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Hu Y, Kong F, Guo H, Hua Y, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Qadeer A, Xiao Y, Cai Q, Ji S. Drosophila eIF3f1 mediates host immune defense by targeting dTak1. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1415-1435. [PMID: 38279019 PMCID: PMC10933477 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors have long been recognized for their critical roles in governing the translation of coding RNAs into peptides/proteins. However, whether they harbor functional activities at the post-translational level remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that eIF3f1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit f1), which encodes an archetypal deubiquitinase, is essential for the antimicrobial innate immune defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence indicate that the immunological function of eIF3f1 is dependent on the N-terminal JAMM (JAB1/MPN/Mov34 metalloenzymes) domain. Mechanistically, eIF3f1 physically associates with dTak1 (Drosophila TGF-beta activating kinase 1), a key regulator of the IMD (immune deficiency) signaling pathway, and mediates the turnover of dTak1 by specifically restricting its K48-linked ubiquitination. Collectively, these results provide compelling insight into a noncanonical molecular function of a translation initiation factor that controls the post-translational modification of a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Hu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institutes of Brain Science, Wannan Medical College, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Fanrui Kong
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhi Hua
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67400, France.
| | - Shanming Ji
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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2
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Yao X, Ni J, Lin L, Jin P, Ma F. The NF-κB/Relish Activates miR-308 to Negatively Regulate Imd Pathway Immune Signaling in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:591-600. [PMID: 37358278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The strength and duration of the NF-κB signaling response must be tightly modulated to avoid an inadequate or excessive immune response. Relish, a core NF-κB transcription factor of the Drosophila Imd pathway, can control the expression of antimicrobial peptides, including Dpt and AttA, to defend against Gram-negative bacterial infections, but whether Relish may regulate miRNA expression to participate in the immune response remains unclear. In this study, taking advantage of Drosophila S2 cells and different overexpression/knockout/knockdown flies, we first found that Relish could directly activate the expression of miR-308 to negatively regulate the immune response and promote the survival of Drosophila during Enterobacter cloacae infection. Second, our results demonstrated that Relish-mediated expression of miR-308 could suppress target gene Tab2 to attenuate the Drosophila Imd pathway signal during the middle and late stages of the immune response. Third, we detected the dynamic expression patterns of Dpt, AttA, Relish, miR-308, and Tab2 in wild-type flies after E. coli infection, which further revealed that the feedback regulatory loop of Relish-miR-308-Tab2 plays a crucial role in the immune response and homeostasis maintenance of the Drosophila Imd pathway. Overall, our present study not only illustrates an important mechanism by which this Relish-miR-308-Tab2 regulatory axis can negatively control the Drosophila immune response and participate in homeostasis maintenance but also provides new insights into the dynamic regulation of the NF-κB/miRNA expression network of animal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yao
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Ni
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Zhu Y, Liu L, Zhang C, Zhang C, Han T, Duan R, Jin Y, Guo H, She K, Xiao Y, Goto A, Cai Q, Ji S. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation contributes to Toll innate immune defense in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1099637. [PMID: 36741393 PMCID: PMC9893508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1099637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is engaged in regulating pleiotropic biological processes, with regard to retinal degeneration, intestinal homeostasis, and organismal development. The extent to which it functions in controlling the fly innate immune defense, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that blockade of the ERAD in fat bodies antagonizes the Toll but not the IMD innate immune defense in Drosophila. Genetic approaches further suggest a functional role of Me31B in the ERAD-mediated fly innate immunity. Moreover, we provide evidence that silence of Xbp1 other than PERK or Atf6 partially rescues the immune defects by the dysregulated ERAD in fat bodies. Collectively, our study uncovers an essential function of the ERAD in mediating the Toll innate immune reaction in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Renjie Duan
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China,School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yiheng Jin
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kan She
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Akira Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), Strasbourg, France
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France,*Correspondence: Qingshuang Cai, ; Shanming Ji,
| | - Shanming Ji
- Center for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China,*Correspondence: Qingshuang Cai, ; Shanming Ji,
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4
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Shen G, Li W, Wang Q. Deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) regulates antibacterial immunity and apoptosis in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108454. [PMID: 36442704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of target proteins is an important mechanism for cells to rapidly respond to changes in the external environment. The deubiquitinase, cylindromatosis (CYLD), is a tumor suppressor protein. CYLD from Drosophila melanogaster participates in the antimicrobial immune response. In vertebrates, CYLD also regulates bacterial-induced apoptosis. However, whether CYLD can regulate the bacterial-induced innate immune response in crustaceans is unknown. In the present study, we reported the identification and cloning of CYLD in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that EsCYLD was widely expressed in all the examined tissues and was upregulated in the hemolymph after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Knockdown of EsCYLD in hemocytes promoted the cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation of transcription factor Relish under V. parahaemolyticus stimulation and increased the expression of corresponding antimicrobial peptides. In vivo, silencing of EsCYLD promoted the removal of bacteria from the crabs and enhanced their survival. In addition, interfering with EsCYLD expression inhibited apoptosis of crab hemocytes caused by V. parahaemolyticus stimulation. In summary, our findings revealed that EsCYLD negatively regulates the nuclear translocation of Relish to affect the expression of corresponding antimicrobial peptides and regulates the apoptosis of crab hemocytes, thus indirectly participating in the innate immunity of E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehong Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Shen
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Cammarata-Mouchtouris A, Acker A, Goto A, Chen D, Matt N, Leclerc V. Dynamic Regulation of NF-κB Response in Innate Immunity: The Case of the IMD Pathway in Drosophila. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2304. [PMID: 36140409 PMCID: PMC9496462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoans have developed strategies to protect themselves from pathogenic attack. These preserved mechanisms constitute the immune system, composed of innate and adaptive responses. Among the two kinds, the innate immune system involves the activation of a fast response. NF-κB signaling pathways are activated during infections and lead to the expression of timely-controlled immune response genes. However, activation of NF-κB pathways can be deleterious when uncontrolled. Their regulation is necessary to prevent the development of inflammatory diseases or cancers. The similarity of the NF-κB pathways mediating immune mechanisms in insects and mammals makes Drosophila melanogaster a suitable model for studying the innate immune response and learning general mechanisms that are also relevant for humans. In this review, we summarize what is known about the dynamic regulation of the central NF-κB-pathways and go into detail on the molecular level of the IMD pathway. We report on the role of the nuclear protein Akirin in the regulation of the NF-κB Relish immune response. The use of the Drosophila model allows the understanding of the fine-tuned regulation of this central NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Acker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Akira Goto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Di Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Nicolas Matt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Leclerc
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), UPR9022, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Hua Y, Zhu Y, Hu Y, Kong F, Duan R, Zhang C, Zhang C, Zhang S, Jin Y, Ye Y, Cai Q, Ji S. A Feedback Regulatory Loop Involving dTrbd/dTak1 in Controlling IMD Signaling in Drosophila Melanogaster. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932268. [PMID: 35911722 PMCID: PMC9329959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative regulators of the inflammatory responses are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and organismal fitness. In Drosophila, the deubiquitinase (Dub) dTrbd selectively restricts the K63-linked ubiquitination modification of dTak1, a pivotal kinase of the IMD signaling pathway, to regulate the IMD innate immune response. However, which domain and how it functions to enable dTrbd's activity remain unexplored. Here, we provide compelling evidence showing that the NZF domain of dTrbd is essential for its association with dTak1. Meanwhile, the Linker region of dTrbd is involved in modulating its condensation, a functional state representing the Dub enzymatical activity of dTrbd. Of interest, the activated IMD signals following bacterial stimuli enhance the dTrbd/dTak1 interaction, as well as the condensate assembly and Dub enzymatical activity of dTrbd. Collectively, our studies shed light on the dual mechanisms by which the IMD signaling-mediated feedback loop of dTrbd/dTak1 precisely regulates the innate immune response in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Hua
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yangyang Zhu
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yixuan Hu
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fanrui Kong
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Renjie Duan
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shikun Zhang
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiheng Jin
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yizhu Ye
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingshuang Cai
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanming Ji
- Centre for Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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7
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Salem Wehbe L, Barakat D, Acker A, El Khoury R, Reichhart JM, Matt N, El Chamy L. Protein Phosphatase 4 Negatively Regulates the Immune Deficiency-NF-κB Pathway during the Drosophila Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1616-1626. [PMID: 34452932 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway shields Drosophila against bacterial infections. It regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides encoding genes through the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. Tight regulation of the signaling cascade ensures a balanced immune response, which is otherwise highly harmful. Several phosphorylation events mediate intracellular progression of the IMD pathway. However, signal termination by dephosphorylation remains largely elusive. Here, we identify the highly conserved protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) complex as a bona fide negative regulator of the IMD pathway. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of PP4-19c, PP4R2, and Falafel, which encode the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the phosphatase complex, respectively, caused a marked upregulation of bacterial-induced antimicrobial peptide gene expression in both Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells and adult flies. Deregulated IMD signaling is associated with reduced lifespan of PP4-deficient flies in the absence of any infection. In contrast, flies overexpressing this phosphatase are highly sensitive to bacterial infections. Altogether, our results highlight an evolutionarily conserved function of PP4c in the regulation of NF-κB signaling from Drosophila to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layale Salem Wehbe
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dana Barakat
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Adrian Acker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Rita El Khoury
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and.,Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Nicolas Matt
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Laure El Chamy
- Unité de Recherche Environnement, Génomique et Protéomique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, Beirut, Lebanon
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8
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Prakash P, Roychowdhury-Sinha A, Goto A. Verloren negatively regulates the expression of IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15549. [PMID: 34330981 PMCID: PMC8324896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is similar to the human tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling pathway and is preferentially activated by Gram-negative bacterial infection. Recent studies highlighted the importance of IMD pathway regulation as it is tightly controlled by numbers of negative regulators at multiple levels. Here, we report a new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, Verloren (Velo). Silencing of Velo led to constitutive expression of the IMD pathway dependent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Escherichia coli stimulation further enhanced the AMP expression. Epistatic analysis indicated that Velo knock-down mediated AMP upregulation is dependent on the canonical members of the IMD pathway. The immune fluorescent study using overexpression constructs revealed that Velo resides both in the nucleus and cytoplasm, but the majority (~ 75%) is localized in the nucleus. We also observed from in vivo analysis that Velo knock-down flies exhibit significant upregulation of the AMP expression and reduced bacterial load. Survival experiments showed that Velo knock-down flies have a short lifespan and are susceptible to the infection of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa. Taken together, these data suggest that Velo is an additional new negative regulator of the IMD pathway, possibly acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prakash
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Akira Goto
- INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), 67084, Strasbourg, France.
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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9
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Li R, Zhou H, Jia C, Jin P, Ma F. Drosophila Myc restores immune homeostasis of Imd pathway via activating miR-277 to inhibit imd/Tab2. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008989. [PMID: 32810129 PMCID: PMC7455005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Myc (dMyc), as a broad-spectrum transcription factor, can regulate the expression of a large number of genes to control diverse cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis. However, it remains largely unknown about whether dMyc can be involved in Drosophila innate immune response. Here, we have identified dMyc to be a negative regulator of Drosophila Imd pathway via the loss- and gain-of-function screening. We demonstrate that dMyc inhibits Drosophila Imd immune response via directly activating miR-277 transcription, which further inhibit the expression of imd and Tab2-Ra/b. Importantly, dMyc can improve the survival of flies upon infection, suggesting inhibiting Drosophila Imd pathway by dMyc is vital to restore immune homeostasis that is essential for survival. Taken together, our study not only reports a new dMyc-miR-277-imd/Tab2 axis involved in the negative regulation of Drosophila Imd pathway, and provides a new insight into the complex regulatory mechanism of Drosophila innate immune homeostasis maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaolong Jia
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (PJ); (FM)
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (PJ); (FM)
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10
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Arora S, Ligoxygakis P. Beyond Host Defense: Deregulation of Drosophila Immunity and Age-Dependent Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1574. [PMID: 32774336 PMCID: PMC7387716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders are a set of diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Apart from a small subset that are the result of well-defined inherited autosomal dominant gene mutations (e.g., those encoding the β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilins), our understanding of the genetic network that underscores their pathology, remains scarce. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) especially in Alzheimer's disease patients and research in Parkinson's disease have implicated inflammation and the innate immune response as risk factors. However, even if GWAS etiology points toward innate immunity, untangling cause, and consequence is a challenging task. Specifically, it is not clear whether predisposition to de-regulated immunity causes an inadequate response to protein aggregation (such as amyloid or α-synuclein) or is the direct cause of this aggregation. Given the evolutionary conservation of the innate immune response in Drosophila and humans, unraveling whether hyperactive immune response in glia have a protective or pathological role in the brain could be a potential strategy in combating age-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Arora
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Younes S, Al-Sulaiti A, Nasser EAA, Najjar H, Kamareddine L. Drosophila as a Model Organism in Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:214. [PMID: 32656090 PMCID: PMC7324642 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the genetic similarities and conserved pathways between a fruit fly and mammals, the use of the Drosophila model as a platform to unveil novel mechanisms of infection and disease progression has been justified and widely instigated. Gaining proper insight into host-pathogen interactions and identifying chief factors involved in host defense and pathogen virulence in Drosophila serves as a foundation to establish novel strategies for infectious disease prevention and control in higher organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Younes
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al-Sulaiti
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hoda Najjar
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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12
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Li R, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Zhou H, Jin P, Ma F. The miR-317 functions as a negative regulator of Toll immune response and influences Drosophila survival. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:19-27. [PMID: 30708026 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The miR-317 has been revealed to involve in the reproductive response and the larval ovary morphogenesis of Drosophila. However, whether the miR-317 can also regulate Drosophila innate immune responses, which remains unclear to date. Here we have verified that miR-317 can directly target the 3'UTR of Dif-Rc to down-regulate the expression levels of AMP Drs to negatively control Drosophila Toll immune response in vivo and vitro. Specially, the Dif is an important transcription factor of Toll pathway with four transcripts (Dif-Ra, Dif-Rb, Dif-Rc and Dif-Rd). Our results show that miR-317 only targets to Dif-Rc, but not Dif-Ra/b/d, implying that miRNAs can regulate different isoforms of an alternative splicing gene to fine tune immune responses and maintain homeostasis in post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the miR-317 sponge can restore the expression levels of Drs and Dif-Rc at mRNA and protein levels. Remarkably, during Gram-positive bacterial infection, the overexpressed miR-317 flies have poor survival outcome, whereas the knockout miR-317 flies have favorable survival compared to the control group, respectively, suggesting that the miR-317 might play a key role in Drosophila survival. Taken together, our current works not only reveal an innate immune function and a novel regulation pattern of miR-317, but also provide a new insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of immunity disorder influencing on Drosophila survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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13
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Kleino A, Silverman N. Regulation of the Drosophila Imd pathway by signaling amyloids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:16-23. [PMID: 30857831 PMCID: PMC6474834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flies elicit effective defense responses against numerous microbes. The responses against Gram-negative bacteria are mediated by the Imd pathway, an evolutionarily conserved NF-κB pathway recognizing meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-type peptidoglycan from bacterial cell walls. Several reviews already provide a detailed view of ligand recognition and signal transduction during Imd signaling, but the formation and regulation of the signaling complex immediately downstream of the peptidoglycan-sensing receptors is still elusive. In this review, we focus on the formation of the Imd amyloidal signaling center and post-translational modifications in the assembly and disassembly of the Imd signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kleino
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Neal Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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14
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Wang F, Xia Q. Back to homeostasis: Negative regulation of NF-κB immune signaling in insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:216-223. [PMID: 29908201 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis requires prompt activation and down-regulation of immune signaling pathways. This review attempts to summarize our current knowledge regarding the negative regulation of two NF-κB signaling pathways in insects, Toll and IMD pathway, which are mostly essential for host defense against bacteria and fungus. Various types of negative regulators and their mechanisms are discussed here with the emphasis on the prominent roles of ubiquitination. The counterbalance between these two pathways, the crosstalk with other physiological pathways, and the difference in their repertoires of negative regulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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15
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Aalto AL, Mohan AK, Schwintzer L, Kupka S, Kietz C, Walczak H, Broemer M, Meinander A. M1-linked ubiquitination by LUBEL is required for inflammatory responses to oral infection in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:860-876. [PMID: 30026495 PMCID: PMC6462001 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications such as ubiquitination play a key role in regulation of inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling. The Drosophila IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) Kenny is a central regulator of the Drosophila Imd pathway responsible for activation of the NF-κB Relish. We found the Drosophila E3 ligase and HOIL-1L interacting protein (HOIP) orthologue linear ubiquitin E3 ligase (LUBEL) to catalyse formation of M1-linked linear ubiquitin (M1-Ub) chains in flies in a signal-dependent manner upon bacterial infection. Upon activation of the Imd pathway, LUBEL modifies Kenny with M1-Ub chains. Interestingly, the LUBEL-mediated M1-Ub chains seem to be targeted both directly to Kenny and to K63-linked ubiquitin chains conjugated to Kenny by DIAP2. This suggests that DIAP2 and LUBEL work together to promote Kenny-mediated activation of Relish. We found LUBEL-mediated M1-Ub chain formation to be required for flies to survive oral infection with Gram-negative bacteria, for activation of Relish-mediated expression of antimicrobial peptide genes and for pathogen clearance during oral infection. Interestingly, LUBEL is not required for mounting an immune response against systemic infection, as Relish-mediated antimicrobial peptide genes can be expressed in the absence of LUBEL during septic injury. Finally, transgenic induction of LUBEL-mediated M1-Ub drives expression of antimicrobial peptide genes and hyperplasia in the midgut in the absence of infection. This suggests that M1-Ub chains are important for Imd signalling and immune responses in the intestinal epithelia, and that enhanced M1-Ub chain formation is able to drive chronic intestinal inflammation in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Aalto
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, BioCity, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Aravind K Mohan
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, BioCity, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Lukas Schwintzer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kupka
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christa Kietz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, BioCity, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Meike Broemer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Meinander
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, BioCity, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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16
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Zhai Z, Huang X, Yin Y. Beyond immunity: The Imd pathway as a coordinator of host defense, organismal physiology and behavior. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:51-59. [PMID: 29146454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The humoral arm of host defense in Drosophila relies on two evolutionarily conserved NFκB signaling cascades, the Toll and the immune deficiency (Imd) pathways. The Imd signaling pathway senses and neutralizes Gram-negative bacteria. Its activity is tightly adjusted, allowing the host to simultaneously prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria and tolerate beneficial gut microbiota. Over-activation of Imd signaling is detrimental at least in part by causing gut dysbiosis that further exacerbates intestinal pathologies. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that the Imd pathway or its components also play non-immune roles. In this review, we summarize recent advances in Imd signal transduction, discuss the gut-microbiota interactions mediated by Imd signaling, and finally elaborate on its diverse physiological functions beyond immunity. Understanding the multifaceted physiological outputs of Imd activation will help integrate its immune role into the regulation of whole organismal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhao Zhai
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | | | - Yulong Yin
- Changsha Medical University, 410125 Changsha, China; Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, Hunan, China
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17
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Wei G, Sun L, Li R, Li L, Xu J, Ma F. Dynamic miRNA-mRNA regulations are essential for maintaining Drosophila immune homeostasis during Micrococcus luteus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:210-224. [PMID: 29198775 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen bacteria infections can lead to dynamic changes of microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles, which may control synergistically the outcome of immune responses. To reveal the role of dynamic miRNA-mRNA regulation in Drosophila innate immune responses, we have detailedly analyzed the paired miRNA and mRNA expression profiles at three time points during Drosophila adult males with Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) infection using RNA- and small RNA-seq data. Our results demonstrate that differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs represent extensively dynamic changes over three time points during Drosophila with M. luteus infection. The pathway enrichment analysis indicates that differentially expressed genes are involved in diverse signaling pathways, including Toll and Imd as well as orther signaling pathways at three time points during Drosophila with M. luteus infection. Remarkably, the dynamic change of miRNA expression is delayed by compared to mRNA expression change over three time points, implying that the "time" parameter should be considered when the function of miRNA/mRNA is further studied. In particular, the dynamic miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks have shown that miRNAs may synergistically regulate gene expressions of different signaling pathways to promote or inhibit innate immune responses and maintain homeostasis in Drosophila, and some new regulators involved in Drosophila innate immune response have been identified. Our findings strongly suggest that miRNA regulation is a key mechanism involved in fine-tuning cooperatively gene expressions of diverse signaling pathways to maintain innate immune response and homeostasis in Drosophila. Taken together, the present study reveals a novel role of dynamic miRNA-mRNA regulation in immune response to bacteria infection, and provides a new insight into the underlying molecular regulatory mechanism of Drosophila innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyun Wei
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lianjie Sun
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ruimin Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; Laboratory of Intelligent Computation, School of Computer Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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18
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Hadweh P, Chaitoglou I, Gravato-Nobre MJ, Ligoxygakis P, Mosialos G, Hatzivassiliou E. Functional analysis of the C. elegans cyld-1 gene reveals extensive similarity with its human homolog. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191864. [PMID: 29394249 PMCID: PMC5796713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cylindromatosis tumor suppressor (HsCyld) has attracted extensive attention due to its association with the development of multiple types of cancer. HsCyld encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme (HsCYLD) with a broad range of functions that include the regulation of several cell growth, differentiation and death pathways. HsCyld is an evolutionarily conserved gene. Homologs of HsCyld have been identified in simple model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) which offer extensive possibilities for functional analyses. In the present report we have investigated and compared the functional properties of HsCYLD and its C. elegans homolog (CeCYLD). As expected from the mammalian CYLD expression pattern, the CeCyld promoter is active in multiple tissues with certain gastrointestinal epithelia and neuronal cells showing the most prominent activity. CeCYLD is a functional deubiquitinating enzyme with similar specificity to HsCYLD towards K63- and M1-linked polyubiquiting chains. CeCYLD was capable of suppressing the TRAF2-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and AP1 similarly to HsCYLD. Finally, CeCYLD could suppress the induction of TNF-dependent gene expression in mammalian cells similarly to HsCYLD. Our results demonstrate extensively overlapping functions between the HsCYLD and CeCYLD, which establish the C. elegans protein as a valuable model for the elucidation of the complex activity of the human tumor suppressor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hadweh
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Iro Chaitoglou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | | | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford,South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Mosialos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Eudoxia Hatzivassiliou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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NF-κB Immunity in the Brain Determines Fly Lifespan in Healthy Aging and Age-Related Neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2018; 19:836-848. [PMID: 28445733 PMCID: PMC5413584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, innate immunity progresses to a chronically active state. However, what distinguishes those that “age well” from those developing age-related neurological conditions is unclear. We used Drosophila to explore the cost of immunity in the aging brain. We show that mutations in intracellular negative regulators of the IMD/NF-κB pathway predisposed flies to toxic levels of antimicrobial peptides, resulting in early locomotor defects, extensive neurodegeneration, and reduced lifespan. These phenotypes were rescued when immunity was suppressed in glia. In healthy flies, suppressing immunity in glial cells resulted in increased adipokinetic hormonal signaling with high nutrient levels in later life and an extension of active lifespan. Thus, when levels of IMD/NF-κB deviate from normal, two mechanisms are at play: lower levels derepress an immune-endocrine axis, which mobilizes nutrients, leading to lifespan extension, whereas higher levels increase antimicrobial peptides, causing neurodegeneration. Immunity in the fly brain is therefore a key lifespan determinant. Constitutive immunity predisposes to short lifespan with severe neurodegeneration Blocking constitutive immunity in glia rescues predisposed flies Suppression of immunity in glia of healthy flies triggers adipokinetic signaling This immune-endocrine axis mobilizes nutrients and extends active lifespan
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20
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Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in mammary epithelial cells upregulates the expression of tumor suppressor Cyld to mediate growth inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 82:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Tanaka H, Sagisaka A. Identification and functional analysis of pointed homologs in Bombyx mori. Gene 2016; 604:22-32. [PMID: 27988233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Using gene-knockdown techniques, we searched for endogenous Ets family proteins involved in the regulation of Escherichia coli-dependent lebocin promoter activation in the E. coli-responsive silkworm cell line NIAS-Bm-aff3. Results showed that the gene knockdown of BmPointeds (BmPNTs), Drosophila Pointed orthologs, enhanced E. coli-dependent lebocin promoter activation, suggesting that endogenous BmPNTs repress the activation of this promoter. Furthermore, we found that i) the BmPNT gene produced at least two alternative splicing isoforms, BmPNT1 and BmPNT2, both of which function as repressors; ii) BmPNTs were not associated with an already-reported repressor element, most proximal GGAA/T motif (EtsRE3), in lebocin promoter, which plays a role in the repression of E. coli- and BmRelish1-dependent lebocin promoter activation; iii) although BmPNTs did not directly affect BmRelish1-dependent lebocin promoter activation, they were able to directly repress its activation on the promoter lacking EtsRE3, probably because of competitive inhibition of binding of BmRelish1 to κB sites by BmPNTs; and iv) BmPNTs were mainly expressed in larval hemocytes, and the gene expression levels of BmPNT2, but not of BmPNT1, were decreased in response to E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. These findings suggest that endogenous BmPNTs are directly and indirectly involved in the repression of E. coli-mediated lebocin promoter activation in NIAS-Bm-aff3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Tanaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Aki Sagisaka
- Insect-Microbe Research Unit, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
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22
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Xiong XP, Kurthkoti K, Chang KY, Li JL, Ren X, Ni JQ, Rana TM, Zhou R. miR-34 Modulates Innate Immunity and Ecdysone Signaling in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006034. [PMID: 27893816 PMCID: PMC5125713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are endogenous small regulatory RNAs that modulate myriad biological processes by repressing target gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Here we show that the conserved miRNA miR-34 regulates innate immunity and ecdysone signaling in Drosophila. miR-34 over-expression activates antibacterial innate immunity signaling both in cultured cells and in vivo, and flies over-expressing miR-34 display improved survival and pathogen clearance upon Gram-negative bacterial infection; whereas miR-34 knockout animals are defective in antibacterial defense. In particular, miR-34 achieves its immune-stimulatory function, at least in part, by repressing the two novel target genes Dlg1 and Eip75B. In addition, our study reveals a mutual repression between miR-34 expression and ecdysone signaling, and identifies miR-34 as a node in the intricate interplay between ecdysone signaling and innate immunity. Lastly, we identify cis-regulatory genomic elements and trans-acting transcription factors required for optimal ecdysone-mediated repression of miR-34. Taken together, our study enriches the repertoire of immune-modulating miRNAs in animals, and provides new insights into the interplay between steroid hormone signaling and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
| | - Krishna Kurthkoti
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
| | - Kung-Yen Chang
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, California, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xingjie Ren
- Gene Regulatory Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, California, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhou
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Mistry R, Kounatidis I, Ligoxygakis P. Exploring interactions between pathogens and the Drosophila gut. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:3-10. [PMID: 26876781 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infection can provoke substantial disturbance at both a local as well as at a systemic level and may evolve into a chronic disease state. Our growing knowledge of gut-pathogen interactions has been based to a large extent on the use of genetically tractable model hosts such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this review we will summarise the growing literature and critically address the advantages and disadvantages of using this model to extrapolate results from studying pathogen virulence and intestinal responses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Mistry
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Rd, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Rd, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Lab, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Park Rd, OX1 3QU Oxford, UK.
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24
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Asaoka T, Almagro J, Ehrhardt C, Tsai I, Schleiffer A, Deszcz L, Junttila S, Ringrose L, Mechtler K, Kavirayani A, Gyenesei A, Hofmann K, Duchek P, Rittinger K, Ikeda F. Linear ubiquitination by LUBEL has a role in Drosophila heat stress response. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1624-1640. [PMID: 27702987 PMCID: PMC5090701 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOIP ubiquitin E3 ligase generates linear ubiquitin chains by forming a complex with HOIL‐1L and SHARPIN in mammals. Here, we provide the first evidence of linear ubiquitination induced by a HOIP orthologue in Drosophila. We identify Drosophila CG11321, which we named Linear Ubiquitin E3 ligase (LUBEL), and find that it catalyzes linear ubiquitination in vitro. We detect endogenous linear ubiquitin chain‐derived peptides by mass spectrometry in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells and adult flies. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we establish linear ubiquitination‐defective flies by mutating residues essential for the catalytic activity of LUBEL. Linear ubiquitination signals accumulate upon heat shock in flies. Interestingly, flies with LUBEL mutations display reduced survival and climbing defects upon heat shock, which is also observed upon specific LUBEL depletion in muscle. Thus, LUBEL is involved in the heat response by controlling linear ubiquitination in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Asaoka
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jorge Almagro
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Ehrhardt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Tsai
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alexander Schleiffer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Luiza Deszcz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sini Junttila
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonie Ringrose
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin IRI for the Life Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Attila Gyenesei
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Duchek
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Rittinger
- Molecular Structure of Cell Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
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25
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Lamiable O, Meignin C, Imler JL. WntD and Diedel: Two immunomodulatory cytokines in Drosophila immunity. Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:187-94. [PMID: 27314646 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1202387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made on the understanding of the basic mechanisms of innate immunity in flies, from sensing infection to production of effector molecules. However, how the immune response is orchestrated at the level of the organism remains poorly understood. While cytokines activating immune responses, such as Spaetzle or Unpaired-3, have been identified and characterized in Drosophila, much less is known regarding immunosuppressor cytokines. In a recent publication, we reported the identification of a novel cytokine, Diedel, which acts as systemic negative regulator of the IMD pathway. Here, we discuss the similarities between Diedel and WntD, another immunomodulatory cytokine and present evidence that the 2 molecules act independently from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lamiable
- a CNRS UPR9022 , Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France
| | - Carine Meignin
- a CNRS UPR9022 , Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France.,b Faculté des Sciences de la Vie , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- a CNRS UPR9022 , Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg , France.,b Faculté des Sciences de la Vie , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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26
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Baillon L, Oses J, Pierron F, Bureau du Colombier S, Caron A, Normandeau E, Lambert P, Couture P, Labadie P, Budzinski H, Dufour S, Bernatchez L, Baudrimont M. Gonadal transcriptome analysis of wild contaminated female European eels during artificial gonad maturation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:303-309. [PMID: 26159298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, the population of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) has dramatically declined. Nowadays, the European eel is listed on the red list of threatened species (IUCN Red List) and is considered as critically endangered of extinction. Pollution is one of the putative causes for the collapse of this species. Among their possible effects, contaminants gradually accumulated in eels during their somatic growth phase (yellow eel stage) would be remobilized during their reproductive migration leading to potential toxic events in gonads. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic contaminants on the gonad development of wild female silver eels. Female silver eels from two sites with differing contamination levels were artificially matured. Transcriptomic analyses by means of a 1000 candidate gene cDNA microarray were performed on gonads after 11weeks of maturation to get insight into the mechanisms of toxicity of contaminants. The transcription levels of several genes, that were associated to the gonadosomatic index (GSI), were involved in mitotic cell division but also in gametogenesis. Genes associated to contaminants were mainly involved in the mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress, in DNA repair, in the purinergic signaling pathway and in steroidogenesis, suggesting an impairment of gonad development in eels from the polluted site. This was in agreement with the fact that eels from the reference site showed a higher gonad growth in comparison to contaminated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Baillon
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Jennifer Oses
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Fabien Pierron
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France.
| | | | - Antoine Caron
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA UPMC, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, UCBN, 7 rue Cuvier CP 32, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Lambert
- Irtsea, UR EABX, 50 avenue de Verdun-Gazinet, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Patrice Couture
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Pierre Labadie
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA UPMC, CNRS 7208, IRD 207, UCBN, 7 rue Cuvier CP 32, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Magalie Baudrimont
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, F-33400 Talence, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400 Talence, France
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27
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Wang S, Li H, Qian Z, Song X, Zhang Z, Zuo H, Xu X, Weng S, He J, Li C. Identification and functional characterization of the TAB2 gene from Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:206-216. [PMID: 26102459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila, TAB2, an important intermediate in the IMD signaling pathway, plays critical roles in the innate immune response in response to bacterial and viral infection. However, the role of TAB-related proteins in the immune response of shrimp has not yet been established. Here, we reported the identification of a TAB2-like gene in Litopenaeus vannamei designated as LvTAB2. The full-length cDNA of LvTAB2 was 2160 bp with an open reading frame of 1827 bp, which encoded a putative protein of 608 amino acids including a ubiquitin binding domain (CUE) at the N-terminal and a Zinc Finger domain (ZnF) at the C-terminus. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that LvTAB2 was expressed in all tested tissues and the expression levels of LvTAB2 in gills and hemocytes were positively induced in response to LPS, Vibrio parahemolyticus and White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) challenges. Dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that LvTAB2 was able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes, including Drosophila Attacin A and shrimp Penaeidins. Interestingly, over-expression of LvTAB2 could up-regulate the promoter activities of L. vannamei Vago1, Vago3 and Vago4 genes in S2 cells. To our knowledge, it was the first report that TAB2 participated in innate immune signaling to regulate the expression of Vago genes in invertebrates. Moreover, RNAi-mediated knockdown of LvTAB2 enhanced sensitivity of L. vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection and caused elevated virus loads after WSSV infection. We suggested that the LvTAB2 may play important roles in the shrimp innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Haoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuan Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Chaozheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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28
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Abstract
Immune responses and metabolic regulation are tightly coupled in all animals, but the underlying mechanistic connections are nowhere completely clear. In flies and in humans, prolonged or excessive immune activation can drive metabolic disruption and cause loss of metabolic stores. Conversely, disruptions of metabolic homeostasis, such as periods of malnutrition, can have significant impacts on immune function. We have recently identified the transcription factor MEF2 as a critical switch between anabolic and immune function in the adult Drosophila fat body. A conserved phosphorylation determines the affinity of MEF2 for the TATA-binding protein, effecting a choice between energy storage and immune function. The goal of this review is to place this molecular event in the broader context of metabolic-immune interaction in Drosophila, exploring what is and is not known about the ties between these 2 critical physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dionne
- a Centre for the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation; King's College London School of Medicine; London, United Kingdom
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29
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Cao X, He Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Chen YR, Bryant B, Clem RJ, Schwartz LM, Blissard G, Jiang H. The immune signaling pathways of Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:64-74. [PMID: 25858029 PMCID: PMC4476939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways and their coordination are critically important for proper functioning of animal immune systems. Our knowledge of the constituents of the intracellular signaling network in insects mainly comes from genetic analyses in Drosophila melanogaster. To facilitate future studies of similar systems in the tobacco hornworm and other lepidopteran insects, we have identified and examined the homologous genes in the genome of Manduca sexta. Based on 1:1 orthologous relationships in most cases, we hypothesize that the Toll, Imd, MAPK-JNK-p38 and JAK-STAT pathways are intact and operative in this species, as are most of the regulatory mechanisms. Similarly, cellular processes such as autophagy, apoptosis and RNA interference probably function in similar ways, because their mediators and modulators are mostly conserved in this lepidopteran species. We have annotated a total of 186 genes encoding 199 proteins, studied their domain structures and evolution, and examined their mRNA levels in tissues at different life stages. Such information provides a genomic perspective of the intricate signaling system in a non-drosophiline insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yingxia Hu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bart Bryant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Gary Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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30
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Bandarra D, Biddlestone J, Mudie S, Müller HAJ, Rocha S. HIF-1α restricts NF-κB-dependent gene expression to control innate immunity signals. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:169-81. [PMID: 25510503 PMCID: PMC4314782 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and inflammation are intimately linked. It is known that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) regulates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system, but little is known about how HIF regulates NF-κB. Here, we show that HIF-1α represses NF-κB-dependent gene expression. HIF-1α depletion results in increased NF-κB transcriptional activity both in mammalian cells and in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. HIF-1α depletion enhances the NF-κB response, and this required not only the TAK-IKK complex, but also CDK6. Loss of HIF-1α results in an increased angiogenic response in mammalian cancer cells and increased mortality in Drosophila following infection. These results indicate that HIF-1α is required to restrain the NF-κB response, and thus prevents excessive and damaging pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bandarra
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - John Biddlestone
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sharon Mudie
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - H-Arno J Müller
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH, UK.
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31
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Chen Y, Wang Z, Wang P, Li D, Zhou J, Wu S. CYLD negatively regulates Hippo signaling by limiting Hpo phosphorylation in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:808-12. [PMID: 25201729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cylindromatosis (CYLD), a deubiquitinase and regulator of microtubule dynamics, has important roles in the regulation of inflammation, immune response, apoptosis, mitosis, cell migration and tumorigenesis. Although great progress has been made in the biochemical and cellular functions of CYLD, its role in animal development remains elusive. In this study, we identified Drosophila CYLD (dCYLD) as a negative regulator of the Hippo pathway in vivo. dCYLD associates and colocalizes with Hpo, a core component of the Hippo pathway, in the cytoplasm, and decreases Hpo activity through limiting its phosphorylation at T195. We also showed that dCYLD limits Hippo signal transduction as evidenced by decreasing phosphorylation and thereby increasing activity of Yki, the key downstream effector of the Hippo pathway. These findings uncover dCYLD as a negative regulator of the Hippo pathway and provide new insights into the physiological function of dCYLD in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zaizhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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32
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Abstract
Hypoxia, or low oxygen availability, is an important physiological and pathological stimulus for multicellular organisms. Molecularly, hypoxia activates a transcriptional programme directed at restoration of oxygen homoeostasis and cellular survival. In mammalian cells, hypoxia not only activates the HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) family, but also additional transcription factors such as NF-κB (nuclear factor κB). Here we show that hypoxia activates the IKK-NF-κB [IκB (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB)-NF-κB] pathway and the immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that NF-κB activation is required for organism survival in hypoxia. Finally, we identify a role for the tumour suppressor Cyld, as a negative regulator of NF-κB in response to hypoxia in Drosophila. The results indicate that hypoxia activation of the IKK-NF-κB pathway and the immune response is an important and evolutionary conserved response.
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33
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Myllymäki H, Valanne S, Rämet M. The Drosophila Imd Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3455-62. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Fernando MDA, Kounatidis I, Ligoxygakis P. Loss of Trabid, a new negative regulator of the drosophila immune-deficiency pathway at the level of TAK1, reduces life span. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004117. [PMID: 24586180 PMCID: PMC3930493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A relatively unexplored nexus in Drosophila Immune deficiency (IMD) pathway is TGF-beta Activating Kinase 1 (TAK1), which triggers both immunity and apoptosis. In a cell culture screen, we identified that Lysine at position 142 was a K63-linked Ubiquitin acceptor site for TAK1, required for signalling. Moreover, Lysine at position 156 functioned as a K48-linked Ubiquitin acceptor site, also necessary for TAK1 activity. The deubiquitinase Trabid interacted with TAK1, reducing immune signalling output and K63-linked ubiquitination. The three tandem Npl4 Zinc Fingers and the catalytic Cysteine at position 518 were required for Trabid activity. Flies deficient for Trabid had a reduced life span due to chronic activation of IMD both systemically as well as in their gut where homeostasis was disrupted. The TAK1-associated Binding Protein 2 (TAB2) was linked with the TAK1-Trabid interaction through its Zinc finger domain that pacified the TAK1 signal. These results indicate an elaborate and multi-tiered mechanism for regulating TAK1 activity and modulating its immune signal. Chronic activation of immune responses results in health problems including gastrointestinal infections, metabolic imbalances and inflammatory bowel diseases that may lead to colorectal cancer. Central to this, is the balance of activation/restriction of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) during innate immune responses. To study signaling through NF-κB, we use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a genetically tractable model system that reflects human biology (due to the evolutionary conservation between innate immunity in flies and mammals), while reducing the complexity of the human disease of interest. We have found a new negative regulator of the Drosophila NF-κB pathway named Trabid. Its loss released the pathway and resulted in constitutive immune activation both in the gut as well as in the whole fly. This spontaneous immune activation reduced life span in the absence of infection, especially when it was combined with loss of another known negative regulator of the same pathway, a protein named Pirk. Stem cell activity in the gut in a pirk;trabid double mutant was found to be significantly increased, as the gut was trying to balance enterocyte loss. Trabid was acting at the level of TGF-beta Activating Kinase 1 (TAK1), which triggers both immunity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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35
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Kleino A, Silverman N. The Drosophila IMD pathway in the activation of the humoral immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 42:25-35. [PMID: 23721820 PMCID: PMC3808521 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The IMD pathway signaling plays a pivotal role in the Drosophila defense against bacteria. During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in identifying the components and deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathway, including the means of bacterial sensing and signal transduction. While these findings have contributed to the understanding of the immune signaling in insects, they have also provided new insights in studying the mammalian NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the current view of the IMD pathway focusing on how it regulates the humoral immune response of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kleino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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36
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Kounatidis I, Ligoxygakis P. Drosophila as a model system to unravel the layers of innate immunity to infection. Open Biol 2013; 2:120075. [PMID: 22724070 PMCID: PMC3376734 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity relies entirely upon germ-line encoded receptors, signalling components and effector molecules for the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with its powerful collection of genetic and genomic tools has been the model of choice to develop ideas about innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions. Here, we review current research in the field, encompassing all layers of defence from the role of the microbiota to systemic immune activation, and attempt to speculate on future directions and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kounatidis
- Laboratory of Genes and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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37
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Aparicio R, Neyen C, Lemaitre B, Busturia A. dRYBP contributes to the negative regulation of the Drosophila Imd pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62052. [PMID: 23596533 PMCID: PMC3626645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila humoral innate immune response fights infection by producing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through the microbe-specific activation of the Toll or the Imd signaling pathway. Upon systemic infection, the production of AMPs is both positively and negatively regulated to reach a balanced immune response required for survival. Here, we report the function of the dRYBP (drosophila Ring and YY1 Binding Protein) protein, which contains a ubiquitin-binding domain, in the Imd pathway. We have found that dRYBP contributes to the negative regulation of AMP production: upon systemic infection with Gram-negative bacteria, Diptericin expression is up-regulated in the absence of dRYBP and down-regulated in the presence of high levels of dRYBP. Epistatic analyses using gain and loss of function alleles of imd, Relish, or skpA and dRYBP suggest that dRYBP functions upstream or together with SKPA, a member of the SCF-E3-ubiquitin ligase complex, to repress the Imd signaling cascade. We propose that the role of dRYBP in the regulation of the Imd signaling pathway is to function as a ubiquitin adaptor protein together with SKPA to promote SCF-dependent proteasomal degradation of Relish. Beyond the identification of dRYBP as a novel component of Imd pathway regulation, our results also suggest that the evolutionarily conserved RYBP protein may be involved in the human innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Aparicio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudine Neyen
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Busturia
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Ligoxygakis P. Genetics of Immune Recognition and Response in Drosophila host defense. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 83:71-97. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407675-4.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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The role of the IAP E3 ubiquitin ligases in regulating pattern-recognition receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:833-44. [PMID: 23124073 DOI: 10.1038/nri3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An inflammatory response is initiated when innate immune pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by different cell types detect constituents of invading microorganisms and endogenous intracellular molecules released by dying cells. The intracellular cascades activated by PRRs induce the expression and maturation of inflammatory molecules that coordinate the removal of the infectious agents and of the infected or damaged cells. In this Review, we discuss the findings implicating members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family in the ubiquitylation-dependent regulation of PRR signalling. Understanding the role of IAPs in innate immunity may open new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of PRR-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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40
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Tsigkari KK, Acevedo SF, Skoulakis EMC. 14-3-3ε Is required for germ cell migration in Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36702. [PMID: 22666326 PMCID: PMC3364263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 14-3-3 proteins participate in multiple biological processes, isoform-specific specialized functions, as well as functional redundancy are emerging with tissue and developmental stage-specificity. Accordingly, the two 14-3-3ε proteins in Drosophila exhibit functional specificity and redundancy. Homozygotes for loss of function alleles of D14-3-3ε contain significantly fewer germ line cells (pole cells) in their gonads, a phenotype not shared by mutants in the other 14-3-3 gene leo. We show that although D14-3-3ε is enriched within pole cells it is required in mesodermal somatic gonad precursor cells which guide pole cells in their migration through the mesoderm and coalesce with them to form the embryonic gonad. Loss of D14-3-3ε results in defective pole cell migration, reduced pole cell number. We present evidence that D14-3-3ε loss results in reduction or loss of the transcription factor Zfh-1, one of the main regulatory molecules of the pole cell migration, from the somatic gonad precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kirki Tsigkari
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
| | - Summer F. Acevedo
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
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41
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Ubiquitylation of the initiator caspase DREDD is required for innate immune signalling. EMBO J 2012; 31:2770-83. [PMID: 22549468 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases have been extensively studied as critical initiators and executioners of cell death pathways. However, caspases also take part in non-apoptotic signalling events such as the regulation of innate immunity and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). How caspases are activated under these conditions and process a selective set of substrates to allow NF-κB signalling without killing the cell remains largely unknown. Here, we show that stimulation of the Drosophila pattern recognition protein PGRP-LCx induces DIAP2-dependent polyubiquitylation of the initiator caspase DREDD. Signal-dependent ubiquitylation of DREDD is required for full processing of IMD, NF-κB/Relish and expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria. Our results identify a mechanism that positively controls NF-κB signalling via ubiquitin-mediated activation of DREDD. The direct involvement of ubiquitylation in caspase activation represents a novel mechanism for non-apoptotic caspase-mediated signalling.
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42
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Valanne S, Kallio J, Kleino A, Rämet M. Large-scale RNAi screens add both clarity and complexity to Drosophila NF-κB signaling. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:9-18. [PMID: 21930155 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB signaling is an immune response mechanism remarkably conserved through phylogeny. The genetically tractable model animal Drosophila melanogaster is an important model organism for studying NF-κB signaling in the immune response. Fruit flies have two NF-κB signaling pathways: the Toll and the Imd pathway. Traditional genetic screens have revealed many important aspects about the regulation of Drosophila NF-κB signaling and have helped us to also understand the immune response in humans. For example, the discovery that Toll like receptors are the main immune signaling molecules in mammals was based on work in flies. During the past decade high throughput RNA interference (RNAi)-based screening in cultured Drosophila cells has become a common method for identifying novel genes required for numerous cellular processes including NF-κB signaling. These screens have identified many novel positive and negative regulators of Drosophila NF-κB signaling thus enhancing our understanding of these signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Valanne
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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43
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A shared role for RBF1 and dCAP-D3 in the regulation of transcription with consequences for innate immunity. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002618. [PMID: 22496667 PMCID: PMC3320600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we discovered a conserved interaction between RB proteins and the Condensin II protein CAP-D3 that is important for ensuring uniform chromatin condensation during mitotic prophase. The Drosophila melanogaster homologs RBF1 and dCAP-D3 co-localize on non-dividing polytene chromatin, suggesting the existence of a shared, non-mitotic role for these two proteins. Here, we show that the absence of RBF1 and dCAP-D3 alters the expression of many of the same genes in larvae and adult flies. Strikingly, most of the genes affected by the loss of RBF1 and dCAP-D3 are not classic cell cycle genes but are developmentally regulated genes with tissue-specific functions and these genes tend to be located in gene clusters. Our data reveal that RBF1 and dCAP-D3 are needed in fat body cells to activate transcription of clusters of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. AMPs are important for innate immunity, and loss of either dCAP-D3 or RBF1 regulation results in a decrease in the ability to clear bacteria. Interestingly, in the adult fat body, RBF1 and dCAP-D3 bind to regions flanking an AMP gene cluster both prior to and following bacterial infection. These results describe a novel, non-mitotic role for the RBF1 and dCAP-D3 proteins in activation of the Drosophila immune system and suggest dCAP-D3 has an important role at specific subsets of RBF1-dependent genes. The retinoblastoma protein (pRB) is a tumor suppressor protein known for its ability to repress transcription of E2F-dependent genes and induce cell cycle arrest. We have previously shown that RB proteins in Drosophila and human cells interact with the Condensin II subunit, CAP-D3, in an E2F-independent manner. Condensins promote condensation of chomosomes in mitosis. Our previous studies suggested that the Drosophila pRB and CAP-D3 homologs, RBF1 and dCAP-D3, co-localize on DNA and may share a function in cells that never undergo mitosis. In this study, we show that one non-mitotic function shared between RBF1 and dCAP-D3 is the regulation of many non-cell-cycle-related, clustered, and cell-type-specific transcripts including a conserved family of genes that are important for the immune response in the fly. In fact, results show that normal levels of dCAP-D3 and RBF1 expression are necessary for the ability of the fly to clear infection with human bacterial pathogens. This work demonstrates that dCAP-D3 proteins can regulate a unique subset of RBF1-dependent transcripts in vivo and identifies a novel role for both RBF1 and dCAP-D3 protein in activation of innate immune genes, which may be conserved in human cells.
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Zhang M, Lee AJ, Wu X, Sun SC. Regulation of antiviral innate immunity by deubiquitinase CYLD. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:502-4. [PMID: 21946435 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An antiviral innate immune response involves induction of type I interferons (IFNs) and their subsequent autocrine and paracrine actions, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we report that CYLD, a deubiquitinase that specifically digests lysine 63-linked ubiquitin chains, is required for antiviral host defense. Loss of CYLD renders mice considerably more susceptible to infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Consistently, CYLD-deficient dendritic cells are more sensitive to VSV infection. This functional defect was not due to lack of type I IFN production but rather because of attenuated IFN receptor signaling. In the absence of CYLD, IFN-β is ineffective in the induction of antiviral genes and protection of cells from viral infection. These findings establish CYLD as a novel regulator of antiviral innate immunity and suggest a role for CYLD in regulating IFN receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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45
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Abstract
The post-translational modification of different proteins via direct ubiquitin attachment is important for various cellular processes. Dysregulation of components of the ubiqutin system have been linked to many diseases including cancer. CYLD is a deubiquitination enzyme that can cleave the lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains from target proteins and regulate cell survival or cell proliferation. Since loss of CYLD expression can be observed in different types of human cancer, it is now well established that CYLD acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Besides its loss of function in human tumors by gene deletion or mutation, CYLD expression can be downregulated at the RNA level if necessary through transcriptional regulation or at the protein level through post-translational modifications. This article summarizes recent advances that link CYLD to different types of human cancer. Identification of CYLD-mediated signaling pathways during the progression of cancer will provide a solid foundation for diagnosis and lead to the development of novel tools for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Massoumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Tumor Pathology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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46
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Fujita KI, Srinivasula SM. Ubiquitination and TNFR1 signaling. Results Probl Cell Differ 2010; 49:87-114. [PMID: 19582409 DOI: 10.1007/400_2009_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Death receptors are a subset of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family of proteins and share a characteristic cytoplasmic motif called the "death domain". In addition to mediating cell death, these receptors regulate cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, and tumor progression. Receptor occupancy triggers the assembly of several cytoplasmic molecules into distinct complexes, each initiating separate signaling events leading to different biological responses. Post-translational modifications involving ubiquitin, a peptide of 76 amino acids, regulate events at nearly all stages of signaling. All ubiquitin chains function as docking platforms for molecules with specific recognition motifs that either propagate the signal or target the protein for proteasomal degradation. Moreover, enzymes with ubiquitin thioesterase activity (deubiquitinating enzymes, or DUBs) reverse modifications by removing the ubiquitin chains, allowing ubiquitin editing at the molecular level. Ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s), DUBs, and signaling molecules with ubiquitin recognition motifs control TNFR1 mediated cell death and activation of NF-kappaB and JNK. Here, we discuss the current understanding of how these proteins regulate TNFR1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Fujita
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 3016A, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256, USA.
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Ganesan S, Aggarwal K, Paquette N, Silverman N. NF-κB/Rel proteins and the humoral immune responses of Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2010; 349:25-60. [PMID: 20852987 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB)/Rel transcription factors form an integral part of innate immune defenses and are conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Studying the function, mechanism of activation and regulation of these factors is crucial for understanding host responses to microbial infections. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has proved to be a valuable model system to study these evolutionarily conserved NF-κB mediated immune responses. Drosophila combats pathogens through humoral and cellular immune responses. These humoral responses are well characterized and are marked by the robust production of a battery of anti-microbial peptides. Two NF-κB signaling pathways, the Toll and the IMD pathways, are responsible for the induction of these antimicrobial peptides. Signal transduction in these pathways is strikingly similar to that in mammalian TLR pathways. In this chapter, we discuss in detail the molecular mechanisms of microbial recognition, signal transduction and NF-κB regulation, in both the Toll and the IMD pathways. Similarities and differences relative to their mammalian counterparts are discussed, and recent advances in our understanding of the intricate regulatory networks in these NF-κB signaling pathways are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Ganesan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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48
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Thevenon D, Engel E, Avet-Rochex A, Gottar M, Bergeret E, Tricoire H, Benaud C, Baudier J, Taillebourg E, Fauvarque MO. The Drosophila ubiquitin-specific protease dUSP36/Scny targets IMD to prevent constitutive immune signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:309-20. [PMID: 19837371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin proteases remove ubiquitin monomers or polymers to modify the stability or activity of proteins and thereby serve as key regulators of signal transduction. Here, we describe the function of the Drosophila ubiquitin-specific protease 36 (dUSP36) in negative regulation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway controlled by the IMD protein. Overexpression of catalytically active dUSP36 ubiquitin protease suppresses fly immunity against Gram-negative pathogens. Conversely, silencing dUsp36 provokes IMD-dependent constitutive activation of IMD-downstream Jun kinase and NF-kappaB signaling pathways but not of the Toll pathway. This deregulation is lost in axenic flies, indicating that dUSP36 prevents constitutive immune signal activation by commensal bacteria. dUSP36 interacts with IMD and prevents K63-polyubiquitinated IMD accumulation while promoting IMD degradation in vivo. Blocking the proteasome in dUsp36-expressing S2 cells increases K48-polyubiquitinated IMD and prevents its degradation. Our findings identify dUSP36 as a repressor whose IMD deubiquitination activity prevents nonspecific activation of innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Thevenon
- CEA, DSV, iRTSV, LTS, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Transduction du Signal, CEA Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
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49
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Blake PW, Toro JR. Update of cylindromatosis gene (CYLD) mutations in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome: novel insights into the role of deubiquitination in cell signaling. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1025-36. [PMID: 19462465 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene have been described in families with cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is the autosomal dominant predisposition to skin appendageal neoplasms including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. We review the clinical features, molecular genetics, and the animal models of BSS. To date, a total of 51 germline CYLD mutations have been reported, occurring in exons 9-20, in 73 families with diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. Of 51 mutations, 86% are expected to lead to truncated proteins. The seven missense mutations reported to date occur only within the ubiquitin (Ub)-specific protease (USP) domain of the CYLD protein and most are associated exclusively with multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT). CYLD functions as a tumor suppressor gene. CYLD encodes a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme that negatively regulates the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. CYLD DUB activity is highly specific for lysine 63 (K63)-linked Ub chains but has been shown to act on K48-linked Ub chains as well. In 2008, the CYLD USP domain was crystallized, revealing that the truncated Fingers subdomain confers CYLD's unique specificity for K63-linked Ub chains. Recent work using animal models revealed new roles for CYLD in immunity, lipid metabolism, spermatogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, antimicrobial defense, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Blake
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20892-4562, USA
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50
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Sinadinos C, Burbidge-King T, Soh D, Thompson LM, Marsh JL, Wyttenbach A, Mudher AK. Live axonal transport disruption by mutant huntingtin fragments in Drosophila motor neuron axons. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 34:389-95. [PMID: 19268537 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's Disease is a neurodegenerative condition caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein, which aggregates and also causes neuronal dysfunction. Pathogenic N-terminal htt fragments perturb axonal transport in vitro. To determine whether this occurs in vivo and to elucidate how transport is affected, we expressed htt exon 1 with either pathogenic (HttEx1Q93) or non-pathogenic (HttEx1Q20) polyglutamine tracts in Drosophila. We found that HttEx1Q93 expression causes axonal accumulation of GFP-tagged fast axonal transport vesicles in vivo and leads to aggregates within larval motor neuron axons. Time-lapse video microscopy, shows that vesicle velocity is unchanged in HttEx1Q93-axons compared to HttEx1Q20-axons, but vesicle stalling occurs to a greater extent. Whilst HttEx1Q93 expression did not affect locomotor behaviour, external heat stress unveiled a locomotion deficit in HttEx1Q93 larvae. Therefore vesicle transport abnormalities amidst axonal htt aggregation places a cumulative burden upon normal neuronal function under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sinadinos
- University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, UK
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