1
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Eggermann T, Prawitt D. Further understanding of paternal uniparental disomy in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:513-521. [PMID: 36377076 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2144228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 (upd(11)pat) accounts for up to 20% of molecularly confirmed Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum (BWSp) cases. It belongs to the BWSp subgroup with the second highest tumor risk, and therefore needs particular awareness in research, diagnostics and clinical management. AREAS COVERED We overview the contribution of paternal (mosaic) uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 (UPD, upd(11)pat) and mosaic paternal uniparental diploidy in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann features. The review comprises the current knowledge on their formation and their molecular and clinical consequences. Accordingly, the consequences for diagnostic testing and clinical monitoring are compiled. EXPERT OPINION The necessity to diagnostically identify and thus discriminate genome-wide paternal uniparental disomy, and upd(11)pat becomes obvious, due to the differences in the clinical course, disease prognosis, and treatment. In particular, monitoring of tumor development by liquid biopsy might be a promising option in the future. From the research point of view, it should be addressed why 11p is prone to mitotic recombination and thus also provide to the role of upd(11) as second hit in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eggermann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Ahn J, Lee J, Kim DH, Hwang IS, Park MR, Cho IC, Hwang S, Lee K. Loss of Monoallelic Expression of IGF2 in the Adult Liver Via Alternative Promoter Usage and Chromatin Reorganization. Front Genet 2022; 13:920641. [PMID: 35938007 PMCID: PMC9355166 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, genomic imprinting operates via gene silencing mechanisms. Although conservation of the imprinting mechanism at the H19/IGF2 locus has been generally described in pigs, tissue-specific imprinting at the transcript level, monoallelic-to-biallelic conversion, and spatio-temporal chromatin reorganization remain largely uninvestigated. Here, we delineate spatially regulated imprinting of IGF2 transcripts, age-dependent hepatic mono- to biallelic conversion, and reorganization of topologically associating domains at the porcine H19/IGF2 locus for better translation to human and animal research. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of normal and parthenogenetic porcine embryos revealed the paternally hypermethylated H19 differentially methylated region and paternal expression of IGF2. Using a polymorphism-based approach and omics datasets from chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP–seq), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), RNA-seq, and Hi-C, regulation of IGF2 during development was analyzed. Regulatory elements in the liver were distinguished from those in the muscle where the porcine IGF2 transcript was monoallelically expressed. The IGF2 transcript from the liver was biallelically expressed at later developmental stages in both pigs and humans. Chromatin interaction was less frequent in the adult liver compared to the fetal liver and skeletal muscle. The duration of genomic imprinting effects within the H19/IGF2 locus might be reduced in the liver with biallelic conversion through alternative promoter usage and chromatin remodeling. Our integrative omics analyses of genome, epigenome, and transcriptome provided a comprehensive view of imprinting status at the H19/IGF2 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Ahn
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joonbum Lee
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - In-Sul Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk, South Korea
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - In-Cheol Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Kichoon Lee,
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3
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Zou H, Yu D, Yao S, Ding F, Li J, Li L, Li X, Zhao S, Pang Y, Hao H, Du W, Zhao X, Dai Y, Zhu H. Efficient Editing of the ZBED6-Binding Site in Intron 3 of IGF2 in a Bovine Model Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071132. [PMID: 35885915 PMCID: PMC9325003 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Insulin-like growth factor 2 is a growth-promoting factor that plays an important role in the growth and development of mammals. A nucleotide substitution in intron 3 of IGF2—which disrupts the ZBED6-binding site—affects muscle mass, organ size, and fat deposition in pigs. The ZBED6-binding site is also conserved in cattle. Methods: In the present study, we introduced mutations in the ZBED6-binding site in intron3 of IGF2 in bovine fetal fibroblasts using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and investigated the effect of disruption of ZBED6 binding on IGF2 expression. Results: Eleven biallelic-mutant single-cell clones were established, three of which contained no foreign DNA residues. Single-cell clones 93 and 135 were used to produce cloned embryos. Dual-luciferase reporter assay in C2C12 cells demonstrated that the mutation in the ZBED6-binding site increases the promoter 3 activity of bovine IGF2. A total of 49 mutant cloned embryos were transplanted into surrogate cows. Unfortunately, all cloned embryos died before birth. IGF2 was found to be hypomethylated in the only fetus born (stillborn), which may have been due to the incomplete reprogramming. Conclusions: We efficiently constructed IGF2-edited cell lines and cloned embryos, which provided a theoretical basis and experimental materials for beef cattle breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zou
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dawei Yu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shun Yao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Fangrong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.D.); (L.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Junliang Li
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.D.); (L.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.D.); (L.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Shanjiang Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yunwei Pang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Haisheng Hao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Weihua Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yunping Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (F.D.); (L.L.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Z.); (D.Y.); (S.Y.); (J.L.); (S.Z.); (Y.P.); (H.H.); (W.D.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (H.Z.)
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4
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Phillipps HR, Rand CJ, Brown RSE, Kokay IC, Stanton J, Grattan DR. Prolactin regulation of insulin‐like growth factor 2 gene expression in the adult mouse choroid plexus. FASEB J 2019; 33:6115-6128. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802262r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hollian R. Phillipps
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Christy J. Rand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Rosemary S. E. Brown
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Ilona C. Kokay
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Jo‐Ann Stanton
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - David R. Grattan
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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5
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Ni W, Pan C, Pan Q, Fei Q, Huang X, Zhang C. Methylation levels of
IGF2
and
KCNQ1
in spermatozoa from infertile men are associated with sperm DNA damage. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13239. [PMID: 30680773 DOI: 10.1111/and.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wuhua Ni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing School of Clinical Medicine Southern Medical University (Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region) Nanjing China
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Chengshuang Pan
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Qiongqiong Pan
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Qianjin Fei
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Reproductive Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing School of Clinical Medicine Southern Medical University (Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region) Nanjing China
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6
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Dynamic alterations in methylation of global DNA and growth-related genes in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in response to starvation stress. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 227:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Zhi Z, Zhu H, Lv X, Lu C, Li Y, Wu F, Zhou L, Li H, Tang W. IGF2-derived miR-483-3p associated with Hirschsprung's disease by targeting FHL1. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4913-4921. [PMID: 30073757 PMCID: PMC6156468 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HSCR (Hirschsprung's disease) is a serious congenital defect, and the aetiology of it remains unclear. Many studies have highlighted the significant roles of intronic miRNAs and their host genes in various disease, few was mentioned in HSCR although. In this study, miR-483-3p along with its host gene IGF2 (Insulin-like growth factor 2) was found down-regulated in 60 HSCR aganglionic colon tissues compared with 60 normal controls. FHL1 (Four and a half LIM domains 1) was determined as a target gene of miR-483-3p via dual-luciferase reporter assay, and its expression was at a higher level in HSCR tissues. Here, we study cell migration and proliferation in human 293T and SH-SY5Y cell lines by performing Transwell and CCK8 assays. In conclusion, the knockdown of miR-483-3p and IGF2 both suppressed cell migration and proliferation, while the loss of FHL1 leads to opposite outcome. Furthermore, miR-483-3p mimics could rescue the negative effects on cell proliferation and migration caused by silencing IGF2, while the FHL1 siRNA may inverse the function of miR-483-3p inhibitor. This study revealed that miR-483-3p derived from IGF2 was associated with Hirschsprung's disease by targeting FHL1 and may provide a new pathway to understand the aetiology of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Zhi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hairong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lv
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changgui Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Ghanipoor-Samami M, Javadmanesh A, Burns BM, Thomsen DA, Nattrass GS, Estrella CAS, Kind KL, Hiendleder S. Atlas of tissue- and developmental stage specific gene expression for the bovine insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200466. [PMID: 30001361 PMCID: PMC6042742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is fundamental for mammalian growth and development. However, no comprehensive reference data on gene expression across tissues and pre- and postnatal developmental stages are available for any given species. Here we provide systematic promoter- and splice variant specific information on expression of IGF system components in embryonic (Day 48), fetal (Day 153), term (Day 277, placenta) and juvenile (Day 365–396) tissues of domestic cow, a major agricultural species and biomedical model. Analysis of spatiotemporal changes in expression of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IGFBP1-8 and IR genes, as well as lncRNAs H19 and AIRN, by qPCR, indicated an overall increase in expression from embryo to fetal stage, and decrease in expression from fetal to juvenile stage. The stronger decrease in expression of lncRNAs (average ―16-fold) and ligands (average ―12.1-fold) compared to receptors (average ―5.7-fold) and binding proteins (average ―4.3-fold) is consistent with known functions of IGF peptides and supports important roles of lncRNAs in prenatal development. Pronounced overall reduction in postnatal expression of IGF system components in lung (―12.9-fold) and kidney (―13.2-fold) are signatures of major changes in organ function while more similar hepatic expression levels (―2.2-fold) are evidence of the endocrine rather than autocrine/paracrine role of IGFs in postnatal growth regulation. Despite its rapid growth, placenta displayed a more stable expression pattern than other organs during prenatal development. Quantitative analyses of contributions of promoters P0-P4 to global IGF2 transcript in fetal tissues revealed that P4 accounted for the bulk of transcript in all tissues but skeletal muscle. Demonstration of IGF2 expression in fetal muscle and postnatal liver from a promoter orthologous to mouse and human promoter P0 provides further evidence for an evolutionary and developmental shift from placenta-specific P0-expression in rodents and suggests that some aspects of bovine IGF expression may be closer to human than mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Ghanipoor-Samami
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- JS Davies Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- JS Davies Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brian M. Burns
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dana A. Thomsen
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- JS Davies Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg S. Nattrass
- Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Consuelo Amor S. Estrella
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- JS Davies Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L. Kind
- JS Davies Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefan Hiendleder
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- JS Davies Epigenetics and Genetics Group, Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Huynh NPT, Anderson BA, Guilak F, McAlinden A. Emerging roles for long noncoding RNAs in skeletal biology and disease. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:116-141. [PMID: 27254479 PMCID: PMC5301950 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1194406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal skeletal development requires tight coordination of transcriptional networks, signaling pathways, and biomechanical cues, and many of these pathways are dysregulated in pathological conditions affecting cartilage and bone. Recently, a significant role has been identified for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in developing and maintaining cellular phenotypes, and improvements in sequencing technologies have led to the identification of thousands of lncRNAs across diverse cell types, including the cells within cartilage and bone. It is clear that lncRNAs play critical roles in regulating gene expression. For example, they can function as epigenetic regulators in the nucleus via chromatin modulation to control gene transcription, or in the cytoplasm, where they can function as scaffolds for protein-binding partners or modulate the activity of other coding and noncoding RNAs. In this review, we discuss the growing list of lncRNAs involved in normal development and/or homeostasis of the skeletal system, the potential mechanisms by which these lncRNAs might function, and recent improvements in the methodologies available to study lncRNA functions in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we address the likely utility of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diseases of the skeletal system, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and in cancers of the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen P. T. Huynh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Britta A. Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Shriners Hospitals for Children – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Creemers SG, van Koetsveld PM, van Kemenade FJ, Papathomas TG, Franssen GJH, Dogan F, Eekhoff EMW, van der Valk P, de Herder WW, Janssen JAMJL, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Methylation of IGF2 regulatory regions to diagnose adrenocortical carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:727-37. [PMID: 27535174 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. Discrimination of ACCs from adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs) is challenging on both imaging and histopathological grounds. High IGF2 expression is associated with malignancy, but shows large variability. In this study, we investigate whether specific methylation patterns of IGF2 regulatory regions could serve as a valuable biomarker in distinguishing ACCs from ACAs. Pyrosequencing was used to analyse methylation percentages in DMR0, DMR2, imprinting control region (ICR) (consisting of CTCF3 and CTCF6) and the H19 promoter. Expression of IGF2 and H19 mRNA was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. Analyses were performed in 24 ACCs, 14 ACAs and 11 normal adrenals. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, we evaluated which regions showed the best predictive value for diagnosis of ACC and determined the diagnostic accuracy of these regions. In ACCs, the DMR0, CTCF3, CTCF6 and the H19 promoter were positively correlated with IGF2 mRNA expression (P<0.05). Methylation in the most discriminating regions distinguished ACCs from ACAs with a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 100% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.997±0.005. Our findings were validated in an independent cohort of 9 ACCs and 13 ACAs, resulting in a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 92%. Thus, methylation patterns of IGF2 regulatory regions can discriminate ACCs from ACAs with high diagnostic accuracy. This proposed test may become the first objective diagnostic tool to assess malignancy in adrenal tumours and facilitate the choice of therapeutic strategies in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Creemers
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Kemenade
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G Papathomas
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of HistopathologyKing's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - G J H Franssen
- Department of SurgeryErasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Dogan
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M W Eekhoff
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P van der Valk
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W de Herder
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Zhou J, Yang L, Zhong T, Mueller M, Men Y, Zhang N, Xie J, Giang K, Chung H, Sun X, Lu L, Carmichael GG, Taylor HS, Huang Y. H19 lncRNA alters DNA methylation genome wide by regulating S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10221. [PMID: 26687445 PMCID: PMC4703905 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development and physiology. Here we report that the developmentally regulated H19 lncRNA binds to and inhibits S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), the only mammalian enzyme capable of hydrolysing S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAH is a potent feedback inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases that methylate diverse cellular components, including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids and neurotransmitters. We show that H19 knockdown activates SAHH, leading to increased DNMT3B-mediated methylation of an lncRNA-encoding gene Nctc1 within the Igf2-H19-Nctc1 locus. Genome-wide methylation profiling reveals methylation changes at numerous gene loci consistent with SAHH modulation by H19. Our results uncover an unanticipated regulatory circuit involving broad epigenetic alterations by a single abundantly expressed lncRNA that may underlie gene methylation dynamics of development and diseases and suggest that this mode of regulation may extend to other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Renmin Hospital, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Yi Men
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Juanke Xie
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Reproductive Medical Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Karolyn Giang
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California 92614, USA
| | - Hunter Chung
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California 92614, USA
| | - Xueguang Sun
- Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, California 92614, USA
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Gordon G Carmichael
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Yingqun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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12
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Ferrón SR, Radford EJ, Domingo-Muelas A, Kleine I, Ramme A, Gray D, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Ward A, Menheniott TR, Ferguson-Smith AC. Differential genomic imprinting regulates paracrine and autocrine roles of IGF2 in mouse adult neurogenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8265. [PMID: 26369386 PMCID: PMC4579569 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is implicated in the control of gene dosage in neurogenic niches. Here we address the importance of Igf2 imprinting for murine adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus in vivo. In the SVZ, paracrine IGF2 is a cerebrospinal fluid and endothelial-derived neurogenic factor requiring biallelic expression, with mutants having reduced activation of the stem cell pool and impaired olfactory bulb neurogenesis. In contrast, Igf2 is imprinted in the hippocampus acting as an autocrine factor expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) solely from the paternal allele. Conditional mutagenesis of Igf2 in blood vessels confirms that endothelial-derived IGF2 contributes to NSC maintenance in SVZ but not in the SGZ, and that this is regulated by the biallelic expression of IGF2 in the vascular compartment. Our findings indicate that a regulatory decision to imprint or not is a functionally important mechanism of transcriptional dosage control in adult neurogenesis. Selective biallelic expression of certain genes through genomic imprinting are known to play a role in controlling neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Here the authors investigate the role of imprinting in the dosage control of Igf2 and its relevance for the function of IGF2 as a neurogenic regulator in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ferrón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - E J Radford
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - A Domingo-Muelas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - I Kleine
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - A Ramme
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner, 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - D Gray
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - I Sandovici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - M Constancia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SW, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - A Ward
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - T R Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - A C Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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13
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Marášek P, Dzijak R, Studenyak I, Fišerová J, Uličná L, Novák P, Hozák P. Paxillin-dependent regulation of IGF2 and H19 gene cluster expression. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3106-16. [PMID: 26116569 PMCID: PMC4541046 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paxillin (PXN) is a focal adhesion protein that has been implicated in signal transduction from the extracellular matrix. Recently, it has been shown to shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. When inside the nucleus, paxillin promotes cell proliferation. Here, we introduce paxillin as a transcriptional regulator of IGF2 and H19 genes. It does not affect the allelic expression of the two genes; rather, it regulates long-range chromosomal interactions between the IGF2 or H19 promoter and a shared distal enhancer on an active allele. Specifically, paxillin stimulates the interaction between the enhancer and the IGF2 promoter, thus activating IGF2 gene transcription, whereas it restrains the interaction between the enhancer and the H19 promoter, downregulating the H19 gene. We found that paxillin interacts with cohesin and the mediator complex, which have been shown to mediate long-range chromosomal looping. We propose that these interactions occur at the IGF2 and H19 gene cluster and are involved in the formation of loops between the IGF2 and H19 promoters and the enhancer, and thus the expression of the corresponding genes. These observations contribute to a mechanistic explanation of the role of paxillin in proliferation and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Marášek
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Dzijak
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Studenyak
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřiška Fišerová
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Lívia Uličná
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology AS CR, Prague 142 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozák
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
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14
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15
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Baran Y, Subramaniam M, Biton A, Tukiainen T, Tsang EK, Rivas MA, Pirinen M, Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Smith KS, Kukurba KR, Zhang R, Eng C, Torgerson DG, Urbanek C, Li JB, Rodriguez-Santana JR, Burchard EG, Seibold MA, MacArthur DG, Montgomery SB, Zaitlen NA, Lappalainen T. The landscape of genomic imprinting across diverse adult human tissues. Genome Res 2015; 25:927-36. [PMID: 25953952 PMCID: PMC4484390 DOI: 10.1101/gr.192278.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an important regulatory mechanism that silences one of the parental copies of a gene. To systematically characterize this phenomenon, we analyze tissue specificity of imprinting from allelic expression data in 1582 primary tissue samples from 178 individuals from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. We characterize imprinting in 42 genes, including both novel and previously identified genes. Tissue specificity of imprinting is widespread, and gender-specific effects are revealed in a small number of genes in muscle with stronger imprinting in males. IGF2 shows maternal expression in the brain instead of the canonical paternal expression elsewhere. Imprinting appears to have only a subtle impact on tissue-specific expression levels, with genes lacking a systematic expression difference between tissues with imprinted and biallelic expression. In summary, our systematic characterization of imprinting in adult tissues highlights variation in imprinting between genes, individuals, and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Baran
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Meena Subramaniam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Anne Biton
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Emily K Tsang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin S Smith
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kim R Kukurba
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Dara G Torgerson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Cydney Urbanek
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Integrated Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Noah A Zaitlen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Tuuli Lappalainen
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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16
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Wang KCW, Tosh DN, Zhang S, McMillen IC, Duffield JA, Brooks DA, Morrison JL. IGF-2R-Gαq signaling and cardiac hypertrophy in the low-birth-weight lamb. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R627-35. [PMID: 25632020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00346.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a heterotrimeric G protein receptor-coupled manner involving αq (Gαq) or αs (Gαs). We have previously shown increased left ventricular weight and cardiac IGF-2 and IGF-2R gene expression in low-birth-weight (LBW) compared with average-birth-weight (ABW) lambs. Here, we have investigated the cardiac expression of IGF-2 gene variants, the degree of histone acetylation, and the abundance of proteins in the IGF-2R downstream signaling pathway in ABW and LBW lambs. Samples from the left ventricle of ABW and LBW lambs were collected at 21 days of age. There was increased phospho-CaMKII protein with decreased HDAC 4 abundance in the LBW compared with ABW lambs. There was increased GATA 4 and decreased phospho-troponin I abundance in LBW compared with ABW lambs, which are markers of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and impaired or reduced contractility, respectively. There was increased histone acetylation of H3K9 at IGF-2R promoter and IGF-2R intron 2 differentially methylated region in the LBW lamb. In conclusion, histone acetylation of IGF-2R may lead to increased IGF-2R mRNA expression and subsequently mediate Gαq signaling early in life via CaMKII, resulting in an increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley C W Wang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Darran N Tosh
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - I Caroline McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Jaime A Duffield
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; and
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17
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Zhu M, Chen Q, Liu X, Sun Q, Zhao X, Deng R, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu M, Yan J, Yu J. lncRNA H19/miR-675 axis represses prostate cancer metastasis by targeting TGFBI. FEBS J 2014; 281:3766-75. [PMID: 24988946 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide and there is a lack of effective treatment options for advanced (metastatic) prostate cancer. Currently, limited knowledge is available concerning the role of long non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer metastasis. In this study, we found that long non-coding RNA H19 (H19) and H19-derived microRNA-675 (miR-675) were significantly downregulated in the metastatic prostate cancer cell line M12 compared with the non-metastatic prostate epithelial cell line P69. Upregulation of H19 in P69 and PC3 cells significantly increased the level of miR-675 and repressed cell migration; however, ectopic expression of H19 in M12 cells could not increase the level of miR-675 and therefore had no effect on cell migration. Furthermore, we found that the expression level of either H19 or miR-675 in P69 cells was negatively associated with the expression of transforming growth factor β induced protein (TGFBI), an extracellular matrix protein involved in cancer metastasis. Dual luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-675 directly bound with 3'UTR of TGFBI mRNA to repress its translation. Taken together, we show for the first time that the H19-miR-675 axis acts as a suppressor of prostate cancer metastasis, which may have possible diagnostic and therapeutic potential for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, No. 3 People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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18
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Nordin M, Bergman D, Halje M, Engström W, Ward A. Epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene cluster. Cell Prolif 2014; 47:189-99. [PMID: 24738971 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Igf2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) and H19 genes are imprinted in mammals; they are expressed unevenly from the two parental alleles. Igf2 is a growth factor expressed in most normal tissues, solely from the paternal allele. H19 gene is transcribed (but not translated to a protein) from the maternal allele. Igf2 protein is a growth factor particularly important during pregnancy, where it promotes both foetal and placental growth and also nutrient transfer from mother to offspring via the placenta. This article reviews epigenetic regulation of the Igf2/H19 gene-cluster that leads to parent-specific expression, with current models including parental allele-specific DNA methylation and chromatin modifications, DNA-binding of insulator proteins (CTCFs) and three-dimensional partitioning of DNA in the nucleus. It is emphasized that key genomic features are conserved among mammals and have been functionally tested in mouse. 'The enhancer competition model', 'the boundary model' and 'the chromatin-loop model' are three models based on differential methylation as the epigenetic mark responsible for the imprinted expression pattern. Pathways are discussed that can account for allelic methylation differences; there is a recent study that contradicts the previously accepted fact that biallelic expression is accompanied with loss of differential methylation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nordin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Panda AC, Grammatikakis I, Yoon JH, Abdelmohsen K. Posttranscriptional regulation of insulin family ligands and receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19202-29. [PMID: 24051403 PMCID: PMC3794829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140919202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin system including ligands (insulin and IGFs) and their shared receptors (IR and IGFR) are critical regulators of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Altered insulin system is associated with major pathological conditions like diabetes and cancer. The mRNAs encoding for these ligands and their receptors are posttranscriptionally controlled by three major groups of regulators; (i) alternative splicing regulatory factors; (ii) turnover and translation regulator RNA-binding proteins (TTR-RBPs); and (iii) non-coding RNAs including miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this review, we discuss the influence of these regulators on alternative splicing, mRNA stability and translation. Due to the pathological impacts of insulin system, we also discussed the possibilities of discovering new potential regulators which will improve understanding of insulin system and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh C Panda
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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20
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Gao T, He B, Pan Y, Gu L, Chen L, Nie Z, Xu Y, Li R, Wang S. H19 DMR methylation correlates to the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through IGF2 imprinting pathway. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:410-7. [PMID: 23943562 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H19 gene has been proved to be essential for human tumor growth which contains CpG rich regions. Imprinted gene expression in many cancers is usually associated with the function of methylation. We performed this study to better understand wether H19 DMR methylation correlates to the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through IGF2 imprinting pathway. METHODS LOI of IGF2 was detected in 276 samples, which were determined as heterozygote with ApaI polymorphism in exon 9 of IGF2 by PCR-RFLP and RT-PCR-RFLP. Methylation status of H19 DMR in informative samples was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing PCR. IGF2 expression was examined by real-time PCR and IHC. RESULTS 208 ESCC patients were informative for ApaI polymorphism. 92 tumor and 30 normal tissues showed IGF2 LOI. Methylation status of H19 CBS6 was higher in patients with IGF2 LOI compared to patients with IGF2 MOI (p < 0.05). IGF2 expression in patients with IGF2 LOI was higher than patients with IGF2 MOI (p < 0.05) which was correlated with lymph node involvement, neoplastic grade and metastasis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that H19 CBS6 hypermethylation is related to the LOI of IGF2 which usually leads to an overexpression of IGF2, playing important roles in the occurrence, development as well as metastasis of ESCC. Therefore, H19 CBS6 methylation potentially represents a novel clinically relevant epigenetic marker to identify individuals at increased risk for the occurrence, progression and prognosis of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gao
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China,
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21
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Alfimova MV, Lezheiko TV, Gritsenko IK, Golimbet VE. Association of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene with human cognitive functions. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412080029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Promoter-specific expression and imprint status of marsupial IGF2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41690. [PMID: 22848567 PMCID: PMC3405008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice and humans, IGF2 has multiple promoters to maintain its complex tissue- and developmental stage-specific imprinting and expression. IGF2 is also imprinted in marsupials, but little is known about its promoter region. In this study, three IGF2 transcripts were isolated from placental and liver samples of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Each transcript contained a unique 5' untranslated region, orthologous to the non-coding exons derived from promoters P1–P3 in the human and mouse IGF2 locus. The expression of tammar IGF2 was predominantly from the P2 promoter, similar to humans. Expression of IGF2 was higher in pouch young than in the adult and imprinting was highly tissue and developmental-stage specific. Interestingly, while IGF2 was expressed throughout the placenta, imprinting seemed to be restricted to the vascular, trilaminar region. In addition, IGF2 was monoallelically expressed in the adult mammary gland while in the liver it switched from monoalleleic expression in the pouch young to biallelic in the adult. These data suggest a complex mode of IGF2 regulation in marsupials as seen in eutherian mammals. The conservation of the IGF2 promoters suggests they originated before the divergence of marsupials and eutherians, and have been selectively maintained for at least 160 million years.
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23
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Bhusari S, Yang B, Kueck J, Huang W, Jarrard DF. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) loss of imprinting marks a field defect within human prostates containing cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:1621-30. [PMID: 21432864 PMCID: PMC3825178 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of imprinting (LOI) is an epigenetic alteration involving loss of parental origin-specific expression at normally imprinted genes. A LOI for IGF2, a paracrine growth factor, has been implicated in the development of prostate and other cancers. In the current study, we define IGF2 LOI in histologically normal prostate tissues in relationship to tumor foci and gene expression. METHODS Microdissected tumor associated (TA) adjacent (2 mm) and distant (10 mm) tissues surrounding tumor foci were generated. IGF2 imprinting in informative prostate tissue sets was quantitated using a fluorescent primer extension assay and expression analyzed utilizing quantitative PCR. DNA methylation analyses were performed using quantitative pyrosequencing. RESULTS A marked IGF2 LOI was found in adjacent TA tissues (39 ± 3.1%) and did not significantly decrease in tissues distant (38 ± 5.3%) from tumor foci (45 ± 2.9%; P = 0.21). IGF2 imprinting correlated with IGF2 expression in TA tissues, but not within the tumor foci. Hypomethylation of the IGF2 DMR0 region correlated with decreased IGF2 expression in tumors (P < 0.01). The expression of IGF2 and its adjacent imprinted gene H19 were increased in adjacent and distant tissues compared to tumors (P < 0.05) indicating the importance of factors other than LOI in driving IGF2 expression. CONCLUSIONS LOI of IGF2 occurs not only adjacent to prostate tumor foci, but is widely prevalent even in distant areas within the peripheral zone. These data provide evidence for a widespread epigenetic field defect in histologically normal tissues that might be employed to identify prostate cancer in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Bhusari
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jessica Kueck
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wei Huang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David F. Jarrard
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Correspondence to: David F. Jarrard, MD, 7037, Wisconsin Institutes of Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792.
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Tybl E, Shi FD, Kessler SM, Tierling S, Walter J, Bohle RM, Wieland S, Zhang J, Tan EM, Kiemer AK. Overexpression of the IGF2-mRNA binding protein p62 in transgenic mice induces a steatotic phenotype. J Hepatol 2011; 54:994-1001. [PMID: 21145819 PMCID: PMC3079004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The insulin-like growth-factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding protein p62 is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue. Still, its potential role in liver disease is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated pathophysiological implications of p62 overexpression in mice. METHODS We generated mice overexpressing p62 under a LAP-promotor. mRNA expression levels and stability were examined by real-time RT-PCR. Allele-specific expression of Igf2 and H19 was assessed after crossing mice with SD7 animals. The Igf2 downstream mediators pAKT and PTEN were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Hepatic p62 overexpression neither induced inflammatory processes nor liver damage. However, 2.5week old transgenic animals displayed a steatotic phenotype and improved glucose tolerance. p62 overexpression induced the expression of the imprinted genes Igf2 and H19 and their transcriptional regulator Aire (autoimmune regulator). Neither monoallelic expression nor mRNA stability of Igf2 and H19 was affected. Investigating Igf2 downstream signalling pathways showed increased AKT activation and attenuated PTEN expression. CONCLUSIONS The induction of a steatotic phenotype implies that p62 plays a role in hepatic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Tybl
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph´ s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Saarland University, Institute of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Saarland University, Institute of Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Department of Pathology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefan Wieland
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- University of Texas El Paso, Department of Biology, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Eng M. Tan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarbrücken, Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed, Alexandra K. Kiemer, Ph.D., Saarland University, P.O. box 15 11 50, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, phone: +49-681-302 57301, fax: +49-681-302 57302,
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Korucuoglu U, Biri AA, Konac E, Alp E, Onen IH, Ilhan MN, Turkyilmaz E, Erdem A, Erdem M, Menevse S. Expression of the imprinted IGF2 and H19 genes in the endometrium of cases with unexplained infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 149:77-81. [PMID: 20042264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As genomic imprinting plays a critical role in the development of the placenta, the aim of this study was to detect whether the expression levels of the imprinted genes IGF2 and H19 in the endometrium differ between infertile and fertile women. STUDY DESIGN Total RNA was extracted from 30 (15 unexplained infertile and 15 fertile) women's endometrial tissue. cDNA was synthesized from total RNAs of each sample. IGF2 and H19 mRNA expression levels were measured quantitatively using the Real Time PCR method. In order to determine the allelic expression of IGF2 and H19, genomic DNA was extracted from endometrial tissues. RESULTS When compared with the control group, increased mRNA expression of IGF2 was detected (1.5-fold change, P=0.015) in the unexplained infertility group. In contrast, H19 expression was lower in the infertility group as compared to the control group (4-fold change, P<0.0001). Restriction analysis of cDNA-derived PCR product showed that all patients and controls indicated monoallelic expression of IGF2 and H19. CONCLUSION Our results showed that altered expression of these imprinted genes might affect implantation and that their timely and appropriate activation is important for proper functioning. To understand the molecular epigenetic basis of implantation and placental development, genomic imprinted genes should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Korucuoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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Cironi L, Provero P, Riggi N, Janiszewska M, Suva D, Suva ML, Kindler V, Stamenkovic I. Epigenetic features of human mesenchymal stem cells determine their permissiveness for induction of relevant transcriptional changes by SYT-SSX1. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7904. [PMID: 19936258 PMCID: PMC2775947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A characteristic SYT-SSX fusion gene resulting from the chromosomal translocation t(X;18)(p11;q11) is detectable in almost all synovial sarcomas, a malignant soft tissue tumor widely believed to originate from as yet unidentified pluripotent stem cells. The resulting fusion protein has no DNA binding motifs but possesses protein-protein interaction domains that are believed to mediate association with chromatin remodeling complexes. Despite recent advances in the identification of molecules that interact with SYT-SSX and with the corresponding wild type SYT and SSX proteins, the mechanisms whereby the SYT-SSX might contribute to neoplastic transformation remain unclear. Epigenetic deregulation has been suggested to be one possible mechanism. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We addressed the effect of SYT/SSX expression on the transcriptome of four independent isolates of primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). We observed transcriptional changes similar to the gene expression signature of synovial sarcoma, principally involving genes whose regulation is linked to epigenetic factors, including imprinted genes, genes with transcription start sites within a CpG island and chromatin related genes. Single population analysis revealed hMSC isolate-specific transcriptional changes involving genes that are important for biological functions of stem cells as well as genes that are considered to be molecular markers of synovial sarcoma including IGF2, EPHRINS, and BCL2. Methylation status analysis of sequences at the H19/IGF2 imprinted locus indicated that distinct epigenetic features characterize hMSC populations and condition the transcriptional effects of SYT-SSX expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our observations suggest that epigenetic features may define the cellular microenvironment in which SYT-SSX displays its functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Cironi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Provero
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Riggi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michalina Janiszewska
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Domizio Suva
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario-Luca Suva
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Kindler
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Stamenkovic
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Zakharova IS, Shevchenko AI, Zakian SM. Monoallelic gene expression in mammals. Chromosoma 2009; 118:279-90. [PMID: 19242715 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three systems of monoallelic gene expression in mammals are known, namely, X-chromosome inactivation, imprinting, and allelic exclusion. In all three systems, monoallelic expression is regulated epigenetically and is frequently directed by long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This review briefs all three systems of monoallelic gene expression in mammals focusing on chromatin modifications, spatial chromosome organization in the nucleus, and the functioning of ncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Zakharova
- Siberian Department, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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29
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Wang X, Sun Q, McGrath SD, Mardis ER, Soloway PD, Clark AG. Transcriptome-wide identification of novel imprinted genes in neonatal mouse brain. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3839. [PMID: 19052635 PMCID: PMC2585789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes display differential allelic expression in a manner that depends on the sex of the transmitting parent. The degree of imprinting is often tissue-specific and/or developmental stage-specific, and may be altered in some diseases including cancer. Here we applied Illumina/Solexa sequencing of the transcriptomes of reciprocal F1 mouse neonatal brains and identified 26 genes with parent-of-origin dependent differential allelic expression. Allele-specific Pyrosequencing verified 17 of them, including three novel imprinted genes. The known and novel imprinted genes all are found in proximity to previously reported differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Ten genes known to be imprinted in placenta had sufficient expression levels to attain a read depth that provided statistical power to detect imprinting, and yet all were consistent with non-imprinting in our transcript count data for neonatal brain. Three closely linked and reciprocally imprinted gene pairs were also discovered, and their pattern of expression suggests transcriptional interference. Despite the coverage of more than 5000 genes, this scan only identified three novel imprinted refseq genes in neonatal brain, suggesting that this tissue is nearly exhaustively characterized. This approach has the potential to yield an complete catalog of imprinted genes after application to multiple tissues and developmental stages, shedding light on the mechanism, bioinformatic prediction, and evolution of imprinted genes and diseases associated with genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Qi Sun
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Life Sciences Core Laboratories Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sean D. McGrath
- The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Genome Center at Washington University, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Soloway
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chao W, D'Amore PA. IGF2: epigenetic regulation and role in development and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:111-20. [PMID: 18308616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) is perhaps the most intricately regulated of all growth factors characterized to date. Its gene is imprinted--only one allele is active, depending on parental origin--and this pattern of expression is maintained epigenetically in almost all tissues. IGF2 activity is further controlled through differential expression of receptors and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that determine protein availability. This complex and multifaceted regulation emphasizes the importance of accurate IGF2 expression and activity. This review will examine the regulation of the IGF2 gene and what it has revealed about the phenomenon of imprinting, which is frequently disrupted in cancer. IGF2 protein function will be discussed, along with diseases that involve IGF2 overexpression. Roles for IGF2 in sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and angiogenesis will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Chao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is an imprinted gene expressed in most tissues affecting lean muscle content in mice, pigs and cattle. We previously identified the bovine IGF2 c.-292C>T SNP in the non-translated exon 2. Using this SNP, we demonstrated biallelic expression of IGF2 after birth. Seven alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts of IGF2 were expressed among 15 tissues. An IGF2 pseudogene (psiIGF2) was identified with sequence identical to at least IGF2 exons 2 and 3 without the intervening intron. The biallelic expression of this c.-292C>T SNP was associated with an increase in rib eye area (REA) in two populations of cattle, with the C.-292C allele associated with a 10% increase. A significant association with per cent fat was found in one of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Goodall
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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da Rocha ST, Tevendale M, Knowles E, Takada S, Watkins M, Ferguson-Smith AC. Restricted co-expression of Dlk1 and the reciprocally imprinted non-coding RNA, Gtl2: implications for cis-acting control. Dev Biol 2007; 306:810-23. [PMID: 17449025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dlk1 and Gtl2 are reciprocally imprinted neighboring genes located within a 1 Mb imprinted domain on murine distal chromosome 12. The two genes are expressed and developmentally regulated during mammalian embryogenesis. Dlk1/Pref1 encodes a transmembrane protein with homology to members of the Notch/Delta developmental signaling pathway and Gtl2 generates alternatively spliced poly-adenylated transcripts lacking a conserved open reading frame. An intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) located 13 kb upstream of Gtl2 has been shown to regulate imprinting throughout the domain by an as yet unknown mechanism. In order to gain insights into regulation at this domain and to compare it with imprinting control at other loci, we compared the expression profile of Dlk1 with Gtl2 during mouse embryogenesis in normal conceptuses and in those with uniparental disomy for chromosome 12. The expression profile of these genes suggests a causative role for Dlk1 and Gtl2 in the pathologies found in uniparental disomy animals, characterized by defects in skeletal muscle maturation, bone formation, placenta size and organization and prenatal lethality. Here, we show restricted overlap in cellular expression of these two genes throughout development. Dlk1 is imprinted and expressed in cell types within the lung, liver and placenta where Gtl2 is not expressed. Gtl2 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas Dlk1 is found localized to specific regions such as the hypothalamus. Co-expression is observed in most of the mesodermal-derived tissues, notably the skeletal muscle where both genes are strongly co-expressed. In this tissue, Dlk1 shows a relaxation of imprinting with some expression from the maternal allele. These findings indicate that the general mechanism of imprinting at the stages analyzed is not through the co-ordinate non-coding RNA or insulator mechanisms observed for other imprinted domains, and suggest that the two genes have independent tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simão T da Rocha
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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Kono T, Kawahara M, Wu Q, Hiura H, Obata Y. Paternal dual barrier by Ifg2-H19 and Dlk1-Gtl2 to parthenogenesis in mice. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2007:23-33. [PMID: 16903414 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31437-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
The functional difference between the maternal and paternal genome, which is characterized by epigenetic modifications during gametogenesis, that is genomic imprinting, prevents mammalian embryos from parthenogenesis. Genomic imprinting leads to nonequivalent expression of imprinted genes from the maternal and paternal alleles. However, our research showed that alteration of maternal imprinting by oocyte reconstruction using nongrowing oocytes together with deletion of the H19 gene, provides appropriate expression of maternally imprinted genes. Here we discuss that further alteration of paternally imprinted gene expressions at chromosomes 7 and 12 allows the ng/fg parthenogenetic embryos to develop to term, suggesting that the paternal contribution is obligatory for the descendant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kono
- Department of BioScience, Tokyo, University of Agriculture, Japan.
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Mitalipov S, Clepper L, Sritanaudomchai H, Fujimoto A, Wolf D. Methylation status of imprinting centers for H19/IGF2 and SNURF/SNRPN in primate embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2006; 25:581-8. [PMID: 17170068 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold promise for cell and tissue replacement approaches to treating human diseases based on their capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of somatic cells and tissues. However, long-term in vitro culture and manipulations of ESCs may adversely affect their epigenetic integrity, including imprinting. We have recently reported aberrant biallelic expression of IGF2 and H19 in several rhesus monkey ESC lines, whereas SNRPN and NDN were normally imprinted and expressed predominantly from the paternal allele. The dysregulation of IGF2 and H19 that is associated with tumorigenesis in humans may result from improper maintenance of allele-specific methylation patterns at an imprinting center (IC) upstream of H19. To test this possibility, we performed methylation analysis of several monkey ESC lines by genomic bisulfite sequencing. We investigated methylation profiles of CpG islands within the IGF2/H19 IC harboring the CTCF-6 binding site. In addition, the methylation status of the IC within the promoter/exon 1 of SNURF/SNRPN known as the Prader-Willi syndrome IC was examined. Our results demonstrate abnormal hypermethylation within the IGF2/H19 IC in all analyzed ESC lines, whereas the SNURF/SNRPN IC was differentially methylated, consistent with monoallelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Tabuchi Y, Takasaki I, Doi T, Ishii Y, Sakai H, Kondo T. Genetic networks responsive to sodium butyrate in colonic epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3035-41. [PMID: 16678170 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We performed microarray and computational gene network analyses to identify the detailed mechanisms by which sodium butyrate (SB) induces cell growth arrest and the differentiation of mouse colonic epithelial MCE301 cells. Two thousand six hundred four differentially expressed probe sets were identified in the cells treated with 2mM SB and were classified into four groups. Of these, the gradually increased group and the gradually and remarkably decreased group contained the genetic networks for cellular development and cell cycles or canonical pathways for fatty acid biosynthesis and pyrimidine metabolism, respectively. The present results provide a basis for understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of action of SB in colonic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Kono T. Genomic imprinting is a barrier to parthenogenesis in mammals. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 113:31-5. [PMID: 16575160 DOI: 10.1159/000090812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Only mammals have relinquished parthenogenesis as a means of producing descendants. Bi-parental reproduction is necessary due to parent-specific epigenetic modification of the genome during gametogenesis, which leads to non-equivalent expression of imprinted genes from the maternal and paternal alleles. However, a series of our work showed that alteration of maternal imprinting by oocyte reconstruction using non-growing oocytes, together with deletion of the H19 gene provide appropriate expression of imprinted genes from the maternal genome. The resulting ng (non-growing)/fg (fully-grown) parthenogenic embryos were developed to term. Here, we discuss how the parthenogenetic embryos survived as normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kono
- Department of BioScience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
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Monk D, Sanches R, Arnaud P, Apostolidou S, Hills FA, Abu-Amero S, Murrell A, Friess H, Reik W, Stanier P, Constância M, Moore GE. Imprinting of IGF2 P0 transcript and novel alternatively spliced INS-IGF2 isoforms show differences between mouse and human. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1259-69. [PMID: 16531418 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is limited to a subset of genes that play critical roles in fetal growth, development and behaviour. One of the most studied imprinted genes encodes insulin-like growth factor 2, and aberrant imprinting and DNA methylation of this gene is associated with the growth disorders Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes and many human cancers. Specific isoforms of this gene have been shown to be essential for normal placental function, as mice carrying paternal null alleles for the Igf2-P0 transcript are growth restricted at birth. We report here the identification of three novel human transcripts from the IGF2 locus. One is equivalent to the mouse Igf2-P0 transcript, whereas the two others (INSIGF long and short) originate from the upstream INS gene that alternatively splices to downstream IGF2 exons. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the complex imprinting of these novel IGF2 transcripts, both the allele-specific expression and methylation for all the IGF2 promoters including P0 and the INSIGF transcripts were analysed in human tissues. Similar to the mouse, the human IGF2-P0 transcript is paternally expressed; however, its expression is not limited to placenta. This expression correlates with tissue-specific promoter methylation on the maternal allele. The two novel INSIGF transcripts reported here use the INS promoter and show highly restricted tissue expression profiles including the pancreas. As previously reported for INS in the yolk sac, we demonstrate complex, tissue-specific imprinting of these transcripts. The finding of additional transcripts within this locus will have important implications for IGF2 regulation in both cancer and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Monk
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Sun BW, Yang AC, Feng Y, Sun YJ, Zhu YF, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Li CL, Gao FR, Zhang ZH, Wang WC, Kong XY, Jin G, Fu SJ, Jin Y. Temporal and parental-specific expression of imprinted genes in a newly derived Chinese human embryonic stem cell line and embryoid bodies. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 15:65-75. [PMID: 16319131 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the study of imprinted genes in human development is very important, little is known about their expression and regulation in the early differentiation of human tissues due to lack of an appropriate model. In this study, a Chinese human embryonic stem (hES) cell line, SHhES1, was derived and fully characterized. Expression profiles of human imprinted genes were determined by Affymetrix Oligo micro-array in undifferentiated SHhES1 cells and SHhES1-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) at day 3, 8, 13 and 18. Thirty-two known human imprinted genes were detected in undifferentiated ES cells. Significantly, differential expression was found in nine genes at different stages of EB formation. Expression profile changes were confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in SHhES1 cells as well as in another independently derived hES cell line, HUES-7. In addition, the monoallelic expressions of four imprinted genes were examined in three different passages of undifferentiated ES cells and EBs of both hES cell lines. The monoallelic expressions of imprinted genes, H19, PEG10, NDNL1 and KCNQ1 were maintained in both undifferentiated hES cells and derived EBs. More importantly, with the availability of maternal peripheral blood lymphocyte sample, we demonstrated that the maternal expression of KCNQ1 and the paternal expression of NDNL1 and PEG10 were maintained in SHhES1 cells. These data provide the first demonstration that the parental-specific expression of imprinted genes is stable in EBs after extensive differentiation, also indicating that in vitro fertilization protocol does not disrupt the parental monoallelic expression of the imprinted genes examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen Sun
- Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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39
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Fujimoto A, Mitalipov SM, Kuo HC, Wolf DP. Aberrant genomic imprinting in rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2005; 24:595-603. [PMID: 16269527 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting involves modification of a gene or a chromosomal region that results in the differential expression of parental alleles. Disruption or inappropriate expression of imprinted genes is associated with several clinically significant syndromes and tumorigenesis in humans. Additionally, abnormal imprinting occurs in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and in clonally derived animals. Imprinted gene expression patterns in primate ESCs are largely unknown, despite the clinical potential of the latter in the cell-based treatment of human disease. Because of the possible implications of abnormal gene expression to cell or tissue replacement therapies involving ESCs, we examined allele specific expression of four imprinted genes in the rhesus macaque. Genomic and complementary DNA from embryos and ESC lines containing useful single nucleotide polymorphisms were subjected to polymerase chain reaction-based amplification and sequence analysis. In blastocysts, NDN expression was variable indicating abnormal or incomplete imprinting whereas IGF2 and SNRPN were expressed exclusively from the paternal allele and H19 from the maternal allele as expected. In ESCs, both NDN and SNRPN were expressed from the paternal allele while IGF2 and H19 showed loss of imprinting and biallelic expression. In differentiated ESC progeny, these expression patterns were maintained. The implications of aberrant imprinted gene expression to ESC differentiation in vitro and on ESC-derived cell function in vivo after transplantation are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Curchoe C, Zhang S, Bin Y, Zhang X, Yang L, Feng D, O'Neill M, Tian XC. Promoter-specific expression of the imprinted IGF2 gene in cattle (Bos taurus). Biol Reprod 2005; 73:1275-81. [PMID: 16120826 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.044727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic cattle (Bos taurus) has been a good animal model for embryo biotechnologies, such as in vitro fertilization and nuclear transfer. However, animals produced from these technologies often suffer from large-calf syndrome, suggesting fetal growth disregulation. The product of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) gene is one of the most important fetal mitogens known to date. A detailed analysis of age-, tissue-, and allele-specific expression of IGF2 has not been performed in the bovine mainly because the majority of the bovine sequence has been unavailable. In the present study, we obtained virtually the entire sequence of the bovine IGF2 cDNA, identified expressed single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both exons 3 and 10, and determined the age-, tissue-, and promoter-specific expression of bovine IGF2 in fetal, calf, and adult tissues. We found that, similar to the human and mouse, bovine IGF2 is subjected to extensive transcriptional regulation through multiple promoters, alternative splicing and polyadenylation, as well as genetic imprinting. However, major differences were found in the regulation of the bovine IGF2 in nearly all aspects of age-, tissue-, promoter-, and allele-specific expression of IGF2, and the promoter-specific loss of imprinting from every other species studied, including cattle's close relatives, the sheep and the pig. The data presented here are of important reference value to cattle produced from embryo biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Curchoe
- Department of Animal Science/Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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41
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Suzuki S, Renfree MB, Pask AJ, Shaw G, Kobayashi S, Kohda T, Kaneko-Ishino T, Ishino F. Genomic imprinting of IGF2, p57(KIP2) and PEG1/MEST in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby. Mech Dev 2005; 122:213-22. [PMID: 15652708 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is widespread amongst mammals, but has not yet been found in birds. To gain a broader understanding of the origin and significance of imprinting, we have characterized three genes, from three separate imprinted clusters in eutherian mammals in the developing fetus and placenta of an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii. Imprinted gene orthologues of human and mouse p57(KIP2), IGF2 and PEG1/MEST genes were isolated. p57(KIP2) did not show stable monoallelic expression suggesting that it is not imprinted in marsupials. In contrast, there was paternal-specific expression of IGF2 in almost all tissues, but the biased paternal expression of IGF2 in the fetal head and placenta, demonstrates the occurrence of tissue-specific imprinting, as occurs in mice and humans. There was also paternal-biased expression of PEG1/MESTalpha. The differentially methylated region (DMR) of the human and mouse PEG1/MEST promoter is absent in the wallaby. These data confirm the existence of common imprinted regions in eutherians and marsupials during development, but suggest that the regulatory mechanisms that control imprinted gene expression differ between these two groups of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Suzuki
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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42
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Hartmann W, Koch A, Brune H, Waha A, Schüller U, Dani I, Denkhaus D, Langmann W, Bode U, Wiestler OD, Schilling K, Pietsch T. Insulin-like growth factor II is involved in the proliferation control of medulloblastoma and its cerebellar precursor cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1153-62. [PMID: 15793295 PMCID: PMC1602379 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastomas (MBs), the most frequent malignant brain tumors of childhood, presumably originate from cerebellar neural precursor cells. An essential fetal mitogen involved in the pathogenesis of different embryonal tumors is insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). We screened human MB biopsies of the classic (CMB) and desmoplastic (DMB) variants for IGF2 transcripts of the four IGF2 promoters. We found IGF2 transcription from the imprinted promoter P3 to be significantly increased in the desmoplastic variant compared to the classic subgroup. This was not a result of loss of imprinting of IGF2 in desmoplastic tumors. We next examined the interaction of IGF-II and Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which serves as a critical mitogen for cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) in the external granule cell layer from which DMBs are believed to originate. Mutations of genes encoding components of the Shh-Patched signaling pathway occur in approximately 50% of DMBs. To analyze the effects of IGF-II on Hedgehog signaling, we cultured murine GCP and human MB cells in the presence of Shh and Igf-II. In GCPs, a synergistic effect of Shh and Igf-II on proliferation and gli1 and cyclin D1 mRNA expression was found. Igf-II, but not Shh, induced phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target Gsk-3beta. In six of nine human MB cell lines IGF-II displayed a growth-promoting effect that was mediated mainly through the IGF-I receptor. Together, our data point to an important role of IGF-II for the proliferation control of both cerebellar neural precursors and MB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hartmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-St. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
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43
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Redzic ZB, Preston JE, Duncan JA, Chodobski A, Szmydynger-Chodobska J. The Choroid Plexus‐Cerebrospinal Fluid System: From Development to Aging. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 71:1-52. [PMID: 16344101 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)71001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the tissue that secretes it, the choroid plexus (CP), has traditionally been thought of as both providing physical protection to the brain through buoyancy and facilitating the removal of brain metabolites through the bulk drainage of CSF. More recent studies suggest, however, that the CP-CSF system plays a much more active role in the development, homeostasis, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). The highly specialized choroidal tissue synthesizes trophic and angiogenic factors, chemorepellents, and carrier proteins, and is strategically positioned within the ventricular cavities to supply the CNS with these biologically active substances. Through polarized transport systems and receptor-mediated transcytosis across the choroidal epithelium, the CP, a part of the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB), controls the entry of nutrients, such as amino acids and nucleosides, and peptide hormones, such as leptin and prolactin, from the periphery into the brain. The CP also plays an important role in the clearance of toxins and drugs. During CNS development, CP-derived growth factors, such as members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and retinoic acid, play an important role in controlling the patterning of neuronal differentiation in various brain regions. In the adult CNS, the CP appears to be critically involved in neuronal repair processes and the restoration of the brain microenvironment after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the CP acts as a nursery for neuronal and astrocytic progenitor cells. The advancement of our knowledge of the neuroprotective capabilities of the CP may therefore facilitate the development of novel therapies for ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. In the later stages of life, the CP-CSF axis shows a decline in all aspects of its function, including CSF secretion and protein synthesis, which may in themselves increase the risk for development of late-life diseases, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease. The understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the dysfunction of the CP-CSF system in the elderly may help discover the treatments needed to reverse the negative effects of aging that lead to global CNS failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran B Redzic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD United Kingdom
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44
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Yang Y, Hu JF, Ulaner GA, Li T, Yao X, Vu TH, Hoffman AR. Epigenetic regulation of Igf2/H19 imprinting at CTCF insulator binding sites. J Cell Biochem 2004; 90:1038-55. [PMID: 14624463 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mouse insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) and H19 genes are located adjacent to each other on chromosome 7q11-13 and are reciprocally imprinted. It is believed that the allelic expression of these two genes is regulated by the binding of CTCF insulators to four parent-specific DNA methylation sites in an imprinting control center (ICR) located between these two genes. Although monoallelically expressed in peripheral tissues, Igf2 is biallelically transcribed in the CNS. In this study, we examined the allelic DNA methylation and CTCF binding in the Igf2/H19 imprinting center in CNS, hypothesizing that the aberrant CTCF binding as one of the mechanisms leads to biallelic expression of Igf2 in CNS. Using hybrid F1 mice (M. spretus males x C57BL/6 females), we showed that in CNS, CTCF binding sites in the ICR were methylated exclusively on the paternal allele, and CTCF bound only to the unmethylated maternal allele, showing no differences from the imprinted peripheral tissues. Among three other epigenetic modifications examined, histone H3 lysine 9 methylation correlated well with Igf2 allelic expression in CNS. These results suggest that CTCF binding to the ICR alone is not sufficient to insulate the Igf2 maternal promoter and to regulate the allelic expression of the gene in the CNS, thus challenging the aberrant CTCF binding as a common mechanism for lack of Igf2 imprinting in CNS. Further studies should be focused on the identification of factors that are involved in histone methylation and CTCF-associated factors that may be needed to coordinate Igf2 imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Yang
- Medical Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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45
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Ulaner GA, Yang Y, Hu JF, Li T, Vu TH, Hoffman AR. CTCF binding at the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2)/H19 imprinting control region is insufficient to regulate IGF2/H19 expression in human tissues. Endocrinology 2003; 144:4420-6. [PMID: 12960026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adjacent IGF2 and H19 genes are imprinted in most normal mouse and human tissues, but imprinting is often lost in tumors. Mouse models suggest that parental-allele specific CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding at the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region (ICR) regulates the expression of these two genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR, we show that in several normal and neoplastic human tissues, CTCF consistently binds unmethylated ICR elements, but CTCF binding does not result in predictable gene expression. In the fetal brain, CTCF binding is monoallelic and specific for the unmethylated ICR, yet IGF2/H19 expression is biallelic. In osteosarcoma tumors, aberrant methylation of the IGF2/H19 ICR results in equally aberrant CTCF binding, yet expression of these genes does not correlate with CTCF binding. This is the first description of chromatin immunoprecipitation for CTCF binding at the human IGF2/H19 ICR, and the results demonstrate that CTCF binding at the IGF2/H19 ICR is insufficient to regulate the expression of IGF2/H19 in many human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Ulaner
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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46
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Lee RSF, Depree KM, Davey HW. The sheep (Ovis aries) H19 gene: genomic structure and expression patterns, from the preimplantation embryo to adulthood. Gene 2002; 301:67-77. [PMID: 12490325 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)01085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
H19, which is one of the most abundantly expressed imprinted genes during mammalian embryonic and foetal development, has been cloned from a ruminant. The sheep (Ovis aries) gene contains five exons interspersed by four exceptionally small introns; only short stretches of the nucleotide sequence, particularly in exon 1, show good homology with the human gene. The size of the exons and introns and the sequences around the splice junctions however, are well conserved between the species. The gene encodes a approximately 2.6 kb transcript which contains several potential short open reading frames, none of which is conserved between the ovine and human or murine transcripts, supporting a previous hypothesis that the gene product is the untranslated RNA itself. H19 mRNA is highly abundant in most ovine embryonic and foetal tissues of mesodermal and endodermal origins but was not detected in tissues of ectodermal origin such as the trophectoderm and the foetal brain. Expression of H19 in the extraembryonic membranes was detected only after the ovine conceptus began attachment to the endometrium and the embryo itself had undergone early organogenesis. This may be regarded as the first step in implantation; thus, in comparison with the mouse, the initiation of H19 expression appears to be determined by the timing of implantation rather than by the stage of development of the embryo itself. In most tissues, H19 expression is temporally linked to IGF2, a major foetal growth factor. The exceptions were the elongated blastocyst, the trophectoderm and brain, where low levels of IGF2 were observed in the absence of detectable H19. The abundance of H19 mRNA was in general, directly correlated with IGF2 mRNA abundance in mesodermal and endodermal tissues, suggesting that the two ovine genes share common regulatory elements that co-ordinately regulate their expression. Though both are generally regarded as embryonic and foetal genes, their expression was still maintained at a fairly high level in the adult sheep liver, lung, skeletal muscle, adrenal gland and kidney, suggesting that these organs are significant sources of IGF II in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S F Lee
- Reproductive Technologies Group, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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47
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Srivastava M, Frolova E, Rottinghaus B, Boe SP, Grinberg A, Lee E, Love PE, Pfeifer K. Imprint control element-mediated secondary methylation imprints at the Igf2/H19 locus. J Biol Chem 2002; 278:5977-83. [PMID: 12270940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208437200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of monoallelic expression as observed at imprinted loci is helpful in understanding the mechanisms underlying epigenetic regulation. Genomic imprinting begins during gametogenesis with the establishment of epigenetic marks on the chromosomes such that paternal and maternal chromosomes are rendered distinct. During embryonic development, the primary imprint can lead to generation of secondary epigenetic modifications (secondary imprints) of the chromosomes. Eventually, either the primary imprints or the secondary imprints interfere with transcription, leading to parent-of-origin-dependent silencing of one of the two alleles. Here we investigated several aspects pertaining to the generation and functional necessity of secondary methylation imprints at the Igf2/H19 locus. At the H19 locus, these secondary imprints are, in fact, the signals mediating paternal chromosome-specific silencing of that gene. We first demonstrated that the H19 secondary methylation imprints are entirely stable through multiple cell divisions, even in the absence of the primary imprint. Second, we generated mouse mutations to determine which DNA sequences are important in mediating establishment and maintenance of the silent state of the paternal H19 allele. Finally, we analyzed the dependence of the methylation of Igf2DMR1 region on the primary methylation imprint about 90 kilobases away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Srivastava
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,USA.
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48
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting in gametogenesis marks a subset of mammalian genes for parent-of-origin-dependent monoallelic expression in the offspring. Embryological and classical genetic experiments in mice that uncovered the existence of genomic imprinting nearly two decades ago produced abnormalities of growth or behavior, without severe developmental malformations. Since then, the identification and manipulation of individual imprinted genes has continued to suggest that the diverse products of these genes are largely devoted to controlling pre- and post-natal growth, as well as brain function and behavior. Here, we review this evidence, and link our discussion to a website (http://www.otago.ac.nz/IGC) containing a comprehensive database of imprinted genes. Ultimately, these data will answer the long-debated question of whether there is a coherent biological rationale for imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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49
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Kono T, Sotomaru Y, Katsuzawa Y, Dandolo L. Mouse parthenogenetic embryos with monoallelic H19 expression can develop to day 17.5 of gestation. Dev Biol 2002; 243:294-300. [PMID: 11884038 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, both maternal and paternal genomes are required for a fetus to develop normally to term. This requirement is due to the epigenetic modification of genomes during gametogenesis, which leads to an unequivalent expression of imprinted genes between parental alleles. Parthenogenetic mouse embryos that contain genomes from nongrowing (ng) and fully grown (fg) oocytes can develop into 13.5-day-old fetuses, in which paternally and maternally expressed imprinted genes are expressed and repressed, respectively, from the ng oocyte allele. The H19 gene, however, is biallelically expressed with the silent status Igf2 in such parthenotes. In this study, we examined whether the regulation of H19 monoallelic expression enhances the survival of parthenogenetic embryos. The results clearly show that the ng(H19-KO)/fg(wt) parthenogenetic embryos carrying the ng-oocyte genome that had been deleted by the H19 transcription unit successfully developed as live fetuses for 17.5 gestation days. Control experiments revealed that this unique phenomenon occurs irrespective of the genetic background effect. Quantitative gene expression analysis showed that day 12.5 ng(H19-KO)/fg(wt) parthenogenetic fetuses expressed Igf2 and H19 genes at <2 and 82% of the levels in the controls. Histological analysis demonstrated that the placenta of ng(H19-KO)/fg(wt) parthenotes was afflicted with atrophia with severe necrosis and other anomalies. The present results suggest that the cessation of H19 gene expression from the ng-allele causes extended development of the fetus and that functional defects in the placenta could be fatal for the ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kono
- Department of BioScience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
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50
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Eriksson T, Frisk T, Gray SG, von Schweinitz D, Pietsch T, Larsson C, Sandstedt B, Ekström TJ. Methylation changes in the human IGF2 p3 promoter parallel IGF2 expression in the primary tumor, established cell line, and xenograft of a human hepatoblastoma. Exp Cell Res 2001; 270:88-95. [PMID: 11597130 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a rare malignant embryonal liver tumor. Its pathogenesis has been associated with altered regulation of the IGF2 and H19 genes, and previous studies have suggested a correlation between abnormal methylation and altered expression of these genes in hepatoblastoma. Upregulation of the activity of the IGF2 promoter P3 has previously been shown to be tightly correlated with demethylation in hepatoblastoma. Here, we have used bisulfite genomic sequencing to characterize the methylation pattern of the IGF2 promoter P3 in the hepatoblastoma-derived cell line Hep T1, in the original tumor from which Hep T1 is derived, and in nude mouse xenografts of the Hep T1 cell line. The results show a clear difference in methylation pattern of the most proximal region of the IGF2 P3 promoter between the primary tumor, the cell line, and the xenografts. RNase protection and mRNA in situ hybridization revealed that variations in methylation patterns was paralleled by the levels of IGF2 P3 mRNA, which was detectable in the primary tumor and xenografts, but not in the cell line. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that H19 was reactivated and demethylated in the HepT1 cell line by 5-azaCytidine, in contrast to IGF2 P3, which was not demethylated or reactivated. We suggest that methylation of the proximal IGF2 P3 is important for its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eriksson
- Laboratory for Molecular Development and Tumor Biology, Experimental Alcohol and Drug Addicition Research Section, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM, L8:01, Stockholm, S-171 76, Sweden
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