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Amelink JS, Postema MC, Kong XZ, Schijven D, Carrión-Castillo A, Soheili-Nezhad S, Sha Z, Molz B, Joliot M, Fisher SE, Francks C. Imaging genetics of language network functional connectivity reveals links with language-related abilities, dyslexia and handedness. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1209. [PMID: 39342056 PMCID: PMC11438961 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Language is supported by a distributed network of brain regions with a particular contribution from the left hemisphere. A multi-level understanding of this network requires studying its genetic architecture. We used resting-state imaging data from 29,681 participants (UK Biobank) to measure connectivity between 18 left-hemisphere regions involved in multimodal sentence-level processing, as well as their right-hemisphere homotopes, and interhemispheric connections. Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of this total network, based on genetic variants with population frequencies >1%, identified 14 genomic loci, of which three were also associated with asymmetry of intrahemispheric connectivity. Polygenic dispositions to lower language-related abilities, dyslexia and left-handedness were associated with generally reduced leftward asymmetry of functional connectivity. Exome-wide association analysis based on rare, protein-altering variants (frequencies <1%) suggested 7 additional genes. These findings shed new light on genetic contributions to language network organization and related behavioural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitse S Amelink
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel C Postema
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry of Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dick Schijven
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amaia Carrión-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sourena Soheili-Nezhad
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiqiang Sha
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Molz
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Joliot
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR5293, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Curran BM, Nickerson KR, Yung AR, Goodrich LV, Jaworski A, Tessier-Lavigne M, Ma L. Multiple guidance mechanisms control axon growth to generate precise T-shaped bifurcation during dorsal funiculus development in the spinal cord. eLife 2024; 13:RP94109. [PMID: 39159057 PMCID: PMC11333043 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The dorsal funiculus in the spinal cord relays somatosensory information to the brain. It is made of T-shaped bifurcation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory axons. Our previous study has shown that Slit signaling is required for proper guidance during bifurcation, but loss of Slit does not affect all DRG axons. Here, we examined the role of the extracellular molecule Netrin-1 (Ntn1). Using wholemount staining with tissue clearing, we showed that mice lacking Ntn1 had axons escaping from the dorsal funiculus at the time of bifurcation. Genetic labeling confirmed that these misprojecting axons come from DRG neurons. Single axon analysis showed that loss of Ntn1 did not affect bifurcation but rather altered turning angles. To distinguish their guidance functions, we examined mice with triple deletion of Ntn1, Slit1, and Slit2 and found a completely disorganized dorsal funiculus. Comparing mice with different genotypes using immunolabeling and single axon tracing revealed additive guidance errors, demonstrating the independent roles of Ntn1 and Slit. Moreover, the same defects were observed in embryos lacking their cognate receptors. These in vivo studies thus demonstrate the presence of multi-factorial guidance mechanisms that ensure proper formation of a common branched axonal structure during spinal cord development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Curran
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber, Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Kelsey R Nickerson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain ScienceProvidenceUnited States
| | - Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown UniversityProvidenceUnited States
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain ScienceProvidenceUnited States
| | | | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber, Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Gauberg J, Moreno KB, Jayaraman K, Abumeri S, Jenkins S, Salazar AM, Meharena HS, Glasgow SM. Spinal motor neuron development and metabolism are transcriptionally regulated by Nuclear Factor IA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600888. [PMID: 38979382 PMCID: PMC11230388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Neural circuits governing all motor behaviors in vertebrates rely on the proper development of motor neurons and their precise targeting of limb muscles. Transcription factors are essential for motor neuron development, regulating their specification, migration, and axonal targeting. While transcriptional regulation of the early stages of motor neuron specification is well-established, much less is known about the role of transcription factors in the later stages of maturation and terminal arborization. Defining the molecular mechanisms of these later stages is critical for elucidating how motor circuits are constructed. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-IA (NFIA) is required for motor neuron positioning, axonal branching, and neuromuscular junction formation. Moreover, we find that NFIA is required for proper mitochondrial function and ATP production, providing a new and important link between transcription factors and metabolism during motor neuron development. Together, these findings underscore the critical role of NFIA in instructing the assembly of spinal circuits for movement.
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4
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Vasudevan A, Ratnakaran N, Murthy K, Kumari S, Hall DH, Koushika SP. Preferential transport of synaptic vesicles across neuronal branches is regulated by the levels of the anterograde motor UNC-104/KIF1A in vivo. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae021. [PMID: 38467475 PMCID: PMC11232277 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric transport of cargo across axonal branches is a field of active research. Mechanisms contributing to preferential cargo transport along specific branches in vivo in wild type neurons are poorly understood. We find that anterograde synaptic vesicles preferentially enter the synaptic branch or pause at the branch point in Caenorhabditis elegans Posterior Lateral Mechanosensory neurons. The synaptic vesicle anterograde kinesin motor UNC-104/KIF1A regulates this vesicle behavior at the branch point. Reduced levels of functional UNC-104 cause vesicles to predominantly pause at the branch point and lose their preference for turning into the synaptic branch. SAM-4/Myrlysin, which aids in recruitment/activation of UNC-104 on synaptic vesicles, regulates vesicle behavior at the branch point similar to UNC-104. Increasing the levels of UNC-104 increases the preference of vesicles to go straight toward the asynaptic end. This suggests that the neuron optimizes UNC-104 levels on the cargo surface to maximize the fraction of vesicles entering the branch and minimize the fraction going to the asynaptic end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Vasudevan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Kausalya Murthy
- Neurobiology, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India
| | - Shikha Kumari
- Neurobiology, NCBS-TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 065, India
| | - David H Hall
- Centre for C. elegans Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
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5
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Curran BM, Nickerson KR, Yung AR, Goodrich LV, Jaworski A, Tessier-Lavigne M, Ma L. Multiple Guidance Mechanisms Control Axon Growth to Generate Precise T-shaped Bifurcation during Dorsal Funiculus Development in the Spinal Cord. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.17.567638. [PMID: 38014092 PMCID: PMC10680847 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.17.567638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal funiculus in the spinal cord relays somatosensory information to the brain. It is made of T-shaped bifurcation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory axons. Our previous study has shown that Slit signaling is required for proper guidance during bifurcation, but loss of Slit does not affect all DRG axons. Here, we examined the role of the extracellular molecule Netrin-1 (Ntn1). Using wholemount staining with tissue clearing, we showed that mice lacking Ntn1 have axons escaping from the dorsal funiculus at the time of bifurcation. Genetic labeling confirmed that these misprojecting axons come from DRG neurons. Single axon analysis showed that loss of Ntn1 does not affect bifurcation but rather alters turning angles. To distinguish their guidance functions, we examined mice with triple deletion of Ntn1, Slit1, and Slit2 and found a completely disorganized dorsal funiculus. Comparing mice with different genotypes using immunolabeling and single axon tracing revealed additive guidance errors, demonstrating the independent roles of Ntn1 and Slit. Moreover, the same defects were observed in embryos lacking their cognate receptors. These in vivo studies thus demonstrate the presence of multi-factorial guidance mechanisms that ensure proper formation of a common branched axonal structure during spinal cord development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Curran
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Kelsey R Nickerson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Andrea R Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lisa V Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander Jaworski
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Providence, RI 02912
| | | | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Synaptic Biology Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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6
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Ziak J, Dorskind JM, Trigg B, Sudarsanam S, Jin XO, Hand RA, Kolodkin AL. Microtubule-binding protein MAP1B regulates interstitial axon branching of cortical neurons via the tubulin tyrosination cycle. EMBO J 2024; 43:1214-1243. [PMID: 38388748 PMCID: PMC10987652 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial (or collateral) axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs). This method allows for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3β serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3β/MAP1B signaling. These data suggest a cell-autonomous molecular regulation of cortical neuron axon morphology, in which GSK3β can release a MAP1B-mediated brake on interstitial axon branching upstream of the posttranslational tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joelle M Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Trigg
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xinyu O Jin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Randal A Hand
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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7
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Liu S, Gao L, Chen J, Yan J. Single-neuron analysis of axon arbors reveals distinct presynaptic organizations between feedforward and feedback projections. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113590. [PMID: 38127620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology and spatial distribution of axon arbors and boutons are crucial for neuron presynaptic functions. However, the principles governing their whole-brain organization at the single-neuron level remain unclear. We developed a machine-learning method to separate axon arbors from passing axons in single-neuron reconstruction from fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography imaging data and obtained 62,374 axon arbors that displayed distinct morphology, spatial patterns, and scaling laws dependent on neuron types and targeted brain areas. Focusing on the axon arbors in the thalamus and cortex, we revealed the segregated spatial distributions and distinct morphology but shared topographic gradients between feedforward and feedback projections. Furthermore, we uncovered an association between arbor complexity and microglia density. Finally, we found that the boutons on terminal arbors show branch-specific clustering with a log-normal distribution that again differed between feedforward and feedback terminal arbors. Together, our study revealed distinct presynaptic structural organizations underlying diverse functional innervation of single projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Le Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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8
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Juraver-Geslin H, Devotta A, Saint-Jeannet JP. Developmental roles of natriuretic peptides and their receptors. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203878. [PMID: 37742795 PMCID: PMC10841480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides and their receptors are implicated in the physiological control of blood pressure, bone growth, and cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. They mediate their action through the modulation of intracellular levels of cGMP and cAMP, two second-messengers that have broad biological roles. In this review, we briefly describe the major players of this signaling pathway and their physiological roles in the adult, and discuss several reports describing their activity in the control of various aspects of embryonic development in several species. While the core components of this signaling pathway are well conserved, their functions have diverged in the embryo and the adult to control a diverse array of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Juraver-Geslin
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Arun Devotta
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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9
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Dorskind JM, Sudarsanam S, Hand RA, Ziak J, Amoah-Dankwah M, Guzman-Clavel L, Soto-Vargas JL, Kolodkin AL. Drebrin Regulates Collateral Axon Branching in Cortical Layer II/III Somatosensory Neurons. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7745-7765. [PMID: 37798130 PMCID: PMC10648559 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0553-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper cortical lamination is essential for cognition, learning, and memory. Within the somatosensory cortex, pyramidal excitatory neurons elaborate axon collateral branches in a laminar-specific manner that dictates synaptic partners and overall circuit organization. Here, we leverage both male and female mouse models, single-cell labeling and imaging approaches to identify intrinsic regulators of laminar-specific collateral, also termed interstitial, axon branching. We developed new approaches for the robust, sparse, labeling of Layer II/III pyramidal neurons to obtain single-cell quantitative assessment of axon branch morphologies. We combined these approaches with cell-autonomous loss-of-function (LOF) and overexpression (OE) manipulations in an in vivo candidate screen to identify regulators of cortical neuron axon branch lamination. We identify a role for the cytoskeletal binding protein drebrin (Dbn1) in regulating Layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching in vitro LOF experiments show that Dbn1 is necessary to suppress the elongation of Layer II/III CPN collateral axon branches within Layer IV, where axon branching by Layer II/III CPNs is normally absent. Conversely, Dbn1 OE produces excess short axonal protrusions reminiscent of nascent axon collaterals that fail to elongate. Structure-function analyses implicate Dbn1S142 phosphorylation and Dbn1 protein domains known to mediate F-actin bundling and microtubule (MT) coupling as necessary for collateral branch initiation upon Dbn1 OE. Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate collateral axon branching in excitatory CPNs, a key process in the elaboration of neocortical circuit formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Laminar-specific axon targeting is essential for cortical circuit formation. Here, we show that the cytoskeletal protein drebrin (Dbn1) regulates excitatory Layer II/III cortical projection neuron (CPN) collateral axon branching, lending insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie neocortical laminar-specific innervation. To identify branching patterns of single cortical neurons in vivo, we have developed tools that allow us to obtain detailed images of individual CPN morphologies throughout postnatal development and to manipulate gene expression in these same neurons. Our results showing that Dbn1 regulates CPN interstitial axon branching both in vivo and in vitro may aid in our understanding of how aberrant cortical neuron morphology contributes to dysfunctions observed in autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Dorskind
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Randal A Hand
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jakub Ziak
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Maame Amoah-Dankwah
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Luis Guzman-Clavel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Summer Internship Program (NeuroSIP), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - John Lee Soto-Vargas
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Basic Science Institute-Summer Internship Program (BSI-SIP), Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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10
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Ziak J, Dorskind J, Trigg B, Sudarsanam S, Hand R, Kolodkin AL. MAP1B Regulates Cortical Neuron Interstitial Axon Branching Through the Tubulin Tyrosination Cycle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560024. [PMID: 37873083 PMCID: PMC10592918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of directed axon guidance and branching during development is essential for the generation of neuronal networks. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie interstitial axon branching in the mammalian brain remain unresolved. Here, we investigate interstitial axon branching in vivo using an approach for precise labeling of layer 2/3 callosal projection neurons (CPNs), allowing for quantitative analysis of axonal morphology at high acuity and also manipulation of gene expression in well-defined temporal windows. We find that the GSK3β serine/threonine kinase promotes interstitial axon branching in layer 2/3 CPNs by releasing MAP1B-mediated inhibition of axon branching. Further, we find that the tubulin tyrosination cycle is a key downstream component of GSK3β/MAP1B signaling. We propose that MAP1B functions as a brake on axon branching that can be released by GSK3β activation, regulating the tubulin code and thereby playing an integral role in sculpting cortical neuron axon morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ziak
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joelle Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Boston, MA
| | - Brian Trigg
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Sriram Sudarsanam
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Randal Hand
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
- Prilenia Therapeutics, Boston, MA
| | - Alex L. Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205
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11
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Fujikawa Y, Tominaga K. Enhanced neuron-glia network in the submucosa and increased neuron outgrowth into the mucosa are associated with distinctive expressions of neuronal factors in the colon of rat IBS model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14595. [PMID: 37170695 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal attraction and repulsion factors regulate neuron network formation. In the colon of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), neuron network and enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the submucosa, neuronal outgrowth in the mucosa, and expressions of neuronal factors remain unknown. METHODS IBS models were prepared by intracolonic injections of acetic acid to Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Using whole-mount submucosal plexus tissue stripped from the distal colon, we examined neuron network, EGC morphology, and localization of both attraction factor (nerve growth factor: NGF) and repulsion factor (semaphorin3A: Sema3A). We evaluated mRNA expressions of NGF and Sema3A in the mucosa and submucosa and neuron outgrowth into the mucosa. KEY RESULTS In IBS models, nerve fibers were thickened and densely increased in the submucosa remarkably from the outer toward the inner plexus. Submucosal EGCs exhibited process hyperplasia and bulbous swelling of terminals. NGF was predominantly expressed in EGCs than neurons in the submucosa. NGF mRNA expressions were increased in the submucosa in WKY, and their expressions were increased in the mucosa after the injection. Sema3A mRNA expressions were increased in both layers of WKY but tended to be decreased in the mucosa alone after the injection. Neuron outgrowth was increased into the mucosa. NGF was localized at EGCs in the lamina propria mucosae but not mucosal mast cells. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Neuron network enhancement in the submucosa and neuron outgrowth into the mucosa may be associated with axon guidance factors expressed in hyperplastic EGCs in the colonic submucosa of IBS models.
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12
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Imanaka C, Shimada S, Ito S, Kamada M, Iguchi T, Konishi Y. A model for generating differences in microtubules between axonal branches depending on the distance from terminals. Brain Res 2023; 1799:148166. [PMID: 36402177 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the remodeling of axonal arbor, the growth and retraction of branches are differentially regulated within a single axon. Although cell-autonomously generated differences in microtubule (MT) turnover are thought to be involved in selective branch regulation, the cellular system whereby neurons generate differences of MTs between axonal branches has not been clarified. Because MT turnover tends to be slower in longer branches compared with neighboring shorter branches, feedback regulation depending on branch length is thought to be involved. In the present study, we generated a model of MT lifetime in axonal terminal branches by adapting a length-dependent model in which parameters for MT dynamics were constant in the arbor. The model predicted that differences in MT lifetime between neighboring branches could be generated depending on the distance from terminals. In addition, the following points were predicted. Firstly, destabilization of MTs throughout the arbor decreased the differences in MT lifetime between branches. Secondly, differences of MT lifetime existed even before MTs entered the branch point. In axonal MTs in primary neurons, treatment with a low concentration of nocodazole significantly decreased the differences of detyrosination (deTyr) and tyrosination (Tyr) of tubulins, indicators of MT turnover. Expansion microscopy of the axonal shaft before the branch point revealed differences in deTyr/Tyr modification on MTs. Our model recapitulates the differences in MT turnover between branches and provides a feedback mechanism for MT regulation that depends on the axonal arbor geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Imanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Human and Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shino Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Marina Kamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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13
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Antagonistic Activities of Fmn2 and ADF Regulate Axonal F-Actin Patch Dynamics and the Initiation of Collateral Branching. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7355-7369. [PMID: 36481742 PMCID: PMC9525169 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3107-20.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial collateral branching of axons is a critical component in the development of functional neural circuits. Axon collateral branches are established through a series of cellular processes initiated by the development of a specialized, focal F-actin network in axons. The formation, maintenance and remodeling of this F-actin patch is critical for the initiation of axonal protrusions that are subsequently consolidated to form a collateral branch. However, the mechanisms regulating F-actin patch dynamics are poorly understood. Fmn2 is a formin family member implicated in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. We find that Fmn2 regulates the initiation of axon collateral protrusions in chick spinal neurons and in zebrafish motor neurons. Fmn2 localizes to the protrusion-initiating axonal F-actin patches and regulates the lifetime and size of these F-actin networks. The F-actin nucleation activity of Fmn2 is necessary for F-actin patch stability but not for initiating patch formation. We show that Fmn2 insulates the F-actin patches from disassembly by the actin-depolymerizing factor, ADF, and promotes long-lived, larger patches that are competent to initiate axonal protrusions. The regulation of axonal branching can contribute to the neurodevelopmental pathologies associated with Fmn2 and the dynamic antagonism between Fmn2 and ADF may represent a general mechanism of formin-dependent protection of Arp2/3-initiated F-actin networks from disassembly.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axonal branching is a key process in the development of functional circuits and neural plasticity. Axon collateral branching is initiated by the elaboration of F-actin filaments from discrete axonal F-actin networks. We show that the neurodevelopmental disorder-associated formin, Fmn2, is a critical regulator of axon collateral branching. Fmn2 localizes to the collateral branch-inducing F-actin patches in axons and regulates the stability of these actin networks. The F-actin nucleation activity of Fmn2 protects the patches from ADF-mediated disassembly. Opposing activities of Fmn2 and ADF exert a dynamic regulatory control on axon collateral branch initiation and may underly the neurodevelopmental defects associated with Fmn2.
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14
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Godini R, Fallahi H, Pocock R. The regulatory landscape of neurite development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974208. [PMID: 36090252 PMCID: PMC9453034 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal communication requires precise connectivity of neurite projections (axons and dendrites). Developing neurites express cell-surface receptors that interpret extracellular cues to enable correct guidance toward, and connection with, target cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of neurite guidance molecule expression by transcription factors (TFs) is critical for nervous system development and function. Here, we review how neurite development is regulated by TFs in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system. By collecting publicly available transcriptome and ChIP-sequencing data, we reveal gene expression dynamics during neurite development, providing insight into transcriptional mechanisms governing construction of the nervous system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Godini
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Rasoul Godini,
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Roger Pocock,
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15
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Kulesh B, Reese BE, Keeley PW. Contraction of axonal and dendritic fields in Sox5-deficient cone bipolar cells is accompanied by axonal sprouting and dendritic hyper-innervation of pedicles. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:944706. [PMID: 36093292 PMCID: PMC9459848 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.944706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors regulate the differentiation of neuronal morphology during development, including interactions with afferents, targets, and homotypic neighbors, as well as cell-intrinsic transcriptional regulation. Retinal bipolar cells provide an exemplary model system for studying the control of these processes, as there are 15 transcriptionally and morphologically distinct types, each extending their dendritic and axonal arbors in respective strata within the synaptic layers of the retina. Here we have examined the role of the transcription factor Sox5 in the control of the morphological differentiation of one type of cone bipolar cell (CBC), the Type 7 cell. We confirm selective expression of SOX5 in this single bipolar cell type, emerging at the close of the first post-natal week, prior to morphological differentiation. Conditional knockout mice were generated by crossing a bipolar cell-specific cre-expressing line with mice carrying floxed Sox5 alleles, as well as the Gustducin-gfp reporter which labels Type 7 CBCs. Loss of SOX5 was confirmed in the bipolar cell stratum, in GFP+ Type 7 cells. Such SOX5-deficient Type 7 cells differentiate axonal and dendritic arbors that are each reduced in areal extent. The axonal arbors exhibit sprouting in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), thereby extending their overall radial extent, while the dendritic arbors connect with fewer cone pedicles in the outer plexiform layer, showing an increase in the average number of dendritic contacts at each pedicle. SOX5-deficient Type 7 CBCs should therefore exhibit smaller receptive fields derived from fewer if now hyper-innervated pedicles, transmitting their signals across a broader depth through the IPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kulesh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Patrick W. Keeley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick W. Keeley
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16
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Morphogenesis of vascular and neuronal networks and the relationships between their remodeling processes. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Nuclear Transporter IPO13 Is Central to Efficient Neuronal Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121904. [PMID: 35741036 PMCID: PMC9221400 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell is mediated by the importin superfamily of transport receptors, of which the bidirectional transporter Importin 13 (IPO13) is a unique member, with a critical role in early embryonic development through nuclear transport of key regulators, such as transcription factors Pax6, Pax3, and ARX. Here, we examined the role of IPO13 in neuronal differentiation for the first time, using a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) model and a monolayer-based differentiation protocol to compare IPO13−/− to wild type ESCs. Although IPO13−/− ESCs differentiated into neural progenitor cells, as indicated by the expression of dorsal forebrain progenitor markers, reduced expression of progenitor markers Pax6 and Nestin compared to IPO13−/− was evident, concomitant with reduced nuclear localisation/transcriptional function of IPO13 import cargo Pax6. Differentiation of IPO13−/− cells into neurons appeared to be strongly impaired, as evidenced by altered morphology, reduced expression of key neuronal markers, and altered response to the neurotransmitter glutamate. Our findings establish that IPO13 has a key role in ESC neuronal differentiation, in part through the nuclear transport of Pax6.
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18
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de Kort AR, Joosten EAJ, Patijn J, Tibboel D, van den Hoogen NJ. The development of descending serotonergic modulation of the spinal nociceptive network: a life span perspective. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1361-1369. [PMID: 34257402 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nociceptive network, responsible for transmission of nociceptive signals that generate the pain experience, is not fully developed at birth. Descending serotonergic modulation of spinal nociception, an important part of the pain network, undergoes substantial postnatal maturation and is suggested to be involved in the altered pain response observed in human newborns. This review summarizes preclinical data of the development of descending serotonergic modulation of the spinal nociceptive network across the life span, providing a comprehensive background to understand human newborn pain experience and treatment. Sprouting of descending serotonergic axons, originating from the rostroventral medulla, as well as changes in receptor function and expression take place in the first postnatal weeks of rodents, corresponding to human neonates in early infancy. Descending serotonergic modulation switches from facilitation in early life to bimodal control in adulthood, masking an already functional 5-HT inhibitory system at early ages. Specifically the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors seem distinctly important for pain facilitation at neonatal and early infancy, while the 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, and 5-HT2 receptors mediate inhibitory effects at all ages. Analgesic therapy that considers the neurodevelopmental phase is likely to result in a more targeted treatment of neonatal pain and may improve both short- and long-term effects. IMPACT: The descending serotonergic system undergoes anatomical changes from birth to early infancy, as its sprouts and descending projections increase and the dorsal horn innervation pattern changes. Descending serotonergic modulation from the rostral ventral medulla switches from facilitation in early life via the 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors to bimodal control in adulthood. A functional inhibitory serotonergic system mainly via 5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, and 5-HT2a receptors at the spinal level exists already at the neonatal phase but is masked by descending facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R de Kort
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. .,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke J van den Hoogen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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19
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Tymanskyj SR, Curran BM, Ma L. Selective axonal transport through branch junctions is directed by growth cone signaling and mediated by KIF1/kinesin-3 motors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110748. [PMID: 35476993 PMCID: PMC9097860 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and function of nerve cells rely on the orchestration of microtubule-based transport from the cell body into distal axonal terminals. Neurons often have highly elaborate branches innervating multiple targets, but how protein or membrane cargos navigate through branch junctions to specific branch targets is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anterograde transport of membrane vesicles through axonal branch junctions is highly selective, which is influenced by branch length and more strongly by growth cone motility. Using an optogenetic tool, we demonstrate that signaling from the growth cone can rapidly direct transport through branch junctions. We further demonstrate that such transport selectivity is differentially regulated for different vesicles and mediated by the KIF1/kinesin-3 family motors. We propose that this transport regulation through branch junctions could broadly impact neuronal development, function, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bridget M Curran
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Center for Synaptic Biology, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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20
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Martín-Fernández F, Bermejo-Santos A, Bragg-Gonzalo L, Briz CG, Serrano-Saiz E, Nieto M. Role of Nrp1 in controlling cortical inter-hemispheric circuits. eLife 2022; 11:69776. [PMID: 35230240 PMCID: PMC8887897 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons of the corpus callosum (CC) mediate the interhemispheric communication required for complex perception in mammals. In the somatosensory (SS) cortex, the CC exchanges inputs processed by the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) areas, which receive tactile and pain stimuli. During early postnatal life, a multistep process involving axonal navigation, growth, and refinement, leads to precise CC connectivity. This process is often affected in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and epilepsy. We herein show that in mice, expression of the axonal signaling receptor Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) in SS layer (L) 2/3 is temporary and follows patterns that determine CC connectivity. At postnatal day 4, Nrp1 expression is absent in the SS cortex while abundant in the motor area, creating a sharp border. During the following 3 weeks, Nrp1 is transiently upregulated in subpopulations of SS L2/3 neurons, earlier and more abundantly in S2 than in S1. In vivo knock-down and overexpression experiments demonstrate that transient expression of Nrp1 does not affect the initial development of callosal projections in S1 but is required for subsequent S2 innervation. Moreover, knocking-down Nrp1 reduces the number of S2L2/3 callosal neurons due to excessive postnatal refinement. Thus, an exquisite temporal and spatial regulation of Nrp1 expression determines SS interhemispheric maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bermejo-Santos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos G Briz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Serrano-Saiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Abstract
The establishment of a functioning neuronal network is a crucial step in neural development. During this process, neurons extend neurites-axons and dendrites-to meet other neurons and interconnect. Therefore, these neurites need to migrate, grow, branch and find the correct path to their target by processing sensory cues from their environment. These processes rely on many coupled biophysical effects including elasticity, viscosity, growth, active forces, chemical signaling, adhesion and cellular transport. Mathematical models offer a direct way to test hypotheses and understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for neuron development. Here, we critically review the main models of neurite growth and morphogenesis from a mathematical viewpoint. We present different models for growth, guidance and morphogenesis, with a particular emphasis on mechanics and mechanisms, and on simple mathematical models that can be partially treated analytically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Oliveri
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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22
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Haynes EM, Burnett KH, He J, Jean-Pierre MW, Jarzyna M, Eliceiri KW, Huisken J, Halloran MC. KLC4 shapes axon arbors during development and mediates adult behavior. eLife 2022; 11:74270. [PMID: 36222498 PMCID: PMC9596160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of elaborate and polarized neuronal morphology requires precisely regulated transport of cellular cargos by motor proteins such as kinesin-1. Kinesin-1 has numerous cellular cargos which must be delivered to unique neuronal compartments. The process by which this motor selectively transports and delivers cargo to regulate neuronal morphogenesis is poorly understood, although the cargo-binding kinesin light chain (KLC) subunits contribute to specificity. Our work implicates one such subunit, KLC4, as an essential regulator of axon branching and arborization pattern of sensory neurons during development. Using live imaging approaches in klc4 mutant zebrafish, we show that KLC4 is required for stabilization of nascent axon branches, proper microtubule (MT) dynamics, and endosomal transport. Furthermore, KLC4 is required for proper tiling of peripheral axon arbors: in klc4 mutants, peripheral axons showed abnormal fasciculation, a behavior characteristic of central axons. This result suggests that KLC4 patterns axonal compartments and helps establish molecular differences between central and peripheral axons. Finally, we find that klc4 mutant larva are hypersensitive to touch and adults show anxiety-like behavior in a novel tank test, implicating klc4 as a new gene involved in stress response circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Haynes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States
| | - Korri H Burnett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States,National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical DevicesShenzenChina
| | - Marcel W Jean-Pierre
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Martin Jarzyna
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States
| | - Jan Huisken
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States,Department of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Mary C Halloran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
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23
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Luo B, Tiwari AP, Chen N, Ramakrishna S, Yang IH. Development of an Axon-Guiding Aligned Nanofiber-Integrated Compartmentalized Microfluidic Neuron Culture System. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8424-8432. [PMID: 35005947 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based neuron cell culture systems have recently gained a lot of attention due to their efficiency in supporting the spatial and temporal control of cellular microenvironments. However, the lack of axon guidance is the key limitation in current culture systems. To combat this, we have developed electrospun aligned nanofiber-integrated compartmentalized microfluidic neuron culture systems (NIMSs), where the nanofibers have enabled axonal guidance and stability. The resulting platform significantly improved axon alignment, length, and stability for both rat primary embryonic motor neurons (MNs) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons compared to the conventional glass-based microfluidic systems (GMSs). The results showed that axonal growth covered more than two times the area on the axonal chamber of NIMSs compared to the area covered for GMSs. Overall, this platform can be used as a valuable tool for fundamental neuroscience research, drug screening, and biomaterial testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiwen Luo
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, 117456 Singapore
| | - Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Nuan Chen
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, #05-COR, 117456 Singapore.,Center of Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center of Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - In Hong Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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24
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Mekki Y, Guillemot V, Lemaitre H, Carrion-Castillo A, Forkel S, Frouin V, Philippe C. The genetic architecture of language functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 249:118795. [PMID: 34929384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Language is a unique trait of the human species, of which the genetic architecture remains largely unknown. Through language disorders studies, many candidate genes were identified. However, such complex and multifactorial trait is unlikely to be driven by only few genes and case-control studies, suffering from a lack of power, struggle to uncover significant variants. In parallel, neuroimaging has significantly contributed to the understanding of structural and functional aspects of language in the human brain and the recent availability of large scale cohorts like UK Biobank have made possible to study language via image-derived endophenotypes in the general population. Because of its strong relationship with task-based fMRI (tbfMRI) activations and its easiness of acquisition, resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) have been more popularised, making it a good surrogate of functional neuronal processes. Taking advantage of such a synergistic system by aggregating effects across spatially distributed traits, we performed a multivariate genome-wide association study (mvGWAS) between genetic variations and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of classical brain language areas in the inferior frontal (pars opercularis, triangularis and orbitalis), temporal and inferior parietal lobes (angular and supramarginal gyri), in 32,186 participants from UK Biobank. Twenty genomic loci were found associated with language FCs, out of which three were replicated in an independent replication sample. A locus in 3p11.1, regulating EPHA3 gene expression, is found associated with FCs of the semantic component of the language network, while a locus in 15q14, regulating THBS1 gene expression is found associated with FCs of the perceptual-motor language processing, bringing novel insights into the neurobiology of language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Mekki
- NeuroSpin, Institut Joliot, CEA - Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91191, France.
| | - Vincent Guillemot
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Stephanie Forkel
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France; Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne Universities, Paris, France; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Vincent Frouin
- NeuroSpin, Institut Joliot, CEA - Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Cathy Philippe
- NeuroSpin, Institut Joliot, CEA - Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91191, France.
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25
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Fuchs J, Eickholt BJ. Precursor types predict the stability of neuronal branches. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273430. [PMID: 34766183 PMCID: PMC8714070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branches are critical for neuron function, generating the morphological complexity required for functional networks. They emerge from different, well-described, cytoskeletal precursor structures that elongate to branches. While branches are thought to be maintained by shared cytoskeletal regulators, our data from mouse hippocampal neurons indicate that the precursor structures trigger alternative branch maintenance mechanisms with differing stabilities. Whereas branches originating from lamellipodia or growth cone splitting events collapse soon after formation, branches emerging from filopodia persist. Furthermore, compared to other developing neurites, axons stabilise all branches and preferentially initiate branches from filopodia. These differences explain the altered stability of branches we observe in neurons lacking the plasma membrane protein phospholipid phosphatase-related protein 3 (PLPPR3, also known as PRG2) and in neurons treated with netrin-1. Rather than altering branch stability directly, PLPPR3 and netrin-1 boost a 'filopodia branch programme' on axons, thereby indirectly initiating more long-lived branches. In summary, we propose that studies on branching should distinguish overall stabilising effects from effects on precursor types, ideally using multifactorial statistical models, as exemplified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fuchs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta J Eickholt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Gutman-Wei AY, Brown SP. Mechanisms Underlying Target Selectivity for Cell Types and Subcellular Domains in Developing Neocortical Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:728832. [PMID: 34630048 PMCID: PMC8497978 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.728832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains numerous neuronal cell types, distinguished by their molecular identity as well as their electrophysiological and morphological properties. Cortical function is reliant on stereotyped patterns of synaptic connectivity and synaptic function among these neuron types, but how these patterns are established during development remains poorly understood. Selective targeting not only of different cell types but also of distinct postsynaptic neuronal domains occurs in many brain circuits and is directed by multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include the regulation of axonal and dendritic guidance and fine-scale morphogenesis of pre- and postsynaptic processes, lineage relationships, activity dependent mechanisms and intercellular molecular determinants such as transmembrane and secreted molecules, many of which have also been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, many studies of synaptic targeting have focused on circuits in which neuronal processes target different lamina, such that cell-type-biased connectivity may be confounded with mechanisms of laminar specificity. In the cerebral cortex, each cortical layer contains cell bodies and processes from intermingled neuronal cell types, an arrangement that presents a challenge for the development of target-selective synapse formation. Here, we address progress and future directions in the study of cell-type-biased synaptic targeting in the cerebral cortex. We highlight challenges to identifying developmental mechanisms generating stereotyped patterns of intracortical connectivity, recent developments in uncovering the determinants of synaptic target selection during cortical synapse formation, and current gaps in the understanding of cortical synapse specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y. Gutman-Wei
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Solange P. Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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27
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Bodakuntla S, Nedozralova H, Basnet N, Mizuno N. Cytoskeleton and Membrane Organization at Axon Branches. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707486. [PMID: 34540830 PMCID: PMC8440873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon branching is a critical process ensuring a high degree of interconnectivity for neural network formation. As branching occurs at sites distant from the soma, it is necessary that axons have a local system to dynamically control and regulate axonal growth. This machinery depends on the orchestration of cellular functions such as cytoskeleton, subcellular transport, energy production, protein- and membrane synthesis that are adapted for branch formation. Compared to the axon shaft, branching sites show a distinct and dynamic arrangement of cytoskeleton components, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. This review discusses the regulation of axon branching in the context of cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hana Nedozralova
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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28
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The RNA-binding protein Musashi controls axon compartment-specific synaptic connectivity through ptp69D mRNA poly(A)-tailing. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109713. [PMID: 34525368 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic targeting with subcellular specificity is essential for neural circuit assembly. Developing neurons use mechanisms to curb promiscuous synaptic connections and to direct synapse formation to defined subcellular compartments. How this selectivity is achieved molecularly remains enigmatic. Here, we discover a link between mRNA poly(A)-tailing and axon collateral branch-specific synaptic connectivity within the CNS. We reveal that the RNA-binding protein Musashi binds to the mRNA encoding the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase Ptp69D, thereby increasing poly(A) tail length and Ptp69D protein levels. This regulation specifically promotes synaptic connectivity in one axon collateral characterized by a high degree of arborization and strong synaptogenic potential. In a different compartment of the same axon, Musashi prevents ectopic synaptogenesis, revealing antagonistic, compartment-specific functions. Moreover, Musashi-dependent Ptp69D regulation controls synaptic connectivity in the olfactory circuit. Thus, Musashi differentially shapes synaptic connectivity at the level of individual subcellular compartments and within different developmental and neuron type-specific contexts.
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29
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McCarty MJ, Brumback AC. Rethinking Stereotypies in Autism. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021; 38:100897. [PMID: 34183141 PMCID: PMC8654322 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2021.100897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereotyped movements ("stereotypies") are semi-voluntary repetitive movements that are a prominent clinical feature of autism spectrum disorder. They are described in first-person accounts by people with autism as relaxing and that they help focus the mind and cope in overwhelming sensory environments. Therefore, we generally recommend against techniques that aim to suppress stereotypies in individuals with autism. Further, we hypothesize that understanding the neurobiology of stereotypies could guide development of treatments to produce the benefits of stereotypies without the need to generate repetitive motor movements. Here, we link first-person reports and clinical findings with basic neuroanatomy and physiology to produce a testable model of stereotypies. We hypothesize that stereotypies improve sensory processing and attention by regulating brain rhythms, either directly from the rhythmic motor command, or via rhythmic sensory feedback generated by the movements.
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30
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Shin KO, Crumrine DA, Kim S, Lee Y, Kim B, Abuabara K, Park C, Uchida Y, Wakefield JS, Meyer JM, Jeong S, Park BD, Park K, Elias PM. Phenotypic overlap between atopic dermatitis and autism. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:43. [PMID: 34157971 PMCID: PMC8218496 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism, a childhood behavioral disorder, belongs to a large suite of diseases, collectively referred to as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Though multifactorial in etiology, approximately 10% of ASD are associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). Moreover, ASD prevalence increases further as AD severity worsens, though these disorders share no common causative mutations. We assessed here the link between these two disorders in the standard, valproic acid mouse model of ASD. In prior studies, there was no evidence of skin involvement, but we hypothesized that cutaneous involvement could be detected in experiments conducted in BALB/c mice. BALB/c is an albino, laboratory-bred strain of the house mouse and is among the most widely used inbred strains used in animal experimentation. METHODS We performed our studies in valproic acid (VPA)-treated BALB/c hairless mice, a standard mouse model of ASD. Mid-trimester pregnant mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of either valproic acid sodium salt dissolved in saline or saline alone on embryonic day 12.5 and were housed individually until postnatal day 21. Only the brain and epidermis appeared to be affected, while other tissues remain unchanged. At various postnatal time points, brain, skin and blood samples were obtained for histology and for quantitation of tissue sphingolipid content and cytokine levels. RESULTS AD-like changes in ceramide content occurred by day one postpartum in both VPA-treated mouse skin and brain. The temporal co-emergence of AD and ASD, and the AD phenotype-dependent increase in ASD prevalence correlated with early appearance of cytokine markers (i.e., interleukin [IL]-4, 5, and 13), as well as mast cells in skin and brain. The high levels of interferon (IFN)γ not only in skin, but also in brain likely account for a significant decline in esterified very-long-chain N-acyl fatty acids in brain ceramides, again mimicking known IFNγ-induced changes in AD. CONCLUSION Baseline involvement of both AD and ASD could reflect concurrent neuro- and epidermal toxicity, possibly because both epidermis and neural tissues originate from the embryonic neuroectoderm. These studies illuminate the shared susceptibility of the brain and epidermis to a known neurotoxin, suggesting that the atopic diathesis could be extended to include ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Debra A Crumrine
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yerin Lee
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bogyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Katrina Abuabara
- Department of Dermatology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chaehyeong Park
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Sekyoo Jeong
- Dept of Cosmetic Science, Seowon University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Byeong Deog Park
- Sphingobrain Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
- Dr. Raymond Laboratories, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science/Nutrition, & Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine/Pharmaceutics, and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of California, NCIRE, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, MS 190, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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31
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Ferreira APA, Casamento A, Carrillo Roas S, Halff EF, Panambalana J, Subramaniam S, Schützenhofer K, Chan Wah Hak L, McGourty K, Thalassinos K, Kittler JT, Martinvalet D, Boucrot E. Cdk5 and GSK3β inhibit fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2424. [PMID: 33893293 PMCID: PMC8065113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis mediates the cellular uptake of micronutrients and cell surface proteins. Fast Endophilin-mediated endocytosis, FEME, is not constitutively active but triggered upon receptor activation. High levels of growth factors induce spontaneous FEME, which can be suppressed upon serum starvation. This suggested a role for protein kinases in this growth factor receptor-mediated regulation. Using chemical and genetic inhibition, we find that Cdk5 and GSK3β are negative regulators of FEME. They antagonize the binding of Endophilin to Dynamin-1 and to CRMP4, a Plexin A1 adaptor. This control is required for proper axon elongation, branching and growth cone formation in hippocampal neurons. The kinases also block the recruitment of Dynein onto FEME carriers by Bin1. As GSK3β binds to Endophilin, it imposes a local regulation of FEME. Thus, Cdk5 and GSK3β are key regulators of FEME, licensing cells for rapid uptake by the pathway only when their activity is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio P A Ferreira
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Casamento
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Carrillo Roas
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Els F Halff
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Panambalana
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shaan Subramaniam
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Kira Schützenhofer
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Chan Wah Hak
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, UK.
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32
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Ohman LC, Krimm RF. Variation in taste ganglion neuron morphology: insights into taste function and plasticity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 20:134-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, Theil T. The Multifaceted Roles of Primary Cilia in the Development of the Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630161. [PMID: 33604340 PMCID: PMC7884624 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, a microtubule based organelle protruding from the cell surface and acting as an antenna in multiple signaling pathways, takes center stage in the formation of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that performs highly complex neural tasks and confers humans with their unique cognitive capabilities. These activities require dozens of different types of neurons that are interconnected in complex ways. Due to this complexity, corticogenesis has been regarded as one of the most complex developmental processes and cortical malformations underlie a number of neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy. Cortical development involves several steps controlled by cell–cell signaling. In fact, recent findings have implicated cilia in diverse processes such as neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon pathfinding, and circuit formation in the developing cortex. Here, we will review recent advances on the multiple roles of cilia during cortex formation and will discuss the implications for a better understanding of the disease mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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34
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Dorskind JM, Kolodkin AL. Revisiting and refining roles of neural guidance cues in circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 66:10-21. [PMID: 32823181 PMCID: PMC10725571 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural guidance mechanisms ensure the precise targeting and synaptogenesis events essential for normal circuit function. Neuronal growth cones encounter numerous attractive and repulsive cues as they navigate toward their intermediate and final targets; temporal and spatial regulation of these responses are critical for circuit assembly. Recent work highlights the complexity of these events throughout neural development and the multifaceted functions of a wide range of guidance cues. Here, we discuss recent studies that leverage advances in genetics, single cell tracing, transcriptomics and proteomics to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neural guidance and overall circuit organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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35
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Lysosomal Function and Axon Guidance: Is There a Meaningful Liaison? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020191. [PMID: 33573025 PMCID: PMC7911486 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal trajectories and neural circuit activities strongly rely on a complex system of molecular cues that finely orchestrate the patterning of neural commissures. Several of these axon guidance molecules undergo continuous recycling during brain development, according to incompletely understood intracellular mechanisms, that in part rely on endocytic and autophagic cascades. Based on their pivotal role in both pathways, lysosomes are emerging as a key hub in the sophisticated regulation of axonal guidance cue delivery, localization, and function. In this review, we will attempt to collect some of the most relevant research on the tight connection between lysosomal function and axon guidance regulation, providing some proof of concepts that may be helpful to understanding the relation between lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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36
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Liu S, Trupiano MX, Simon J, Guo J, Anton ES. The essential role of primary cilia in cerebral cortical development and disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:99-146. [PMID: 33706927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium, first described in the 19th century in different cell types and organisms by Alexander Ecker, Albert Kolliker, Aleksandr Kowalevsky, Paul Langerhans, and Karl Zimmermann (Ecker, 1844; Kolliker, 1854; Kowalevsky, 1867; Langerhans, 1876; Zimmermann, 1898), play an essential modulatory role in diverse aspects of nervous system development and function. The primary cilium, sometimes referred to as the cell's 'antennae', can receive wide ranging inputs from cellular milieu, including morphogens, growth factors, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters. Its unique structural and functional organization bequeaths it the capacity to hyper-concentrate signaling machinery in a restricted cellular domain approximately one-thousandth the volume of cell soma. Thus enabling it to act as a signaling hub that integrates diverse developmental and homestatic information from cellular milieu to regulate the development and function of neural cells. Dysfunction of primary cilia contributes to the pathophysiology of several brain malformations, intellectual disabilities, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the most essential contributions of primary cilia to cerebral cortical development and function, in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders and malformations. It highlights the recent progress made in identifying the mechanisms underlying primary cilia's role in cortical progenitors, neurons and glia, in health and disease. A future challenge will be to translate these insights and advances into effective clinical treatments for ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siling Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mia X Trupiano
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jeremy Simon
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jiami Guo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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37
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Holt E, Stanton-Turcotte D, Iulianella A. Development of the Vertebrate Trunk Sensory System: Origins, Specification, Axon Guidance, and Central Connectivity. Neuroscience 2021; 458:229-243. [PMID: 33460728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Crucial to an animal's movement through their environment and to the maintenance of their homeostatic physiology is the integration of sensory information. This is achieved by axons communicating from organs, muscle spindles and skin that connect to the sensory ganglia composing the peripheral nervous system (PNS), enabling organisms to collect an ever-constant flow of sensations and relay it to the spinal cord. The sensory system carries a wide spectrum of sensory modalities - from sharp pain to cool refreshing touch - traveling from the periphery to the spinal cord via the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). This review covers the origins and development of the DRG and the cells that populate it, and focuses on how sensory connectivity to the spinal cord is achieved by the diverse developmental and molecular processes that control axon guidance in the trunk sensory system. We also describe convergences and differences in sensory neuron formation among different vertebrate species to gain insight into underlying developmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holt
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada.
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38
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Kuzmin VS, Potekhina VM, Odnoshivkina YG, Chelombitko MA, Fedorov AV, Averina OA, Borodkov AS, Shevtsova AA, Lovat ML, Petrov AM. Proarrhythmic atrial ectopy associated with heart sympathetic innervation dysfunctions is specific for murine B6CBAF1 hybrid strain. Life Sci 2020; 266:118887. [PMID: 33316264 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A lot of animal models are developed with aim to advance in atrial fibrillation (AF) understanding. The hybrid B6CBAF1 mice are used extensively as a background to create manifestation of various diseases, however, their atrial electrophysiology, autonomic sympathetic innervation of the heart and potential for AF investigation is poorly characterized. In the present study we used ECG and microelectrode recordings from multicellular atrial preparations to reveal attributes of atrial electrical activity in B6CBAF1. Also, experiments with a fluorescent false monoamine neurotransmitter and glyoxylic acid-based staining were carried out to characterize functionally and morphologically catecholaminergic innervation of the B6CBAF1 atria. Atrial myocardium of B6CBAF1 is highly prone to ectopic automaticity and exhibits abnormal spontaneous action potential accompanied by multiple postdepolarizations that result in proarrhythmic triggered activity unlike two parental C57Bl/6 and CBA strains. In vivo experiments revealed that B6CBAF1 hybrids are more susceptible to the norepinephrine induced AF. Also, sympathetic nerve terminals are partially dysfunctional in B6CBAF1 revealing lower ability to accumulate and release neurotransmitters unlike two parental strains. The analysis of the heart rate variability revealed suppressed sympathetic component of the autonomic heart control in B6CBAF1. The organization of sympathetic innervation is very similar morphologically in all three murine strains however the abundance of non-bifurcated catecholamine-positive fibers in B6CBAF1 was increased. These results suggest that B6CBAF1 mice exhibit enhanced intrinsic atrial proarrhythmicity, while the abnormalities of sympathetic neurotransmitter cycling probably underlie disturbed autonomic heart control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad S Kuzmin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Leninskie gory 1, building 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovitjanova 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriia M Potekhina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Leninskie gory 1, building 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Maria A Chelombitko
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, MSU, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V Fedorov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Leninskie gory 1, building 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Averina
- The A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, MSU, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Functional Genomics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Borodkov
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academу of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Shevtsova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim L Lovat
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Leninskie gory 1, building 12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, Kazan, Russia; Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", Kazan, Russia
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Roh J, Go EJ, Park JW, Kim YH, Park CK. Resolvins: Potent Pain Inhibiting Lipid Mediators via Transient Receptor Potential Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584206. [PMID: 33363143 PMCID: PMC7758237 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a serious condition that occurs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). It is caused by inflammation or nerve damage that induces the release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells and/or protein kinase activation in neuronal cells. Both nervous systems are closely linked; therefore, inflammation or nerve damage in the PNS can affect the CNS (central sensitization). In this process, nociceptive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel activation and expression are increased. As a result, nociceptive neurons are activated, and pain signals to the brain are amplified and prolonged. In other words, suppressing the onset of pain signals in the PNS can suppress pain signals to the CNS. Resolvins, endogenous lipid mediators generated during the resolution phase of acute inflammation, inhibit nociceptive TRP ion channels and alleviate chronic pain. This paper summarizes the effect of resolvins in chronic pain control and discusses future scientific perspectives. Further study on the effect of resolvins on neuropathic pain will expand the scope of pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Roh
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Go
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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Oliveira NCM, Lins ÉM, Massirer KB, Bengtson MH. Translational Control during Mammalian Neocortex Development and Postembryonic Neuronal Function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:36-46. [PMID: 33020045 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The control of mRNA translation has key roles in the regulation of gene expression and biological processes such as mammalian cellular differentiation and identity. Methodological advances in the last decade have resulted in considerable progress towards understanding how translational control contributes to the regulation of diverse biological phenomena. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the involvement of translational control in the mammalian neocortex development and neuronal biology. We focus on regulatory mechanisms that modulate translational efficiency during neural stem cells self-renewal and differentiation, as well as in neuronal-related processes such as synapse, plasticity, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natássia Cristina Martins Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center of Medicinal Chemistry - CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium - SGC, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Érico Moreto Lins
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; PhD Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PGBM), UNICAMP, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Katlin Brauer Massirer
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center of Medicinal Chemistry - CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium - SGC, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Henrique Bengtson
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Center of Medicinal Chemistry - CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium - SGC, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that local protein synthesis (LPS) contributes to fundamental aspects of axon biology, in both developing and mature neurons. Mutations in RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), as central players in LPS, and other proteins affecting RNA localization and translation are associated with a range of neurological disorders, suggesting disruption of LPS may be of pathological significance. In this review, we substantiate this hypothesis by examining the link between LPS and key axonal processes, and the implicated pathophysiological consequences of dysregulated LPS. First, we describe how the length and autonomy of axons result in an exceptional reliance on LPS. We next discuss the roles of LPS in maintaining axonal structural and functional polarity and axonal trafficking. We then consider how LPS facilitates the establishment of neuronal connectivity through regulation of axonal branching and pruning, how it mediates axonal survival into adulthood and its involvement in neuronal stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Qiaojin Lin
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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The Purinergic Receptor P2rx3 is Required for Spiral Ganglion Neuron Branch Refinement during Development. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0179-20.2020. [PMID: 32675174 PMCID: PMC7418533 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0179-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea undergoes a highly dynamic process of growth and innervation during development. This process includes spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) branch refinement, a process whereby Type I SGNs undergo a phase of “debranching” before forming unramified synaptic contacts with inner hair cells. Using Sox2CreERT2 and R26RtdTomato as a strategy to genetically label individual SGNs in mice of both sexes, we report on both a time course of SGN branch refinement and a role for P2rx3 in this process. P2rx3 is an ionotropic ATP receptor that was recently implicated in outer hair cell spontaneous activity and Type II SGN synapse development (Ceriani et al., 2019), but its function in Type I SGN development is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that P2rx3 is expressed by Type I SGNs and hair cells during developmental periods that coincide with SGN branching refinement. P2rx3 null mice show SGNs with more complex branching patterns on their peripheral synaptic terminals and near their cell bodies around the time of birth. Loss of P2rx3 does not appear to confer general changes in axon outgrowth or hair cell formation, and alterations in branching complexity appear to mostly recover by postnatal day (P)6. However, when we examined the distribution of Type I SGN subtypes using antibodies that bind Calb2, Calb1, and Pou4f1, we found that P2rx3 null mice showed an increased proportion of SGNs that express Calb2. These data suggest P2rx3 may be necessary for normal Type I SGN differentiation in addition to serving a role in branch refinement.
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Chen B, Liu Y, Cai Y, Tang D, Xu S, Gao P, Yu W, Jiao Y, Li W. Hippocampus is more vulnerable to neural damages induced by repeated sevoflurane exposure in the second trimester than other brain areas. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:864-874. [PMID: 32515467 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the rapidly developing and sensitive period of the central nervous system (CNS), a harmful stimulus may have serious consequences. The effect of anesthetic exposure on the development of the offspring's CNS during pregnancy is still unclear and has been widely concerned. In the present study, we compared the susceptibility of the hippocampus with those of other brain regions in offsprings when the mother mice were exposed to repeated sevoflurane. We found that other than affecting motor sensation, emotion, or social behavior of offspring mice, repeated sevoflurane exposure induced significant memory deficiency. Compared with other brain regions, the hippocampus, which is the key component of the brain serving for learning and memory, was more vulnerable to repeated sevoflurane exposure. We also found that repeated sevoflurane exposure to mother mice could inhibit the axon development of hippocampal neurons. We also predicted that N6-methyladenosine modification of mRNA might play an essential role in the vulnerability of the hippocampus to sevoflurane, while the underlying cellular mechanism needs to be explored in the future. Our study may provide a new perspective for studying the mechanism of hippocampus-specific injury induced by sevoflurane exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yirong Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Saihong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Po Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yingfu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Konstantin A, Yu T, Le Carpentier E, Aoustin Y, Farina D. Simulation of Motor Unit Action Potential Recordings From Intramuscular Multichannel Scanning Electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 67:2005-2014. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2953680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kiyoshi C, Tedeschi A. Axon growth and synaptic function: A balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:277-301. [PMID: 32902152 PMCID: PMC7754183 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate inside out due to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants. During CNS development, axon growth, synapse formation, and function are tightly regulated processes allowing immature neurons to effectively grow an axon, navigate toward target areas, form synaptic contacts and become part of information processing networks that control behavior in adulthood. Not only immature neurons are able to precisely control the expression of a plethora of genes necessary for axon extension and pathfinding, synapse formation and function, but also non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and microglia actively participate in sculpting the nervous system through refinement, consolidation, and elimination of synaptic contacts. Recent evidence indicates that a balancing act between axon regeneration and synaptic function may be crucial for rebuilding functional neuronal circuits after CNS trauma and disease in adulthood. Here, we review the role of classical and new intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants in the context of CNS development, injury, and disease. Moreover, we discuss strategies targeting neuronal and non-neuronal cell behaviors, either alone or in combination, to promote axon regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kiyoshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Primary Cilia Signaling Promotes Axonal Tract Development and Is Disrupted in Joubert Syndrome-Related Disorders Models. Dev Cell 2020; 51:759-774.e5. [PMID: 31846650 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate axonal growth and connectivity are essential for functional wiring of the brain. Joubert syndrome-related disorders (JSRD), a group of ciliopathies in which mutations disrupt primary cilia function, are characterized by axonal tract malformations. However, little is known about how cilia-driven signaling regulates axonal growth and connectivity. We demonstrate that the deletion of related JSRD genes, Arl13b and Inpp5e, in projection neurons leads to de-fasciculated and misoriented axonal tracts. Arl13b deletion disrupts the function of its downstream effector, Inpp5e, and deregulates ciliary-PI3K/AKT signaling. Chemogenetic activation of ciliary GPCR signaling and cilia-specific optogenetic modulation of downstream second messenger cascades (PI3K, AKT, and AC3) commonly regulated by ciliary signaling receptors induce rapid changes in axonal dynamics. Further, Arl13b deletion leads to changes in transcriptional landscape associated with dysregulated PI3K/AKT signaling. These data suggest that ciliary signaling acts to modulate axonal connectivity and that impaired primary cilia signaling underlies axonal tract defects in JSRD.
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Dumoulin A, Schmidt H, Rathjen FG. Sensory Neurons: The Formation of T-Shaped Branches Is Dependent on a cGMP-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:47-57. [PMID: 32321356 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420913844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Axon bifurcation - a specific form of branching of somatosensory axons characterized by the splitting of the growth cone - is mediated by a cGMP-dependent signaling cascade composed of the extracellular ligand CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2), and the kinase cGKI (cGMP-dependent protein kinase I). In the absence of any one of these components, the formation of T-shaped axonal branches is impaired in neurons from DRGs (dorsal root ganglia), CSGs (cranial sensory ganglia) and MTNs (mesencephalic trigeminal neurons) in the murine spinal cord or hindbrain. Instead, axons from DRGs or from CSGs extend only either in an ascending or descending direction, while axons from MTNs either elongate within the hindbrain or extend via the trigeminal ganglion to the masseter muscles. Collateral formation from non-bifurcating stem axons is not affected by impaired cGMP signaling. Activation of Npr2 requires both binding of the ligand CNP as well as phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues at the juxtamembrane regions of the receptor. The absence of bifurcation results in an altered shape of termination fields of sensory afferents in the spinal cord and resulted in impaired noxious heat sensation and nociception whereas motor coordination appeared normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dumoulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Sasaki K, Arimoto K, Kankawa K, Terada C, Yamamori T, Watakabe A, Yamamoto N. Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors Regulate Horizontal Axon Branching of Cortical Upper Layer Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:2506-2518. [PMID: 31768529 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon branching is a crucial process for cortical circuit formation. However, how the cytoskeletal changes in axon branching are regulated is not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoA-GEFs) in branch formation of horizontally elongating axons (horizontal axons) in the mammalian cortex. In situ hybridization showed that more than half of all known RhoA-GEFs were expressed in the developing rat cortex. These RhoA-GEFs were mostly expressed in the macaque cortex as well. An overexpression study using organotypic cortical slice cultures demonstrated that several RhoA-GEFs strongly promoted horizontal axon branching. Moreover, branching patterns were different between overexpressed RhoA-GEFs. In particular, ARHGEF18 markedly increased terminal arbors, whereas active breakpoint cluster region-related protein (ABR) increased short branches in both distal and proximal regions of horizontal axons. Rho kinase inhibitor treatment completely suppressed the branch-promoting effect of ARHGEF18 overexpression, but only partially affected that of ABR, suggesting that these RhoA-GEFs employ distinct downstream pathways. Furthermore, knockdown of either ARHGEF18 or ABR considerably suppressed axon branching. Taken together, the present study revealed that subsets of RhoA-GEFs differentially promote axon branching of mammalian cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Arimoto
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kento Kankawa
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikayo Terada
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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49
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Kutikov AB, Moore SW, Layer RT, Podell PE, Sridhar N, Santamaria AJ, Aimetti AA, Hofstetter CP, Ulich TR, Guest JD. Method and Apparatus for the Automated Delivery of Continuous Neural Stem Cell Trails Into the Spinal Cord of Small and Large Animals. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:560-573. [PMID: 30169668 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immature neurons can extend processes after transplantation in adult animals. Neuronal relays can form between injected neural stem cells (NSCs) and surviving neurons, possibly improving recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Cell delivery methods of single or multiple bolus injections of concentrated cell suspensions thus far tested in preclinical and clinical experiments are suboptimal for new tract formation. Nonuniform injectate dispersal is often seen due to gravitational cell settling and clumping. Multiple injections have additive risks of hemorrhage, parenchymal damage, and cellular reflux and require additional surgical exposure. The deposition of multiply delivered cells boluses may be uneven and discontinuous. OBJECTIVE To develop an injection apparatus and methodology to deliver continuous cellular trails bridging spinal cord lesions. METHODS We improved the uniformity of cellular trails by formulating NSCs in hyaluronic acid. The TrailmakerTM stereotaxic injection device was automatized to extend a shape memory needle from a single-entry point in the spinal cord longitudinal axis to "pioneer" a new trail space and then retract while depositing an hyaluronic acid-NSC suspension. We conducted testing in a collagen spinal models, and animal testing using human NSCs (hNSCs) in rats and minipigs. RESULTS Continuous surviving trails of hNSCs within rat and minipig naive spinal cords were 12 and 40 mm in length. hNSC trails were delivered across semi-acute contusion injuries in rats. Transplanted hNSCs survived and were able to differentiate into neural lineage cells and astrocytes. CONCLUSION The TrailmakerTM creates longitudinal cellular trails spanning multiple levels from a single-entry point. This may enhance the ability of therapeutics to promote functional relays after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon W Moore
- InVivo Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Nithya Sridhar
- InVivo Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alex A Aimetti
- InVivo Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Thomas R Ulich
- InVivo Therapeutics Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James D Guest
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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50
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Marinov T, López Sánchez HA, Yuchi L, Adewole DO, Cullen DK, Kraft RH. A computational model of bidirectional axonal growth in micro-tissue engineered neuronal networks (micro-TENNs). In Silico Biol 2020; 14:85-99. [PMID: 32390612 PMCID: PMC7505002 DOI: 10.3233/isb-180172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Micro-Tissue Engineered Neural Networks (Micro-TENNs) are living three-dimensional constructs designed to replicate the neuroanatomy of white matter pathways in the brain and are being developed as implantable micro-tissue for axon tract reconstruction, or as anatomically-relevant in vitro experimental platforms. Micro-TENNs are composed of discrete neuronal aggregates connected by bundles of long-projecting axonal tracts within miniature tubular hydrogels. In order to help design and optimize micro-TENN performance, we have created a new computational model including geometric and functional properties. The model is built upon the three-dimensional diffusion equation and incorporates large-scale uni- and bi-directional growth that simulates realistic neuron morphologies. The model captures unique features of 3D axonal tract development that are not apparent in planar outgrowth and may be insightful for how white matter pathways form during brain development. The processes of axonal outgrowth, branching, turning and aggregation/bundling from each neuron are described through functions built on concentration equations and growth time distributed across the growth segments. Once developed we conducted multiple parametric studies to explore the applicability of the method and conducted preliminary validation via comparisons to experimentally grown micro-TENNs for a range of growth conditions. Using this framework, the model can be applied to study micro-TENN growth processes and functional characteristics using spiking network or compartmental network modeling. This model may be applied to improve our understanding of axonal tract development and functionality, as well as to optimize the fabrication of implantable tissue engineered brain pathways for nervous system reconstruction and/or modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Marinov
- Penn State Computational Biomechanics Group, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Haven A. López Sánchez
- The Laboratory of Physicochemistry and Engineering of Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Liang Yuchi
- Penn State Computational Biomechanics Group, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dayo O. Adewole
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reuben H. Kraft
- Penn State Computational Biomechanics Group, Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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