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Hanhimäki E, Watts PC, Koskela E, Koteja P, Mappes T, Hämäläinen AM. Evolved high aerobic capacity has context-specific effects on gut microbiota. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.934164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is expected to coevolve with the host's physiology and may play a role in adjusting the host's energy metabolism to suit the host's environment. To evaluate the effects of both evolved host metabolism and the environmental context in shaping the gut microbiota, we used a unique combination of (1) experimental evolution to create selection lines for a fast metabolism and (2) a laboratory-to-field translocation study. Mature bank voles Myodes glareolus from lines selected for high aerobic capacity (A lines) and from unselected control (C lines) were released into large (0.2 ha) outdoor enclosures for longitudinal monitoring. To examine whether the natural environment elicited a similar or more pronounced impact on the gut microbiota of the next generation, we also sampled the field-reared offspring. The gut microbiota were characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples. The artificial selection for fast metabolism had minimal impact on the gut microbiota in laboratory conditions but in field conditions, there were differences between the selection lines (A lines vs. C lines) in the diversity, community, and resilience of the gut microbiota. Notably, the selection lines differed in the less abundant bacteria throughout the experiment. The lab-to-field transition resulted in an increase in alpha diversity and an altered community composition in the gut microbiota, characterized by a significant increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and a decrease of Patescibacteria. Also, the selection lines showed different temporal patterns in changes in microbiota composition, as the average gut microbiota alpha diversity of the C lines, but not A lines, was temporarily reduced during the initial transition to the field. In surviving young voles, the alpha diversity of gut microbiota was significantly higher in A-line than C-line voles. These results indicate that the association of host metabolism and gut microbiota is context-specific, likely mediated by behavioral or physiological modifications in response to the environment.
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2
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Prokkola JM, Åsheim ER, Morozov S, Bangura P, Erkinaro J, Ruokolainen A, Primmer CR, Aykanat T. Genetic coupling of life-history and aerobic performance in Atlantic salmon. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212500. [PMID: 35078367 PMCID: PMC8790367 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the genetic and phenotypic architecture underlying life-history variation is a longstanding aim in biology. Theories suggest energy metabolism determines life-history variation by modulating resource acquisition and allocation trade-offs, but the genetic underpinnings of the relationship and its dependence on ecological conditions have rarely been demonstrated. The strong genetic determination of age-at-maturity by two unlinked genomic regions (vgll3 and six6) makes Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) an ideal model to address these questions. Using more than 250 juveniles in common garden conditions, we quantified the covariation between metabolic phenotypes-standard and maximum metabolic rates (SMR and MMR), and aerobic scope (AS)-and the life-history genomic regions, and tested if food availability modulates the relationships. We found that the early maturation genotype in vgll3 was associated with higher MMR and consequently AS. Additionally, MMR exhibited physiological epistasis; it was decreased when late maturation genotypes co-occurred in both genomic regions. Contrary to our expectation, the life-history genotypes had no effects on SMR. Furthermore, food availability had no effect on the genetic covariation, suggesting a lack of genotype-by-environment interactions. Our results provide insights on the key organismal processes that link energy use at the juvenile stage to age-at-maturity, indicating potential mechanisms by which metabolism and life-history can coevolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Prokkola
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eirik R. Åsheim
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Bangura
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Annukka Ruokolainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tutku Aykanat
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Yoon GR, Laluk A, Bouyoucos IA, Anderson WG. Effects of Dietary Shifts on Ontogenetic Development of Metabolic Rates in Age 0 Lake Sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:135-151. [PMID: 34990335 DOI: 10.1086/718211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn many fish species, ontogenetic dietary shifts cause changes in both quantitative and qualitative intake of energy, and these transitions can act as significant bottlenecks in survival within a given year class. In the present study, we estimated routine metabolic rate (RMR) and forced maximum metabolic rate (FMR) in age 0 lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) on a weekly basis from 6 to 76 days posthatch (dph) within the same cohort of fish. We were particularly interested in the period of dietary transition from yolk to exogenous feeding between 6 and 17 dph and as the fish transitioned from an artemia-based diet to a predominantly bloodworm diet between 49 and 67 dph. Measurement of growth rate and energy density throughout indicated that there was a brief period of growth arrest during the transition from artemia to bloodworm. The highest mass-specific RMR (mg O2 kg-1 h-1) recorded throughout the first 76 d of development occurred during the yolk sac phase and during transition from artemia to bloodworm. Similarly, diet transition from artemia to bloodworm-when growth arrest was observed-increased scaled RMR (i.e., mg O2 kg-0.89 h-1), and it did not significantly differ from scaled FMR. Log-log relationships between non-mass-specific RMR or FMR (i.e., mg O2 h-1) and body mass significantly changed as the growing fish adapted to the nutritional differences of their primary diet. We demonstrate that dietary change during early ontogeny has consequences for growth that may reflect altered metabolic performance. Results have implications for understanding cohort and population dynamics during early life and effective management for conservation fish hatcheries.
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Schuster L, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic phenotype mediates the outcome of competitive interactions in a response-surface field experiment. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17952-17962. [PMID: 35003649 PMCID: PMC8717352 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition and metabolism should be linked. Intraspecific variation in metabolic rates and, hence, resource demands covary with competitive ability. The effects of metabolism on conspecific interactions, however, have mostly been studied under laboratory conditions. We used a trait-specific response-surface design to test for the effects of metabolism on pairwise interactions of the marine colonial invertebrate, Bugula neritina in the field. Specifically, we compared the performance (survival, growth, and reproduction) of focal individuals, both in the presence and absence of a neighbor colony, both of which had their metabolic phenotype characterized. Survival of focal colonies depended on the metabolic phenotype of the neighboring individual, and on the combination of both the focal and neighbor colony metabolic phenotypes that were present. Surprisingly, we found pervasive effects of neighbor metabolic phenotypes on focal colony growth and reproduction, although the sign and strength of these effects showed strong microenvironmental variability. Overall, we find that the metabolic phenotype changes the strength of competitive interactions, but these effects are highly contingent on local conditions. We suggest future studies explore how variation in metabolic rate affects organisms beyond the focal organism alone, particularly under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuster
- Centre for Geometric BiologySchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric BiologySchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric BiologySchool of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
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5
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Rodde C, de Verdal H, Vandeputte M, Allal F, Nati J, Besson M, Blasco FR, Benzie JAH, McKenzie DJ. An investigation of links between metabolic rate and feed efficiency in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab152. [PMID: 33966070 PMCID: PMC8219042 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) is the amount of body weight gain for a given feed intake. Improving FE through selective breeding is key for sustainable finfish aquaculture but its evaluation at individual level is technically challenging. We therefore investigated whether individual routine metabolic rate (RMR) was a predictor of individual FE in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a major species in European mariculture. The European sea bass has three genetically distinct populations across its geographical range, namely Atlantic (AT), West Mediterranean (WM), and East Mediterranean (EM). We compared FE and RMR of fish from these three populations at 18 or 24 °C. We held 200 fish (62 AT, 66 WM, and 72 EM) in individual aquaria and fed them from ad libitum down to fasting. FI was assessed for an ad libitum feeding rate and for a fixed restricted ration (1% of metabolic body weight·day-1, with metabolic body weight = body weight0.8). After being refed 12 wk in a common tank, individual RMR was measured over 36 h by intermittent flow respirometry. There was a significant effect of temperature whereby fish at 18 °C had greater mean FE (P < 0.05) and lower RMR (P < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of population, where AT fish had lower FE (P < 0.05) and greater RMR (P < 0.001) than WM and EM, at both temperatures. Despite these differences in temperature and population means, individual FE and RMR were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05). Therefore, although the results provide evidence of an association between metabolic rate and FE, RMR was not a predictor of individual FE, for reasons that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Rodde
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Worldfish, Jalan Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Hugues de Verdal
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Julie Nati
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Mathieu Besson
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
- SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Felipe R Blasco
- Laboratório de Zoofisiologia e Bioquímica Comparativa, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brasil
| | - John A H Benzie
- Worldfish, Jalan Batu Maung, Bayan Lepas, 11960 Penang, Malaysia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
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Auer SK, Solowey JR, Rajesh S, Rezende EL. Energetic mechanisms for coping with changes in resource availability. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200580. [PMID: 33142086 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given current anthropogenic alterations to many ecosystems and communities, it is becoming increasingly important to consider whether and how organisms can cope with changing resources. Metabolic rate, because it represents the rate of energy expenditure, may play a key role in mediating the link between resource conditions and performance and thereby how well organisms can persist in the face of environmental change. Here, we focus on the role that energy metabolism plays in determining organismal responses to changes in food availability over both short-term ecological and longer-term evolutionary timescales. Using a meta-analytical approach encompassing multiple species, we find that individuals with a higher metabolic rate grow faster under high food levels but slower once food levels decline, suggesting that the association between metabolism and life-history traits shifts along resource gradients. We also find that organisms can cope with changing resource availability through both phenotypic plasticity and genetically based evolutionary adaptation in their rates of energy metabolism. However, the metabolic rates of individuals within a population and of species within a lineage do not all respond in the same manner to changes in food availability. This diversity of responses suggests that there are benefits but also costs to changes in metabolic rate. It also underscores the need to examine not just the energy budgets of organisms within the context of metabolic rate but also how energy metabolism changes alongside other physiological and behavioural traits in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
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7
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Lahnsteiner F. Differences in immune components of blood, spleen and head kidney between diploid and auto- and allotriploid Salmonidae. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101445. [PMID: 33099197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immune components were investigated in peripheral blood and in spleen and head kidney of autotriploid Salmo trutta f. lacustris, Salvelinus fontinalis, and Salvelinus umbla, and of allotriploid hybrids of S. trutta f. lacustris x Onchorynchus mykiss and S. fontinalis x O. mykiss in comparison to their diploid parents. In peripheral blood the number of lymphocytes was reduced in all investigated autotriploids and in the allotriploid S. trutta f. lacustris x O.mykiss, and the numbers of thrombocytes in autotriploid S. trutta f. lacustris and in both allotriploids. Alternative pathway of complement activity and immunoglobulin concentration were significantly decreased in all investigated auto- and allotriploids, lysozyme activity in autotriploid S. fontinalis and in both allotriploids. In the spleen of the 3 autotriploids the number of erythrocytes was increased, while the number of lymphoid precursor cells was decreased. In their head kidney the erythrocytes numbers were decreased and the numbers of erythropoietic precursor cells and the melanomacrophage centers were increased. Contrary, cytology of spleen and head kidney of the two allotriploid hybrids was similar to diploid controls. Caspase 1, caspase 6, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase activity and immunoglobulin concentration of spleen and head kidney showed specific changes which were related to cytological results. These data indicate alterations in immune system and in lymphoid organs of auto- and allotriploid Salmonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Lahnsteiner
- Federal Agency for Water Management, Institute for Water Ecology, Fisheries and Lake Research, Scharfling 18, A-5310 Mondsee, Fishfarm Kreuzstein, Oberburgau 28, 4866, Unterach, Austria
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8
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Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, Poole WR, Gargan P, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Metabolic traits in brown trout ( Salmo trutta) vary in response to food restriction and intrinsic factors. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa096. [PMID: 33093959 PMCID: PMC7566963 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rates vary hugely within and between populations, yet we know relatively little about factors causing intraspecific variation. Since metabolic rate determines the energetic cost of life, uncovering these sources of variation is important to understand and forecast responses to environmental change. Moreover, few studies have examined factors causing intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility. We explore how extrinsic environmental conditions and intrinsic factors contribute to variation in metabolic traits in brown trout, an iconic and polymorphic species that is threatened across much of its native range. We measured metabolic traits in offspring from two wild populations that naturally show life-history variation in migratory tactics (one anadromous, i.e. sea-migratory, one non-anadromous) that we reared under either optimal food or experimental conditions of long-term food restriction (lasting between 7 and 17 months). Both populations showed decreased standard metabolic rates (SMR-baseline energy requirements) under low food conditions. The anadromous population had higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) than the non-anadromous population, and marginally higher SMR. The MMR difference was greater than SMR and consequently aerobic scope (AS) was higher in the anadromous population. MMR and AS were both higher in males than females. The anadromous population also had higher AS under low food compared to optimal food conditions, consistent with population-specific effects of food restriction on AS. Our results suggest different components of metabolic rate can vary in their response to environmental conditions, and according to intrinsic (population-background/sex) effects. Populations might further differ in their flexibility of metabolic traits, potentially due to intrinsic factors related to life history (e.g. migratory tactics). More comparisons of populations/individuals with divergent life histories will help to reveal this. Overall, our study suggests that incorporating an understanding of metabolic trait variation and flexibility and linking this to life history and demography will improve our ability to conserve populations experiencing global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Stephen A Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - W Russell Poole
- Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo F28 PF65, Ireland
| | - Patrick Gargan
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, 3044 Lake Drive, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin D24 Y265, Ireland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Furnace, Newport, Co. Mayo F28 PF65, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork T23 TK30, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
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9
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Auer SK, Bassar RD, Turek D, Anderson GJ, McKelvey S, Armstrong JD, Nislow KH, Downie HK, Morgan TAJ, McLennan D, Metcalfe NB. Metabolic Rate Interacts with Resource Availability to Determine Individual Variation in Microhabitat Use in the Wild. Am Nat 2020; 196:132-144. [DOI: 10.1086/709479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Huang Y, Fu S, Cooke SJ, Xia J. Is repeatability of metabolic rate influenced by social separation? A test with a teleost fish. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20190825. [PMID: 32343938 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rates are typically thought to have important influences on fitness and more broadly be relevant to the ecology and evolution of animals. Previous studies demonstrate that metabolic rates are repeatable to a certain extent under constant conditions, but how social conditions influence the repeatability of metabolic rate remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the repeatability of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the highly social crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after being socially separated for different time periods relative to control fish that were not socially separated. We found that RMR was repeatable in fish in the control group, while the repeatability of RMR disappeared quickly (even within 7 days) when fish were exposed to social separation. This study is the first to our knowledge to examine the role of social separation for different time periods on the repeatability of intra-individual physiological variation in fish. We highlight that the inter-individual repeatability of metabolic rate can be substantial over time but was eliminated by social separation. The findings indicate that the repeatability of metabolic rate in fish is condition dependent, and that the change in repeatability of metabolic rate should not be overlooked when considering the ecological and evolutionary effects of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jigang Xia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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11
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Norin T, Metcalfe NB. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of metabolic rate plasticity in response to environmental change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180180. [PMID: 30966964 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal or standard metabolic rate reflects the minimum amount of energy required to maintain body processes, while the maximum metabolic rate sets the ceiling for aerobic work. There is typically up to three-fold intraspecific variation in both minimal and maximal rates of metabolism, even after controlling for size, sex and age; these differences are consistent over time within a given context, but both minimal and maximal metabolic rates are plastic and can vary in response to changing environments. Here we explore the causes of intraspecific and phenotypic variation at the organ, tissue and mitochondrial levels. We highlight the growing evidence that individuals differ predictably in the flexibility of their metabolic rates and in the extent to which they can suppress minimal metabolism when food is limiting but increase the capacity for aerobic metabolism when a high work rate is beneficial. It is unclear why this intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility persists-possibly because of trade-offs with the flexibility of other traits-but it has consequences for the ability of populations to respond to a changing world. It is clear that metabolic rates are targets of selection, but more research is needed on the fitness consequences of rates of metabolism and their plasticity at different life stages, especially in natural conditions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, MVLS, University of Glasgow , Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK.,2 DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, MVLS, University of Glasgow , Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK
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12
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Chamber volume development, metabolic rates, and selective extinction in cephalopods. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2950. [PMID: 32076034 PMCID: PMC7031508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the physiology of extinct organisms is key to understanding mechanisms of selective extinction during biotic crises. Soft tissues of extinct organisms are rarely preserved and, therefore, a proxy for physiological aspects is needed. Here, we examine whether cephalopod conchs yield information about their physiology by assessing how the formation of chambers respond to external stimuli such as environmental changes. We measured chamber volume through ontogeny to detect differences in the pattern of chamber volume development in nautilids, coleoids, and ammonoids. Results reveal that the differences between ontogenetic trajectories of these cephalopods involve the presence or absence of abrupt decreases of chamber volume. Accepting the link between metabolic rate and growth, we assume that this difference is rooted in metabolic rates that differ between cephalopod clades. High metabolic rates combined with small hatching size in ammonoids as opposed to lower metabolic rates and much larger hatchlings in most nautilids may explain the selective extinction of ammonoids as a consequence of low food availability at the end of the Cretaceous.
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13
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Pang X, Shao F, Ding S, Fu S, Zhang Y. Interspecific differences and ecological correlations of energy metabolism traits in freshwater fishes. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Pang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Shi‐Huan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
- College of Animal Science and Technology Institute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Shi‐Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology Chongqing Normal University Chongqing China
| | - Yao‐Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development Education of Ministry Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing Southwest University Chongqing China
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14
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Campbell LA, Gormley PT, Bennett JC, Murimboh JD, MacCormack TJ. Functionalized silver nanoparticles depress aerobic metabolism in the absence of overt toxicity in brackish water killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105221. [PMID: 31207537 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) tend to precipitate in saline waters so the majority of aquatic toxicity studies have focused on freshwaters, where bioavailability is presumed to be higher. Recent studies have illustrated that some ENM formulations are bioavailable and bioactive in salt water and that their effects are more pronounced at the physiological than biochemical level. These findings raise concerns regarding the effects of ENMs on marine organisms. Therefore, our goal was to characterize the effects of polyvinylpyrolidone-functionalized silver ENMs (nAg) on aerobic performance in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), a common euryhaline teleost. Fish were exposed to 80 μg L-1 of 5 nm nAg for 48 h in brackish water (12 ppt) and routine (ṀO2min) and maximum (ṀO2max) rates of oxygen consumption were quantified. Silver dissolution was minimal and nAg remained well dispersed in brackish water, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 21.0 nm, compared to 19.3 in freshwater. Both ṀO2min and ṀO2max were significantly lower (by 53 and 30%, respectively) in killifish exposed to nAg and a reduction in ṀO2 variability suggested spontaneous activity was suppressed. Neither gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, nor various other biochemical markers were affected by nAg exposure. The results illustrate that a common ENM formulation is bioactive in salt water and, as in previous studies on functionalized copper ENMs, that effects are more pronounced at the whole animal than the biochemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - P T Gormley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - J C Bennett
- Department of Physics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - J D Murimboh
- Department Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - T J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada.
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15
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Robertsen G, Reid D, Einum S, Aronsen T, Fleming IA, Sundt‐Hansen LE, Karlsson S, Kvingedal E, Ugedal O, Hindar K. Can variation in standard metabolic rate explain context-dependent performance of farmed Atlantic salmon offspring? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:212-222. [PMID: 30680108 PMCID: PMC6342125 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Escaped farmed Atlantic salmon interbreed with wild Atlantic salmon, leaving offspring that often have lower success in nature than pure wild salmon. On top of this, presence of farmed salmon descendants can impair production of wild-type recruits. We hypothesize that both these effects connect with farmed salmon having acquired higher standard metabolic rates (SMR, the energetic cost of self-maintenance) during domestication. Fitness-related advantages of phenotypic traits associated with both high SMR and farmed salmon (e.g., social dominance) depend on environmental conditions, such as food availability. We hypothesize that farmed offspring have an advantage at high food availability due to, for example, dominance behavior but suffer increased risks of starvation when food is scarce because this behavior is energy-demanding. To test these hypotheses, we first compare embryo SMR of pure farmed, farmed-wild hybrids and pure wild offspring. Next, we test early-life performance (in terms of survival and growth) of hybrids relative to that of their wild half-siblings, as well as their competitive abilities, in semi-natural conditions of high and low food availability. Finally, we test how SMR affects early-life performance at high and low food availability. We find inconclusive support for the hypothesis that domestication has induced increased SMR. Further, wild and hybrid juveniles had similar survival and growth in the semi-natural streams. Yet, the presence of hybrids led to decreased survival of their wild half-siblings. Contrary to our hypothesis about context-dependency, these effects were not modified by food availability. However, wild juveniles with high SMR had decreased survival when food was scarce, but there was no such effect at high food availability. This study provides further proof that farmed salmon introgression may compromise the viability of wild salmon populations. We cannot, however, conclude that this is connected to alterations in the metabolic phenotype of farmed salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Reid
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Sigurd Einum
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Tonje Aronsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Ian A. Fleming
- Department of Ocean SciencesMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt John’sNewfoundlandCanada
| | | | - Sten Karlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Eli Kvingedal
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Ola Ugedal
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Kjetil Hindar
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
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16
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Zeng LQ, Fu C, Fu SJ. The effects of temperature and food availability on growth, flexibility in metabolic rates and their relationships in juvenile common carp. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 217:26-34. [PMID: 29275188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flexibility in phenotypic traits can allow organisms to handle environmental changes. However, the ecological consequences of flexibility in metabolic rates are poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the links between growth and flexibility in metabolic rates vary between two temperatures. Common carp Cyprinus carpio were raised in three temperature treatments [the 18°C, 28°C and 28°C-food control (28°C-FC)] and fed to satiation of receiving food either once or twice daily for 4weeks. The morphology and metabolic rates (standard metabolic rate, SMR; maximum metabolic rate, MMR) were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. The mean total food ingested by fish in the 28°C-FC treatment was the same as that by fish in the 18°C treatment at each food availability. The final SMR (not MMR and aerobic scope, AS=MMR-SMR) increased more in the 28°C and 28°C-FC treatments with twice-daily feedings than once-daily feedings. Fish in the 28°C treatment had a higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish in the 28°C-FC and 18°C treatments at both food availabilities. However, no differences in feeding efficiency (FE) were found among the three treatments in fish fed twice daily. The flexibility in SMR was related to individual differences in SGR, not with food intake and FE; individuals who increased their SMR more had a smaller growth performance with twice-daily feedings at 28°C, but it did not exist at 18°C. Flexibility in SMR provides a growth advantage in juvenile common carp experiencing changes in food availability and this link is temperature-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
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