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Takatani H, Fujita N, Imai F, Yoshida Y. Forelimb motor recovery by modulating extrinsic and intrinsic signaling as well as neuronal activity after the cervical spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.22.600167. [PMID: 38979293 PMCID: PMC11230274 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.22.600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Singular strategies for promoting axon regeneration and motor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) have been attempted with limited success. Here, we propose the combinatorial approach of deleting extrinsic and intrinsic factors paired with neural stimulation, will enhance adaptive axonal growth and motor recovery after SCI. We previously showed the deletion of RhoA and Pten in corticospinal neurons inhibits axon dieback and promotes axon sprouting after lumbar SCI. Here, we examined the effects of RhoA;Pten deletion coupled with neural stimulation after cervical SCI. This combinatorial approach promoted more boutons on injured corticospinal neurons in the spinal cord compared to sole RhoA;Pten deletion. Although RhoA;Pten deletion does not promote motor recovery in the forelimb after SCI, stimulating corticospinal neurons in those mice results in partial motor recovery. These results demonstrate that a combinatorial approach that pairs genetic modifications with neuronal stimulation can promote axon sprouting and motor recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Takatani
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, United States
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Imai
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, United States
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, United States
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
- Neural Circuit Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Lead contact
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2
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Mohammed Butt A, Rupareliya V, Hariharan A, Kumar H. Building a pathway to recovery: Targeting ECM remodeling in CNS injuries. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148533. [PMID: 37586675 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex and dynamic network of proteoglycans, proteins, and other macromolecules that surrounds cells in tissues. The ECM provides structural support to cells and plays a critical role in regulating various cellular functions. ECM remodeling is a dynamic process involving the breakdown and reconstruction of the ECM. This process occurs naturally during tissue growth, wound healing, and tissue repair. However, in the context of central nervous system (CNS) injuries, dysregulated ECM remodeling can lead to the formation of fibrotic and glial scars. CNS injuries encompass various traumatic events, including concussions and fractures. Following CNS trauma, the formation of glial and fibrotic scars becomes prominent. Glial scars primarily consist of reactive astrocytes, while fibrotic scars are characterized by an abundance of ECM proteins. ECM remodeling plays a pivotal and tightly regulated role in the development of these scars after spinal cord and brain injuries. Various factors like ECM components, ECM remodeling enzymes, cell surface receptors of ECM molecules, and downstream pathways of ECM molecules are responsible for the remodeling of the ECM. The aim of this review article is to explore the changes in ECM during normal physiological conditions and following CNS injuries. Additionally, we discuss various approaches that target various factors responsible for ECM remodeling, with a focus on promoting axon regeneration and functional recovery after CNS injuries. By targeting ECM remodeling, it may be possible to enhance axonal regeneration and facilitate functional recovery after CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub Mohammed Butt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vimal Rupareliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - A Hariharan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Vangansewinkel T, Lemmens S, Tiane A, Geurts N, Dooley D, Vanmierlo T, Pejler G, Hendrix S. Therapeutic administration of mouse mast cell protease 6 improves functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in mice by promoting remyelination and reducing glial scar formation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22939. [PMID: 37130013 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201942rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) most often leads to permanent paralysis due to the inability of axons to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In the past, we have shown that mast cells (MCs) improve the functional outcome after SCI by suppressing scar tissue formation at the lesion site via mouse mast cell protease 6 (mMCP6). In this study, we investigated whether recombinant mMCP6 can be used therapeutically to improve the functional outcome after SCI. Therefore, we applied mMCP6 locally via an intrathecal catheter in the subacute phase after a spinal cord hemisection injury in mice. Our findings showed that hind limb motor function was significantly improved in mice that received recombinant mMCP6 compared with the vehicle-treated group. In contrast to our previous findings in mMCP6 knockout mice, the lesion size and expression levels of the scar components fibronectin, laminin, and axon-growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans were not affected by the treatment with recombinant mMCP6. Surprisingly, no difference in infiltration of CD4+ T cells and reactivity of Iba-1+ microglia/macrophages at the lesion site was observed between the mMCP6-treated mice and control mice. Additionally, local protein levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFNγ, and MCP-1 were comparable between the two treatment groups, indicating that locally applied mMCP6 did not affect inflammatory processes after injury. However, the increase in locomotor performance in mMCP6-treated mice was accompanied by reduced demyelination and astrogliosis in the perilesional area after SCI. Consistently, we found that TNF-α/IL-1β-astrocyte activation was decreased and that oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation was increased after recombinant mMCP6 treatment in vitro. Mechanistically, this suggests effects of mMCP6 on reducing astrogliosis and improving (re)myelination in the spinal cord after injury. In conclusion, these data show for the first time that recombinant mMCP6 is therapeutically active in enhancing recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vangansewinkel
- Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geurts
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Thapa K, Shivam K, Khan H, Kaur A, Dua K, Singh S, Singh TG. Emerging Targets for Modulation of Immune Response and Inflammation in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1663-1690. [PMID: 36763312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory and immunological responses play a significant role after stroke. The innate immune activation stimulated by microglia during stroke results in the migration of macrophages and lymphocytes into the brain and are responsible for tissue damage. The immune response and inflammation following stroke have no defined targets, and the intricacies of the immunological and inflammatory processes are only partially understood. Innate immune cells enter the brain and meninges during the acute phase, which can cause ischemia damage. Activation of systemic immunity is caused by danger signals sent into the bloodstream by injured brain cells, which is followed by a significant immunodepression that encourages life-threatening infections. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a major source of post-stroke morbidity, may be induced by an adaptive immune response that is initiated by antigen presentation during the chronic period and is directed against the brain. Thus, the current review discusses the role of immune response and inflammation in stroke pathogenesis, their role in the progression of injury during the stroke, and the emerging targets for the modulation of the mechanism of immune response and inflammation that may have possible therapeutic benefits against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.,School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Kumar Shivam
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary & Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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5
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Boato F, Guan X, Zhu Y, Ryu Y, Voutounou M, Rynne C, Freschlin CR, Zumbo P, Betel D, Matho K, Makarov SN, Wu Z, Son YJ, Nummenmaa A, Huang JZ, Edwards DJ, Zhong J. Activation of MAP2K signaling by genetic engineering or HF-rTMS promotes corticospinal axon sprouting and functional regeneration. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq6885. [PMID: 36599003 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Facilitating axon regeneration in the injured central nervous system remains a challenging task. RAF-MAP2K signaling plays a key role in axon elongation during nervous system development. Here, we show that conditional expression of a constitutively kinase-activated BRAF in mature corticospinal neurons elicited the expression of a set of transcription factors previously implicated in the regeneration of zebrafish retinal ganglion cell axons and promoted regeneration and sprouting of corticospinal tract (CST) axons after spinal cord injury in mice. Newly sprouting axon collaterals formed synaptic connections with spinal interneurons, resulting in improved recovery of motor function. Noninvasive suprathreshold high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) activated the BRAF canonical downstream effectors MAP2K1/2 and modulated the expression of a set of regeneration-related transcription factors in a pattern consistent with that induced by BRAF activation. HF-rTMS enabled CST axon regeneration and sprouting, which was abolished in MAP2K1/2 conditional null mice. These data collectively demonstrate a central role of MAP2K signaling in augmenting the growth capacity of mature corticospinal neurons and suggest that HF-rTMS might have potential for treating spinal cord injury by modulating MAP2K signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boato
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiaofei Guan
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanjie Zhu
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Youngjae Ryu
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariel Voutounou
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher Rynne
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chase R Freschlin
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katie Matho
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Sergey N Makarov
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Aapo Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Josh Z Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dylan J Edwards
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA.,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19108, USA.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Jian Zhong
- Molecular Regeneration and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Giraldo E, Bonilla P, Mellado M, Garcia-Manau P, Rodo C, Alastrue A, Lopez E, Moratonas EC, Pellise F, Đorđević S, Vicent MJ, Moreno Manzano V. Transplantation of Human-Fetal-Spinal-Cord-Derived NPCs Primed with a Polyglutamate-Conjugated Rho/Rock Inhibitor in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203304. [PMID: 36291170 PMCID: PMC9600863 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation represents a promising therapy for treating spinal cord injuries (SCIs); however, despite successful results obtained in preclinical models, the clinical translation of this approach remains challenging due, in part, to the lack of consensus on an optimal cell source for human neuronal cells. Depending on the cell source, additional limitations to NPC-based therapies include high tumorigenic potential, alongside poor graft survival and engraftment into host spinal tissue. We previously demonstrated that NPCs derived from rat fetal spinal cords primed with a polyglutamate (PGA)-conjugated form of the Rho/Rock inhibitor fasudil (PGA-SS-FAS) displayed enhanced neuronal differentiation and graft survival when compared to non-primed NPCs. We now conducted a similar study of human-fetal-spinal-cord-derived NPCs (hfNPCs) from legal gestational interruptions at the late gestational stage, at 19-21.6 weeks. In vitro, expanded hfNPCs retained neural features, multipotency, and self-renewal, which supported the development of a cell banking strategy. Before transplantation, we established a simple procedure to prime hfNPCs by overnight incubation with PGA-SS-FAS (at 50 μM FAS equiv.), which improved neuronal differentiation and overcame neurite-like retraction after lysophosphatidic-acid-induced Rho/Rock activation. The transplantation of primed hfNPCs into immune-deficient mice (NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu) immediately after the eighth thoracic segment compression prompted enhanced migration of grafted cells from the dorsal to the ventral spinal cord, increased preservation of GABAergic inhibitory Lbx1-expressing and glutamatergic excitatory Tlx3-expressing somatosensory interneurons, and elevated the numbers of preserved, c-Fos-expressing, activated neurons surrounding the injury epicenter, all in a low percentage. Overall, the priming procedure using PGA-SS-FAS could represent an alternative methodology to improve the capabilities of the hfNPC lines for a translational approach for acute SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Giraldo
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology. Universitat Politècnica de València, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
- UPV-CIPF Joint Research Unit Disease Mechanisms and Nanomedicine, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Bonilla
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mara Mellado
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Manau
- Maternal-Foetal Medicine Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, E-08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Rodo
- Maternal-Foetal Medicine Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Campus, E-08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Alastrue
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric Lopez
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ferran Pellise
- Spine Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, E-08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Snežana Đorđević
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - María J. Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Moreno Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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7
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Fang K, Chen S, Wang Y, Chen F, Cui M, Dong Q. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Protects Neurons from Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Insult by Modulating Connexin-36 Expression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5339361. [PMID: 35847590 PMCID: PMC9279069 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5339361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. ADMA is thought to inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) by neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The gap junction protein Connexin-36 (cx-36) is involved in the pathophysiology of stroke. We investigated whether ADMA could protect neurons from OGD insults by regulating the expression of cx-36. Methods Cultured rat cortical neuronal cells were used. Neurons were treated with OGD with or without ADMA pretreatment. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate was used to assess neuronal injury. Intracellular NO levels were determined using 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate. Western blotting was performed to detect cx-36 expression. Results The LDH release rate increased in the supernatant of neurons after the OGD insult, whereas ADMA treatment reduced the LDH release rate. Intracellular NO levels increased following OGD treatment, and this increase was not inhibited by ADMA treatment. Expression of cx-36 was upregulated in neurons under OGD conditions, and treatment with ADMA downregulated the expression of cx-36. Conclusions ADMA protects neurons from OGD insult, and cx-36 downregulation may be a possible pathway involved in ADMA-mediated neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Fangzhe Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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8
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Piepgras J, Rohrbeck A, Just I, Bittner S, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. Enhancement of Phosphorylation and Transport Activity of the Neuronal Glutamate Transporter Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 by C3bot and a 26mer C3bot Peptide. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:860823. [PMID: 35783090 PMCID: PMC9240211 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.860823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary murine hippocampal neurons we investigated the regulation of EAAT3-mediated glutamate transport by the Clostridium botulinum C3 transferase C3bot and a 26mer peptide derived from full length protein. Incubation with either enzyme-competent C3bot or enzyme-deficient C3bot156–181 peptide resulted in the upregulation of glutamate uptake by up to 22% compared to untreated cells. A similar enhancement of glutamate transport was also achieved by the classical phorbol-ester-mediated activation of protein kinase C subtypes. Yet comparable, effects elicited by C3 preparations seemed not to rely on PKCα, γ, ε, or ζ activation. Blocking of tyrosine phosphorylation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors prevented the observed effect mediated by C3bot and C3bot 26mer. By using biochemical and molecular biological assays we could rule out that the observed C3bot and C3bot 26mer-mediated effects solely resulted from enhanced transporter expression or translocation to the neuronal surface but was rather mediated by transporter phosphorylation at tyrosine residues that was found to be significantly enhanced following incubation with either full length protein or the 26mer C3 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Piepgras
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Immunotherapy, Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience and Immunotherapy, Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institut für Integrative Neuroanatomie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus Höltje,
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9
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Bagnell AM, Sumner CJ, McCray BA. TRPV4: A trigger of pathological RhoA activation in neurological disease. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100288. [PMID: 35297520 PMCID: PMC9295809 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a member of the TRP superfamily, is a broadly expressed, cell surface-localized cation channel that is activated by a variety of environmental stimuli. Importantly, TRPV4 has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of cellular morphology. Here we propose that TRPV4 and the cytoskeletal remodeling small GTPase RhoA together constitute an environmentally sensitive signaling complex that contributes to pathological cell cytoskeletal alterations during neurological injury and disease. Supporting this hypothesis is our recent work demonstrating direct physical and bidirectional functional interactions of TRPV4 with RhoA, which can lead to activation of RhoA and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, a confluence of evidence implicates TRPV4 and/or RhoA in pathological responses triggered by a range of acute neurological insults ranging from stroke to traumatic injury. While initiated by a variety of insults, TRPV4-RhoA signaling may represent a common pathway that disrupts axonal regeneration and blood-brain barrier integrity. These insights also suggest that TRPV4 inhibition may represent a safe, feasible, and precise therapeutic strategy for limiting pathological TRPV4-RhoA activation in a range of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Bagnell
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brett A. McCray
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Sugimoto C, Tsubokawa T. Integrin Signaling in the Central Nervous System in Animals and Human Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031435. [PMID: 35163359 PMCID: PMC8836133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin family is involved in various biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and also in the pathogenesis of disease. Integrins are multifunctional receptors that exist as heterodimers composed of α and β subunits and bind to various ligands, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; they are found in many animals, not only vertebrates (e.g., mouse, rat, and teleost fish), but also invertebrates (e.g., planarian flatworm, fruit fly, nematodes, and cephalopods), which are used for research on genetics and social behaviors or as models for human diseases. In the present paper, we describe the results of a phylogenetic tree analysis of the integrin family among these species. We summarize integrin signaling in teleost fish, which serves as an excellent model for the study of regenerative systems and possesses the ability for replacing missing tissues, especially in the central nervous system, which has not been demonstrated in mammals. In addition, functions of astrocytes and reactive astrocytes, which contain neuroprotective subpopulations that act in concert with the ECM proteins tenascin C and osteopontin via integrin are also reviewed. Drug development research using integrin as a therapeutic target could result in breakthroughs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chikatoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatsuya Tsubokawa
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
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11
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Erens C, Van Broeckhoven J, Hoeks C, Schabbauer G, Cheng PN, Chen L, Hellings N, Broux B, Lemmens S, Hendrix S. L-Arginine Depletion Improves Spinal Cord Injury via Immunomodulation and Nitric Oxide Reduction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020205. [PMID: 35203413 PMCID: PMC8869469 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits robust neuroinflammation that eventually exacerbates the initial damage to the spinal cord. L-arginine is critical for the responsiveness of T cells, which are important contributors to neuroinflammation after SCI. Furthermore, L-arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) production, which is a known inducer of secondary damage. Methods: To accomplish systemic L-arginine depletion, repetitive injections of recombinant arginase-1 (rArg-I) were performed. Functional recovery and histopathological parameters were analyzed. Splenic immune responses were evaluated by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory gene expression and nitrite concentrations were measured. Results: We show for the first time that systemic L-arginine depletion improves locomotor recovery. Flow cytometry and immunohistological analysis showed that intraspinal T-cell infiltration was reduced by 65%, and peripheral numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells were suppressed. Moreover, rArg-I treatment reduced the intraspinal NO production by 40%. Histopathological analyses revealed a 37% and 36% decrease in the number of apoptotic neurons and neuron-macrophage/microglia contacts in the spinal cord, respectively. Conclusions: Targeting detrimental T-cell responses and NO-production via rArg-I led to a reduced neuronal cell death and an improved functional recovery. These findings indicate that L-arginine depletion holds promise as a therapeutic strategy after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Erens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Cindy Hoeks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute for Vascular Biology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul N. Cheng
- Department Research and Development, Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited, Hong Kong 999077, China; (P.N.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Li Chen
- Department Research and Development, Bio-Cancer Treatment International Limited, Hong Kong 999077, China; (P.N.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Bieke Broux
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (C.E.); (J.V.B.); (C.H.); (N.H.); (B.B.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Li C, Sahu S, Kou G, Jagadeesan N, Joseph TP, Li Lin S, Schachner M. Chondroitin 6-sulfate-binding peptides improve recovery in spinal cord-injured mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174421. [PMID: 34391768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycan sulfation patterns, particularly in regard to scar formation and inhibition of neuritogenesis, has been mainly studied in cell culture with a focus on chondroitin 4-sulfate. In this study, we investigated chondroitin 6-sulfate (C6S) and found that it also inhibits neurite outgrowth of mouse cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. To examine whether the inhibitory activity of C6S could be neutralized, seven previously characterized high-affinity C6S-binding peptides were tested, among which three peptides neutralized the inhibitory functions of C6S. We further investigated these peptides in a mouse model of spinal cord injury, since upregulation of C6S expression in the glial scar following injury has been associated with reduced axonal regrowth and functional recovery. We here subjected mice to severe compression injury at thoracic levels T7-T9, immediately followed by inserting gelfoam patches soaked in C6S-binding peptides or in a control peptide. Application of C6S-binding peptides led to functional recovery after injury and prevented fibrotic glial scar formation, as seen by decreased activation of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages. Decreased expression of several lecticans and deposition of fibronectin at the site of injury were also observed. Application of C6S-binding peptides led to axonal regrowth and inhibited the C6S-mediated activation of RhoA/ROCK and decrease of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that treatment with C6S-binding peptides improves functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijie Li
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Sudhanshu Sahu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Guanhua Kou
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Thomson Patrick Joseph
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Stanley Li Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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13
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Kimura T, Horikoshi Y, Kuriyagawa C, Niiyama Y. Rho/ROCK Pathway and Noncoding RNAs: Implications in Ischemic Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111573. [PMID: 34769004 PMCID: PMC8584200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes (IS) and spinal cord injuries (SCI) are major causes of disability. RhoA is a small GTPase protein that activates a downstream effector, ROCK. The up-regulation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway contributes to neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astrogliosis, and axon growth inhibition in IS and SCI. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were previously considered to be non-functional. However, they have attracted much attention because they play an essential role in regulating gene expression in physiological and pathological conditions. There is growing evidence that ROCK inhibitors, such as fasudil and VX-210, can reduce injury in IS and SCI in animal models and clinical trials. Recently, it has been reported that miRNAs are decreased in IS and SCI, while lncRNAs are increased. Inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway with miRNAs alleviates apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and axon growth inhibition in IS and SCI. Further studies are required to explore the significance of ncRNAs in IS and SCI and to establish new strategies for preventing and treating these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Kimura
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-18-884-6175; Fax: +81-18-884-6448
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14
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Giraldo E, Nebot VJ, Đorđević S, Requejo-Aguilar R, Alastrue-Agudo A, Zagorodko O, Armiñan A, Martinez-Rojas B, Vicent MJ, Moreno-Manzano V. A rationally designed self-immolative linker enhances the synergism between a polymer-rock inhibitor conjugate and neural progenitor cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121052. [PMID: 34388362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rho/ROCK signaling induced after spinal cord injury (SCI) contributes to secondary damage by promoting apoptosis, inflammation, and axon growth inhibition. The specific Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil can contribute to functional regeneration after SCI, although inherent low stability has hampered its use. To improve the therapeutic potential of fasudil, we now describe a family of rationally-designed bioresponsive polymer-fasudil conjugates based on an understanding of the conditions after SCI, such as low pH, enhanced expression of specific proteases, and a reductive environment. Fasudil conjugated to poly-l-glutamate via a self-immolative redox-sensitive linker (PGA-SS-F) displays optimal release kinetics and, consequently, treatment with PGA-SS-F significantly induces neurite elongation and axon growth in dorsal root ganglia explants, spinal cord organotypic cultures, and neural precursor cells (NPCs). The intrathecal administration of PGA-SS-F after SCI in a rat model prevents early apoptosis and induces the expression of axonal growth- and neuroplasticity-associated markers to a higher extent than the free form of fasudil. Moreover, a combination treatment comprising the acute transplantation of NPCs pre-treated with PGA-SS-F leads to enhanced cell engraftment and reduced cyst formation after SCI. In chronic SCI, combinatory treatment increases the preservation of neuronal fibers. Overall, this synergistic combinatorial strategy may represent a potentially efficient clinical approach to SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giraldo
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biotechnology. Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - V J Nebot
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; PTS S.L., Valencia, Spain
| | - S Đorđević
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Requejo-Aguilar
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - A Alastrue-Agudo
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - O Zagorodko
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Armiñan
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - B Martinez-Rojas
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
| | - V Moreno-Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Lab. Prince Felipe Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Harre J, Heinkele L, Steffens M, Warnecke A, Lenarz T, Just I, Rohrbeck A. Potentiation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection of Spiral Ganglion Neurons by C3 Exoenzyme/Rho Inhibitor. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:602897. [PMID: 33776650 PMCID: PMC7991574 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.602897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of the excitability of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) may contribute to an improved speech perception after cochlear implantation. Thus, the application of exogenous neurotrophic factors such as the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to increase SGN survival in vitro and in vivo is a promising pharmacological approach in cochlear implant (CI) research. Due to the difficult pharmacokinetic profile of proteins such as BDNF, there is a quest for small molecules to mediate the survival of SGN or to increase the efficacy of BDNF. The C3 exoenzyme from Clostridium botulinum could be a potential new candidate for the protection and regeneration of SGN. Inhibition of the RhoA GTPase pathway which can be mediated by C3 is described as a promising strategy to enhance axonal regeneration and to exert pro-survival signals in neurons. Nanomolar concentrations of C3, its enzymatically inactive form C3E174Q, and a 26mer C-terminal peptide fragment covering amino acid 156–181 (C3156-181) potentiated the neuroprotective effect on SGN mediated by BDNF in vitro. The neuroprotective effect of C3/BDNF was reduced to the neuroprotective effect of BDNF alone after the treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K).The exoenzyme C3 (wild-type and enzyme-deficient) and the C3 peptide fragment C3154–181 present novel biologically active compounds for the protection of the SGN. The exact underlying intracellular mechanisms that mediate the neuroprotective effect are not clarified yet, but the combination of BDNF (TrkB stimulation) and C3 exoenzyme (RhoA inhibition) can be used to protect SGN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Harre
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Heinkele
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Steffens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all" of the German Research Foundation (EXC 2177/1), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Yang B, Wang PB, Mu N, Ma K, Wang S, Yang CY, Huang ZB, Lai Y, Feng H, Yin GF, Chen TN, Hu CS. Graphene oxide-composited chitosan scaffold contributes to functional recovery of injured spinal cord in rats. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1829-1835. [PMID: 33510090 PMCID: PMC8328790 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study illustrates that graphene oxide nanosheets can endow materials with continuous electrical conductivity for up to 4 weeks. Conductive nerve scaffolds can bridge a sciatic nerve injury and guide the growth of neurons; however, whether the scaffolds can be used for the repair of spinal cord nerve injuries remains to be explored. In this study, a conductive graphene oxide composited chitosan scaffold was fabricated by genipin crosslinking and lyophilization. The prepared chitosan-graphene oxide scaffold presented a porous structure with an inner diameter of 18–87 μm, and a conductivity that reached 2.83 mS/cm because of good distribution of the graphene oxide nanosheets, which could be degraded by peroxidase. The chitosan-graphene oxide scaffold was transplanted into a T9 total resected rat spinal cord. The results show that the chitosan-graphene oxide scaffold induces nerve cells to grow into the pores between chitosan molecular chains, inducing angiogenesis in regenerated tissue, and promote neuron migration and neural tissue regeneration in the pores of the scaffold, thereby promoting the repair of damaged nerve tissue. The behavioral and electrophysiological results suggest that the chitosan-graphene oxide scaffold could significantly restore the neurological function of rats. Moreover, the functional recovery of rats treated with chitosan-graphene oxide scaffold was better than that treated with chitosan scaffold. The results show that graphene oxide could have a positive role in the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury by promoting the degradation of the scaffold, adhesion, and migration of nerve cells to the scaffold. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Research at the First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) (approval No. AMUWEC20191327) on August 30, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pang-Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan-Yan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong-Bing Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tu-Nan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Chen-Shi Hu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Adolf A, Turko P, Rohrbeck A, Just I, Vida I, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. The Higher Sensitivity of GABAergic Compared to Glutamatergic Neurons to Growth-Promoting C3bot Treatment Is Mediated by Vimentin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:596072. [PMID: 33240046 PMCID: PMC7669547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.596072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the neurotrophic effects of Clostridium botulinum C3 transferase (C3bot) on highly purified, glia-free, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. Incubation with nanomolar concentrations of C3bot promotes dendrite formation as well as dendritic and axonal outgrowth in rat GABAergic neurons. A comparison of C3bot effects on sorted mouse GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons obtained from newly established NexCre;Ai9xVGAT Venus mice revealed a higher sensitivity of GABAergic cells to axonotrophic and dendritic effects of C3bot in terms of process length and branch formation. Protein biochemical analysis of known C3bot binding partners revealed comparable amounts of β1 integrin in both cell types but a higher expression of vimentin in GABAergic neurons. Accordingly, binding of C3bot to GABAergic neurons was stronger than binding to glutamatergic neurons. A combinatory treatment of glutamatergic neurons with C3bot and vimentin raised the amount of bound C3bot to levels comparable to the ones in GABAergic neurons, thereby confirming the specificity of effects. Overall, different surface vimentin levels between GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons exist that mediate neurotrophic C3bot effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Adolf
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Turko
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Luo M, Li YQ, Lu YF, Wu Y, Liu R, Zheng YR, Yin M. Exploring the potential of RhoA inhibitors to improve exercise-recoverable spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101879. [PMID: 33197553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spinal cord is one of the central nervous system. Spinal cord injury (SCI) will cause loss of physical function and dysfunction below the injury site, causing them to lose sensation and mobility, thereby reducing the quality of life of patients. Although regular rehabilitation management can reduce its severity, the current effective treatment methods are limited to the treatment of secondary injuries to SCI. The purpose of treatment should not only include the restoration of the histology of the lesion, but also should focus on the restoration of sensory and mobility and. The key to effective treatment is to reduce secondary injuries. RhoA inhibitor can improve the pathophysiological changes related to secondary injury and promote the recovery of activity ability, so it may become a clinical drug for the treatment of SCI. This article systematically analyzed the effects of RhoA inhibitors on the promotion of axon regeneration and the recovery of mobility and compared the therapeutic effects of different inhibitors on SCI and their effects on physical function recovery. METHODS We used a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the effects of Rho inhibitors on SCI treatment and the recovery of body function. RESULTS 21 articles (738 animals) were identified in the literatures search. Studies were selected if they reported the therapeutic effects of RhoA/ROCK inhibitors (BA-210, EGCG, β-elemene, C3-exoenzmye, LINGO-1-Fc, Ibuprofen, SiRhoA, iRhoA + FK506, Fasudil, p21Cip1/WAF1, HA-1007, Y-27,632 and C3bot154-182). We measure the functional recovery by BBB and BMS scores. The random effect model of weighted mean difference (WMD, 95 % confidence interval) was used to analyze the effects. The WMD of the forest graph was 2.277; 95 % CI: 1.705∼2.849, P < 0.001, suggesting that RhoA inhibitors can effectively treat SCI. In addition to EGCG, all the other agents also showed the effects on the activity recovery post-SCI (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION β-elemene, LINGO-1-Fc, Ibuprofen, SiRhoA, RhoA + FK506, Fasudil, p21Cip1/WAF1 and Y-27,632 have similar effects to BA-210, they can promote axon germination and nerve fiber regeneration after thoracic spinal cord injury and reduce the formation of syringomyelia and protect white matter, thereby improving locomotor recovery. RhoA inhibitors have great potential to restore motor function and provide a new trend for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yu Qing Li
- Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Ya Feng Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yue Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - RenShuai Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yu Rong Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Mei Yin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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19
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Recent progress in therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1759-1778. [PMID: 33028091 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and biomarkers of traumatic central nervous system injuries (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury) are introduced. Furthermore, various drug delivery systems, novel combinatorial therapies and advanced therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury are emphasized.
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20
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In Vivo Assessment of Cell Death and Nigrostriatal Pathway Integrity Following Continuous Expression of C3 Transferase. Neuroscience 2020; 442:183-192. [PMID: 32652176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3) irreversibly inhibits RhoA GTPase leading to stimulation of axonal outgrowth in injured neurons. C3 has been used successfully in models of neurotrauma and shows promise as an option to support cell survival and axonal growth of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) cell therapy. Whether the continuous expression of C3 in DA neurons is well-tolerated is unknown. To assess the potential neurotoxicity of sustained expression of C3 in DA neurons, we generated Cre recombinase-dependent adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) for targeted C3 delivery to DA neurons of the mouse substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The effect of continuous expression of C3 on DA neurons was assessed by immunohistochemistry and compared to that of Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP) as negative controls. We did not find significant reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression levels nor the presence of cleaved activated caspase 3. Astrocytic activation as determined by GFAP expression was comparable to EYFP controls. To evaluate the impact of C3 expression on striatal terminals of the nigrostriatal pathway, we compared the rotational behavior of wildtype mice injected unilaterally with either C3 or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Mice injected with C3 exhibited similar ipsiversive rotations to the site of injection in comparison to control mice injected with EYFP and significantly fewer ipsiversive rotations compared to 6-OHDA lesioned mice. Non-significant difference between C3 and EYFP controls in behavioral and histological analyses demonstrate that transduced DA neurons express C3 continuously without apparent adverse effects, supporting the use of C3 in efficacy studies targeting DA neurons.
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21
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Sami A, Selzer ME, Li S. Advances in the Signaling Pathways Downstream of Glial-Scar Axon Growth Inhibitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:174. [PMID: 32714150 PMCID: PMC7346763 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth inhibitors generated by reactive glial scars play an important role in failure of axon regeneration after CNS injury in mature mammals. Among the inhibitory factors, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are potent suppressors of axon regeneration and are important molecular targets for designing effective therapies for traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury (SCI). CSPGs bind with high affinity to several transmembrane receptors, including two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs). Recent studies demonstrate that multiple intracellular signaling pathways downstream of these two RPTPs mediate the growth-inhibitory actions of CSPGs. A better understanding of these signaling pathways may facilitate development of new and effective therapies for CNS disorders characterized by axonal disconnections. This review will focus on recent advances in the downstream signaling pathways of scar-mediated inhibition and their potential as the molecular targets for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sami
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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22
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Yin Y, De Lima S, Gilbert HY, Hanovice NJ, Peterson SL, Sand RM, Sergeeva EG, Wong KA, Xie L, Benowitz LI. Optic nerve regeneration: A long view. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 37:525-544. [PMID: 31609715 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The optic nerve conveys information about the outside world from the retina to multiple subcortical relay centers. Until recently, the optic nerve was widely believed to be incapable of re-growing if injured, with dire consequences for victims of traumatic, ischemic, or neurodegenerative diseases of this pathway. Over the past 10-20 years, research from our lab and others has made considerable progress in defining factors that normally suppress axon regeneration and the ability of retinal ganglion cells, the projection neurons of the retina, to survive after nerve injury. Here we describe research from our lab on the role of inflammation-derived growth factors, suppression of inter-cellular signals among diverse retinal cell types, and combinatorial therapies, along with related studies from other labs, that enable animals with optic nerve injury to regenerate damaged retinal axons back to the brain. These studies raise the possibility that vision might one day be restored to people with optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yin
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silmara De Lima
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui-Ya Gilbert
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hanovice
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheri L Peterson
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rheanna M Sand
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Wong
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lili Xie
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Laboratories for Neuroscience Research in Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Nagappan PG, Chen H, Wang DY. Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:30. [PMID: 32527334 PMCID: PMC7288425 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks, especially those in the central nervous system (CNS), evolved to support extensive functional capabilities while ensuring stability. Several physiological "brakes" that maintain the stability of the neuronal networks in a healthy state quickly become a hinderance postinjury. These "brakes" include inhibition from the extracellular environment, intrinsic factors of neurons and the control of neuronal plasticity. There are distinct differences between the neuronal networks in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the CNS. Underpinning these differences is the trade-off between reduced functional capabilities with increased adaptability through the formation of new connections and new neurons. The PNS has "facilitators" that stimulate neuroregeneration and plasticity, while the CNS has "brakes" that limit them. By studying how these "facilitators" and "brakes" work and identifying the key processes and molecules involved, we can attempt to apply these theories to the neuronal networks of the CNS to increase its adaptability. The difference in adaptability between the CNS and PNS leads to a difference in neuroregenerative properties and plasticity. Plasticity ensures quick functional recovery of abilities in the short and medium term. Neuroregeneration involves synthesizing new neurons and connections, providing extra resources in the long term to replace those damaged by the injury, and achieving a lasting functional recovery. Therefore, by understanding the factors that affect neuroregeneration and plasticity, we can combine their advantages and develop rehabilitation techniques. Rehabilitation training methods, coordinated with pharmacological interventions and/or electrical stimulation, contributes to a precise, holistic treatment plan that achieves functional recovery from nervous system injuries. Furthermore, these techniques are not limited to limb movement, as other functions lost as a result of brain injury, such as speech, can also be recovered with an appropriate training program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Chen
- Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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24
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Wang P, Wang H, Ma K, Wang S, Yang C, Mu N, Yang F, Feng H, Chen T. Novel cytokine-loaded PCL-PEG scaffold composites for spinal cord injury repair. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6306-6314. [PMID: 35495987 PMCID: PMC9049693 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10385f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) always leads to permanent sensory and motor dysfunction. However, the therapeutic effects of current treatment methods, including high dose methylprednisolone, surgical interventions and rehabilitative care, are far from satisfactory. In recent years, cellular, molecular, tissue engineering and rehabilitative training have shown promising results in animal models. Poly-ε-caprolacton (PCL) - based hydrogel composite system has been considered as a promising strategy to direct the axon growth and mimic the properties of natural extracellular matrix. In this study, we found the addition of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the hydrogel induces the production of axon growth-supportive substrates. The addition of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to the hydrogel further induces axon directional growth. This "five-in-one" composite scaffold, referred to as PCL/PEG/FGF2/EGF/GDNF, improved the locomotor function in rats 8 weeks after spinal cord injury (SCI) after implantation in transected spinal cord. Furthermore, histological assessment indicated that the designed composite scaffold guided the neuronal regeneration and promoted the production of axon growth-supportive substrates, providing a favorable biological microenvironment. Our novel composite scaffold provides a promising therapeutic method for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pangbo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Hufei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Fei Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
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25
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Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:528. [PMID: 31827423 PMCID: PMC6890857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality amongst civilians and military personnel globally. Despite advances in our knowledge of the complex pathophysiology of TBI, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. While initial brain insult involves acute and irreversible primary damage to the parenchyma, the ensuing secondary brain injuries often progress slowly over months to years, hence providing a window for therapeutic interventions. To date, hallmark events during delayed secondary CNS damage include Wallerian degeneration of axons, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death of neurons and glia. Extensive research has been directed to the identification of druggable targets associated with these processes. Furthermore, tremendous effort has been put forth to improve the bioavailability of therapeutics to CNS by devising strategies for efficient, specific and controlled delivery of bioactive agents to cellular targets. Here, we give an overview of the pathophysiology of TBI and the underlying molecular mechanisms, followed by an update on novel therapeutic targets and agents. Recent development of various approaches of drug delivery to the CNS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Ng
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Yiu Wah Lee
- Neurobiology/Ageing Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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26
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Abstract
Neurons develop polarity by the formation of specialized dendritic and axonal structural compartments. A new report now provides evidence that reveals how neurons regulate the initiation and further maintenance of axonal growth, challenging our currently held view of RhoA function in axogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Omelchenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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27
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Short-term inhibition of fibrinolytic system restores locomotor function after spinal cord injury in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16024. [PMID: 31690812 PMCID: PMC6831600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by an initial mechanical insult followed by a series of deleterious events that promote the progressive damage of affected tissues. Fibrinolysis, the process by which plasmin degrades cross-linked fibrin clots, has numerous functions in the central nervous system. However, the roles of the fibrinolytic system in SCI pathophysiology remain unknown. We investigated the roles of fibrinolysis in SCI, and explored therapeutic applications targeting fibrinolysis. Plasminogen-deficient (Plg-/-) mice exhibited significantly improved locomotor function in the early phase of SCI (the first 7 days post injury), with significant inhibition of bleeding and vascular permeability, but failed to demonstrate conclusive functional recovery. Consistent with these findings, the short-term administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) in wild-type mice over the first 3 days post injury significantly improved locomotor function after SCI, whereas prolonged TXA administration did not. Prolonged TXA administration resulted in significantly lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase activities in the spinal cord, suggesting that inhibition of the fibrinolytic system impaired tissue remodeling. Our results indicate that the fibrinolytic system has time-dependent biphasic actions following SCI. The temporally optimised modulation of fibrinolytic activity may thus be a novel therapeutic strategy to improve functional outcomes after SCI.
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28
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Xu AK, Gong Z, He YZ, Xia KS, Tao HM. Comprehensive therapeutics targeting the corticospinal tract following spinal cord injury. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:205-218. [PMID: 30829009 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), which is much in the public eye, is still a refractory disease compromising the well-being of both patients and society. In spite of there being many methods dealing with the lesion, there is still a deficiency in comprehensive strategies covering all facets of this damage. Further, we should also mention the structure called the corticospinal tract (CST) which plays a crucial role in the motor responses of organisms, and it will be the focal point of our attention. In this review, we discuss a variety of strategies targeting different dimensions following SCI and some treatments that are especially efficacious to the CST are emphasized. Over recent decades, researchers have developed many effective tactics involving five approaches: (1) tackle more extensive regions; (2) provide a regenerative microenvironment; (3) provide a glial microenvironment; (4) transplantation; and (5) other auxiliary methods, for instance, rehabilitation training and electrical stimulation. We review the basic knowledge on this disease and correlative treatments. In addition, some well-formulated perspectives and hypotheses have been delineated. We emphasize that such a multifaceted problem needs combinatorial approaches, and we analyze some discrepancies in past studies. Finally, for the future, we present numerous brand-new latent tactics which have great promise for curbing SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yu-Zhe He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Kai-Shun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hui-Min Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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29
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Sommer D, Corstjens I, Sanchez S, Dooley D, Lemmens S, Van Broeckhoven J, Bogie J, Vanmierlo T, Vidal PM, Rose-John S, Gou-Fabregas M, Hendrix S. ADAM17-deficiency on microglia but not on macrophages promotes phagocytosis and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:129-145. [PMID: 30851378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is the major sheddase involved in the cleavage of a plethora of cytokines, cytokine receptors and growth factors, thereby playing a substantial role in inflammatory and regenerative processes after central nervous system trauma. By making use of a hypomorphic ADAM17 knockin mouse model as well as pharmacological ADAM10/ADAM17 inhibitors, we showed that ADAM17-deficiency or inhibition significantly increases clearance of apoptotic cells, promotes axon growth and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. Microglia-specific ADAM17-knockout (ADAM17flox+/+-Cx3Cr1 Cre+/-) mice also showed improved functional recovery similar to hypomorphic ADAM17 mice. In contrast, endothelial-specific (ADAM17flox+/+-Cdh5Pacs Cre+/-) and macrophage-specific (ADAM17flox+/+-LysM Cre+/-) ADAM17-knockout mice or bone marrow chimera with transplanted ADAM17-deficient macrophages, displayed no functional improvement compared to wild type mice. These data indicate that ADAM17 expression on microglia cells (and not on macrophages or endothelial cells) plays a detrimental role in inflammation and functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sommer
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Inge Corstjens
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Selien Sanchez
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Health Science Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - Jeroen Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; Division of Translational Neuroscience, MHeNs, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pia M Vidal
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sven Hendrix
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium.
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30
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Rho GTPases in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Peripheral Sensory Neurons. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060591. [PMID: 31208035 PMCID: PMC6627758 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous experimental studies demonstrate that the Ras homolog family of guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (Rho GTPases) Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) are important regulators in somatosensory neurons, where they elicit changes in the cellular cytoskeleton and are involved in diverse biological processes during development, differentiation, survival and regeneration. This review summarizes the status of research regarding the expression and the role of the Rho GTPases in peripheral sensory neurons and how these small proteins are involved in development and outgrowth of sensory neurons, as well as in neuronal regeneration after injury, inflammation and pain perception. In sensory neurons, Rho GTPases are activated by various extracellular signals through membrane receptors and elicit their action through a wide range of downstream effectors, such as Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or mixed-lineage kinase (MLK). While RhoA is implicated in the assembly of stress fibres and focal adhesions and inhibits neuronal outgrowth through growth cone collapse, Rac1 and Cdc42 promote neuronal development, differentiation and neuroregeneration. The functions of Rho GTPases are critically important in the peripheral somatosensory system; however, their signalling interconnections and partially antagonistic actions are not yet fully understood.
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31
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Cheong H, Kim J, Kim BJ, Kim E, Park HY, Choi BH, Joo KI, Cho ML, Rhie JW, Lee JI, Cha HJ. Multi-dimensional bioinspired tactics using an engineered mussel protein glue-based nanofiber conduit for accelerated functional nerve regeneration. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:87-99. [PMID: 30978510 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited regenerative capacity of the nervous system makes treating traumatic nerve injuries with conventional polymer-based nerve grafting a challenging task. Consequently, utilizing natural polymers and biomimetic topologies became obvious strategies for nerve conduit designs. As a bioinspired natural polymer from a marine organism, mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) fused with biofunctional peptides from extracellular matrix (ECM) were engineered for accelerated nerve regeneration by enhancing cell adhesion, proliferation, neural differentiation, and neurite formation. To physically promote contact guidance of neural and Schwann cells and to achieve guided nerve regeneration, MAP was fabricated into an electrospun aligned nanofiber conduit by introducing synthetic polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to control solubility and mechanical property. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the multi-dimensional tactics of combining adhesiveness from MAP, integrin-mediated interaction from ECM peptides (in particular, IKVAV derived from laminin α1 chain), and contact guidance from aligned nanofibers synergistically accelerated functional nerve regeneration. Thus, MAP-based multi-dimensional approach provides new opportunities for neural regenerative applications including nerve grafting. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Findings in neural regeneration indicate that a bioinspired polymer-based nerve conduit design should harmoniously constitute various factors, such as biocompatibility, neurotrophic molecule, biodegradability, and contact guidance. Here, we engineered three fusion proteins of mussel-derived adhesive protein with ECM-derived biofunctional peptides to simultaneously provide biocompatibility and integrin-based interactions. In addition, a fabrication of robust aligned nanofiber conduits containing the fusion proteins realized suitable biodegradability and contact guidance. Thus, our multi-dimensional strategy on conduit design provided outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, integrin-interaction, and contact guidance to achieve an accelerated functional nerve regeneration. We believe that our bioengineered mussel adhesive protein-based multi-dimensional strategy would offer new insights into the design of nerve tissue engineering biomaterials.
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32
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Zeng Y, Wang N, Guo T, Zheng Q, Wang S, Wu S, Li X, Wu J, Chen Z, Xu H, Wang X, Lin B. Snx27 Deletion Promotes Recovery From Spinal Cord Injury by Neuroprotection and Reduces Macrophage/Microglia Proliferation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1059. [PMID: 30619032 PMCID: PMC6300502 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) is an endosome-associated cargo adaptor that is involved in various pathologies and development of neurological diseases. However, the role of SNX27 in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unclear. In this study, we found that SNX27 was up-regulated in injured mice spinal cords by western blot and immunofluorescence. A comparative analysis of Basso mouse scale (BMS), footprint test and corticospinal tract (CST) tracing in Snx27 +/+ and Snx27 +/- mice revealed that haploinsufficiency of SNX27 ameliorated the clinical symptoms of SCI. Based on the results of western blot and immunofluorescence, mechanistically, we found that SNX27 deficiency suppresses apoptotic caspase-3 induced neuronal death. In addition, SNX27 haploinsufficiency lowers the infiltration and activation of macrophage/microglia by suppressing their proliferation at the SCI lesion site. Together, these results suggest that down-regulation of SNX27 is a potential therapy targeting both acute neuronal death and chronic neuroinflammation, and promoting nerve repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Nawen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Songsong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, Zhangzhou, China
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Adolf A, Rohrbeck A, Münster-Wandowski A, Johansson M, Kuhn HG, Kopp MA, Brommer B, Schwab JM, Just I, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. Release of astroglial vimentin by extracellular vesicles: Modulation of binding and internalization of C3 transferase in astrocytes and neurons. Glia 2018; 67:703-717. [PMID: 30485542 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum C3 transferase (C3bot) ADP-ribosylates rho proteins to change cellular functions in a variety of cell types including astrocytes and neurons. The intermediate filament protein vimentin as well as transmembrane integrins are involved in internalization of C3bot into cells. The exact contribution, however, of these proteins to binding of C3bot to the cell surface and subsequent cellular uptake remains to be unraveled. By comparing primary astrocyte cultures derived from wild-type with Vim-/- mice, we demonstrate that astrocytes lacking vimentin exhibited a delayed ADP-ribosylation of rhoA concurrent with a blunted morphological response. This functional impairment was rescued by the extracellular excess of recombinant vimentin. Binding assays using C3bot harboring a mutated integrin-binding RGD motif (C3bot-G89I) revealed the involvement of integrins in astrocyte binding of C3bot. Axonotrophic effects of C3bot are vimentin dependent and postulate an underlying mechanism entertaining a molecular cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons. We present functional evidence for astrocytic release of vimentin by exosomes using an in vitro scratch wound model. Exosomal vimentin+ particles released from wild-type astrocytes promote the interaction of C3bot with neuronal membranes. This effect vanished when culturing Vim-/- astrocytes. Specificity of these findings was confirmed by recombinant vimentin propagating enhanced binding of C3bot to synaptosomes from rat spinal cord and mouse brain. We hypothesize that vimentin+ exosomes released by reactive astrocytes provide a novel molecular mechanism constituting axonotrophic (neuroprotective) and plasticity augmenting effects of C3bot after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Adolf
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hanover, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Münster-Wandowski
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malin Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans-Georg Kuhn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Alexander Kopp
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, QUEST - Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brommer
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Markus Schwab
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Paraplegiology (Spinal Cord Injury Division), Belford Spinal Cord Injury Center, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hanover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Sanchez S, Lemmens S, Baeten P, Sommer D, Dooley D, Hendrix S, Gou Fabregas M. HDAC3 Inhibition Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages but Does Not Affect Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:437-452. [PMID: 30429652 PMCID: PMC6221838 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.5.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), monocyte derived macrophages play a detrimental role. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are central epigenetic regulators of macrophage-polarization. We hypothesized that HDAC3 inhibition suppresses the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1), promotes the anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) and improves functional recovery after SCI. Therefore, two inhibitors of HDAC3 were selected, namely scriptaid and RGFP966. The impact on macrophage polarization was studied by investigating the effect on gene and protein expression of selected M1 and M2 markers. We show that scriptaid differentially influences M1 and M2 markers. It increases CD86 and iNOS gene expression and decreases GPR18, CD38, FPR2 and Arg-1 gene expression as well as the production of IL-6 and NO. RGFP966 primarily increased the expression of the M2 markers Arg-1 and Ym1 and reduced the production of IL-6 (M1). RGFP966 and scriptaid reduced the formation of foamy macrophages. Finally, to investigate the impact of HDAC3 inhibition on functional recovery after SCI, we studied the effects of RGFP966 and scriptaid in an in vivo T-cut hemisection SCI model. Histological analyses were performed on spinal cord sections to determine lesion size and astrogliosis, demyelinated area and selected infiltrating immune cells. RGFP966 and scriptaid did not affect functional recovery or histopathological outcome after SCI. In conclusion, these results indicate that specific HDAC3 inhibition with RGFP966 promotes alternative activation of macrophages and reduces the formation of foamy macrophages, but does not lead to a better functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selien Sanchez
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE3590, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE3590, Belgium
| | - Paulien Baeten
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE3590, Belgium
| | - Daniela Sommer
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE3590, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Health Science Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE3590, Belgium
| | - Myriam Gou Fabregas
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE3590, Belgium
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Zhou Q, Xiang H, Li A, Lin W, Huang Z, Guo J, Wang P, Chi Y, Xiang K, Xu Y, Zhou L, So KF, Chen X, Sun X, Ren Y. Activating Adiponectin Signaling with Exogenous AdipoRon Reduces Myelin Lipid Accumulation and Suppresses Macrophage Recruitment after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:903-918. [PMID: 30221582 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin-laden macrophages (mye-MΦ), resulting primarily from internalization of myelin debris by infiltrating bone marrow-derived macrophages in spinal cord injury (SCI), trigger inflammatory responses that largely contribute to secondary injury. Adiponectin, which is secreted from adipose tissue, is an important hormone that modulates macrophage inflammation. In the present study, we examined the role of adiponectin on macrophage-mediated neuroinflammation after SCI. We found that in vitro activation of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) by their agonist AdipoRon suppressed myelin lipid accumulation in mye-MΦ through APPL1/PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1-mediated lipid efflux, subsequently inhibiting inflammation and restoring normal function to mye-MΦ. In vivo data further confirmed that intravenous administration of AdipoRon after SCI dampened recruitment of macrophages and reduced myelin lipid accumulation. Accordingly, AdipoRon treatment ameliorated post-SCI tissue damage and astrogliosis, resulting in improved motor function. Although there was no significant pathological exacerbation in adiponectin-null mice subjected to SCI, our work reveals a functional link between adiponectin and hematogenous macrophages in the context of SCI, suggesting that activation of adiponectin signaling is a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate mye-MΦ-mediated neuroinflammation in neurological disorders involving demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishuang Zhou
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,4 Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongkai Xiang
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,4 Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,5 Academician Workstation for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Wu Lin
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhaoshui Huang
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junxiu Guo
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingjie Wang
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Chi
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xiang
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,5 Academician Workstation for Spinal Cord Injury, Kunming Tongren Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Sun
- 2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ren
- 1 Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,2 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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Cell-Based Delivery of Interleukin-13 Directs Alternative Activation of Macrophages Resulting in Improved Functional Outcome after Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:1099-1115. [PMID: 27974221 PMCID: PMC5161742 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation following spinal cord injury (SCI) to date have been limited. Therefore, we aimed to enhance the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs via continuous secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13). By using MSCs as carriers of IL-13 (MSC/IL-13), we investigated their therapeutic potential, compared with non-engineered MSCs, in a mouse model of SCI. We show that transplanted MSC/IL-13 significantly improve functional recovery following SCI, and also decrease lesion size and demyelinated area by more than 40%. Further histological analyses in CX3CR1EGFP/+ CCR2RFP/+ transgenic mice indicated that MSC/IL-13 significantly decrease the number of resident microglia and increase the number of alternatively activated macrophages. In addition, the number of macrophage-axon contacts in MSC/IL-13-treated mice was decreased by 50%, suggesting a reduction in axonal dieback. Our data provide evidence that transplantation of MSC/IL-13 leads to improved functional and histopathological recovery in a mouse model of SCI.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a major cause of disability and the fifth leading cause of death. Currently, the only approved acute medical treatment of ischemic stroke is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but its effectiveness is greatly predicated upon early administration of the drug. There is, therefore, an urgent need to find new therapeutic options for acute stroke. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the role of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase (ROCK) and its potential as a therapeutic target in stroke pathophysiology. ROCK is a major regulator of cell contractility, motility, and proliferation. Many of these ROCK-mediated processes in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, astrocytes, glia, neurons, leukocytes, and platelets are important in stroke pathophysiology, and the inhibition of such processes could improve stroke outcome. Expert commentary: ROCK is a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease and ROCK inhibitors have already been approved for human use in Japan and China for the treatment of acute stroke. Further studies are needed to determine the role of ROCK isoforms in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and whether there are further therapeutic benefits with selective ROCK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sladojevic
- a Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Brian Yu
- a Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - James K Liao
- a Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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Ulndreaj A, Badner A, Fehlings MG. Promising neuroprotective strategies for traumatic spinal cord injury with a focus on the differential effects among anatomical levels of injury. F1000Res 2017; 6:1907. [PMID: 29152227 PMCID: PMC5664995 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11633.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. The significant cost associated with the management and lifetime care of patients with SCI also presents a major economic burden. For these reasons, there is a need to develop and translate strategies that can improve outcomes following SCI. Given the challenges in achieving regeneration of the injured spinal cord, neuroprotection has been at the forefront of clinical translation. Yet, despite many preclinical advances, there has been limited translation into the clinic apart from methylprednisolone (which remains controversial), hypertensive therapy to maintain spinal cord perfusion, and early decompressive surgery. While there are several factors related to the limited translational success, including the clinical and mechanistic heterogeneity of human SCI, the misalignment between animal models of SCI and clinical reality continues to be an important factor. Whereas most clinical cases are at the cervical level, only a small fraction of preclinical research is conducted in cervical models of SCI. Therefore, this review highlights the most promising neuroprotective and neural reparative therapeutic strategies undergoing clinical assessment, including riluzole, hypothermia, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, glibenclamide, minocycline, Cethrin (VX-210), and anti-Nogo-A antibody, and emphasizes their efficacy in relation to the anatomical level of injury. Our hope is that more basic research will be conducted in clinically relevant cervical SCI models in order to expedite the transition of important laboratory discoveries into meaningful treatment options for patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigona Ulndreaj
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto Spine Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anna Badner
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto Spine Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,University of Toronto Spine Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Deletion of the Fractalkine Receptor, CX3CR1, Improves Endogenous Repair, Axon Sprouting, and Synaptogenesis after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3568-3587. [PMID: 28264978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2841-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired signaling via CX3CR1, the fractalkine receptor, promotes recovery after traumatic spinal contusion injury in mice, a benefit achieved in part by reducing macrophage-mediated injury at the lesion epicenter. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CX3CR1-dependent changes in microglia and macrophage functions also will enhance neuroplasticity, at and several segments below the injury epicenter. New data show that in the presence of inflammatory stimuli, CX3CR1-deficient (CX3CR1-/-) microglia and macrophages adopt a reparative phenotype and increase expression of genes that encode neurotrophic and gliogenic proteins. At the lesion epicenter (mid-thoracic spinal cord), the microenvironment created by CX3CR1-/- microglia/macrophages enhances NG2 cell responses, axon sparing, and sprouting of serotonergic axons. In lumbar spinal cord, inflammatory signaling is reduced in CX3CR1-/- microglia. This is associated with reduced dendritic pathology and improved axonal and synaptic plasticity on ventral horn motor neurons. Together, these data indicate that CX3CR1, a microglia-specific chemokine receptor, is a novel therapeutic target for enhancing neuroplasticity and recovery after SCI. Interventions that specifically target CX3CR1 could reduce the adverse effects of inflammation and augment activity-dependent plasticity and restoration of function. Indeed, limiting CX3CR1-dependent signaling could improve rehabilitation and spinal learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Published data show that genetic deletion of CX3CR1, a microglia-specific chemokine receptor, promotes recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury in mice, a benefit achieved in part by reducing macrophage-mediated injury at the lesion epicenter. Data in the current manuscript indicate that CX3CR1 deletion changes microglia and macrophage function, creating a tissue microenvironment that enhances endogenous repair and indices of neuroplasticity, at and several segments below the injury epicenter. Interventions that specifically target CX3CR1 might be used in the future to reduce the adverse effects of intraspinal inflammation and augment activity-dependent plasticity (e.g., rehabilitation) and restoration of function.
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Hu J, Zhang G, Rodemer W, Jin LQ, Shifman M, Selzer ME. The role of RhoA in retrograde neuronal death and axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:25-35. [PMID: 27888137 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralysis following spinal cord injury (SCI) is due to interruption of axons and their failure to regenerate. It has been suggested that the small GTPase RhoA may be an intracellular signaling convergence point for several types of growth-inhibiting extracellular molecules. Even if this is true in vitro, it is not clear from studies in mammalian SCI, whether the effects of RhoA manipulations on axon growth in vivo are due to a RhoA-mediated inhibition of true regeneration or only of collateral sprouting from spared axons, since work on SCI generally is performed with partial injury models. RhoA also has been implicated in local neuronal apoptosis after SCI, but whether this reflects an effect on axotomy-induced cell death or an effect on other pathological mechanisms is not known. In order to resolve these ambiguities, we studied the effects of RhoA knockdown in the sea lamprey central nervous system (CNS), where after complete spinal cord transection (TX), robust but incomplete regeneration of large axons belonging to individually identified reticulospinal (RS) neurons occurs, and where some RS neurons show unambiguous delayed retrograde apoptosis after axotomy. RhoA protein was detected in neurons and axons of the lamprey brain and spinal cord, and its expression was increased post-TX. Knockdown of RhoA in vivo by retrogradely-delivered morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MOs) to the RS neurons significantly reduced retrograde apoptosis signaling in identified RS neurons post-SCI, as indicated by Fluorochrome Labeled Inhibitor of Caspases (FLICA) in brain wholemounts. In individual RS neurons, the reduction of caspase activation by RhoA knockdown began at 2weeks post-TX and was still seen at 8weeks. RhoA knockdown slowed axon retraction and possibly increased early axon regeneration in the proximal stump. The number of axons regenerating beyond the lesion more than 5mm at 10weeks post-TX also was increased. Thus RhoA knockdown both enhanced true axon regeneration and inhibited retrograde apoptosis signaling after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Li-Qing Jin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael Shifman
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Dept. of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Therapeutic effects of the Rho GTPase modulator CNF1 in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:357-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Adolf A, Leondaritis G, Rohrbeck A, Eickholt BJ, Just I, Ahnert-Hilger G, Höltje M. The intermediate filament protein vimentin is essential for axonotrophic effects of Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme. J Neurochem 2016; 139:234-244. [PMID: 27419376 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The type III intermediate filament protein vimentin was recently identified to mediate binding and uptake of Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme (C3bot) in two cell lines. Here, we used primary neuronal cultures from vimentin knockout (Vim-/- ) mice to study the impact of vimentin on axonal growth and internalization of C3bot. In contrast to wild type, vimentin knockout neurons were insensitive to C3bot. Application of extracellular vimentin to Vim-/- neurons completely restored the growth-promoting effects of C3bot. In line with this uptake of C3bot into Vim-/- neurons was strongly decreased resulting in reduced ADP-ribosylation of RhoA and B as detected by an antibody recognizing selectively ADP-ribosylated RhoA/B. Again, uptake of C3bot into Vim-/- neurons was rescued by addition of extracellular vimentin. In addition, in purified embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons that are devoid of glial cells C3bot elicited axonotrophic effects confining neuronal vimentin as a binding partner. Primary neuronal cultures from vimentin knockout (KO) mice were used to study the impact of vimentin on axonal growth and internalization of C3bot. In contrast to wild type, vimentin knockout neurons were insensitive to the axonotrophic effects of C3bot. Application of extracellular vimentin (recombinant vimentin) to vimentin KO neurons completely restored the growth-promoting effects of C3bot. In line with this uptake of C3bot into vimentin KO neurons was strongly decreased resulting in reduced ADP-ribosylation of RhoA and B as detected by an antibody recognizing selectively ADP-ribosylated RhoA/B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Adolf
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Johanna Eickholt
- Institute of Biochemistry & Neuro Cure Cluster of Excellence, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Just
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Kopp MA, Liebscher T, Watzlawick R, Martus P, Laufer S, Blex C, Schindler R, Jungehulsing GJ, Knüppel S, Kreutzträger M, Ekkernkamp A, Dirnagl U, Strittmatter SM, Niedeggen A, Schwab JM. SCISSOR-Spinal Cord Injury Study on Small molecule-derived Rho inhibition: a clinical study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010651. [PMID: 27466236 PMCID: PMC4964175 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The approved analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and indometacin block the small GTPase RhoA, a key enzyme that impedes axonal sprouting after axonal damage. Inhibition of the Rho pathway in a central nervous system-effective manner requires higher dosages compared with orthodox cyclooxygenase-blocking effects. Preclinical studies on spinal cord injury (SCI) imply improved motor recovery after ibuprofen/indometacin-mediated Rho inhibition. This has been reassessed by a meta-analysis of the underlying experimental evidence, which indicates an overall effect size of 20.2% regarding motor outcome achieved after ibuprofen/indometacin treatment compared with vehicle controls. In addition, ibuprofen/indometacin may also limit sickness behaviour, non-neurogenic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), neuropathic pain and heterotopic ossifications after SCI. Consequently, 'small molecule'-mediated Rho inhibition after acute SCI warrants clinical investigation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Protocol of an investigator-initiated clinical open-label pilot trial on high-dose ibuprofen treatment after acute traumatic, motor-complete SCI. A sample of n=12 patients will be enrolled in two cohorts treated with 2400 mg/day ibuprofen for 4 or 12 weeks, respectively. The primary safety end point is an occurrence of serious adverse events, primarily gastroduodenal bleedings. Secondary end points are pharmacokinetics, feasibility and preliminary effects on neurological recovery, neuropathic pain and heterotopic ossifications. The primary safety analysis is based on the incidence of severe gastrointestinal bleedings. Additional analyses will be mainly descriptive and casuistic. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The clinical trial protocol was approved by the responsible German state Ethics Board, and the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices. The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, the principles of Good Clinical Practice and all further applicable regulations. This safety and pharmacokinetics trial informs the planning of a subsequent randomised controlled trial. Regardless of the result of the primary and secondary outcome assessments, the clinical trial will be reported as a publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02096913; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Kopp
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Watzlawick
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Blex
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Schindler
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard J Jungehulsing
- Department of Neurology, Jüdisches Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Knüppel
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Martin Kreutzträger
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Ekkernkamp
- Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics Clinic, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dirnagl
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Department of Neurology, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Andreas Niedeggen
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Division, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA Department of Neuroscience and Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
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Dooley D, Lemmens E, Ponsaerts P, Hendrix S. Interleukin-25 is detrimental for recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:101. [PMID: 27154002 PMCID: PMC4858907 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cytokine, interleukin (IL)-25, is thought to be critically involved in inducing a type 2 immune response which may contribute to regeneration after central nervous system (CNS) trauma. We investigated whether applying recombinant IL-25, locally or systemically, in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI) improves functional and histological recovery. Findings Repeated systemic administration of IL-25 did not influence functional recovery following SCI. In contrast, a single local administration of IL-25 significantly worsened locomotor outcome, which was evident from a decreased Basso mouse scale (BMS) score compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated controls. This was accompanied by a significant increase in lesion size, demyelination, and T helper cell infiltration. Conclusions These data show for the first time that IL-25 is either ineffective when applied systemically or detrimental to spinal cord recovery when applied locally. Our findings question the potential neuroprotective role of IL-25 following CNS trauma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0566-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dearbhaile Dooley
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evi Lemmens
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Abstract
A spinal cord injury refers to an injury to the spinal cord that is caused by a trauma instead of diseases. Spinal cord injury includes a primary mechanical injury and a much more complex secondary injury process involving inflammation, oxidation, excitotoxicity, and cell death. During the secondary injury, many signal pathways are activated and play important roles in mediating the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. Among them, the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway plays a particular role in mediating spinal degeneration and regeneration. In this review, we will discuss the role and mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated spinal cord pathogenesis, as well as the potential of targeting RhoA/Rho kinase as a strategy for promoting both neuroprotection and axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Vangansewinkel T, Geurts N, Quanten K, Nelissen S, Lemmens S, Geboes L, Dooley D, Vidal PM, Pejler G, Hendrix S. Mast cells promote scar remodeling and functional recovery after spinal cord injury via mouse mast cell protease 6. FASEB J 2016; 30:2040-57. [PMID: 26917739 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500114r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An important barrier for axon regeneration and recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is attributed to the scar that is formed at the lesion site. Here, we investigated the effect of mouse mast cell protease (mMCP) 6, a mast cell (MC)-specific tryptase, on scarring and functional recovery after a spinal cord hemisection injury. Functional recovery was significantly impaired in both MC-deficient and mMCP6-knockout (mMCP6(-/-)) mice after SCI compared with wild-type control mice. This decrease in locomotor performance was associated with an increased lesion size and excessive scarring at the injury site. Axon growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and the extracellular matrix components fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV were significantly up-regulated in MC-deficient and mMCP6(-/-) mice, with an increase in scar volume between 23 and 32%. A degradation assay revealed that mMCP6 directly cleaves fibronectin and collagen IV in vitro In addition, gene expression levels of the scar components fibronectin, aggrecan, and collagen IV were increased up to 6.8-fold in mMCP6(-/-) mice in the subacute phase after injury. These data indicate that endogenous mMCP6 has scar-suppressing properties after SCI via indirect cleavage of axon growth-inhibitory scar components and alteration of the gene expression profile of these factors.-Vangansewinkel, T., Geurts, N., Quanten, K., Nelissen, S., Lemmens, S., Geboes, L., Dooley, D., Vidal, P. M., Pejler, G., Hendrix, S. Mast cells promote scar remodeling and functional recovery after spinal cord injury via mouse mast cell protease 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vangansewinkel
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Geurts
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Quanten
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sofie Nelissen
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lies Geboes
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pia M Vidal
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium;
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Geurts N, Vangansewinkel T, Lemmens S, Nelissen S, Geboes L, Schwartz C, Voehringer D, Hendrix S. Basophils are dispensable for the recovery of gross locomotion after spinal cord hemisection injury. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:579-82. [PMID: 26578647 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ab0815-370r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils are the smallest population of granulocytes found in the circulation. They have crucial and nonredundant roles in allergic disorders, in protection from parasite infections, in autoimmunity, and in the regulation of type 2 immunity. They share phenotypic and functional properties with mast cells, which exert substantial protective effects after traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, although they are considered one of the most proinflammatory cell types in the body. In contrast, the in vivo functions of basophils in central nervous system trauma are still obscure and not well studied. In this study, we show that by comparing spinal cord injury in wild type vs. basophil-deficient Mcpt8Cre transgenic mice, the locomotor recovery is not affected in mice depleted in basophils. In addition, no substantial differences were observed in the lesion size and in the astrocytic and macrophage/microglia reaction between both mouse strains. Hence, despite the multiple properties shared with mast cells, these data show, for the first time, to our knowledge, that basophils are dispensable for the functional recovery process after hemisection injury to the spinal cord in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Geurts
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lemmens
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sofie Nelissen
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lies Geboes
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Departments of *Morphology and Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nüremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Pohland M, Glumm R, Stoenica L, Höltje M, Kiwit J, Ahnert-Hilger G, Strauss U, Bräuer AU, Paul F, Glumm J. Studying Axonal Outgrowth and Regeneration of the Corticospinal Tract in Organotypic Slice Cultures. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1465-77. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pohland
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Glumm
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luminita Stoenica
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kiwit
- Department of Neurosurgery, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja U. Bräuer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Research Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Glumm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany
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Rohrbeck A, Stahl F, Höltje M, Hettwer T, Lindner P, Hagemann S, Pich A, Haastert-Talini K. C3-induced release of neurotrophic factors from Schwann cells - potential mechanism behind its regeneration promoting activity. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:232-45. [PMID: 26417907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed a peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR)(1) promoting activity of Clostridium botulinum C3(2) exoenzyme or a 26(mer) C-terminal peptide fragment covering amino acids 156-181 (C3(156-181)),(3) when delivered as one-time injection at the lesion site. The current study was performed to 1) investigate if prolonged availability of C3 and C3(156-181) at the lesion site can further enhance PNR in vivo and to 2) elucidate effects of C3 and C3(156-181) on Schwann cells (SCs)(4)in vitro. For in vivo studies, 10 mm adult rat sciatic nerve gaps were reconstructed with the epineurial pouch technique or autologous nerve grafts. Epineurial pouches were filled with a hydrogel containing i) vehicle, ii) 40 μM C3 or iii) 40 μM C3(156-181). Sensory and motor functional recovery was monitored over 12 weeks and the outcome of PNR further analyzed by nerve morphometry. In vitro, we compared gene expression profiles (microarray analysis) and neurotrophic factor expression (western blot analysis) of untreated rat neonatal SCs with those treated with C3 or C3(156-181) for 72 h. Effects on neurotrophic factor expression levels were proven in adult human SCs. Unexpectedly, prolonged delivery of C3 and C3(156-181) at the lesion site did not increase the outcome of PNR. Regarding the potential mechanism underlying their previously detected PNR promoting action, however, 6 genes were found to be commonly altered in SCs upon treatment with C3 or C3(156-181). We demonstrate significant down-regulation of genes involved in glutamate uptake (Eaac1,(5)Grin2a(6)) and changes in neurotrophic factor expression (increase of FGF-2(7) and decrease of NGF(8)). Our microarray-based expression profiling revealed novel C3-regulated genes in SCs possibly involved in the axonotrophic (regeneration promoting) effects of C3 and C3(156-181). Detection of altered neurotrophic factor expression by C3 or C3(156-181) treated primary neonatal rat SCs and primary adult human SCs supports this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Rohrbeck
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Frank Stahl
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hettwer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School and Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Lindner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Hagemann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School and Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Barth H, Fischer S, Möglich A, Förtsch C. Clostridial C3 Toxins Target Monocytes/Macrophages and Modulate Their Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:339. [PMID: 26175735 PMCID: PMC4485225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The C3 enzymes from Clostridium (C.) botulinum (C3bot) and Clostridium limosum (C3lim) are single chain protein toxins of about 25 kDa that mono-ADP-ribosylate Rho-A, -B, and -C in the cytosol of mammalian cells. We discovered that both C3 proteins are selectively internalized into the cytosol of monocytes and macrophages by an endocytotic mechanism, comparable to bacterial AB-type toxins, while they are not efficiently taken up into the cytosol of other cell types including epithelial cells and fibroblasts. C3-treatment results in disturbed macrophage functions, such as migration and phagocytosis, suggesting a novel function of clostridial C3 toxins as virulence factors, which selectively interfere with these immune cells. Moreover, enzymatic inactive C3 protein serves as a transport system to selectively deliver pharmacologically active molecules into the cytosol of monocytes/macrophages without damaging these cells. This review addresses also the generation of C3-based molecular tools for experimental macrophage pharmacology and cell biology as well as the exploitation of C3 for development of novel therapeutic strategies against monocyte/macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany ; Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Amelie Möglich
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christina Förtsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , Ulm , Germany
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