies into axons. We also provide evidence that the upstream regulators of Rab2 and Arl8, Ema and BORC, activate these GTPases during DCV transport. Our results uncover the mechanisms underlying axonal transport of DCVs and reveal surprising parallels between the regulation of DCV and lysosomal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Karlovich Lund
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Matthew Domenic Lycas
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anders Schack
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rita Chan Andersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ole Kjaerulff
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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27
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Rigon L, De Filippis C, Napoli B, Tomanin R, Orso G. Exploiting the Potential of Drosophila Models in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Pathological Mechanisms and Drug Discovery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030268. [PMID: 33800050 PMCID: PMC8000850 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) represent a complex and heterogeneous group of rare genetic diseases due to mutations in genes coding for lysosomal enzymes, membrane proteins or transporters. This leads to the accumulation of undegraded materials within lysosomes and a broad range of severe clinical features, often including the impairment of central nervous system (CNS). When available, enzyme replacement therapy slows the disease progression although it is not curative; also, most recombinant enzymes cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, leaving the CNS untreated. The inefficient degradative capability of the lysosomes has a negative impact on the flux through the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways; therefore, dysregulation of these pathways is increasingly emerging as a relevant disease mechanism in LSDs. In the last twenty years, different LSD Drosophila models have been generated, mainly for diseases presenting with neurological involvement. The fruit fly provides a large selection of tools to investigate lysosomes, autophagy and endocytic pathways in vivo, as well as to analyse neuronal and glial cells. The possibility to use Drosophila in drug repurposing and discovery makes it an attractive model for LSDs lacking effective therapies. Here, ee describe the major cellular pathways implicated in LSDs pathogenesis, the approaches available for their study and the Drosophila models developed for these diseases. Finally, we highlight a possible use of LSDs Drosophila models for drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rigon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Concetta De Filippis
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Napoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Rosella Tomanin
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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28
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Sarkar S, Olsen AL, Sygnecka K, Lohr KM, Feany MB. α-synuclein impairs autophagosome maturation through abnormal actin stabilization. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009359. [PMID: 33556113 PMCID: PMC7895402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking defects, particularly those in the autophagolysosomal system, have been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies. However, mechanisms mediating dysfunction of membrane trafficking remain incompletely understood. Using a Drosophila model of α-synuclein neurotoxicity with widespread and robust pathology, we find that human α-synuclein expression impairs autophagic flux in aging adult neurons. Genetic destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton rescues F-actin accumulation, promotes autophagosome clearance, normalizes the autophagolysosomal system, and rescues neurotoxicity in α-synuclein transgenic animals through an Arp2/3 dependent mechanism. Similarly, mitophagosomes accumulate in human α-synuclein-expressing neurons, and reversal of excessive actin stabilization promotes both clearance of these abnormal mitochondria-containing organelles and rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that Arp2/3 dependent actin cytoskeleton stabilization mediates autophagic and mitophagic dysfunction and implicate failure of autophagosome maturation as a pathological mechanism in Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies. Vesicle trafficking is a central cell biological pathway perturbed in Parkinson’s disease. Here we use a genetic approach to define an underlying mechanism by demonstrating that the key Parkinson’s disease protein α-synuclein impairs maturation of autophagosomes and mitophagosomes through Arp2/3 dependent excess stabilization of cellular actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abby L. Olsen
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katja Sygnecka
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly M. Lohr
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mel B. Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- * E-mail:
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29
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Pannen H, Rapp T, Klein T. The ESCRT machinery regulates retromer-dependent transcytosis of septate junction components in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:61866. [PMID: 33377869 PMCID: PMC7848756 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of ESCRT function in Drosophila imaginal discs is known to cause neoplastic overgrowth fueled by mis-regulation of signaling pathways. Its impact on junctional integrity, however, remains obscure. To dissect the events leading to neoplasia, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on wing imaginal discs temporally depleted of the ESCRT-III core component Shrub. We find a specific requirement for Shrub in maintaining septate junction (SJ) integrity by transporting the claudin Megatrachea (Mega) to the SJ. In absence of Shrub function, Mega is lost from the SJ and becomes trapped on endosomes coated with the endosomal retrieval machinery retromer. We show that ESCRT function is required for apical localization and mobility of retromer positive carrier vesicles, which mediate the biosynthetic delivery of Mega to the SJ. Accordingly, loss of retromer function impairs the anterograde transport of several SJ core components, revealing a novel physiological role for this ancient endosomal agent. Proteins are large molecules responsible for a variety of activities that cells needs to perform to survive; from respiration to copying DNA before cells divide. To perform these roles proteins need to be transported to the correct cell compartment, or to the cell membrane. This protein trafficking depends on the endosomal system, a set of membrane compartments that can travel within the cell and act as a protein sorting hub. This system needs its own proteins to work properly. In particular, there are two sets of proteins that are crucial for the endosomal systems activity: a group of proteins known as the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery and a complex called retromer. The retromer complex regulates recycling of receptor proteins so they can be reused, while the ESCRT machinery mediates degradation of proteins that the cell does not require anymore. In the epithelia of fruit fly larvae – the tissues that form layers of cells, usually covering an organ but also making structures like wings – defects in ESCRT activity lead to a loss of tissue integrity. This loss of tissue integrity suggests that the endosomal system might be involved in transporting proteins that form cellular junctions, the multiprotein complexes that establish contacts between cells or between a cell and the extracellular space. In arthropods such as the fruit fly, the adherens junction and the septate junction are two types of cellular junctions important for the integrity of epithelia integrity. Adherens junctions allow cells to adhere to each other, while septate junctions stop nutrient molecules, ions and water from leaking into the tissue. The role of the endosomal system in trafficking the proteins that form septate junctions remains a mystery. To better understand the role of the endosomal system in regulating cell junctions and tissue integrity, Pannen et al. blocked the activity of either the ESCRT or retromer in wing imaginal discs – the future wings – of fruit fly larvae. Pannen et al. then analyzed the effects of these endosomal defects on cellular junctions using an imaging technique called transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that both ESCRT and retromer activities are necessary for the correct delivery of septate junction components to the cell membrane. However, neither retromer nor ESCRT were required for the delivery of adherens junction proteins. These findings shed light on how retromer and the ESCRT machinery are involved in the epithelial tissue integrity of fruit fly larvae through their effects on cell junctions. Humans have their own versions of the ESCRT, retromer, and cell junction proteins, all of which are very similar to their fly counterparts. Since defects in the human versions of these proteins have been associated with a variety of diseases, from infections to cancer, these results may have implications for research into treating those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Pannen
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Rapp
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Klein
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Fujii S, Kurokawa K, Tago T, Inaba R, Takiguchi A, Nakano A, Satoh T, Satoh AK. Sec71 separates Golgi stacks in Drosophila S2 cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245571. [PMID: 33262309 PMCID: PMC10668125 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi stacks are the basic structural units of the Golgi. Golgi stacks are separated from each other and scattered in the cytoplasm of Drosophila cells. Here, we report that the ARF-GEF inhibitor Brefeldin A (BFA) induces the formation of BFA bodies, which are aggregates of Golgi stacks, trans-Golgi networks and recycling endosomes. Recycling endosomes are located in the centers of BFA bodies, while Golgi stacks surround them on their trans sides. Live imaging of S2 cells revealed that Golgi stacks repeatedly merged and separated on their trans sides, and BFA caused successive merger by inhibiting separation, forming BFA bodies. S2 cells carrying genome-edited BFA-resistant mutant Sec71M717L did not form BFA bodies at high concentrations of BFA; S2 cells carrying genome-edited BFA-hypersensitive mutant Sec71F713Y produced BFA bodies at low concentrations of BFA. These results indicate that Sec71 is the sole BFA target for BFA body formation and controls Golgi stack separation. Finally, we showed that impairment of Sec71 in fly photoreceptors induces BFA body formation, with accumulation of both apical and basolateral cargoes, resulting in inhibition of polarized transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syara Fujii
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tago
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ryota Inaba
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Arata Takiguchi
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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31
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Maier D. Membrane-Anchored Hairless Protein Restrains Notch Signaling Activity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111315. [PMID: 33171957 PMCID: PMC7694644 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway governs cell-to-cell communication in higher eukaryotes. In Drosophila, after cleavage of the transmembrane receptor Notch, the intracellular domain of Notch (ICN) binds to the transducer Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)) and shuttles into the nucleus to activate Notch target genes. Similarly, the Notch antagonist Hairless transfers Su(H) into the nucleus to repress Notch target genes. With the aim to prevent Su(H) nuclear translocation, Hairless was fused to a transmembrane domain to anchor the protein at membranes. Indeed, endogenous Su(H) co-localized with membrane-anchored Hairless, demonstrating their binding in the cytoplasm. Moreover, adult phenotypes uncovered a loss of Notch activity, in support of membrane-anchored Hairless sequestering Su(H) in the cytosol. A combined overexpression of membrane-anchored Hairless with Su(H) lead to tissue proliferation, which is in contrast to the observed apoptosis after ectopic co-overexpression of the wild-type genes, indicating a shift to a gain of Notch activity. A mixed response, general de-repression of Notch signaling output, plus inhibition at places of highest Notch activity, perhaps reflects Su(H)’s role as activator and repressor, supported by results obtained with the Hairless-binding deficient Su(H)LLL mutant, inducing activation only. Overall, the results strengthen the idea of Su(H) and Hairless complex formation within the cytosolic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Deptartment of General Genetics 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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32
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Faber AIE, van der Zwaag M, Schepers H, Eggens-Meijer E, Kanon B, IJsebaart C, Kuipers J, Giepmans BNG, Freire R, Grzeschik NA, Rabouille C, Sibon OCM. Vps13 is required for timely removal of nurse cell corpses. Development 2020; 147:dev.191759. [PMID: 32994170 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death and consecutive removal of cellular remnants is essential for development. During late stages of Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis, the small somatic follicle cells that surround the large nurse cells promote non-apoptotic nurse cell death, subsequently engulf them, and contribute to the timely removal of nurse cell corpses. Here, we identify a role for Vps13 in the timely removal of nurse cell corpses downstream of developmental programmed cell death. Vps13 is an evolutionarily conserved peripheral membrane protein associated with membrane contact sites and lipid transfer. It is expressed in late nurse cells, and persistent nurse cell remnants are observed when Vps13 is depleted from nurse cells but not from follicle cells. Microscopic analysis revealed enrichment of Vps13 in close proximity to the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum in nurse cells undergoing degradation. Ultrastructural analysis uncovered the presence of an underlying Vps13-dependent membranous structure in close association with the plasma membrane. The newly identified structure and function suggests the presence of a Vps13-dependent process required for complete degradation of bulky remnants of dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita I E Faber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne van der Zwaag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Schepers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellie Eggens-Meijer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Kanon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen IJsebaart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación/FIISC, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n, La Cuesta, 38320 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Nicola A Grzeschik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, University of Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ody C M Sibon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, The University of Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Ma CIJ, Yang Y, Kim T, Chen CH, Polevoy G, Vissa M, Burgess J, Brill JA. An early endosome-derived retrograde trafficking pathway promotes secretory granule maturation. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133712. [PMID: 32045479 PMCID: PMC7055004 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated secretion is a fundamental cellular process in which biologically active molecules stored in long-lasting secretory granules (SGs) are secreted in response to external stimuli. Many studies have described mechanisms responsible for biogenesis and secretion of SGs, but how SGs mature remains poorly understood. In a genetic screen, we discovered a large number of endolysosomal trafficking genes required for proper SG maturation, indicating that maturation of SGs might occur in a manner similar to lysosome-related organelles (LROs). CD63, a tetraspanin known to decorate LROs, also decorates SG membranes and facilitates SG maturation. Moreover, CD63-mediated SG maturation requires type II phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (PI4KII)-dependent early endosomal sorting and accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) on SG membranes. In addition, the PI4P effector Past1 is needed for formation of stable PI4KII-containing endosomal tubules associated with this process. Our results reveal that maturation of post-Golgi-derived SGs requires trafficking via the endosomal system, similar to mechanisms employed by LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-I J Ma
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yitong Yang
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taeah Kim
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chang Hua Chen
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Human Biology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Polevoy
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miluska Vissa
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Burgess
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Patel PH, Wilkinson EC, Starke EL, McGimsey MR, Blankenship JT, Barbee SA. Vps54 regulates Drosophila neuromuscular junction development and interacts genetically with Rab7 to control composition of the postsynaptic density. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio053421. [PMID: 32747448 PMCID: PMC7473652 DOI: 10.1242/bio.053421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vps54 is a subunit of the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex, which is involved in tethering endosome-derived vesicles to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In the wobbler mouse, a model for human motor neuron (MN) disease, reduction in the levels of Vps54 causes neurodegeneration. However, it is unclear how disruption of the GARP complex leads to MN dysfunction. To better understand the role of Vps54 in MNs, we have disrupted expression of the Vps54 ortholog in Drosophila and examined the impact on the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Surprisingly, we show that both null mutants and MN-specific knockdown of Vps54 leads to NMJ overgrowth. Reduction of Vps54 partially disrupts localization of the t-SNARE, Syntaxin-16, to the TGN but has no visible impact on endosomal pools. MN-specific knockdown of Vps54 in MNs combined with overexpression of the small GTPases Rab5, Rab7, or Rab11 suppresses the Vps54 NMJ phenotype. Conversely, knockdown of Vps54 combined with overexpression of dominant negative Rab7 causes NMJ and behavioral abnormalities including a decrease in postsynaptic Dlg and GluRIIB levels without any effect on GluRIIA. Taken together, these data suggest that Vps54 controls larval MN axon development and postsynaptic density composition through a mechanism that requires Rab7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajal H Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Emily C Wilkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Emily L Starke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Malea R McGimsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - J Todd Blankenship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
| | - Scott A Barbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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35
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Mathew R, Rios-Barrera LD, Machado P, Schwab Y, Leptin M. Transcytosis via the late endocytic pathway as a cell morphogenetic mechanism. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105332. [PMID: 32657472 PMCID: PMC7429744 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membranes fulfil many physiological functions. In polarized cells, different membrane compartments take on specialized roles, each being allocated correct amounts of membrane. The Drosophila tracheal system, an established tubulogenesis model, contains branched terminal cells with subcellular tubes formed by apical plasma membrane invagination. We show that apical endocytosis and late endosome‐mediated trafficking are required for membrane allocation to the apical and basal membrane domains. Basal plasma membrane growth stops if endocytosis is blocked, whereas the apical membrane grows excessively. Plasma membrane is initially delivered apically and then continuously endocytosed, together with apical and basal cargo. We describe an organelle carrying markers of late endosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that is abolished by inhibiting endocytosis and which we suggest acts as transit station for membrane destined to be redistributed both apically and basally. This is based on the observation that disrupting MVB formation prevents growth of both compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith Mathew
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Daniel Rios-Barrera
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro Machado
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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36
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Dehnen L, Janz M, Verma JK, Psathaki OE, Langemeyer L, Fröhlich F, Heinisch JJ, Meyer H, Ungermann C, Paululat A. A trimeric metazoan Rab7 GEF complex is crucial for endocytosis and scavenger function. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247080. [PMID: 32499409 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome biogenesis in eukaryotic cells is critical for nutrient uptake and plasma membrane integrity. Early endosomes initially contain Rab5, which is replaced by Rab7 on late endosomes prior to their fusion with lysosomes. Recruitment of Rab7 to endosomes requires the Mon1-Ccz1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF). Here, we show that full function of the Drosophila Mon1-Ccz1 complex requires a third stoichiometric subunit, termed Bulli (encoded by CG8270). Bulli localises to Rab7-positive endosomes, in agreement with its function in the GEF complex. Using Drosophila nephrocytes as a model system, we observe that absence of Bulli results in (i) reduced endocytosis, (ii) Rab5 accumulation within non-acidified enlarged endosomes, (iii) defective Rab7 localisation and (iv) impaired endosomal maturation. Moreover, longevity of animals lacking bulli is affected. Both the Mon1-Ccz1 dimer and a Bulli-containing trimer display Rab7 GEF activity. In summary, this suggests a key role for Bulli in the Rab5 to Rab7 transition during endosomal maturation rather than a direct influence on the GEF activity of Mon1-Ccz1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dehnen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maren Janz
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Olympia Ekaterini Psathaki
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück (iBiOs), University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Genetics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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37
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Griffiths NW, Del Bel LM, Wilk R, Brill JA. Cellular homeostasis in the Drosophila retina requires the lipid phosphatase Sac1. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1183-1199. [PMID: 32186963 PMCID: PMC7353163 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex functions of cellular membranes, and thus overall cell physiology, depend on the distribution of crucial lipid species. Sac1 is an essential, conserved, ER-localized phosphatase whose substrate, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), coordinates secretory trafficking and plasma membrane function. PI4P from multiple pools is delivered to Sac1 by oxysterol-binding protein and related proteins in exchange for other lipids and sterols, which places Sac1 at the intersection of multiple lipid distribution pathways. However, much remains unknown about the roles of Sac1 in subcellular homeostasis and organismal development. Using a temperature-sensitive allele (Sac1ts), we show that Sac1 is required for structural integrity of the Drosophila retinal floor. The βps-integrin Myospheroid, which is necessary for basal cell adhesion, is mislocalized in Sac1ts retinas. In addition, the adhesion proteins Roughest and Kirre, which coordinate apical retinal cell patterning at an earlier stage, accumulate within Sac1ts retinal cells due to impaired endo-lysosomal degradation. Moreover, Sac1 is required for ER homeostasis in Drosophila retinal cells. Together, our data illustrate the importance of Sac1 in regulating multiple aspects of cellular homeostasis during tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel W Griffiths
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lauren M Del Bel
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ronit Wilk
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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38
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Laiouar S, Berns N, Brech A, Riechmann V. RabX1 Organizes a Late Endosomal Compartment that Forms Tubular Connections to Lysosomes Consistent with a “Kiss and Run” Mechanism. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1177-1188.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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39
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Fujii S, Kurokawa K, Inaba R, Hiramatsu N, Tago T, Nakamura Y, Nakano A, Satoh T, Satoh AK. Recycling endosomes attach to the trans-side of Golgi stacks in Drosophila and mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs236935. [PMID: 31974113 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) has been recognized as a sorting center of newly synthesized proteins, whereas the recycling endosome (RE) is a compartment where endocytosed materials transit before being recycled to the plasma membrane. However, recent findings revealed that both the TGN and RE connect endocytosis and exocytosis and, thus, are functionally overlapping. Here we report, in both Drosophila and microtubule-disrupted HeLa cells, that REs are interconvertible between two distinct states, namely Golgi-associated REs and free REs. Detachment and reattachment of REs and Golgi stacks are often observed, and newly synthesized glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cargo protein but not vesicular stomatitis virus G protein is transported through these two types of RE. In plants, there are two types of TGN - Golgi-associated TGN and Golgi-independent TGN. We show that dynamics of REs in both Drosophila and mammalian cells are very similar compared with those of plant TGNs. And, together with the similarity on the molecular level, our results indicate that fly and mammalian REs are organelles that are equivalent to TGNs in plants. This suggests that the identities and functional relationships between REs and TGNs should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syara Fujii
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryota Inaba
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiramatsu
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tago
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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40
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Duncan S, Delage S, Chioran A, Sirbu O, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ. The predicted collagen-binding domains of Drosophila SPARC are essential for survival and for collagen IV distribution and assembly into basement membranes. Dev Biol 2020; 461:197-209. [PMID: 32087195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of basement membranes (BMs) into tissue-specific morphoregulatory structures requires non-core BM components. Work in Drosophila indicates a principal role of collagen-binding matricellular glycoprotein SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine) in larval fat body BM assembly. We report that SPARC and collagen IV (Col(IV)) first colocalize in the trans-Golgi of hemocyte-like cell lines. Mutating the collagen-binding domains of Drosophila SPARC led to the loss of colocalization with Col(IV), a fibrotic-like BM, and 2nd instar larval lethality, indicating that SPARC binding to Col(IV) is essential for survival. Analysis of this mutant at 2nd instar reveals increased Col(IV) puncta within adipocytes, reflecting a disruption in the intracellular chaperone-like activity of SPARC. Removal of the disulfide bridge in the C-terminal EF-hand2 of SPARC, which is known to enhance Col(IV) binding, did not lead to larval lethality; however, a less intense fat body phenotype was observed. Additionally, both SPARC mutants exhibited altered fat body BM pore topography. Wing imaginal disc-derived SPARC did not localize within Col(IV)-rich matrices. This raises the possibility that SPARC interaction with Col(IV) requires initial intracellular interaction to colocalize at the BM or that wing-derived SPARC undergoes differential post-translational modifications that impacts its function. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the chaperone-like activity of SPARC on Col(IV) begins just prior to their co-secretion and demonstrate for the first time that the Col(IV) chaperone-like activity of SPARC is necessary for Drosophila development beyond the 2nd instar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Duncan
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Delage
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa Chioran
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Sirbu
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore J Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum, Research Institute at Sinai Health Systems, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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41
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Reduced SERCA Function Preferentially Affects Wnt Signaling by Retaining E-Cadherin in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cell Rep 2020; 26:322-329.e3. [PMID: 30625314 PMCID: PMC6338334 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is required for correct processing and trafficking of transmembrane proteins, and defects in protein trafficking can impinge on cell signaling pathways. We show here that mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump SERCA disrupt Wingless signaling by sequestering Armadillo/β-catenin away from the signaling pool. Armadillo remains bound to E-cadherin, which is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum when calcium levels there are reduced. Using hypomorphic and null SERCA alleles in combination with the loss of the plasma membrane calcium channel Orai allowed us to define three distinct thresholds of endoplasmic reticulum calcium. Wingless signaling is sensitive to even a small reduction, while Notch and Hippo signaling are disrupted at intermediate levels, and elimination of SERCA function results in apoptosis. These differential and opposing effects on three oncogenic signaling pathways may complicate the use of SERCA inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Suisse and Treisman describe genetic conditions that reduce calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum to three distinct extents. They find that Wnt signaling is more sensitive to changes in calcium levels than the Notch and Hippo pathways, potentially complicating the use of calcium pump inhibitors as cancer therapeutics.
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42
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Arimoto E, Kawashima Y, Choi T, Unagami M, Akiyama S, Tomizawa M, Yano H, Suzuki E, Sone M. Analysis of a cellular structure observed in the compound eyes of Drosophila white; yata mutants and white mutants. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio.047043. [PMID: 31862863 PMCID: PMC6994944 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified the Drosophila yata mutant, which showed phenotypes including progressive vacuolization of the white-coloured compound eye, progressive shrinkage of the brain and a shortened lifespan. The yata gene was shown to be involved in controlling intracellular trafficking of the Amyloid precursor protein-like protein, which is an orthologue of Amyloid precursor protein, which is a causative molecule of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we examined the phenotype of the compound eye of the yata mutant using electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. We found that abnormal cellular structures that seemed to originate from bleb-like structures and contained vesicles and organelles, such as multivesicular bodies and autophagosomes, were observed in aged white; yata mutants and aged white mutants. These structures were not observed in newly eclosed flies and the presence of the structures was suppressed in flies grown under constant dark conditions after eclosion. The structures were not observed in newly eclosed red-eyed yata mutants or wild-type flies, but were observed in very aged red-eyed wild-type flies. Thus, our data suggest that the observed structures are formed as a result of changes associated with exposure to light after eclosion in white mutants, white; yata mutants and aged flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arimoto
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kawashima
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Taein Choi
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mami Unagami
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shintaro Akiyama
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tomizawa
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Technical Section, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Emiko Suzuki
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masaki Sone
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan
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43
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Kraut RS, Knust E. Changes in endolysosomal organization define a pre-degenerative state in the crumbs mutant Drosophila retina. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220220. [PMID: 31834921 PMCID: PMC6910688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the epithelial polarity gene crumbs (crb) lead to retinal degeneration in Drosophila and in humans. The overall morphology of the retina and its deterioration in Drosophila crb mutants has been well-characterized, but the cell biological origin of the degeneration is not well understood. Degenerative conditions in the retina and elsewhere in the nervous system often involve defects in degradative intracellular trafficking pathways. So far, however, effects of crb on the endolysosomal system, or on the spatial organization of these compartments in photoreceptor cells have not been described. We therefore asked whether photoreceptors in crb mutants exhibit alterations in endolysosomal compartments under pre-degenerative conditions, where the retina is still morphologically intact. Data presented here show that, already well before the onset of degeneration, Arl8, Rab7, and Atg8-carrying endolysosomal and autophagosomal compartments undergo changes in morphology and positioning with respect to each other in crb mutant retinas. We propose that these changes may be early signs of the degeneration-prone condition in crb retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Kraut
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse, Dresden, Germany
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44
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Link N, Chung H, Jolly A, Withers M, Tepe B, Arenkiel BR, Shah PS, Krogan NJ, Aydin H, Geckinli BB, Tos T, Isikay S, Tuysuz B, Mochida GH, Thomas AX, Clark RD, Mirzaa GM, Lupski JR, Bellen HJ. Mutations in ANKLE2, a ZIKA Virus Target, Disrupt an Asymmetric Cell Division Pathway in Drosophila Neuroblasts to Cause Microcephaly. Dev Cell 2019; 51:713-729.e6. [PMID: 31735666 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The apical Par complex, which contains atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Bazooka (Par-3), and Par-6, is required for establishing polarity during asymmetric division of neuroblasts in Drosophila, and its activity depends on L(2)gl. We show that loss of Ankle2, a protein associated with microcephaly in humans and known to interact with Zika protein NS4A, reduces brain volume in flies and impacts the function of the Par complex. Reducing Ankle2 levels disrupts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope morphology, releasing the kinase Ballchen-VRK1 into the cytosol. These defects are associated with reduced phosphorylation of aPKC, disruption of Par-complex localization, and spindle alignment defects. Importantly, removal of one copy of ballchen or l(2)gl suppresses Ankle2 mutant phenotypes and restores viability and brain size. Human mutational studies implicate the above-mentioned genes in microcephaly and motor neuron disease. We suggest that NS4A, ANKLE2, VRK1, and LLGL1 define a pathway impinging on asymmetric determinants of neural stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Link
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Angad Jolly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program and MHG Graduate program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marjorie Withers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hatip Aydin
- Center of Genetics Diagnosis, Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen B Geckinli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tulay Tos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Dr. Sami Ulus Research and Training Hospital of Women's and Children's Health and Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedat Isikay
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, School of Health Sciences, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ganesh H Mochida
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robin D Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program and MHG Graduate program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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45
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Imler E, Pyon JS, Kindelay S, Torvund M, Zhang YQ, Chandra SS, Zinsmaier KE. A Drosophila model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN4 reveals a hypermorphic gain of function mechanism. eLife 2019; 8:e46607. [PMID: 31663851 PMCID: PMC6897512 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) CLN4 is caused by mutations in the synaptic vesicle (SV) protein CSPα. We developed animal models of CLN4 by expressing CLN4 mutant human CSPα (hCSPα) in Drosophila neurons. Similar to patients, CLN4 mutations induced excessive oligomerization of hCSPα and premature lethality in a dose-dependent manner. Instead of being localized to SVs, most CLN4 mutant hCSPα accumulated abnormally, and co-localized with ubiquitinated proteins and the prelysosomal markers HRS and LAMP1. Ultrastructural examination revealed frequent abnormal membrane structures in axons and neuronal somata. The lethality, oligomerization and prelysosomal accumulation induced by CLN4 mutations was attenuated by reducing endogenous wild type (WT) dCSP levels and enhanced by increasing WT levels. Furthermore, reducing the gene dosage of Hsc70 also attenuated CLN4 phenotypes. Taken together, we suggest that CLN4 alleles resemble dominant hypermorphic gain of function mutations that drive excessive oligomerization and impair membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Imler
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Jin Sang Pyon
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Selina Kindelay
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Yong-quan Zhang
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of NeurologyYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of NeurologyYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Konrad E Zinsmaier
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
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46
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Lakatos Z, Lőrincz P, Szabó Z, Benkő P, Kenéz LA, Csizmadia T, Juhász G. Sec20 is Required for Autophagic and Endocytic Degradation Independent of Golgi-ER Retrograde Transport. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080768. [PMID: 31344970 PMCID: PMC6721519 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and autophagy are evolutionarily conserved degradative processes in all eukaryotes. Both pathways converge to the lysosome where cargo is degraded. Improper lysosomal degradation is observed in many human pathologies, so its regulatory mechanisms are important to understand. Sec20/BNIP1 (BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 1) is a BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3) domain-containing SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors) protein that has been suggested to promote Golgi-ER retrograde transport, mitochondrial fission, apoptosis and mitophagy in yeast and vertebrates. Here, we show that loss of Sec20 in Drosophila fat cells causes the accumulation of autophagic vesicles and prevents proper lysosomal acidification and degradation during bulk, starvation-induced autophagy. Furthermore, Sec20 knockdown leads to the enlargement of late endosomes and accumulation of defective endolysosomes in larval Drosophila nephrocytes. Importantly, the loss of Syx18 (Syntaxin 18), one of the known partners of Sec20, led to similar changes in nephrocytes and fat cells. Interestingly. Sec20 appears to function independent of its role in Golgi-ER retrograde transport in regulating lysosomal degradation, as the loss of its other partner SNAREs Use1 (Unconventional SNARE In The ER 1) and Sec22 or tethering factor Zw10 (Zeste white 10), which function together in the Golgi-ER pathway, does not cause defects in autophagy or endocytosis. Thus, our data identify a potential new transport route specific to lysosome biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Lakatos
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Benkő
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Anna Kenéz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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47
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Lőrincz P, Kenéz LA, Tóth S, Kiss V, Varga Á, Csizmadia T, Simon-Vecsei Z, Juhász G. Vps8 overexpression inhibits HOPS-dependent trafficking routes by outcompeting Vps41/Lt. eLife 2019; 8:45631. [PMID: 31194677 PMCID: PMC6592680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related multisubunit tethering complexes promote endolysosomal trafficking in all eukaryotes: Rab5-binding CORVET that was suggested to transform into Rab7-binding HOPS. We have previously identified miniCORVET, containing Drosophila Vps8 and three shared core proteins, which are required for endosome maturation upstream of HOPS in highly endocytic cells (Lőrincz et al., 2016a). Here, we show that Vps8 overexpression inhibits HOPS-dependent trafficking routes including late endosome maturation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, crinophagy and lysosome-related organelle formation. Mechanistically, Vps8 overexpression abolishes the late endosomal localization of HOPS-specific Vps41/Lt and prevents HOPS assembly. Proper ratio of Vps8 to Vps41 is thus critical because Vps8 negatively regulates HOPS by outcompeting Vps41. Endosomal recruitment of miniCORVET- or HOPS-specific subunits requires proper complex assembly, and Vps8/miniCORVET is dispensable for autophagy, crinophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. These data together indicate the recruitment of these complexes to target membranes independent of each other in Drosophila, rather than their transformation during vesicle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Lőrincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lili Anna Kenéz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Varga
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csizmadia
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Simon-Vecsei
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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48
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Huang HW, Brown B, Chung J, Domingos PM, Ryoo HD. highroad Is a Carboxypetidase Induced by Retinoids to Clear Mutant Rhodopsin-1 in Drosophila Retinitis Pigmentosa Models. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1384-1391. [PMID: 29425495 PMCID: PMC5832065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins require retinoid chromophores for their function. In vertebrates, retinoids also serve as signaling molecules, but whether these molecules similarly regulate gene expression in Drosophila remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of a retinoid-inducible gene in Drosophila, highroad, which is required for photoreceptors to clear folding-defective mutant Rhodopsin-1 proteins. Specifically, knockdown or genetic deletion of highroad blocks the degradation of folding-defective Rhodopsin-1 mutant, ninaEG69D. Moreover, loss of highroad accelerates the age-related retinal degeneration phenotype of ninaEG69D mutants. Elevated highroad transcript levels are detected in ninaEG69D flies, and interestingly, deprivation of retinoids in the fly diet blocks this effect. Consistently, mutations in the retinoid transporter, santa maria, impairs the induction of highroad in ninaEG69D flies. In cultured S2 cells, highroad expression is induced by retinoic acid treatment. These results indicate that cellular quality-control mechanisms against misfolded Rhodopsin-1 involve regulation of gene expression by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Wei Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jaehoon Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pedro M Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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49
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Valoskova K, Biebl J, Roblek M, Emtenani S, Gyoergy A, Misova M, Ratheesh A, Reis-Rodrigues P, Shkarina K, Larsen ISB, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H, Siekhaus DE. A conserved major facilitator superfamily member orchestrates a subset of O-glycosylation to aid macrophage tissue invasion. eLife 2019; 8:e41801. [PMID: 30910009 PMCID: PMC6435326 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant display of the truncated core1 O-glycan T-antigen is a common feature of human cancer cells that correlates with metastasis. Here we show that T-antigen in Drosophila melanogaster macrophages is involved in their developmentally programmed tissue invasion. Higher macrophage T-antigen levels require an atypical major facilitator superfamily (MFS) member that we named Minerva which enables macrophage dissemination and invasion. We characterize for the first time the T and Tn glycoform O-glycoproteome of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, and determine that Minerva increases the presence of T-antigen on proteins in pathways previously linked to cancer, most strongly on the sulfhydryl oxidase Qsox1 which we show is required for macrophage tissue entry. Minerva's vertebrate ortholog, MFSD1, rescues the minerva mutant's migration and T-antigen glycosylation defects. We thus identify a key conserved regulator that orchestrates O-glycosylation on a protein subset to activate a program governing migration steps important for both development and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Biebl
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Marko Roblek
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Shamsi Emtenani
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Attila Gyoergy
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Michaela Misova
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Aparna Ratheesh
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ida Signe Bohse Larsen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Daria E Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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50
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Xu C, Tang HW, Hung RJ, Hu Y, Ni X, Housden BE, Perrimon N. The Septate Junction Protein Tsp2A Restricts Intestinal Stem Cell Activity via Endocytic Regulation of aPKC and Hippo Signaling. Cell Rep 2019; 26:670-688.e6. [PMID: 30650359 PMCID: PMC6394833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling and the activity of its transcriptional coactivator, Yorkie (Yki), are conserved and crucial regulators of tissue homeostasis. In the Drosophila midgut, after tissue damage, Yki activity increases to stimulate stem cell proliferation, but how Yki activity is turned off once the tissue is repaired is unknown. From an RNAi screen, we identified the septate junction (SJ) protein tetraspanin 2A (Tsp2A) as a tumor suppressor. Tsp2A undergoes internalization to facilitate the endocytic degradation of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), a negative regulator of Hippo signaling. In the Drosophila midgut epithelium, adherens junctions (AJs) and SJs are prominent in intestinal stem cells or enteroblasts (ISCs or EBs) and enterocytes (ECs), respectively. We show that when ISCs differentiate toward ECs, Tsp2A is produced, participates in SJ assembly, and turns off aPKC and Yki-JAK-Stat activity. Altogether, our study uncovers a mechanism allowing the midgut to restore Hippo signaling and restrict proliferation once tissue repair is accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwei Xu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Tang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaochun Ni
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin E Housden
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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