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Mahadevaraju S, Pal S, Bhaskar P, McDonald BD, Benner L, Denti L, Cozzi D, Bonizzoni P, Przytycka TM, Oliver B. Diverse somatic Transformer and sex chromosome karyotype pathways regulate gene expression in Drosophila gonad development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.12.607556. [PMID: 39372789 PMCID: PMC11451611 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.12.607556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
The somatic sex determination gene transformer (tra) is required for the highly sexually dimorphic development of most somatic cells, including those of the gonads. In addition, somatic tra is required for the germline development even though it is not required for sex determination within germ cells. Germ cell autonomous gene expression is also necessary for their sex determination. To understand the interplay between these signals, we compared the phenotype and gene expression of larval wild-type gonads and the sex-transformed tra gonads. XX larval ovaries transformed into testes were dramatically smaller than wild-type, with significant reductions in germ cell number, likely due to altered geometry of the stem cell niche. Additionally, there was a defect in progression into spermatocyte stages. XY larval testes transformed into ovaries had excessive germ cells, possibly due to the earlier onset of cell division. We suggest that germ cells are neither fully female nor male following somatic sex transformation, with certain pathways characteristic of each sex expressed in tra mutants. We found multiple patterns of somatic and germline gene expression control exclusively due to tra, exclusively due to sex chromosome karyotype, but usually due to a combination of these factors showing tra and sex chromosome karyotype pathways regulate gene expression during Drosophila gonad development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvani Mahadevaraju
- Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology. St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, Maryland, USA
| | - Soumitra Pal
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Lab, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pradeep Bhaskar
- Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brennan D. McDonald
- Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Leif Benner
- Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luca Denti
- Department of Informatics, Systems, and Communication, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Cozzi
- Department of Informatics, Systems, and Communication, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Bonizzoni
- Department of Informatics, Systems, and Communication, University of Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa M. Przytycka
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Oliver
- Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Yusuf AA, Pirk CWW, Buttstedt A. Expression of honey bee (Apis mellifera) sterol homeostasis genes in food jelly producing glands of workers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:627-641. [PMID: 38567629 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adult workers of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) acquire sterols from their pollen diet. These food sterols are transported by the hemolymph to peripheral tissues such as the mandibular and the hypopharyngeal glands in the worker bees' heads that secrete food jelly which is fed to developing larvae. As sterols are obligatory components of biological membranes and essential precursors for molting hormone synthesis in insects, they are indispensable to normal larval development. Thus, the study of sterol delivery to larvae is important for a full understanding of honey bee larval nutrition and development. Whereas hypopharyngeal glands only require sterols for their membrane integrity, mandibular glands add sterols, primarily 24-methylenecholesterol, to its secretion. For this, sterols must be transported through the glandular epithelial cells. We have analyzed for the first time in A. mellifera the expression of genes which are involved in intracellular movement of sterols. Mandibular and hypopharyngeal glands were dissected from newly emerged bees, 6-day-old nurse bees that feed larvae and 26-day-old forager bees. The expression of seven genes involved in intracellular sterol metabolism was measured with quantitative real-time PCR. Relative transcript abundance of sterol metabolism genes was significantly influenced by the age of workers and specific genes but not by gland type. Newly emerged bees had significantly more transcripts for six out of seven genes than older bees indicating that the bulk of the proteins needed for sterol metabolism are produced directly after emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi A Yusuf
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian W W Pirk
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anja Buttstedt
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jiang S, Zhang W, Xiong Y, Zhang M, Yuan H, Niu Y, Qiao H, Fu H. NPC Intracellular Cholesterol Transporter 1 Regulates Ovarian Maturation and Molting in Female Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6049. [PMID: 38892237 PMCID: PMC11172811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) plays an important role in sterol metabolism and transport processes and has been studied in many vertebrates and some insects, but rarely in crustaceans. In this study, we characterized NPC1 from Macrobrachium nipponense (Mn-NPC1) and evaluated its functions. Its total cDNA length was 4283 bp, encoding for 1344 amino acids. It contained three conserved domains typical of the NPC family (NPC1_N, SSD, and PTC). In contrast to its role in insects, Mn-NPC1 was mainly expressed in the adult female hepatopancreas, with moderate expression in the ovary and heart. No expression was found in the embryo (stages CS-ZS) and only weak expression in the larval stages from hatching to the post-larval stage (L1-PL15). Mn-NPC1 expression was positively correlated with ovarian maturation. In situ hybridization showed that it was mainly located in the cytoplasmic membrane and nucleus of oocytes. A 25-day RNA interference experiment was employed to illustrate the Mn-NPC1 function in ovary maturation. Experimental knockdown of Mn-NPC1 using dsRNA resulted in a marked reduction in the gonadosomatic index and ecdysone content of M. nipponense females. The experimental group showed a significant delay in ovarian maturation and a reduction in the frequency of molting. These results expand our understanding of NPC1 in crustaceans and of the regulatory mechanism of ovarian maturation in M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.X.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.X.)
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Huwei Yuan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yunpeng Niu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.X.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Y.X.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.)
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Yu H, Wang L, Liu S, Chen X, Wei X, Niu C, Volodymyr V, Song Q, Zhang H. Functional analysis of a NPC1 gene from the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22048. [PMID: 37602789 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease is a neurodegenerative disorder related to cellular sterol trafficking and mutation of NPC1 gene is the main cause for this disease. The function of NPC1 have been reported in a few insects but rarely studied in hemipterans. In the present study, we investigate the function of NPC1 in a hemipteran pest, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. It was found that B. tabaci had only one NPC1 homolog (BtNPC1), in contrast to two homologs in many other insects. BtNPC1 was ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages and body parts of whiteflies, with the highest level in adult abdomen, and the expression of BtNPC1 was induced by cholesterol feeding. To further investigate the function of BtNPC1, leaf-mediated RNA interference experiments were carried out. Results showed that knockdown of BtNPC1 led to reduced survival of whiteflies, as well as reduced fecundity. Moreover, knockdown of BtNPC1 affected the development and metamorphosis of whitefly nymphs. Taken these together, we conclude that BtNPC1 played a crucial role in sterol-related biological processes of B. tabaci and might be used as an insecticide target for development of novel pest management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Liuhao Wang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Shunxiao Liu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
- College of Agrarian Technology and Natural Resources, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Chenxi Niu
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Vlasenko Volodymyr
- College of Agrarian Technology and Natural Resources, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Natural Resources, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
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5
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Neophytou C, Soteriou E, Pitsouli C. The Sterol Transporter Npc2c Controls Intestinal Stem Cell Mitosis and Host-Microbiome Interactions in Drosophila. Metabolites 2023; 13:1084. [PMID: 37887409 PMCID: PMC10609107 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is necessary for all cells to function. The intracellular cholesterol transporters Npc1 and Npc2 control sterol trafficking and their malfunction leads to Neimann-Pick Type C disease, a rare disorder affecting the nervous system and the intestine. Unlike humans that encode single Npc1 and Npc2 transporters, flies encompass two Npc1 (Npc1a-1b) and eight Npc2 (Npc2a-2h) members, and most of the Npc2 family genes remain unexplored. Here, we focus on the intestinal function of Npc2c in the adult. We find that Npc2c is necessary for intestinal stem cell (ISC) mitosis, maintenance of the ISC lineage, survival upon pathogenic infection, as well as tumor growth. Impaired mitosis of Npc2c-silenced midguts is accompanied by reduced expression of Cyclin genes, and genes encoding ISC regulators, such as Delta, unpaired1 and Socs36E. ISC-specific Npc2c silencing induces Attacin-A expression, a phenotype reminiscent of Gram-negative bacteria overabundance. Metagenomic analysis of Npc2c-depleted midguts indicates intestinal dysbiosis, whereby decreased commensal complexity is accompanied by increased gamma-proteobacteria. ISC-specific Npc2c silencing also results in increased cholesterol aggregation. Interestingly, administration of the non-steroidal ecdysone receptor agonist, RH5849, rescues mitosis of Npc2c-silenced midguts and increases expression of the ecdysone response gene Broad, underscoring the role of Npc2c and sterols in ecdysone signaling. Assessment of additional Npc2 family members indicates potential redundant roles with Npc2c in ISC control and response to ecdysone signaling. Our results highlight a previously unidentified essential role of Npc2c in ISC mitosis, as well as an important role in ecdysone signaling and microbiome composition in the Drosophila midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chrysoula Pitsouli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, 2109 Aglantzia, Cyprus; (C.N.); (E.S.)
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Eberwein AE, Kulkarni SS, Rushton E, Broadie K. Glycosphingolipids are linked to elevated neurotransmission and neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Niemann Pick type C. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050206. [PMID: 37815467 PMCID: PMC10581387 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid storage disease Niemann Pick type C (NPC) causes neurodegeneration owing primarily to loss of NPC1. Here, we employed a Drosophila model to test links between glycosphingolipids, neurotransmission and neurodegeneration. We found that Npc1a nulls had elevated neurotransmission at the glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ), which was phenocopied in brainiac (brn) mutants, impairing mannosyl glucosylceramide (MacCer) glycosylation. Npc1a; brn double mutants had the same elevated synaptic transmission, suggesting that Npc1a and brn function within the same pathway. Glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase inhibition with miglustat prevented elevated neurotransmission in Npc1a and brn mutants, further suggesting epistasis. Synaptic MacCer did not accumulate in the NPC model, but GlcCer levels were increased, suggesting that GlcCer is responsible for the elevated synaptic transmission. Null Npc1a mutants had heightened neurodegeneration, but no significant motor neuron or glial cell death, indicating that dying cells are interneurons and that elevated neurotransmission precedes neurodegeneration. Glycosphingolipid synthesis mutants also had greatly heightened neurodegeneration, with similar neurodegeneration in Npc1a; brn double mutants, again suggesting that Npc1a and brn function in the same pathway. These findings indicate causal links between glycosphingolipid-dependent neurotransmission and neurodegeneration in this NPC disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Eberwein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Swarat S. Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Emma Rushton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University and Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Yu M, Ye H, De-Paula RB, Mangleburg CG, Wu T, Lee TV, Li Y, Duong D, Phillips B, Cruchaga C, Allen GI, Seyfried NT, Al-Ramahi I, Botas J, Shulman JM. Functional screening of lysosomal storage disorder genes identifies modifiers of alpha-synuclein neurotoxicity. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010760. [PMID: 37200393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous variants in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene are common and potent risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA also causes the autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), Gaucher disease, and emerging evidence from human genetics implicates many other LSD genes in PD susceptibility. We have systemically tested 86 conserved fly homologs of 37 human LSD genes for requirements in the aging adult Drosophila brain and for potential genetic interactions with neurodegeneration caused by α-synuclein (αSyn), which forms Lewy body pathology in PD. Our screen identifies 15 genetic enhancers of αSyn-induced progressive locomotor dysfunction, including knockdown of fly homologs of GBA and other LSD genes with independent support as PD susceptibility factors from human genetics (SCARB2, SMPD1, CTSD, GNPTAB, SLC17A5). For several genes, results from multiple alleles suggest dose-sensitivity and context-dependent pleiotropy in the presence or absence of αSyn. Homologs of two genes causing cholesterol storage disorders, Npc1a / NPC1 and Lip4 / LIPA, were independently confirmed as loss-of-function enhancers of αSyn-induced retinal degeneration. The enzymes encoded by several modifier genes are upregulated in αSyn transgenic flies, based on unbiased proteomics, revealing a possible, albeit ineffective, compensatory response. Overall, our results reinforce the important role of lysosomal genes in brain health and PD pathogenesis, and implicate several metabolic pathways, including cholesterol homeostasis, in αSyn-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meigen Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruth B De-Paula
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carl Grant Mangleburg
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy Wu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tom V Lee
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yarong Li
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Duc Duong
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bridget Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Genevera I Allen
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, and Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Departments of Biochemistry and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juan Botas
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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Xue J, Zhu Y, Wei L, Huang H, Li G, Huang W, Zhu H, Duan R. Loss of Drosophila NUS1 results in cholesterol accumulation and Parkinson's disease-related neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22411. [PMID: 35695805 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200212r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NgBR is the Nogo-B receptor, encoded by NUS1 gene. As NgBR contains a C-terminal domain that is similar to cis-isoprenyltransferase (cis-IPTase), NgBR was speculated to stabilize nascent Niemann-Pick type C 2 (NPC2) to facilitate cholesterol transport out of lysosomes. Mutations in the NUS1 were known as risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). In our previous study, it was shown that knockdown of Drosophila NUS1 orthologous gene tango14 causes decreased climbing ability, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and decreased dopamine contents. In this study, tango14 mutant flies were generated with a mutation in the C-terminal enzyme activity region using CRISPR/Cas9. Tango14 mutant showed a reduced lifespan with locomotive defects and cholesterol accumulation in Malpighian tubules and brains, especially in dopaminergic neurons. Multilamellar bodies were found in tango14 mutants using electron microscopy. Neurodegenerative-related brain vacuolization was also detected in tango14 knockdown flies in an age-dependent manner. In addition, tango14 knockdown increased α-synuclein (α-syn) neurotoxicity in α-syn-overexpressing flies, with decreased locomotive activities, dopamine contents, and the numbers of dopaminergic neurons in aging flies. Thus, these observations suggest a role of NUS1, the ortholog of tango14, in PD-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xue
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingbao Zhu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyi Wei
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjing Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxu Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Ranhui Duan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Texada MJ, Lassen M, Pedersen LH, Koyama T, Malita A, Rewitz K. Insulin signaling couples growth and early maturation to cholesterol intake in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1548-1562.e6. [PMID: 35245460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is one of the most important influences on growth and the timing of maturational transitions including mammalian puberty and insect metamorphosis. Childhood obesity is associated with precocious puberty, but the assessment mechanism that links body fat to early maturation is unknown. During development, the intake of nutrients promotes signaling through insulin-like systems that govern the growth of cells and tissues and also regulates the timely production of the steroid hormones that initiate the juvenile-adult transition. We show here that the dietary lipid cholesterol, which is required as a component of cell membranes and as a substrate for steroid biosynthesis, also governs body growth and maturation in Drosophila via promoting the expression and release of insulin-like peptides. This nutritional input acts via the nutrient sensor TOR, which is regulated by the Niemann-Pick-type-C 1 (Npc1) cholesterol transporter, in the glia of the blood-brain barrier and cells of the adipose tissue to remotely drive systemic insulin signaling and body growth. Furthermore, increasing intracellular cholesterol levels in the steroid-producing prothoracic gland strongly promotes endoreduplication, leading to an accelerated attainment of a nutritional checkpoint that normally ensures that animals do not initiate maturation prematurely. These findings, therefore, show that a Npc1-TOR signaling system couples the sensing of the lipid cholesterol with cellular and systemic growth control and maturational timing, which may help explain both the link between cholesterol and cancer as well as the connection between body fat (obesity) and early puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Texada
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Lassen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa H Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alina Malita
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Building 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Fisher PU, Shippy SA. Extracellular Fluid Collection and Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Brain Tissue with μ-Low-Flow Push-Pull Perfusion (μLFPP). Anal Chem 2022; 94:3767-3773. [PMID: 35201754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods to generate quantitative chemical content information from precise tissue locations is needed to understand fundamental cellular and tissue physiology. This work describes a method to perfuse the extracellular fluid of fly brains in vivo using μ-low-flow push-pull perfusion (μLFPP) for quantitative chemical content determinations. Miniaturization of push-pull perfusion probe designs allowed the development of methods for probe tip placement into and sampling from the fruit fly's brain. Perfusate analysis identified and quantified arginine, octopamine, histidine, taurine, glycine, glutamate, and aspartate. The perfusate data did not exhibit any statistical differences based on sex. The perfusate analysis was compared to hemolymph samples to confirm probe placement in fly brain tissues. The appearance of probe placement into the brain space was confirmed with the following observations. Hemolymph and perfusate samples were found to contain analytes unique to each sample type. Quantitated levels of perfusate were not a simple dilution of hemolymph content. Further, the discovery of perfusates with composition similar to both hemolymph and brain perfusate when damage was intentionally inflicted supports the observation that perfusates are distinct from hemolymph. The analysis of perfusate collected for greater than an hour of sampling exhibits the possibility of monitoring applications. Altogether, this work demonstrates the viability of performing μ-low-flow push-pull perfusion for in vivo studies of fly brain tissues to identify and quantitate neurotransmitter content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick U Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Scott A Shippy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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12
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Drosophila D-idua Reduction Mimics Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I Disease-Related Phenotypes. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010129. [PMID: 35011691 PMCID: PMC8750945 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficit of the IDUA (α-L-iduronidase) enzyme causes the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), a rare pediatric neurometabolic disease, due to pathological variants in the IDUA gene and is characterized by the accumulation of the undegraded mucopolysaccharides heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate into lysosomes, with secondary cellular consequences that are still mostly unclarified. Here, we report a new fruit fly RNAi-mediated knockdown model of a IDUA homolog (D-idua) displaying a phenotype mimicking some typical molecular features of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSD). In this study, we showed that D-idua is a vital gene in Drosophila and that ubiquitous reduction of its expression leads to lethality during the pupal stage, when the precise degradation/synthesis of macromolecules, together with a functional autophagic pathway, are indispensable for the correct development to the adult stage. Tissue-specific analysis of the D-idua model showed an increase in the number and size of lysosomes in the brain and muscle. Moreover, the incorrect acidification of lysosomes led to dysfunctional lysosome-autophagosome fusion and the consequent block of autophagy flux. A concomitant metabolic drift of glycolysis and lipogenesis pathways was observed. After starvation, D-idua larvae showed a quite complete rescue of both autophagy/lysosome phenotypes and metabolic alterations. Metabolism and autophagy are strictly interconnected vital processes that contribute to maintain homeostatic control of energy balance, and little is known about this regulation in LSDs. Our results provide new starting points for future investigations on the disease’s pathogenic mechanisms and possible pharmacological manipulations.
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13
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Cadena Del Castillo CE, Hannich JT, Kaech A, Chiyoda H, Brewer J, Fukuyama M, Færgeman NJ, Riezman H, Spang A. Patched regulates lipid homeostasis by controlling cellular cholesterol levels. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4898. [PMID: 34385431 PMCID: PMC8361143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is essential during development and in organ physiology. In the canonical pathway, Hh binding to Patched (PTCH) relieves the inhibition of Smoothened (SMO). Yet, PTCH may also perform SMO-independent functions. While the PTCH homolog PTC-3 is essential in C. elegans, worms lack SMO, providing an excellent model to probe non-canonical PTCH function. Here, we show that PTC-3 is a cholesterol transporter. ptc-3(RNAi) leads to accumulation of intracellular cholesterol and defects in ER structure and lipid droplet formation. These phenotypes were accompanied by a reduction in acyl chain (FA) length and desaturation. ptc-3(RNAi)-induced lethality, fat content and ER morphology defects were rescued by reducing dietary cholesterol. We provide evidence that cholesterol accumulation modulates the function of nuclear hormone receptors such as of the PPARα homolog NHR-49 and NHR-181, and affects FA composition. Our data uncover a role for PTCH in organelle structure maintenance and fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Thomas Hannich
- Department of Biochemistry and NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hirohisa Chiyoda
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Masamitsu Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry and NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Wulff JP, Segura DF, Devescovi F, Muntaabski I, Milla FH, Scannapieco AC, Cladera JL, Lanzavecchia SB. Identification and characterization of soluble binding proteins associated with host foraging in the parasitoid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252765. [PMID: 34138896 PMCID: PMC8211293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication and reproduction of insects are driven by chemical sensing. During this process, chemical compounds are transported across the sensillum lymph to the sensory neurons assisted by different types of soluble binding proteins: odorant-binding proteins (OBPs); chemosensory proteins (CSPs); some members of ML-family proteins (MD-2 (myeloid differentiation factor-2)-related Lipid-recognition), also known as NPC2-like proteins. Potential transcripts involved in chemosensing were identified by an in silico analysis of whole-body female and male transcriptomes of the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. This analysis facilitated the characterization of fourteen OBPs (all belonging to the Classic type), seven CSPs (and two possible isoforms), and four NPC2-like proteins. A differential expression analysis by qPCR showed that eleven of these proteins (CSPs 2 and 8, OBPs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11, and NPC2b) were over-expressed in female antenna and two (CSP 1 and OBP 12) in the body without antennae. Foraging behavior trials (linked to RNA interference) suggest that OBPs 9, 10, and 11 are potentially involved in the female orientation to chemical cues associated with the host. OBP 12 seems to be related to physiological processes of female longevity regulation. In addition, transcriptional silencing of CSP 3 showed that this protein is potentially associated with the regulation of foraging behavior. This study supports the hypothesis that soluble binding proteins are potentially linked to fundamental physiological processes and behaviors in D. longicaudata. The results obtained here contribute useful information to increase the parasitoid performance as a biological control agent of fruit fly pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Wulff
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego F. Segura
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Devescovi
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irina Muntaabski
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabian H. Milla
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra C. Scannapieco
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge L. Cladera
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia B. Lanzavecchia
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (INTA) gv IABIMO (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Tseng WC, Johnson Escauriza AJ, Tsai-Morris CH, Feldman B, Dale RK, Wassif CA, Porter FD. The role of Niemann-Pick type C2 in zebrafish embryonic development. Development 2021; 148:dev194258. [PMID: 33722902 PMCID: PMC8077516 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, fatal, neurodegenerative lysosomal disease caused by mutations of either NPC1 or NPC2. NPC2 is a soluble lysosomal protein that functions in coordination with NPC1 to efflux cholesterol from the lysosomal compartment. Mutations of either gene result in the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and other lipids in the late endosome/lysosome, and reduction of cellular cholesterol bioavailability. Zygotic null npc2m/m zebrafish showed significant unesterified cholesterol accumulation at larval stages, a reduction in body size, and motor and balance defects in adulthood. However, the phenotype at embryonic stages was milder than expected, suggesting a possible role of maternal Npc2 in embryonic development. Maternal-zygotic npc2m/m zebrafish exhibited significant developmental defects, including defective otic vesicle development/absent otoliths, abnormal head/brain development, curved/twisted body axes and no circulating blood cells, and died by 72 hpf. RNA-seq analysis conducted on 30 hpf npc2+/m and MZnpc2m/m embryos revealed a significant reduction in the expression of notch3 and other downstream genes in the Notch signaling pathway, suggesting that impaired Notch3 signaling underlies aspects of the developmental defects observed in MZnpc2m/m zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Tseng
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana J. Johnson Escauriza
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chon-Hwa Tsai-Morris
- Zebrafish Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Feldman
- Zebrafish Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan K. Dale
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A. Wassif
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Rigon L, De Filippis C, Napoli B, Tomanin R, Orso G. Exploiting the Potential of Drosophila Models in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Pathological Mechanisms and Drug Discovery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030268. [PMID: 33800050 PMCID: PMC8000850 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) represent a complex and heterogeneous group of rare genetic diseases due to mutations in genes coding for lysosomal enzymes, membrane proteins or transporters. This leads to the accumulation of undegraded materials within lysosomes and a broad range of severe clinical features, often including the impairment of central nervous system (CNS). When available, enzyme replacement therapy slows the disease progression although it is not curative; also, most recombinant enzymes cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, leaving the CNS untreated. The inefficient degradative capability of the lysosomes has a negative impact on the flux through the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways; therefore, dysregulation of these pathways is increasingly emerging as a relevant disease mechanism in LSDs. In the last twenty years, different LSD Drosophila models have been generated, mainly for diseases presenting with neurological involvement. The fruit fly provides a large selection of tools to investigate lysosomes, autophagy and endocytic pathways in vivo, as well as to analyse neuronal and glial cells. The possibility to use Drosophila in drug repurposing and discovery makes it an attractive model for LSDs lacking effective therapies. Here, ee describe the major cellular pathways implicated in LSDs pathogenesis, the approaches available for their study and the Drosophila models developed for these diseases. Finally, we highlight a possible use of LSDs Drosophila models for drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rigon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Concetta De Filippis
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Napoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Rosella Tomanin
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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17
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Understanding and Treating Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Models Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238979. [PMID: 33256121 PMCID: PMC7730076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms causing human diseases and to develop curative therapies. So far, these goals have been achieved for a small fraction of diseases, limiting factors being the availability, validity, and use of experimental models. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) is a prime example for a disease that lacks a curative therapy despite substantial breakthroughs. This rare, fatal, and autosomal-recessive disorder is caused by defects in NPC1 or NPC2. These ubiquitously expressed proteins help cholesterol exit from the endosomal–lysosomal system. The dysfunction of either causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids with patients presenting a large range of disease onset, neurovisceral symptoms, and life span. Here, we note general aspects of experimental models, we describe the line-up used for NPC-related research and therapy development, and we provide an outlook on future topics.
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18
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Ogienko AA, Andreyeva EN, Omelina ES, Oshchepkova AL, Pindyurin AV. Molecular and cytological analysis of widely-used Gal4 driver lines for Drosophila neurobiology. BMC Genet 2020; 21:96. [PMID: 33092520 PMCID: PMC7583314 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) is a convenient model system for the study of the molecular mechanisms of conserved neurobiological processes. The manipulation of gene activity in specific cell types and subtypes of the Drosophila CNS is frequently achieved by employing the binary Gal4/UAS system. However, many Gal4 driver lines available from the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (BDSC) and commonly used in Drosophila neurobiology are still not well characterized. Among these are three lines with Gal4 driven by the elav promoter (BDSC #8760, #8765, and #458), one line with Gal4 driven by the repo promoter (BDSC #7415), and the 69B-Gal4 line (BDSC #1774). For most of these lines, the exact insertion sites of the transgenes and the detailed expression patterns of Gal4 are not known. This study is aimed at filling these gaps. Results We have mapped the genomic location of the Gal4-bearing P-elements carried by the BDSC lines #8760, #8765, #458, #7415, and #1774. In addition, for each of these lines, we have analyzed the Gal4-driven GFP expression pattern in the third instar larval CNS and eye-antennal imaginal discs. Localizations of the endogenous Elav and Repo proteins were used as markers of neuronal and glial cells, respectively. Conclusions We provide a mini-atlas of the spatial activity of Gal4 drivers that are widely used for the expression of UAS–target genes in the Drosophila CNS. The data will be helpful for planning experiments with these drivers and for the correct interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Ogienko
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya N Andreyeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Evgeniya S Omelina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Anastasiya L Oshchepkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey V Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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19
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Texada MJ, Koyama T, Rewitz K. Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control. Genetics 2020; 216:269-313. [PMID: 33023929 PMCID: PMC7536854 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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20
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Analysis of blood-induced Anopheles gambiae midgut proteins and sexual stage Plasmodium falciparum interaction reveals mosquito genes important for malaria transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14316. [PMID: 32868841 PMCID: PMC7459308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium invasion of mosquito midguts is a mandatory step for malaria transmission. The roles of mosquito midgut proteins and parasite interaction during malaria transmission are not clear. This study aims to identify mosquito midgut proteins that interact with and affect P. falciparum invasion. Based on gene expression profiles and protein sequences, 76 mosquito secretory proteins that are highly expressed in midguts and up-regulated by blood meals were chosen for analysis. About 61 candidate genes were successfully cloned from Anopheles gambiae and expressed in insect cells. ELISA analysis showed that 25 of the insect cell-expressed recombinant mosquito proteins interacted with the P. falciparum-infected cell lysates. Indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed 17 of them interacted with sexual stage parasites significantly stronger than asexual stage parasites. Knockdown assays found that seven candidate genes significantly changed mosquitoes' susceptibility to P. falciparum. Four of them (AGAP006268, AGAP002848, AGAP006972, and AGAP002851) played a protective function against parasite invasion, and the other three (AGAP008138, FREP1, and HPX15) facilitated P. falciparum transmission to mosquitoes. Notably, AGAP008138 is a unique gene that only exists in Anopheline mosquitoes. These gene products are ideal targets to block malaria transmission.
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21
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Ke XX, Chao H, Abbas MN, Kausar S, Gul I, Ji H, Yang L, Cui H. Niemann-Pick type C1 regulates cholesterol transport and metamorphosis in silkworm, Bombyx mori (Dazao). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:525-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Jing X, Behmer ST. Insect Sterol Nutrition: Physiological Mechanisms, Ecology, and Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:251-271. [PMID: 31600456 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects, like all eukaryotes, require sterols for structural and metabolic purposes. However, insects, like all arthropods, cannot make sterols. Cholesterol is the dominant tissue sterol for most insects; insect herbivores produce cholesterol by metabolizing phytosterols, but not always with high efficiency. Many insects grow on a mixed-sterol diet, but this ability varies depending on the types and ratio of dietary sterols. Dietary sterol uptake, transport, and metabolism are regulated by several proteins and processes that are relatively conserved across eukaryotes. Sterol requirements also impact insect ecology and behavior. There is potential to exploit insect sterol requirements to (a) control insect pests in agricultural systems and (b) better understand sterol biology, including in humans. We suggest that future studies focus on the genetic mechanism of sterol metabolism and reverse transportation, characterizing sterol distribution and function at the cellular level, the role of bacterial symbionts in sterol metabolism, and interrupting sterol trafficking for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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23
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Diop F, Alout H, Diagne CT, Bengue M, Baronti C, Hamel R, Talignani L, Liegeois F, Pompon J, Morales Vargas RE, Nougairède A, Missé D. Differential Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to the Haitian Strain of the Mayaro Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100924. [PMID: 31601017 PMCID: PMC6832402 DOI: 10.3390/v11100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. Although forest-dwelling Haemagogus mosquitoes have been considered as its main vector, the virus has also been detected in circulating Aedes ssp mosquitoes. Here we assess the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to infection with MAYV and their innate immune response at an early stage of infection. Aedes albopictus was more susceptible to infection with MAYV than Ae. aegypti. Analysis of transcript levels of twenty immunity-related genes by real-time PCR in the midgut of both mosquitoes infected with MAYV revealed increased expression of several immune genes, including CLIP-domain serine proteases, the anti-microbial peptides defensin A, E, cecropin E, and the virus inducible gene. The regulation of certain genes appeared to be Aedes species-dependent. Infection of Ae. aegypti with MAYV resulted in increased levels of myeloid differentiation2-related lipid recognition protein (ML26A) transcripts, as compared to Ae. albopictus. Increased expression levels of thio-ester-containing protein 22 (TEP22) and Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) gene transcripts were observed in infected Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti. The differences in these gene expression levels during MAYV infection could explain the variation in susceptibility observed in both mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fodé Diop
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Haoues Alout
- ASTRE, INRA CIRAD (UMR117), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Michèle Bengue
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Cécile Baronti
- Unité des virus émergents, Aix Marseille Univ-IRD 190, Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Hamel
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Loïc Talignani
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florian Liegeois
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Julien Pompon
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Ronald E Morales Vargas
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des virus émergents, Aix Marseille Univ-IRD 190, Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC-IRD, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34394 Montpellier, France.
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24
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Takeshima M, Ogihara MH, Kataoka H. Sterol Characteristics in Silkworm Brain and Various Tissues Characterized by Precise Sterol Profiling Using LC-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194840. [PMID: 31569473 PMCID: PMC6801466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols, especially cholesterol (Chl), are fundamental for animal survival. Insects lacking the ability to synthesize Chl are sterol auxotrophic animals and utilize dietary Chl and phytosterols to survive. The sterols obtained from a diet are distributed to the tissues; however, sterol homeostasis in insect tissues remains to be elucidated. This study sought to understand the sterol characteristics of insect tissues through detailed sterol quantification and statistics. The combination of sterol quantification using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed tissue-specific sterol characteristics in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, a phytophagous insect. We found that insect tissues have tissue-intrinsic sterol profiles. The brain has a unique sterol composition as compared to other tissues—high concentration of Chl and less accumulation of phytosterols. Other tissues also have intrinsic sterol characteristics, which when defined by dietary sterols or Chl metabolites, indicate preference for a sterol and consistently manage their own sterol homeostasis. Though most tissues never change sterol profiles during development, the brain drastically changes its sterol profile at the wandering stage, indicating that it could alter sterol composition in preparation for metamorphosis. These results suggest the existence of tissue- and sterol-specific systems for sterol homeostasis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takeshima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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25
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Pan X, Neufeld TP, O'Connor MB. A Tissue- and Temporal-Specific Autophagic Switch Controls Drosophila Pre-metamorphic Nutritional Checkpoints. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2840-2851.e4. [PMID: 31422886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Properly timed production of steroid hormones by endocrine tissues regulates juvenile-to-adult transitions in both mammals (puberty) and holometabolous insects (metamorphosis). Nutritional conditions influence the temporal control of the transition, but the mechanisms responsible are ill defined. Here we demonstrate that autophagy acts as an endocrine organ-specific, nutritionally regulated gating mechanism to help ensure productive metamorphosis in Drosophila. Autophagy in the endocrine organ is specifically stimulated by nutrient restriction at the early, but not the late, third-instar larva stage. The timing of autophagy induction correlates with the nutritional checkpoints, which inhibit precocious metamorphosis during nutrient restriction in undersized larvae. Suppression of autophagy causes dysregulated pupariation of starved larvae, which leads to pupal lethality, whereas forced autophagy induction results in developmental delay/arrest in well-fed animals. Induction of autophagy disrupts production of the steroid hormone ecdysone at the time of pupariation not by destruction of hormone biosynthetic capacity but rather by limiting the availability of the steroid hormone precursor cholesterol in the endocrine cells via a lipophagy mechanism. Interestingly, autophagy in the endocrine organ functions by interacting with the endolysosome system, yet shows multiple features not fully consistent with a canonical autophagy process. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an autophagy mechanism in endocrine cells that helps shape the nutritional checkpoints and guarantee a successful juvenile-to-adult transition in animals confronting nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas P Neufeld
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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26
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Wisidagama DR, Thomas SM, Lam G, Thummel CS. Functional analysis of Aarf domain-containing kinase 1 in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:762-770. [PMID: 31175694 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ADCK proteins are predicted mitochondrial kinases. Most studies of these proteins have focused on the Abc1/Coq8 subfamily, which contributes to Coenzyme Q biosynthesis. In contrast, little is known about ADCK1 despite its evolutionary conservation in yeast, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. RESULTS We show that Drosophila ADCK1 mutants die as second instar larvae with double mouth hooks and tracheal breaks. Tissue-specific genetic rescue and RNAi studies show that ADCK1 is necessary and sufficient in the trachea for larval viability. In addition, tracheal-rescued ADCK1 mutant adults have reduced lifespan, are developmentally delayed, have reduced body size, and normal levels of basic metabolites. CONCLUSION The larval lethality and double mouth hooks seen in ADCK1 mutants are often associated with reduced levels of the steroid hormone ecdysone, suggesting that this gene could contribute to controlling ecdysone levels or bioavailability. Similarly, the tracheal defects in these animals could arise from defects in intracellular lipid trafficking. These studies of ADCK1 provide a new context to define the physiological functions of this poorly understood member of the ADCK family of predicted mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona R Wisidagama
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stefan M Thomas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Geanette Lam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carl S Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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27
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Bialistoky T, Manry D, Smith P, Ng C, Kim Y, Zamir S, Moyal V, Kalifa R, Schedl P, Gerlitz O, Deshpande G. Functional analysis of Niemann-Pick disease type C family protein, NPC1a, in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2019; 146:dev.168427. [PMID: 31092503 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic gonad coalescence, primordial germ cells (PGCs) follow a carefully choreographed migratory route circumscribed by guidance signals towards somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs). In Drosophila melanogaster, SGP-derived Hedgehog (Hh), which serves as a guidance cue for the PGCs, is potentiated by mesodermally restricted HMGCoA-reductase (Hmgcr) and the ABC transporter Multi-drug-resistant-49 (Mdr49). Given the importance of cholesterol modification in the processing and long-distance transmission of the Hh ligand, we have analyzed the involvement of the Niemann-Pick disease type C-1a (NPC1a) protein, a cholesterol transporter, in germ cell migration and Hedgehog signaling. We show that mesoderm-specific inactivation of Npc1a results in germ cell migration defects. Similar to Mdr49, PGC migration defects in the Npc1a embryos are ameliorated by a cholesterol-rich diet. Consistently, reduction in Npc1a weakens the ability of ectopic HMG Coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr) to induce germ cell migration defects. Moreover, compromising Npc1a levels influences Hh signaling adversely during wing development, a process that relies upon long-range Hh signaling. Last, doubly heterozygous embryos (Mdr49/Npc1a) display enhanced germ cell migration defects when compared with single mutants (Npc1a/+ or Mdr49/+), supporting cooperative interaction between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzofia Bialistoky
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Diane Manry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Peyton Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Christopher Ng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Yunah Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Sol Zamir
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Moyal
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Kalifa
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Offer Gerlitz
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Girish Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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28
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Liu Y, Ji Y, Li X, Shui G, Huang X. Lipid storage regulator CdsA is essential for Drosophila metamorphosis. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:231-234. [PMID: 31072795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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29
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Fog CK, Kirkegaard T. Animal models for Niemann-Pick type C: implications for drug discovery & development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:499-509. [PMID: 30887840 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1588882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a neurovisceral, progressively detrimental lysosomal storage disease with very limited therapeutic options and no approved treatment available in the US. Despite its rarity, NPC has seen increased drug developmental efforts over the past decade, culminating in the completion of two potential registration trials in 2018. Areas covered: This review highlights the many available animal models that have been developed in the field and briefly covers classical and new cell technologies. This review provides a high-level evaluation and prioritization of the various models with regard to efficient and clinically translatable drug development, and briefly discusses the relevant developments and opportunities pertaining to this. Expert opinion: With a number of in vitro and in vivo models available, and with having several drugs, all with various mechanisms of action, either approved or in late stage development, the NPC field is in an exciting time. One of the challenges for researchers and developers will be the ability to make use of the lessons learnt from existing late-stage programs as well as the incorporation not only of the opportunities but also the limitations of the many models into successful drug discovery and translational development programs.
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30
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Lin Y, Cai X, Wang G, Ouyang G, Cao H. Model construction of Niemann-Pick type C disease in zebrafish. Biol Chem 2019; 399:903-910. [PMID: 29897878 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a rare human disease, with limited effective treatment options. Most cases of NPC disease are associated with inactivating mutations of the NPC1 gene. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the NPC1 pathogenesis remain poorly defined. This is partly due to the lack of a suitable animal model to monitor the disease progression. In this study, we used CRISPR to construct an NPC1-/- zebrafish model, which faithfully reproduced the cardinal pathological features of this disease. In contrast to the wild type (WT), the deletion of NPC1 alone caused significant hepatosplenomegaly, ataxia, Purkinje cell death, increased lipid storage, infertility and reduced body length and life span. Most of the NPC1-/- zebrafish died within the first month post fertilization, while the remaining specimens developed slower than the WT and died before reaching 8 months of age. Filipin-stained hepatocytes of the NPC1-/- zebrafish were clear, indicating abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. Lipid profiling showed a significant difference between NPC1-/- and WT zebrafish. An obvious accumulation of seven sphingolipids was detected in livers of NPC1-/- zebrafish. In summary, our results provide a valuable model system that could identify promising therapeutic targets and treatments for the NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7#, Wuhan 430072, China
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31
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Bar S, Prasad M, Datta R. Neuromuscular degeneration and locomotor deficit in a Drosophila model of mucopolysaccharidosis VII is attenuated by treatment with resveratrol. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm036954. [PMID: 30459155 PMCID: PMC6262814 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII) is a recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by β-glucuronidase enzyme deficiency. The disease is characterized by widespread accumulation of non-degraded or partially degraded glycosaminoglycans, leading to cellular and multiple tissue dysfunctions. The patients exhibit diverse clinical symptoms, and eventually succumb to premature death. The only possible remedy is the recently approved enzyme replacement therapy, which is an expensive, invasive and lifelong treatment procedure. Small-molecule therapeutics for MPS VII have so far remained elusive primarily due to lack of molecular insights into the disease pathogenesis and unavailability of a suitable animal model that can be used for rapid drug screening. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model of MPS VII by knocking out the CG2135 gene, the fly β-glucuronidase orthologue. The CG2135-/- fly recapitulated cardinal features of MPS VII, such as reduced lifespan, progressive motor impairment and neuropathological abnormalities. Loss of dopaminergic neurons and muscle degeneration due to extensive apoptosis was implicated as the basis of locomotor deficit in this fly. Such hitherto unknown mechanistic links have considerably advanced our understanding of the MPS VII pathophysiology and warrant leveraging this genetically tractable model for deeper enquiry about the disease progression. We were also prompted to test whether phenotypic abnormalities in the CG2135-/- fly can be attenuated by resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with potential health benefits. Indeed, resveratrol treatment significantly ameliorated neuromuscular pathology and restored normal motor function in the CG2135-/- fly. This intriguing finding merits further preclinical studies for developing an alternative therapy for MPS VII.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohit Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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32
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A cell surface protein controls endocrine ring gland morphogenesis and steroid production. Dev Biol 2018; 445:16-28. [PMID: 30367846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identification of signals for systemic adaption of hormonal regulation would help to understand the crosstalk between cells and environmental cues contributing to growth, metabolic homeostasis and development. Physiological states are controlled by precise pulsatile hormonal release, including endocrine steroids in human and ecdysteroids in insects. We show in Drosophila that regulation of genes that control biosynthesis and signaling of the steroid hormone ecdysone, a central regulator of developmental progress, depends on the extracellular matrix protein Obstructor-A (Obst-A). Ecdysone is produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), where sensory neurons projecting axons from the brain integrate stimuli for endocrine control. By defining the extracellular surface, Obst-A promotes morphogenesis and axonal growth in the PG. This process requires Obst-A-matrix reorganization by Clathrin/Wurst-mediated endocytosis. Our data identifies the extracellular matrix as essential for endocrine ring gland function, which coordinates physiology, axon morphogenesis, and developmental programs. As Obst-A and Wurst homologs are found among all arthropods, we propose that this mechanism is evolutionary conserved.
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33
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Obniski R, Sieber M, Spradling AC. Dietary Lipids Modulate Notch Signaling and Influence Adult Intestinal Development and Metabolism in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2018; 47:98-111.e5. [PMID: 30220569 PMCID: PMC6894183 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis involves a complex balance of developmental signals and environmental cues that dictate stem cell function. We found that dietary lipids control enteroendocrine cell production from Drosophila posterior midgut stem cells. Dietary cholesterol influences new intestinal cell differentiation in an Hr96-dependent manner by altering the level and duration of Notch signaling. Exogenous lipids modulate Delta ligand and Notch extracellular domain stability and alter their trafficking in endosomal vesicles. Lipid-modulated Notch signaling occurs in other nutrient-dependent tissues, suggesting that Delta trafficking in many cells is sensitive to cellular sterol levels. These diet-mediated alterations in young animals contribute to a metabolic program that persists after the diet changes. A low-sterol diet also slows the proliferation of enteroendocrine tumors initiated by Notch pathway disruption. Thus, a specific dietary nutrient can modify a key intercellular signaling pathway to shift stem cell differentiation and cause lasting changes in tissue structure and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Obniski
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Laboratories, Carnegie Institution for Science, 3520 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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34
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Moulos P, Alexandratos A, Nellas I, Dedos SG. Refining a steroidogenic model: an analysis of RNA-seq datasets from insect prothoracic glands. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:537. [PMID: 30005604 PMCID: PMC6045881 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prothoracic gland (PG), the principal steroidogenic organ of insects, has been proposed as a model for steroid hormone biosynthesis and regulation. RESULTS To validate the robustness of the model, we present an analysis of accumulated transcriptomic data from PGs of two model species, Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori. We identify that the common core components of the model in both species are encoded by nine genes. Five of these are Halloween genes whose expression differs substantially between the PGs of these species. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the PGs can be a model for steroid hormone synthesis and regulation within the context of mitochondrial cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis but beyond these core mechanisms, gene expression in insect PGs is too diverse to fit in a context-specific model and should be analysed within a species-specific framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Moulos
- HybridStat Predictive Analytics, Aiolou 19, 10551 Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center ‘Alexander Fleming’, Fleming 34, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Nellas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Skarlatos G. Dedos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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35
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Eichner C, Dondrup M, Nilsen F. RNA sequencing reveals distinct gene expression patterns during the development of parasitic larval stages of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1005-1029. [PMID: 29368347 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), an ectoparasitic copepod on salmonids, has become a major threat for the aquaculture industry. In search for new drugs and vaccines, transcriptome analysis is increasingly used to find differently regulated genes and pathways in response to treatment. However, the underlying gene expression changes going along with developmental processes could confound such analyses. The life cycle of L. salmonis consists of eight stages divided by moults. The developmental rate of salmon lice on the host is not uniform. Individual- and sex-related differences are found leading to individuals of unlike developmental status at same sampling time point after infection. In this study, we analyse L. salmonis from a time series by RNA sequencing applying a method of separating individuals of different instar age independent of sampling time point. Lice of four stages divided into up to four age groups within the stage were analysed in triplicate (total of 66 samples). Gene expression analysis shows that the method for sorting individuals was successful. Many genes show cyclic expression patterns over the moulting cycles. Overall gene expression differs more between lice of different age within the same stage than between lice of different stage but same instar age.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Dondrup
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - F Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Igarashi F, Ogihara MH, Iga M, Kataoka H. Cholesterol internalization and metabolism in insect prothoracic gland, a steroidogenic organ, via lipoproteins. Steroids 2018; 134:110-116. [PMID: 29410082 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary sterols including cholesterol and phytosterols are essential substrates for insect steroid hormone (ecdysteroid) synthesis in the prothoracic glands (PGs). In the silkworm Bombyx mori, one of the model species of insects, the steroidogenesis has been well demonstrated that cholesterol biotransformation into ecdysone in the PG cells. Because insects lack the ability to synthesize cellular sterol de novo, lipoprotein, lipophorin (Lp), has been thought to be the major cholesterol supply source; however, details of cholesterol behavior from Lp to the PG cells has not been analyzed till date. In this report, we developed Lp incorporation method using labeled cholesterols such as 22-NBD-cholesterol and cholesterol-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-d7 (cholesterol-d7), and analyzed the internalization and metabolism of cholesterol in PGs in vitro using the silkworm Bombyx mori. The internalization of cholesterol was visualized using 22-NBD-cholesterol. PGs showed an enriched cellular 22-NBD-cholesterol signal, which dissociated from the Lp localizing at the close area of cell membrane. The distribution pattern observed in the PGs was different from other tissues such as the brain, fat body, and Malpighian tubules, suggesting that the internalization of cholesterol in the PGs was distinct from other tissues. The metabolism of cholesterol was traced using LC-MS/MS methods to detect cholesterol-d7, 7-dehydrocholesterol-d7 (an expected intermediate metabolite), and the final product ecdysone-d6. 7-Dehydrocholesterol-d7 and ecdysone-d6 were detected in the PG culture incubated with labeled Lp, showing that the cholesterol of Lp was utilized for ecdysone synthesis in the PGs. Our results reveal the distinct behavior of cholesterol in the PGs, with the first direct evidence of biochemical fate of lipoprotein cholesterol in insect steroidogenic organ. This will aid in the understanding of the involvement of lipoprotein cholesterol in steroid hormone synthesis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Igarashi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba-Pref. 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba-Pref. 277-8562, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Iga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba-Pref. 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba-Pref. 277-8562, Japan.
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Zheng JC, Sun SL, Yue XR, Liu TX, Jing X. Phylogeny and evolution of the cholesterol transporter NPC1 in insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:157-166. [PMID: 29649482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are essential nutrients for eukaryotes. Insects are obligate sterol auxotrophs and must acquire this key nutrient from their diets. The digestive tract is the organ for absorbing nutrients as well as sterols from food. In mice, the Niemann-Pick type C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) gene is highly expressed in the intestine and is critical for cholesterol absorption. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms for the absorption of dietary sterols in insects have not been well studied. We annotated NPC1 genes in 39 insects from 10 orders using available genomic and transcriptomic information and inferred phylogenetic relationships. Insect NPC1 genes were grouped into two sister-clades, NPC1a and NPC1b, suggesting a likely duplication in the ancestor of insects. The former exhibited weaker gut-biased expression or a complete lack of tissue-biased expression, depending on the species, while the latter was highly enriched in the gut of three lepidopteran species. This result is similar to previous findings in Drosophila melanogaster. In insects, NPC1a accumulated non-synonymous substitutions at a lower rate than NPC1b. This pattern was consistent across orders, indicating that NPC1a evolved under stronger molecular constraint than NPC1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shao-Lei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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38
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Lamri A, Pigeyre M, Garver WS, Meyre D. The Extending Spectrum of NPC1-Related Human Disorders: From Niemann-Pick C1 Disease to Obesity. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:192-220. [PMID: 29325023 PMCID: PMC5888214 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein regulates the transport of cholesterol and fatty acids from late endosomes/lysosomes and has a central role in maintaining lipid homeostasis. NPC1 loss-of-function mutations in humans cause NPC1 disease, a rare autosomal-recessive lipid-storage disorder characterized by progressive and lethal neurodegeneration, as well as liver and lung failure, due to cholesterol infiltration. In humans, genome-wide association studies and post-genome-wide association studies highlight the implication of common variants in NPC1 in adult-onset obesity, body fat mass, and type 2 diabetes. Heterozygous human carriers of rare loss-of-function coding variants in NPC1 display an increased risk of morbid adult obesity. These associations have been confirmed in mice models, showing an important interaction with high-fat diet. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge for NPC1 variants in relationship to pleiotropic effects on metabolism. We provide evidence that NPC1 gene variations may predispose to common metabolic diseases by modulating steroid hormone synthesis and/or lipid homeostasis. We also propose several important directions of research to further define the complex roles of NPC1 in metabolism. This review emphasizes the contribution of NPC1 to obesity and its metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Lamri
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,INSERM 1190, European Genomics Institute for Diabetes, University of Lille, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - William S Garver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Neuronal-specific impairment of heparan sulfate degradation in Drosophila reveals pathogenic mechanisms for Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:38-47. [PMID: 29408731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting from the deficit of the N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) enzyme that leads to accumulation of partially-degraded heparan sulfate. MPS IIIA is characterized by severe neurological symptoms, clinically presenting as Sanfilippo syndrome, for which no effective therapy is available. The lysosomal SGSH enzyme is conserved in Drosophila and we have identified increased levels of heparan sulfate in flies with ubiquitous knockdown of SGSH/CG14291. Using neuronal specific knockdown of SGSH/CG14291 we have also observed a higher abundance of Lysotracker-positive puncta as well as increased expression of GFP tagged Ref(2)P supporting disruption to lysosomal function. We have also observed a progressive defect in climbing ability, a hallmark of neurological dysfunction. Genetic screens indicate proteins and pathways that can functionally modify the climbing phenotype, including autophagy-related proteins (Atg1 and Atg18), superoxide dismutase enzymes (Sod1 and Sod2) and heat shock protein (HSPA1). In addition, reducing heparan sulfate biosynthesis by knocking down sulfateless or slalom expression significantly worsens the phenotype; an important observation given that substrate inhibition is being evaluated clinically as a treatment for MPS IIIA. Identifying the cellular pathways that can modify MPS IIIA neuropathology is an essential step in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and/or ameliorate symptoms in children with Sanfilippo syndrome.
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40
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Cooperative Control of Ecdysone Biosynthesis in Drosophila by Transcription Factors Séance, Ouija Board, and Molting Defective. Genetics 2017; 208:605-622. [PMID: 29187506 PMCID: PMC5788525 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that control many aspects of development and physiology. During larval development, ecdysone is synthesized in an endocrine organ called the prothoracic gland through a series of ecdysteroidogenic enzymes encoded by the Halloween genes. The expression of the Halloween genes is highly restricted and dynamic, indicating that their spatiotemporal regulation is mediated by their tight transcriptional control. In this study, we report that three zinc finger-associated domain (ZAD)-C2H2 zinc finger transcription factors—Séance (Séan), Ouija board (Ouib), and Molting defective (Mld)—cooperatively control ecdysone biosynthesis in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Séan and Ouib act in cooperation with Mld to positively regulate the transcription of neverland and spookier, respectively, two Halloween genes. Remarkably, loss-of-function mutations in séan, ouib, or mld can be rescued by the expression of neverland, spookier, or both, respectively. These results suggest that the three transcription factors have distinct roles in coordinating the expression of just two genes in Drosophila. Given that neverland and spookier are located in constitutive heterochromatin, Séan, Ouib, and Mld represent the first example of a transcription factor subset that regulates genes located in constitutive heterochromatin.
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A Drosophila Genome-Wide Screen Identifies Regulators of Steroid Hormone Production and Developmental Timing. Dev Cell 2017; 37:558-70. [PMID: 27326933 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones control important developmental processes and are linked to many diseases. To systematically identify genes and pathways required for steroid production, we performed a Drosophila genome-wide in vivo RNAi screen and identified 1,906 genes with potential roles in steroidogenesis and developmental timing. Here, we use our screen as a resource to identify mechanisms regulating intracellular levels of cholesterol, a substrate for steroidogenesis. We identify a conserved fatty acid elongase that underlies a mechanism that adjusts cholesterol trafficking and steroidogenesis with nutrition and developmental programs. In addition, we demonstrate the existence of an autophagosomal cholesterol mobilization mechanism and show that activation of this system rescues Niemann-Pick type C1 deficiency that causes a disorder characterized by cholesterol accumulation. These cholesterol-trafficking mechanisms are regulated by TOR and feedback signaling that couples steroidogenesis with growth and ensures proper maturation timing. These results reveal genes regulating steroidogenesis during development that likely modulate disease mechanisms.
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42
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Deshpande G, Barr J, Gerlitz O, Lebedeva L, Shidlovskii Y, Schedl P. Cells on the move: Modulation of guidance cues during germ cell migration. Fly (Austin) 2017; 11:200-207. [PMID: 28300473 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1304332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster the progenitors of the germ-line stem cells, the primordial germ cells (PGCs) are formed on the outside surface of the early embryo, while the somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs) are specified during mid-embryogenesis. To form the primitive embryonic gonad, the PGCs travel from outside of the embryo, across the mid-gut and then migrate through the mesoderm to the SGPs. The migratory path of PGCs is dictated by a series of attractive and repulsive cues. Studies in our laboratory have shown that one of the key chemoattractants is the Hedgehog (Hh) ligand. Although, Hh is expressed in other cell types, the long-distance transmission of this ligand is specifically potentiated in the SGPs by the hmgcr isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. The distant transmission of the Hh ligand is gated by restricting expression of hmgcr to the SGPs. This is particularly relevant in light of the recent findings that an ABC transporter, mdr49 also acts in a mesoderm specific manner to release the germ cell attractant. Our studies have demonstrated that mdr49 functions in hh signaling likely via its role in the transport of cholesterol. Given the importance of cholesterol in the processing and long distance transmission of the Hh ligand, this observation has opened up an exciting avenue concerning the possible role of components of the sterol transport machinery in PGC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Deshpande
- a Department of Molecular Biology , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ , USA
| | - Justinn Barr
- a Department of Molecular Biology , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ , USA
| | - Offer Gerlitz
- b Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Lyubov Lebedeva
- c Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development . Institute of Gene Biology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Yulii Shidlovskii
- c Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development . Institute of Gene Biology , Moscow , Russia
| | - Paul Schedl
- a Department of Molecular Biology , Princeton University , Princeton , NJ , USA.,c Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development . Institute of Gene Biology , Moscow , Russia
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Deep sequencing of the prothoracic gland transcriptome reveals new players in insect ecdysteroidogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172951. [PMID: 28257485 PMCID: PMC5336252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that induce molting and determine developmental timing in arthropods. In insect larva, the prothoracic gland (PG) is a major organ for ecdysone synthesis and release. Released ecdysone is converted into the active form, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the peripheral tissues. All processes from ecdysone synthesis and release from the PG to its conversion to 20E are called ecdysteroidogenesis and are under the regulation of numerous factors expressed in the PG and peripheral tissues. Classical genetic approaches and recent transcriptomic screening in the PG identified several genes responsible for ecdysone synthesis and release, whereas the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. We analyzed RNA-seq data of the silkworm Bombyx mori PG and employed the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster GAL4/UAS binary RNAi system to comprehensively screen for genes involved in ecdysone synthesis and/or release. We found that the genes encoding δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase (CG3017/alas) and putative NAD kinase (CG33156) were highly expressed in the PG of both B. mori and D. melanogaster. Neither alas nor CG33156 RNAi-induced larvae could enter into the pupal stage, and they had a lower abundance of the active form ecdysteroids in their prolonged larval stage. These results demonstrated that alas and CG33156 are indispensable for ecdysteroidogenesis.
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Kuzu OF, Toprak M, Noory MA, Robertson GP. Effect of lysosomotropic molecules on cellular homeostasis. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:177-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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Duval R, Duplais C. Fluorescent natural products as probes and tracers in biology. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:161-193. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence is a remarkable property of many natural products in addition to their medicinal and biological value. Herein, we provide a review of these peculiar secondary metabolites to stimulate prospecting of them as original fluorescent tracers, endowed with unique photophysical properties and with applications in most fields of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Duval
- IRD
- UMR 216 IRD MERIT (Mère et Enfant face aux Infections Tropicales)
- Université Paris-Descartes
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | - Christophe Duplais
- CNRS
- UMR 8172 EcoFoG (Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane)
- AgroParisTech
- Cirad
- INRA
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46
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Hindle SJ, Hebbar S, Schwudke D, Elliott CJH, Sweeney ST. A saposin deficiency model in Drosophila: Lysosomal storage, progressive neurodegeneration and sensory physiological decline. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:77-87. [PMID: 27913291 PMCID: PMC5319729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saposin deficiency is a childhood neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) that can cause premature death within three months of life. Saposins are activator proteins that promote the function of lysosomal hydrolases that mediate the degradation of sphingolipids. There are four saposin proteins in humans, which are encoded by the prosaposin gene. Mutations causing an absence or impaired function of individual saposins or the whole prosaposin gene lead to distinct LSDs due to the storage of different classes of sphingolipids. The pathological events leading to neuronal dysfunction induced by lysosomal storage of sphingolipids are as yet poorly defined. We have generated and characterised a Drosophila model of saposin deficiency that shows striking similarities to the human diseases. Drosophila saposin-related (dSap-r) mutants show a reduced longevity, progressive neurodegeneration, lysosomal storage, dramatic swelling of neuronal soma, perturbations in sphingolipid catabolism, and sensory physiological deterioration. Our data suggests a genetic interaction with a calcium exchanger (Calx) pointing to a possible calcium homeostasis deficit in dSap-r mutants. Together these findings support the use of dSap-r mutants in advancing our understanding of the cellular pathology implicated in saposin deficiency and related LSDs. Drosophila model of PSD recapitulates neurodegenerative phenotype of human PSD. Preferential degeneration of sensory regions correlates with loss of sensory function. Sphingosine levels rise with age with an imbalance in sphingosine/ceramide ratios. Genetic interaction with the Na +/Ca + exchanger points to a calcium regulation deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarita Hebbar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | | | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Deshpande G, Manry D, Jourjine N, Mogila V, Mozes H, Bialistoky T, Gerlitz O, Schedl P. Role of the ABC transporter Mdr49 in Hedgehog signaling and germ cell migration. Development 2016; 143:2111-20. [PMID: 27122170 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Coalescence of the embryonic gonad in Drosophila melanogaster requires directed migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) towards somatic gonadal precursor cells (SGPs). It was recently proposed that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Mdr49 functions in the embryonic mesoderm to facilitate the transmission of the PGC attractant from the SGPs; however, the precise molecular identity of the Mdr49-dependent guidance signal remained elusive. Employing the loss- and gain-of-function strategies, we show that Mdr49 is a component of the Hedgehog (hh) pathway and it potentiates the signaling activity. This function is direct because in Mdr49 mutant embryos the Hh ligand is inappropriately sequestered in the hh-expressing cells. Our data also suggest that the role of Mdr49 is to provide cholesterol for the correct processing of the Hh precursor protein. Supporting this conclusion, PGC migration defects in Mdr49 embryos are substantially ameliorated by a cholesterol-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Diane Manry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Nicholas Jourjine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Vladic Mogila
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Henny Mozes
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tzofia Bialistoky
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Offer Gerlitz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
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48
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Bosch ME, Kielian T. Neuroinflammatory paradigms in lysosomal storage diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:417. [PMID: 26578874 PMCID: PMC4627351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) include approximately 70 distinct disorders that collectively account for 14% of all inherited metabolic diseases. LSDs are caused by mutations in various enzymes/proteins that disrupt lysosomal function, which impairs macromolecule degradation following endosome-lysosome and phagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagy, ultimately disrupting cellular homeostasis. LSDs are pathologically typified by lysosomal inclusions composed of a heterogeneous mixture of various proteins and lipids that can be found throughout the body. However, in many cases the CNS is dramatically affected, which may result from heightened neuronal vulnerability based on their post-mitotic state. Besides intrinsic neuronal defects, another emerging factor common to many LSDs is neuroinflammation, which may negatively impact neuronal survival and contribute to neurodegeneration. Microglial and astrocyte activation is a hallmark of many LSDs that affect the CNS, which often precedes and predicts regions where eventual neuron loss will occur. However, the timing, intensity, and duration of neuroinflammation may ultimately dictate the impact on CNS homeostasis. For example, a transient inflammatory response following CNS insult/injury can be neuroprotective, as glial cells attempt to remove the insult and provide trophic support to neurons. However, chronic inflammation, as seen in several LSDs, can promote neurodegeneration by creating a neurotoxic environment due to elevated levels of cytokines, chemokines, and pro-apoptotic molecules. Although neuroinflammation has been reported in several LSDs, the cellular basis and mechanisms responsible for eliciting neuroinflammatory pathways are just beginning to be defined. This review highlights the role of neuroinflammation in select LSDs and its potential contribution to neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Bosch
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE, USA
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Seaman JA, Alout H, Meyers JI, Stenglein MD, Dabiré RK, Lozano-Fuentes S, Burton TA, Kuklinski WS, Black WC, Foy BD. Age and prior blood feeding of Anopheles gambiae influences their susceptibility and gene expression patterns to ivermectin-containing blood meals. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:797. [PMID: 26471037 PMCID: PMC4608139 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ivermectin has been proposed as a novel malaria transmission control tool based on its insecticidal properties and unique route of acquisition through human blood. To maximize ivermectin’s effect and identify potential resistance/tolerance mechanisms, it is important to understand its effect on mosquito physiology and potential to shift mosquito population age-structure. We therefore investigated ivermectin susceptibility and gene expression changes in several age groups of female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Methods The effect of aging on ivermectin susceptibility was analyzed in three age groups (2, 6, and 14-days) of colonized female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes using standard survivorship assays. Gene expression patterns were then analyzed by transcriptome sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. RT-qPCR was used to validate transcriptional changes and also to examine expression in a different, colonized strain and in wild mosquitoes, both of which blood fed naturally on an ivermectin-treated person. Results Mosquitoes of different ages and blood meal history died at different frequencies after ingesting ivermectin. Mortality was lowest in 2-day old mosquitoes exposed on their first blood meal and highest in 6-day old mosquitoes exposed on their second blood meal. Twenty-four hours following ivermectin ingestion, 101 and 187 genes were differentially-expressed relative to control blood-fed, in 2 and 6-day groups, respectively. Transcription patterns of select genes were similar in membrane-fed, colonized, and naturally-fed wild vectors. Transcripts from several unexpected functional classes were highly up-regulated, including Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) genes, peritrophic matrix-associated genes, and immune-response genes, and these exhibited different transcription patterns between age groups, which may explain the observed susceptibility differences. Niemann-Pick Type 2 genes were the most highly up-regulated transcripts after ivermectin ingestion (up to 160 fold) and comparing phylogeny to transcriptional patterns revealed that NPCs have rapidly evolved and separate members respond to either blood meals or to ivermectin. Conclusion We present evidence of increased ivermectin susceptibility in older An. gambiae mosquitoes that had previously bloodfed. Differential expression analysis suggests complex midgut interactions resulting from ivermectin ingestion that likely involve blood meal digestion physiological responses, midgut microflora, and innate immune responses. Thus, the transcription of certain gene families is consistently affected by ivermectin ingestion, and may provide important clues to ivermectin’s broad effects on malaria vectors. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of ivermectin’s potential as a transmission control tool. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2029-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Seaman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Haoues Alout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Jacob I Meyers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institute de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre Muraz, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Ave de la Liberté, Bobo Dioulasso, Houet, 10400-000, Burkina Faso.
| | - Saul Lozano-Fuentes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Wojtek S Kuklinski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University 1692 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
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Llorens JV, Metzendorf C, Missirlis F, Lind MI. Mitochondrial iron supply is required for the developmental pulse of ecdysone biosynthesis that initiates metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:1229-38. [PMID: 26468126 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of ecdysone, the key hormone that signals the termination of larval growth and the initiation of metamorphosis in insects, is carried out in the prothoracic gland by an array of iron-containing cytochrome P450s, encoded by the halloween genes. Interference, either with iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in the prothoracic gland or with the ferredoxins that supply electrons for steroidogenesis, causes a block in ecdysone synthesis and developmental arrest in the third instar larval stage. Here we show that mutants in Drosophila mitoferrin (dmfrn), the gene encoding a mitochondrial carrier protein implicated in mitochondrial iron import, fail to grow and initiate metamorphosis under dietary iron depletion or when ferritin function is partially compromised. In mutant dmfrn larvae reared under iron replete conditions, the expression of halloween genes is increased and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), the active form of ecdysone, is synthesized. In contrast, addition of an iron chelator to the diet of mutant dmfrn larvae disrupts 20E synthesis. Dietary addition of 20E has little effect on the growth defects, but enables approximately one-third of the iron-deprived dmfrn larvae to successfully turn into pupae and, in a smaller percentage, into adults. This partial rescue is not observed with dietary supply of ecdysone's precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor in the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway. The findings reported here support the notion that a physiological supply of mitochondrial iron for the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and heme is required in the prothoracic glands of insect larvae for steroidogenesis. Furthermore, mitochondrial iron is also essential for normal larval growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Llorens
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christoph Metzendorf
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Maria I Lind
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, Uppsala, Sweden.
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