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He M, Chen P, Li M, Lei F, Lu W, Jiang C, Liu J, Li Y, Xiao J, Zheng Y. Physiological and transcriptome analysis of changes in endogenous hormone and sugar content during the formation of tender asparagus stems. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:581. [PMID: 38898382 PMCID: PMC11186092 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Asparagus is a nutritionally dense stem vegetable whose growth and development are correlated with its quality and yield. To investigate the dynamic changes and underlying mechanisms during the elongation and growth process of asparagus stems, we documented the growth pattern of asparagus and selected stem segments from four consecutive elongation stages using physiological and transcriptome analyses. Notably, the growth rate of asparagus accelerated at a length of 25 cm. A significant decrease in the concentration of sucrose, fructose, glucose, and additional sugars was observed in the elongation region of tender stems. Conversely, the levels of auxin and gibberellins(GAs) were elevated along with increased activity of enzymes involved in sucrose degradation. A significant positive correlation existed between auxin, GAs, and enzymes involved in sucrose degradation. The ABA content gradually increased with stem elongation. The tissue section showed that cell elongation is an inherent manifestation of stem elongation. The differential genes screened by transcriptome analysis were enriched in pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, phytohormone synthesis metabolism, and signal transduction. The expression levels of genes such as ARF, GA20ox, NCED, PIF4, and otherswere upregulated during stem elongation, while DAO, GA2ox, and other genes were downregulated. The gene expression level was consistent with changes in hormone content and influenced the cell length elongation. Additionally, the expression results of RT-qPCR were consistent with RNA-seq. The observed variations in gene expression levels, endogenous hormones and sugar changes during the elongation and growth of asparagus tender stems offer valuable insights for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms of asparagus stem growth and development and provide a theoretical foundation for cultivation and production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peiran Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fengyun Lei
- Agricultural Equipment Research Institute, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei Lu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chengyao Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Junting Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiachang Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yangxia Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Cosenza F, Shrestha A, Van Inghelandt D, Casale FA, Wu PY, Weisweiler M, Li J, Wespel F, Stich B. Genetic mapping reveals new loci and alleles for flowering time and plant height using the double round-robin population of barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2385-2402. [PMID: 38330219 PMCID: PMC11016846 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flowering time and plant height are two critical determinants of yield potential in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Despite their role in plant physiological regulation, a complete overview of the genetic complexity of flowering time and plant height regulation in barley is still lacking. Using a double round-robin population originated from the crossings of 23 diverse parental inbred lines, we aimed to determine the variance components in the regulation of flowering time and plant height in barley as well as to identify new genetic variants by single and multi-population QTL analyses and allele mining. Despite similar genotypic variance, we observed higher environmental variance components for plant height than flowering time. Furthermore, we detected new QTLs for flowering time and plant height. Finally, we identified a new functional allelic variant of the main regulatory gene Ppd-H1. Our results show that the genetic architecture of flowering time and plant height might be more complex than reported earlier and that a number of undetected, small effect, or low-frequency genetic variants underlie the control of these two traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cosenza
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Asis Shrestha
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Delphine Van Inghelandt
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Federico A Casale
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Po-Ya Wu
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Weisweiler
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jinquan Li
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Franziska Wespel
- Saatzucht Josef Breun GmbH Co. KG, Amselweg 1, 91074 Herzogenaurach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stich
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Köln, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zhang Y, Xuan S, Zhao J, Li H, Lu Y, Li R, Wang Y, Shen S, Sun X, Feng D. Transcriptional Regulation and Gene Mapping of Internode Elongation and Late Budding in the Chinese Cabbage Mutant lcc. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1083. [PMID: 38674492 PMCID: PMC11053886 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Two important traits of Chinese cabbage, internode length and budding time, destroy the maintenance of rosette leaves in the vegetative growth stage and affect flowering in the reproductive growth stage. Internodes have received much attention and research in rice due to their effect on lodging resistance, but they are rarely studied in Chinese cabbage. In Chinese cabbage, internode elongation affects not only the maintenance of rosette leaves but also bolting and yield. Budding is also an important characteristic of Chinese cabbage entering reproductive growth. Although many studies have reported on flowering and bolting, studies on bud emergence and the timing of budding are scarce. In this study, the mutant lcc induced by EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) was used to study internode elongation in the seedling stage and late budding in the budding stage. By comparing the gene expression patterns of mutant lcc and wild-type A03, 2280 differentially expressed genes were identified in the seedling stage, 714 differentially expressed genes were identified in the early budding stage, and 1052 differentially expressed genes were identified in the budding stage. Here, the transcript expression patterns of genes in the plant hormone signaling and clock rhythm pathways were investigated in relation to the regulation of internode elongation and budding in Chinese cabbage. In addition, an F2 population was constructed with the mutants lcc and R500. A high-density genetic map with 1602 marker loci was created, and QTLs for internode length and budding time were identified. Specifically, five QTLs for internode length and five QTLs for budding time were obtained. According to transcriptome data analysis, the internode length candidate gene BraA02g005840.3C (PIN8) and budding time candidate genes BraA02g003870.3C (HY5-1) and BraA02g005190.3C (CHS-1) were identified. These findings provide insight into the regulation of internode length and budding time in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (S.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiaojiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (S.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (S.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Yin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (S.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (S.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuxing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (S.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiaoxue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Daling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.Z.); (R.L.)
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Nanape AB, Komatsuda T, Kakeda K. Accumulation of mutations in the AP2 homoeologs causes suppression of anther extrusion with altered spike and culm development in hexaploid wheat. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2024; 44:19. [PMID: 38404719 PMCID: PMC10884379 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-024-01458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Cleistogamy or closed flowering is a widely used trait in barley (Hordeum vulgare) breeding because it reduces the risk of fungal infection in florets at anthesis. Cleistogamy in barley is caused by a point mutation within the microRNA172 (miR172) target site of the Cly1 gene, which encodes the Apetala2 (AP2) transcription factor. Because cleistogamy is not apparent in cultivars of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum), a strategy to develop cleistogamous wheat was proposed by inducing point mutations in all three AP2 homoeologs, which are the wheat orthologs of barley Cly1. In this study, we investigated the effects of miR172 target site mutations on wheat cleistogamy using double mutants by combining three previously obtained mutant alleles (AP2-A1, D1 and D2) in a near-isogenic background. The AP2-D2 allele had the greatest effect on reducing the anther extrusion rate and lodicule size compared with the other two mutant alleles. The double mutant containing the AP2-A1 and AP2-D2 alleles had a much greater suppression of anther extrusion by reducing the lodicule size than the single AP2-D2 mutant, suggesting cumulative effects of the two mutant alleles. In addition, both single and double mutants exhibited compact spikes and shorter plant heights due to reduced rachis and culm internodes in the upper parts. The presence or absence of the wild-type AP2-B homoeolog had no significant effect on phenotype. This study provides insights into the cumulative effects of mutant AP2 alleles in suppressing open flowering and provides a basis for further research on the development of complete cleistogamy in hexaploid wheat. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01458-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agetha Bigie Nanape
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
- Present Address: Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Crop Research Institute, 202 Gongyebei Road, Licheng District, Jinan, 250100 Shandong China
| | - Katsuyuki Kakeda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
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Huang Y, Maurer A, Giehl RFH, Zhao S, Golan G, Thirulogachandar V, Li G, Zhao Y, Trautewig C, Himmelbach A, Börner A, Jayakodi M, Stein N, Mascher M, Pillen K, Schnurbusch T. Dynamic Phytomeric Growth Contributes to Local Adaptation in Barley. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae011. [PMID: 38243866 PMCID: PMC10837018 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular plants have segmented body axes with iterative nodes and internodes. Appropriate node initiation and internode elongation are fundamental to plant fitness and crop yield; however, how these events are spatiotemporally coordinated remains elusive. We show that in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), selections during domestication have extended the apical meristematic phase to promote node initiation, but constrained subsequent internode elongation. In both vegetative and reproductive phases, internode elongation displays a dynamic proximal-distal gradient, and among subpopulations of domesticated barleys worldwide, node initiation and proximal internode elongation are associated with latitudinal and longitudinal gradients, respectively. Genetic and functional analyses suggest that, in addition to their converging roles in node initiation, flowering-time genes have been repurposed to specify the timing and duration of internode elongation. Our study provides an integrated view of barley node initiation and internode elongation and suggests that plant architecture should be recognized as a collection of dynamic phytomeric units in the context of crop adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Huang
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Guy Golan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | | | - Guoliang Li
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Corinna Trautewig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Murukarthick Jayakodi
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Krasauskas J, Ganie SA, Al-Husari A, Bindschedler L, Spanu P, Ito M, Devoto A. Jasmonates, gibberellins, and powdery mildew modify cell cycle progression and evoke differential spatiotemporal responses along the barley leaf. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:180-203. [PMID: 37611210 PMCID: PMC10735486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important cereal crop, and its development, defence, and stress responses are modulated by different hormones including jasmonates (JAs) and the antagonistic gibberellins (GAs). Barley productivity is severely affected by the foliar biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria hordei. In this study, primary leaves were used to examine the molecular processes regulating responses to methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) and GA to B. hordei infection along the leaf axis. Flow cytometry, microscopy, and spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes associated with JA, GA, defence, and the cell cycle provided insights on cell cycle progression and on the gradient of susceptibility to B. hordei observed along the leaf. Notably, the combination of B. hordei with MeJA or GA pre-treatment had a different effect on the expression patterns of the analysed genes compared to individual treatments. MeJA reduced susceptibility to B. hordei in the proximal part of the leaf blade. Overall, distinctive spatiotemporal gene expression patterns correlated with different degrees of cell proliferation, growth capacity, responses to hormones, and B. hordei infection along the leaf. Our results highlight the need to further investigate differential spatial and temporal responses to pathogens at the organ, tissue, and cell levels in order to devise effective disease control strategies in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovaras Krasauskas
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Aroub Al-Husari
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Laurence Bindschedler
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Pietro Spanu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Alessandra Devoto
- Plant Molecular Science and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
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Zeng V, Uauy C, Chen Y. Identification of a novel SNP in the miR172 binding site of Q homoeolog AP2L-D5 is associated with spike compactness and agronomic traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 137:13. [PMID: 38142253 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study found that the compact spike locus of ANK-15 is on chromosome 5D instead of 2B. We have identified a new allele of AP2L-D5 as the candidate causal polymorphism. Spike architecture is a key determinant of wheat yield, a crop which supports much of the human diet but whose yield gains are stagnating. Spike architecture mutants offer opportunities to identify genetic factors contributing to inflorescence development. Here, we investigate the locus underlying the compact spike phenotype of mutant line ANK-15 by conducting mRNA-sequencing and genetic mapping using ANK-15 and its non-compact spike near-isogenic line Novosibirskaya 67 (N67). Previous literature has placed the compact spike locus of ANK-15 to chromosome 2B. However, based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified using mRNA-seq data, we were unable to detect polymorphisms between N67 and ANK-15 in the putative chromosome 2B region. We performed differential expression analysis of developing rachis and found that AP2L-D5, the D homoeolog of the domestication Q gene, is upregulated in ANK-15 in comparison to N67. ANK-15 carries a SNP in the microRNA172 binding site of AP2L-D5, which is predicted to lead to higher expression of AP2L-D5 due to decreased miRNA172-mediated degradation. Furthermore, we performed genetic mapping using an ANK-15 × N67 F2 population and found a single quantitative trait locus on chromosome 5D coinciding with the position of AP2L-D5. This result suggests that AP2L-D5 is likely the underlying causal gene for the compact spike phenotype in ANK-15. We performed a field trial to investigate the effect of the AP2L-D5 allele on agronomic traits and found that the AP2L-D5 allele from ANK-15 is associated with a significant reduction in height, increased thousand grain weight (TGW), and increased grain width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Zeng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yi Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Huang C, Jin X, Lin H, He J, Chen Y. Comparative Transcriptome Sequencing and Endogenous Phytohormone Content of Annual Grafted Branches of Zelkova schneideriana and Its Dwarf Variety HenTianGao. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16902. [PMID: 38069226 PMCID: PMC10706849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zelkova schneideriana is a fast-growing tree species endemic to China. Recent surveys and reports have highlighted a continued decline in its natural populations; therefore, it is included in the Red List of Threatened Species by The International Union for Conservation of Nature. A new variety "HenTianGao" (H) has been developed with smaller plant height, slow growth, and lower branching points. In this study, we attempted to understand the differences in plant height of Z. schneideriana (J) and its dwarf variety H. We determined the endogenous hormone content in the annual grafted branches of both J and H. J exhibited higher gibberellic acid (GA)-19 and trans-Zeatin (tZ) levels, whereas H had higher levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (OxIAA), IAA-Glu conjugate, and jasmonic acid (JA) (and its conjugate JA-Ile). The transcriptome comparison showed differential regulation of 20,944 genes enriched in growth and development, signaling, and metabolism-related pathways. The results show that the differential phytohormone level (IAA, JA, tZ, and GA) was consistent with the expression of the genes associated with their biosynthesis. The differences in relative OxIAA, IAA-Glu, GA19, trans-Zeatin, JA, and JA-Ile levels were linked to changes in respective signaling-related genes. We also observed significant differences in the expression of cell size, number, proliferation, cell wall biosynthesis, and remodeling-related genes in J and H. The differences in relative endogenous hormone levels, expression of biosynthesis, and signaling genes provide a theoretical basis for understanding the plant height differences in Z. schneideriana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (C.H.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaoling Jin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (C.H.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jinsong He
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (C.H.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (C.H.); (J.H.)
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha 410004, China
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9
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Kong X, Wang F, Wang Z, Gao X, Geng S, Deng Z, Zhang S, Fu M, Cui D, Liu S, Che Y, Liao R, Yin L, Zhou P, Wang K, Ye X, Liu D, Fu X, Mao L, Li A. Grain yield improvement by genome editing of TaARF12 that decoupled peduncle and rachis development trajectories via differential regulation of gibberellin signalling in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1990-2001. [PMID: 37589238 PMCID: PMC10502751 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeding is constrained by trade-offs among different agronomic traits by the pleiotropic nature of many genes. Genes that contribute to two or more favourable traits with no penalty on yield are rarely reported, especially in wheat. Here, we describe the editing of a wheat auxin response factor TaARF12 by using CRISPR/Cas9 that rendered shorter plant height with larger spikes. Changes in plant architecture enhanced grain number per spike up to 14.7% with significantly higher thousand-grain weight and up to 11.1% of yield increase under field trials. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) of spatial-temporal transcriptome profiles revealed two hub genes: RhtL1, a DELLA domain-free Rht-1 paralog, which was up-regulated in peduncle, and TaNGR5, an organ size regulator that was up-regulated in rachis, in taarf12 plants. The up-regulation of RhtL1 in peduncle suggested the repression of GA signalling, whereas up-regulation of TaNGR5 in spike may promote GA response, a working model supported by differential expression patterns of GA biogenesis genes in the two tissues. Thus, TaARF12 complemented plant height reduction with larger spikes that gave higher grain yield. Manipulation of TaARF12 may represent a new strategy in trait pyramiding for yield improvement in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Kong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shuaifeng Geng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhongyin Deng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shuang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mingxue Fu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dada Cui
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shaoshuai Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuqing Che
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruyi Liao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lingjie Yin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Peng Zhou
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ke Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xingguo Ye
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dengcai Liu
- Triticeae Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiangdong Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome EngineeringInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Long Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Aili Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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10
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Xiao Y, Li Y, Ouyang L, Yin A, Xu B, Zhang L, Chen J, Liu J. A banana transcriptional repressor MaAP2a participates in fruit starch degradation during postharvest ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1036719. [PMID: 36438126 PMCID: PMC9691770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1036719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit postharvest ripening is a crucial course for many fruits with significant conversion of biosubstance, which forms an intricate regulatory network. Ethylene facilitates the ripening process in banana with a remarkable change of fruit starch, but the mechanism adjusting the expression of starch degradation-related enzyme genes is incompletely discovered. Here, we describe a banana APETALA2 transcription factor (MaAP2a) identified as a transcriptional repressor with its powerful transcriptional inhibitory activity. The transcriptional level of MaAP2a gradually decreased with the transition of banana fruit ripening, suggesting a passive role of MaAP2a in banana fruit ripening. Moreover, MaAP2a is a classic nucleoprotein and encompasses transcriptional repressor domain (EAR, LxLxLx). More specifically, protein-DNA interaction assays found that MaAP2a repressed the expression of 15 starch degradation-related genes comprising MaGWD1, MaPWD1, MaSEX4, MaLSF1, MaBAM1-MaBAM3, MaAMY2B/2C/3A/3C, MaMEX1/2, and MapGlcT2-1/2-2 via binding to the GCC-box or AT-rich motif of their promoters. Overall, these results reveal an original MaAP2a-mediated negative regulatory network involved in banana postharvest starch breakdown, which advances our cognition on banana fruit ripening and offers additional reference values for banana varietal improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Xiao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Lejun Ouyang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Aiguo Yin
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
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11
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Conserved signalling components coordinate epidermal patterning and cuticle deposition in barley. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6050. [PMID: 36229435 PMCID: PMC9561702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Faced with terrestrial threats, land plants seal their aerial surfaces with a lipid-rich cuticle. To breathe, plants interrupt their cuticles with adjustable epidermal pores, called stomata, that regulate gas exchange, and develop other specialised epidermal cells such as defensive hairs. Mechanisms coordinating epidermal features remain poorly understood. Addressing this, we studied two loci whose allelic variation causes both cuticular wax-deficiency and misarranged stomata in barley, identifying the underlying genes, Cer-g/ HvYDA1, encoding a YODA-like (YDA) MAPKKK, and Cer-s/ HvBRX-Solo, encoding a single BREVIS-RADIX (BRX) domain protein. Both genes control cuticular integrity, the spacing and identity of epidermal cells, and barley's distinctive epicuticular wax blooms, as well as stomatal patterning in elevated CO2 conditions. Genetic analyses revealed epistatic and modifying relationships between HvYDA1 and HvBRX-Solo, intimating that their products participate in interacting pathway(s) linking epidermal patterning with cuticular properties in barley. This may represent a mechanism for coordinating multiple adaptive features of the land plant epidermis in a cultivated cereal.
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12
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Kellogg EA. Genetic control of branching patterns in grass inflorescences. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2518-2533. [PMID: 35258600 PMCID: PMC9252490 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence branching in the grasses controls the number of florets and hence the number of seeds. Recent data on the underlying genetics come primarily from rice and maize, although new data are accumulating in other systems as well. This review focuses on a window in developmental time from the production of primary branches by the inflorescence meristem through to the production of glumes, which indicate the transition to producing a spikelet. Several major developmental regulatory modules appear to be conserved among most or all grasses. Placement and development of primary branches are controlled by conserved auxin regulatory genes. Subtending bracts are repressed by a network including TASSELSHEATH4, and axillary branch meristems are regulated largely by signaling centers that are adjacent to but not within the meristems themselves. Gradients of SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING-like and APETALA2-like proteins and their microRNA regulators extend along the inflorescence axis and the branches, governing the transition from production of branches to production of spikelets. The relative speed of this transition determines the extent of secondary and higher order branching. This inflorescence regulatory network is modified within individual species, particularly as regards formation of secondary branches. Differences between species are caused both by modifications of gene expression and regulators and by presence or absence of critical genes. The unified networks described here may provide tools for investigating orphan crops and grasses other than the well-studied maize and rice.
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13
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Yanagui K, Camargo ELO, Abreu LGFD, Nagamatsu ST, Fiamenghi MB, Silva NV, Carazzolle MF, Nascimento LC, Franco SF, Bressiani JA, Mieczkowski PA, Grassi MCB, Pereira GAG. Internode elongation in energy cane shows remarkable clues on lignocellulosic biomass biosynthesis in Saccharum hybrids. Gene 2022; 828:146476. [PMID: 35413393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy cane is a dedicated crop to high biomass production and selected during Saccharum breeding programs to fit specific industrial needs for 2G bioethanol production. Internode elongation is one of the most important characteristics in Saccharum hybrids due to its relationship with crop yield. In this study, we selected the third internode elongation of the energy cane. To characterize this process, we divided the internode into five sections and performed a detailed transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) and cell wall characterization. The histological analyses revealed a remarkable gradient that spans from cell division and protoxylem lignification to the internode maturation and complete vascular bundle lignification. RNA-Seq analysis revealed more than 11,000 differentially expressed genes between the sections internal. Gene ontology analyzes showed enriched categories in each section, as well as the most expressed genes in each section, presented different biological processes. We found that the internode elongation and division zones have a large number of unique genes. Evaluated the specific profile of genes related to primary and secondary cell wall formation, cellulose synthesis, hemicellulose, lignin, and growth-related genes. For each section these genes presented different profiles along the internode in elongation in energy cane. The results of this study provide an overview of the regulation of gene expression of an internode elongation in energy cane. Gene expression analysis revealed promising candidates for transcriptional regulation of energy cane lignification and evidence key genes for the regulation of internode development, which can serve as a basis for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms that support the growth and development of plants in the Saccahrum complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Yanagui
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L O Camargo
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme F de Abreu
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila T Nagamatsu
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus B Fiamenghi
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicholas V Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro C Nascimento
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sulamita F Franco
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José A Bressiani
- GranBio Investimentos SA, AV. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 2777, cj. 1503, Alto de Pinheiros, São Paulo 01452-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Piotr A Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria Carolina B Grassi
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB), Impact Hub Geneva, Rue Fendt 1, 1201, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gonçalo Amarante G Pereira
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Do VG, Lee Y, Kim S, Kweon H, Do G. Antisense Expression of Apple TFL1-like Gene ( MdTFL1) Promotes Early Flowering and Causes Phenotypic Changes in Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6006. [PMID: 35682686 PMCID: PMC9181507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) require up to several years for flowering and bearing fruits. The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is controlled by floral regulators such as TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). TFL1 mediates the maintenance of vegetative phase, unlike the antagonistic function of FT to promote the transition into reproductive phase. In this study, we isolated apple TFL1-like gene (MdTFL1) to elucidate various phenotypic traits triggered by the antisense expression of MdTFL1 in tobacco apart from its floral induction function. Early flowering was observed in the tobacco line with MdTFL1 knockout, indicating the reduced time for transition to vegetative phases. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR showed upregulation of genes involved in the regulation of floral induction, including NtAP1, NtSOC1, NFL1, and NtFTs, and downregulation of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) and CEN-like genes in transgenic lines. Interestingly, transgenic tobacco expressing antisense MdTFL1 exhibited distinct morphological changes in lateral shoot outgrowth, internode length, and the development of leaves, flowers, and fruits. The results suggested that using the antisense expression of MdTFL1 gene is one of the approaches to shorten the vegetable phase and proposed improvement of plant architecture in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giap Do
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea;
| | - Youngsuk Lee
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea;
| | - Seonae Kim
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea;
| | - Hunjoong Kweon
- Posthavest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
| | - Gyungran Do
- Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
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15
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Debernardi JM, Woods DP, Li K, Li C, Dubcovsky J. MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010157. [PMID: 35468125 PMCID: PMC9037917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to flower under conditions that maximize reproductive success. Selection of natural variants affecting those mechanisms has been critical in agriculture to modulate the flowering response of crops to specific environments and to increase yield. In the temperate cereals, wheat and barley, the photoperiod and vernalization pathways explain most of the natural variation in flowering time. However, other pathways also participate in fine-tuning the flowering response. In this work, we integrate the conserved microRNA miR172 and its targets APETALA2-like (AP2L) genes into the temperate grass flowering network involving VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1), VRN2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1 = VRN3) genes. Using mutants, transgenics and different growing conditions, we show that miR172 promotes flowering in wheat, while its target genes AP2L1 (TaTOE1) and AP2L5 (Q) act as flowering repressors. Moreover, we reveal that the miR172-AP2L pathway regulates FT1 expression in the leaves, and that this regulation is independent of VRN2 and VRN1. In addition, we show that the miR172-AP2L module and flowering are both controlled by plant age through miR156 in spring cultivars. However, in winter cultivars, flowering and the regulation of AP2L1 expression are decoupled from miR156 downregulation with age, and induction of VRN1 by vernalization is required to repress AP2L1 in the leaves and promote flowering. Interestingly, the levels of miR172 and both AP2L genes modulate the flowering response to different vernalization treatments in winter cultivars. In summary, our results show that conserved and grass specific gene networks interact to modulate the flowering response, and that natural or induced mutations in AP2L genes are useful tools for fine-tuning wheat flowering time in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Debernardi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Woods
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chengxia Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jorge Dubcovsky
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
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16
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Chen Y, Dai Y, Li Y, Yang J, Jiang Y, Liu G, Yu C, Zhong F, Lian B, Zhang J. Overexpression of the Salix matsudana SmAP2-17 gene improves Arabidopsis salinity tolerance by enhancing the expression of SOS3 and ABI5. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:102. [PMID: 35255820 PMCID: PMC8900321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salix matsudana (Koidz.) is a widely planted ornamental allotetraploid tree species. Genetic engineering can be used to enhance the tolerance of this species to soil salinization, endowing varieties with the ability to grow along coastlines, thereby mitigating afforestation and protecting the environment. The AP2/ERF family of transcription factors (TFs) plays multidimensional roles in plant biotic/abiotic stress tolerance and plant development. In this study, we cloned the SmAP2-17 gene and performed functional analysis of its role in salt tolerance. This study aims to identify key genes for future breeding of stress-resistant varieties of Salix matsudana. RESULTS SmAP2-17 was predicted to be a homolog of AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor ANT isoform X2 from Arabidopsis, with a predicted ORF of 2058 bp encoding an estimated protein of 685 amino acids containing two conserved AP2 domains (PF00847.20). SmAP2-17 had a constitutive expression pattern and was localized to the nucleus. The overexpression of the native SmAP2-17 CDS sequence in Arabidopsis did not increase salt tolerance because of the reduced expression level of ectopic SmAP2-17, potentially caused by salt-induced RNAi. Transgenic lines with high expression of optimized SmAP2-17 CDS under salt stress showed enhanced tolerance to salt. Moreover, the expression of general stress marker genes and important salt stress signaling genes, including RD29A, ABI5, SOS3, AtHKT1, and RBohF, were upregulated in SmAP2-17-overexpressed lines, with expression levels consistent with that of SmAP2-17 or optimized SmAP2-17. Promoter activity analysis using dual luciferase analysis showed that SmAP2-17 could bind the promoters of SOS3 and ABI5 to activate their expression, which plays a key role in regulating salt tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The SmAP2-17 gene isolated from Salix matsudana (Koidz.) is a positive regulator that improves the resistance of transgenic plants to salt stress by upregulating SOS3 and ABI5 genes. This study provides a potential functional gene resource for future generation of salt-resistant Salix lines by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Chen
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanhao Dai
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuna Jiang
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guoyuan Liu
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Zhong
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bolin Lian
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Lab of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
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17
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Xiong CY, Gong QY, Pei H, Liao CJ, Yang RC, Li GK, Huang J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Regulatory Networks during the Maize Ear Shank Elongation Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137029. [PMID: 34209973 PMCID: PMC8268914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In maize, the ear shank is a short branch that connects the ear to the stalk. The length of the ear shank mainly affects the transportation of photosynthetic products to the ear, and also influences the dehydration of the grain by adjusting the tightness of the husks. However, the molecular mechanisms of maize shank elongation have rarely been described. It has been reported that the maize ear shank length is a quantitative trait, but its genetic basis is still unclear. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to explore the transcriptional dynamics and determine the key genes involved in maize shank elongation at four different developmental stages. A total of 8145 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 729 transcription factors (TFs). Some important genes which participate in shank elongation were detected via function annotation and temporal expression pattern analyses, including genes related to signal transduction hormones (auxin, brassinosteroids, gibberellin, etc.), xyloglucan and xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferase, and transcription factor families. The results provide insights into the genetic architecture of maize ear shanks and developing new varieties with ideal ear shank lengths, enabling adjustments for mechanized harvesting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-Y.X.); (R.-C.Y.)
| | - Qing-You Gong
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai 519070, China;
| | - Hu Pei
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Chang-Jian Liao
- Technical Research Center of Dry Crop Variety Breeding in Fujian Province, Crop Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China;
| | - Rui-Chun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-Y.X.); (R.-C.Y.)
| | - Gao-Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (G.-K.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.-Y.X.); (R.-C.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.-K.L.); (J.H.)
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18
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Anwar K, Joshi R, Dhankher OP, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A. Elucidating the Response of Crop Plants towards Individual, Combined and Sequentially Occurring Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [PMID: 34204152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, plants are exposed to an ever-changing environment with increasing frequencies of multiple abiotic stresses. These abiotic stresses act either in combination or sequentially, thereby driving vegetation dynamics and limiting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Plants' responses against these combined and sequential stresses clearly differ from that triggered by an individual stress. Until now, experimental studies were mainly focused on plant responses to individual stress, but have overlooked the complex stress response generated in plants against combined or sequential abiotic stresses, as well as their interaction with each other. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the combined and sequential abiotic stresses overlap with respect to the central nodes of their interacting signaling pathways, and their impact cannot be modelled by swimming in an individual extreme event. Taken together, deciphering the regulatory networks operative between various abiotic stresses in agronomically important crops will contribute towards designing strategies for the development of plants with tolerance to multiple stress combinations. This review provides a brief overview of the recent developments in the interactive effects of combined and sequentially occurring stresses on crop plants. We believe that this study may improve our understanding of the molecular and physiological mechanisms in untangling the combined stress tolerance in plants, and may also provide a promising venue for agronomists, physiologists, as well as molecular biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Anwar
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sneh L Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
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19
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Anwar K, Joshi R, Dhankher OP, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A. Elucidating the Response of Crop Plants towards Individual, Combined and Sequentially Occurring Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6119. [PMID: 34204152 PMCID: PMC8201344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plants are exposed to an ever-changing environment with increasing frequencies of multiple abiotic stresses. These abiotic stresses act either in combination or sequentially, thereby driving vegetation dynamics and limiting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Plants' responses against these combined and sequential stresses clearly differ from that triggered by an individual stress. Until now, experimental studies were mainly focused on plant responses to individual stress, but have overlooked the complex stress response generated in plants against combined or sequential abiotic stresses, as well as their interaction with each other. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the combined and sequential abiotic stresses overlap with respect to the central nodes of their interacting signaling pathways, and their impact cannot be modelled by swimming in an individual extreme event. Taken together, deciphering the regulatory networks operative between various abiotic stresses in agronomically important crops will contribute towards designing strategies for the development of plants with tolerance to multiple stress combinations. This review provides a brief overview of the recent developments in the interactive effects of combined and sequentially occurring stresses on crop plants. We believe that this study may improve our understanding of the molecular and physiological mechanisms in untangling the combined stress tolerance in plants, and may also provide a promising venue for agronomists, physiologists, as well as molecular biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Anwar
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (K.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (K.A.); (R.J.)
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (K.A.); (R.J.)
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
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20
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Meng X, Li A, Yu B, Li S. Interplay between miRNAs and lncRNAs: Mode of action and biological roles in plant development and stress adaptation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2567-2574. [PMID: 34025943 PMCID: PMC8114054 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants employ sophisticated mechanisms to control developmental processes and to cope with environmental changes at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), two classes of endogenous noncoding RNAs, are key regulators of gene expression in plants. Recent studies have identified the interplay between miRNAs and lncRNAs as a novel regulatory layer of gene expression in plants. On one hand, miRNAs target lncRNAs for the production of phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs). On the other hand, lncRNAs serve as origin of miRNAs or regulate the accumulation or activity of miRNAs at transcription and post-transcriptional levels. Theses lncRNA-miRNA interplays are crucial for plant development, physiology and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the biological roles, interaction mechanisms and computational predication methods of the interplay between miRNAs and lncRNAs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Aixia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Biological Sciences & Center for Plant Science Innovation University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588–0666, USA
| | - Shengjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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21
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Shoesmith JR, Solomon CU, Yang X, Wilkinson LG, Sheldrick S, van Eijden E, Couwenberg S, Pugh LM, Eskan M, Stephens J, Barakate A, Drea S, Houston K, Tucker MR, McKim SM. APETALA2 functions as a temporal factor together with BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 and MADS29 to control flower and grain development in barley. Development 2021; 148:dev.194894. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.194894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Cereal grain develops from fertilised florets. Alterations in floret and grain development greatly influence grain yield and quality. Despite this, little is known about the underlying genetic control of these processes, especially in key temperate cereals such as barley and wheat. Using a combination of near-isogenic mutant comparisons, gene editing and genetic analyses, we reveal that HvAPETALA2 (HvAP2) controls floret organ identity, floret boundaries, and maternal tissue differentiation and elimination during grain development. These new roles of HvAP2 correlate with changes in grain size and HvAP2-dependent expression of specific HvMADS-box genes, including the B-sister gene, HvMADS29. Consistent with this, gene editing demonstrates that HvMADS29 shares roles with HvAP2 in maternal tissue differentiation. We also discovered that a gain-of-function HvAP2 allele masks changes in floret organ identity and grain size due to loss of barley LAXATUM.A/BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 (HvBOP2) gene function. Taken together, we reveal novel pleiotropic roles and regulatory interactions for an AP2-like gene controlling floret and grain development in a temperate cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Shoesmith
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Charles Ugochukwu Solomon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, PMB 2000, Uturu, Nigeria
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Laura G. Wilkinson
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Scott Sheldrick
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ewan van Eijden
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sanne Couwenberg
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Laura M. Pugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Mhmoud Eskan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Abdellah Barakate
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kelly Houston
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Matthew R. Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Sarah M. McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie DD2 5DA, UK
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22
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Liu Q, Wang Z, Yu S, Li W, Zhang M, Yang J, Li D, Yang J, Li C. Pu-miR172d regulates stomatal density and water-use efficiency via targeting PuGTL1 in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1370-1383. [PMID: 33098429 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs play essential regulatory roles in many aspects of plant development and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we characterize Pu-miR172d, which acts as a negative regulator of stomatal density by directly repressing the expression of PuGTL1 in Populus ussuriensis. Quantitative real-time PCR and GUS reporter analyses showed that Pu-miR172d was strongly expressed in the guard cells of young leaves. Overexpression of Pu-miR172d significantly decreased stomatal density, resulting in increases in water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance by reducing net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Molecular analysis showed that PuGTL1 was a major target of Pu-miR172d cleavage. Moreover, PuGTL1-SRDX plants, in which PuGTL1 is suppressed, phenocopied Pu-miR172d-overexpression lines with reduced stomatal density and enhanced WUE. The expression of PuSDD1, a negative regulator of stomatal development, was significantly increased in young leaves of both Pu-miR172d-overexpression and PuGTL1-SRDX plants. RNA-seq analysis of mature leaves indicated that overexpression of Pu-miR172d decreased the expression of many genes related to photosynthesis. Our findings show that the Pu-miR172d/PuGTL1/PuSDD1 module plays an important role in stomatal differentiation, and hence it is a potential target for engineering improved drought tolerance in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Sen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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23
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Hedden P. The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1832-1849. [PMID: 32652020 PMCID: PMC7758035 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palack� University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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24
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Genomic Dissection of Peduncle Morphology in Barley through Nested Association Mapping. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010010. [PMID: 33374821 PMCID: PMC7823623 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Straw biomass and stability are crucial for stable yields. Moreover, straw harbors the potential to serve as a valuable raw material for bio-economic processes. The peduncle is the top part of the last shoot internode and carries the spike. This study investigates the genetic control of barley peduncle morphology. Therefore, 1411 BC1S3 lines of the nested association mapping (NAM) population “Halle Exotic Barley 25” (HEB-25), generated by crossing the spring barley elite cultivar Barke with an assortment of 25 exotic barley accessions, were used. Applying 50k Illumina Infinium iSelect SNP genotyping yielded new insights and a better understanding of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in controlling the peduncle diameter traits, we found the total thickness of peduncle tissues and the area of the peduncle cross-section. We identified three major QTL regions on chromosomes 2H and 3H mainly impacting the traits. Remarkably, the exotic allele at the QTL on chromosome 3H improved all three traits investigated in this work. Introgressing this QTL in elite cultivars might facilitate to adjust peduncle morphology for improved plant stability or enlarged straw biomass production independent of flowering time and without detrimental effects on grain yield.
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25
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Ma Z, Wu T, Huang K, Jin YM, Li Z, Chen M, Yun S, Zhang H, Yang X, Chen H, Bai H, Du L, Ju S, Guo L, Bian M, Hu L, Du X, Jiang W. A Novel AP2/ERF Transcription Factor, OsRPH1, Negatively Regulates Plant Height in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:709. [PMID: 32528516 PMCID: PMC7266880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The APETALA 2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERF) are widespread in the plant kingdom and play essential roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as defense responses. In this study, a novel rice AP2/ERF transcription factor gene, OsRPH1, was isolated and functionally characterized. OsRPH1 falls into group-IVa of the AP2/ERF family. OsRPH1 protein was found to be localized in the nucleus and possessed transcriptional activity. Overexpression of OsRPH1 resulted in a decrease in plant height and length of internode and leaf sheath as well as other abnormal characters in rice. The length of the second leaf sheath of OsRPH1-overexpressing (OE) plants recovered to that of Kitaake (non-transgenic recipient) in response to exogenous gibberellin A3 (GA3) application. The expression of GA biosynthesis genes (OsGA20ox1-OsGA20ox4, OsGA3ox1, and OsGA3ox2) was significantly downregulated, whereas that of GA inactivation genes (OsGA2ox7, OsGA2ox9, and OsGA2ox10) was significantly upregulated in OsRPH1-OE plants. Endogenous bioactive GA contents significantly decreased in OsRPH1-OE plants. OsRPH1 interacted with a blue light receptor, OsCRY1b, in a blue light-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that OsRPH1 negatively regulates plant height and bioactive GA content by controlling the expression of GA metabolism genes in rice. OsRPH1 is involved in blue light inhibition of leaf sheath elongation by interacting with OsCRY1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Ma
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Mei Jin
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mojun Chen
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Sokyong Yun
- Kye Ung Sang College of Agriculture of Kim II Sung University, Pyongyang, North Korea
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoyuan Chen
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huijiao Bai
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Du
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Ju
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingdi Bian
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lanjuan Hu
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenzhu Jiang
- Jilin Province Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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26
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McKim SM. Moving on up - controlling internode growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:672-678. [PMID: 31955426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant reproductive success depends on making fertile flowers but also upon developing appropriate shoot internodes that optimally arrange and support the flowering shoot. Compared to floral morphogenesis, we understand little about the networks directing internode growth during flowering. However, new studies reveal that long-range signals, local factors, and age-dependent micoRNA-networks are all important to harmonize internode morphogenesis with shoot development. Some of the same players modulate symplastic transport to seasonally regulate internode growth in perennial species. Exploring possible hierarchical control amongst symplastic continuity, age, systemic signals and local regulators during internode morphogenesis will help elucidate the mechanisms coordinating axial growth with the wider plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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27
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Solomon CU, Drea S. Besides and Beyond Flowering: Other roles of EuAP2 Genes in Plant Development. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10120994. [PMID: 31805740 PMCID: PMC6947164 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
EuAP2 genes are well-known for their role in flower development, a legacy of the founding member of this subfamily of transcription factors, whose mutants lacked petals in Arabidopsis. However, studies of euAP2 genes in several species have accumulated evidence highlighting the diverse roles of euAP2 genes in other aspects of plant development. Here, we emphasize other developmental roles of euAP2 genes in various species and suggest a shift from regarding euAP2 genes as just flowering genes to consider the global role they may be playing in plant development. We hypothesize that their almost universal expression profile and pleiotropic effects of their mutation suggest their involvement in fundamental plant development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles U. Solomon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Abia State University, PMB 2000, Uturu 441107, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Sinéad Drea
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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