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Kumari A, Caliz AD, Yoo HJ, Kant S, Vertii A. TNF-alpha promotes cilia elongation via mixed lineage kinases signaling in mouse fibroblasts and human RPE-1 cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38767050 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a characteristic feature of most non-immune cells and functions as an environmental signal transduction sensor. The defects in primary cilium have profound effects on the developmental program, including the maturation of retinal epithelium. The ciliary length is tightly regulated during ciliogenesis, but the impact of inflammation on ciliary length remains elusive. The current study investigates the outcome of inflammatory stimuli for the primary cilium length in retinal epithelium cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Here, we report that exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha elongates cilia in a mixed-lineage kinase (MLK)-dependent manner. Pro-inflammatory stimuli such as bacterial LPS and interferon-gamma have similar effects on ciliary length. In contrast, febrile condition-mimicking heat stress dramatically reduced the number of ciliated cells regardless of TNF-alpha exposure but did not shorten TNF-induced elongation, suggesting distinct but rapid effects of inflammatory stresses on ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kumari
- Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amada D Caliz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyung-Jin Yoo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shashi Kant
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anastassiia Vertii
- Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Das DN, Puthusseri B, Gopu V, Krishnan V, Bhagavath AK, Bolla S, Saini Y, Criner GJ, Marchetti N, Tang H, Konduru NV, Fan L, Shetty S. Caveolin-1-derived peptide attenuates cigarette smoke-induced airway and alveolar epithelial injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L689-L708. [PMID: 37642665 PMCID: PMC11178264 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00178.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease with no effective treatment that can reduce mortality or slow the disease progression. COPD is the third leading cause of global death and is characterized by airflow limitations due to chronic bronchitis and alveolar damage/emphysema. Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure damages airway and alveolar epithelium and remains a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of COPD. We found that the expression of caveolin-1, a tumor suppressor protein; p53; and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), one of the downstream targets of p53, was markedly increased in airway epithelial cells (AECs) as well as in type II alveolar epithelial (AT2) cells from the lungs of patients with COPD or wild-type mice with CS-induced lung injury (CS-LI). Moreover, p53- and PAI-1-deficient mice resisted CS-LI. Furthermore, treatment of AECs, AT2 cells, or lung tissue slices from patients with COPD or mice with CS-LI with a seven amino acid caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP7) reduced mucus hypersecretion in AECs and improved AT2 cell viability. Notably, induction of PAI-1 expression via increased caveolin-1 and p53 contributed to mucous cell metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion in AECs, and reduced AT2 viability, due to increased senescence and apoptosis, which was abrogated by CSP7. In addition, treatment of wild-type mice having CS-LI with CSP7 by intraperitoneal injection or nebulization via airways attenuated mucus hypersecretion, alveolar injury, and significantly improved lung function. This study validates the potential therapeutic role of CSP7 for treating CS-LI and COPD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure remains a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of COPD, a debilitating disease with no effective treatment. Increased caveolin-1 mediated induction of p53 and downstream plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression contributes to CS-induced airway mucus hypersecretion and alveolar wall damage. This is reversed by caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP7) in preclinical models, suggesting the therapeutic potential of CSP7 for treating CS-induced lung injury (CS-LI) and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Nandini Das
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Bijesh Puthusseri
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Venkadesaperumal Gopu
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Venugopal Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Ashoka Kumar Bhagavath
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Sudhir Bolla
- Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yogesh Saini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Gerald J Criner
- Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Hua Tang
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Nagarjun V Konduru
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Liang Fan
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States
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3
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Discovering novel clues of natural selection on four worldwide goat breeds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2110. [PMID: 36747064 PMCID: PMC9902602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In goat breeds, the domestication followed by artificial selection for economically important traits have shaped genetic variation within populations, leading to the fixation of specific alleles for specific traits. This led to the formation and evolution of many different breeds specialised and raised for a particular purpose. However, and despite the intensity of artificial selection, natural selection continues acting, possibly leaving a more diluted contribution over time, whose traces may be more difficult to capture. In order to explore selection footprints as response of environmental adaptation, we analysed a total of 993 goats from four transboundary goats breeds (Angora, Boer, Nubian and Saanen) genotyped with the SNP chip 50 K using outlier detection, runs of homozygosity and haplotype-based detection methods. Our results showed that all methods identified footprints on chromosome 6 (from 30 to 49 Mb) for two specific populations of Nubian goats sampled in Egypt. In Angora and Saanen breeds, we detected two selective sweeps using HapFLK, on chromosome 21 (from 52 to 55 Mb) and chromosome 25 (from 1 to 5 Mb) respectively. The analysis of runs of homozygosity showed some hotspots in all breeds. The overall investigation of the selected regions detected combining the different approaches and the gene ontology exploration revealed both novel and well-known loci related to adaptation, especially for heat stress. Our findings can help to better understand the balance between the two selective pressures in commercial goat breeds providing new insights on the molecular mechanisms of adaptation.
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4
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Insights into the Regulation of Ciliary Disassembly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112977. [PMID: 34831200 PMCID: PMC8616418 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, an antenna-like structure that protrudes out from the cell surface, is present in most cell types. It is a microtubule-based organelle that serves as a mega-signaling center and is important for sensing biochemical and mechanical signals to carry out various cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and many others. At any given time, cilia length is determined by a dynamic balance of cilia assembly and disassembly processes. Abnormally short or long cilia can cause a plethora of human diseases commonly referred to as ciliopathies, including, but not limited to, skeletal malformations, obesity, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, retinal degeneration, and bardet-biedl syndrome. While the process of cilia assembly is studied extensively, the process of cilia disassembly and its biological role(s) are less well understood. This review discusses current knowledge on ciliary disassembly and how different cellular processes and molecular signals converge to carry out this process. This information will help us understand how the process of ciliary disassembly is regulated, identify the key steps that need further investigation, and possibly design therapeutic targets for a subset of ciliopathies that are causally linked to defective ciliary disassembly.
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5
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Primary cilia and the reciprocal activation of AKT and SMAD2/3 regulate stretch-induced autophagy in trabecular meshwork cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021942118. [PMID: 33753495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021942118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of autophagy is one of the responses elicited by high intraocular pressure (IOP) and mechanical stretch in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. However, the mechanosensor and the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy is induced by mechanical stretch in these or other cell types is largely unknown. Here, we have investigated the mechanosensor and downstream signaling pathway that regulate cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS)-induced autophagy in TM cells. We report that primary cilia act as a mechanosensor for CMS-induced autophagy and identified a cross-regulatory talk between AKT1 and noncanonical SMAD2/3 signaling as critical components of primary cilia-mediated activation of autophagy by mechanical stretch. Furthermore, we demonstrated the physiological significance of our findings in ex vivo perfused eyes. Removal of primary cilia disrupted the homeostatic IOP compensatory response and prevented the increase in LC3-II protein levels in response to elevated pressure challenge, strongly supporting a role of primary cilia-mediated autophagy in regulating IOP homeostasis.
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Shi K, Yang L, Du X, Guo D, Xue L. Molecular chaperone Hsp90 protects KCBP from degradation by proteasome in Dunaliella salina cells. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:949-957. [PMID: 34240332 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) is a unique kinesin with half kinesin and half myosin, with kinesin motor domain at C-terminus and myosin tail homology region 4 (MyTH4) and band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domains at N-terminus. The special structure endows KCBP multi-intracellular functions, including cell division, trichome morphogenesis in plants, and flagellar function in algae. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying these functions. Here, we identified a molecular chaperone Hsp90 as a novel binding partner with KCBP in Dunaliella salina using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Further analysis showed that Hsp90 interacted with both the N-terminal and C-terminal of DsKCBP. Since Hsp90 was involved in the stability and proteolytic turnover of numerous proteins, whether Hsp90 regulated the degradation of DsKCBP was investigated. Our results showed that both Hsp90 and DsKCBP presented in the purified proteasome, and the interaction of DsKCBP-Hsp90 was inhibited upon Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin treatment. The level of DsKCBP proteins was diminished remarkably indicating that the disassociation of DsKCBP from Hsp90 accelerated the degradation of the former. Furthermore, immunofluorescence results showed that the localization of DsKCBP at basal body and flagella was disappeared by Hsp90 inhibition. The increased mRNA level of DsKCBP during flagellar assembly was not obvious by geldanamycin treatment. These data provided evidence that Hsp90 protected DsKCBP from degradation by proteasome and was involved in the role of DsKCBP in flagellar assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiuhong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lexun Xue
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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7
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Łysyganicz PK, Pooranachandran N, Liu X, Adamson KI, Zielonka K, Elworthy S, van Eeden FJ, Grierson AJ, Malicki JJ. Loss of Deacetylation Enzymes Hdac6 and Sirt2 Promotes Acetylation of Cytoplasmic Tubulin, but Suppresses Axonemal Acetylation in Zebrafish Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676214. [PMID: 34268305 PMCID: PMC8276265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily highly conserved organelles with important functions in many organs. The extracellular component of the cilium protruding from the plasma membrane comprises an axoneme composed of microtubule doublets, arranged in a 9 + 0 conformation in primary cilia or 9 + 2 in motile cilia. These microtubules facilitate transport of intraflagellar cargoes along the axoneme. They also provide structural stability to the cilium, which may play an important role in sensory cilia, where signals are received from the movement of extracellular fluid. Post-translational modification of microtubules in cilia is a well-studied phenomenon, and acetylation on lysine 40 (K40) of alpha tubulin is prominent in cilia. It is believed that this modification contributes to the stabilization of cilia. Two classes of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, mediate regulation of tubulin acetylation. Here we use a genetic approach, immunocytochemistry and behavioral tests to investigate the function of tubulin deacetylases in cilia in a zebrafish model. By mutating three histone deacetylase genes (Sirt2, Hdac6, and Hdac10), we identify an unforeseen role for Hdac6 and Sirt2 in cilia. As expected, mutation of these genes leads to increased acetylation of cytoplasmic tubulin, however, surprisingly it caused decreased tubulin acetylation in cilia in the developing eye, ear, brain and kidney. Cilia in the ear and eye showed elevated levels of mono-glycylated tubulin suggesting a compensatory mechanism. These changes did not affect the length or morphology of cilia, however, functional defects in balance was observed, suggesting that the level of tubulin acetylation may affect function of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Łysyganicz
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xinming Liu
- The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn I Adamson
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Zielonka
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stone Elworthy
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fredericus J van Eeden
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jarema J Malicki
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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8
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Shaheen S, Anwar Bég O, Gul F, Maqbool K. Electro-Osmotic Propulsion of Jeffrey Fluid in a Ciliated Channel Under the Effect of Nonlinear Radiation and Heat Source/Sink. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:051008. [PMID: 33462593 DOI: 10.1115/1.4049810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling of mechanical system in microfluidics is an emerging area of interest in microscale engineering. Since microfluidic devices use the hair-like structure of artificial cilia for pumping, mixing, and sensing in different fields, electro-osmotic cilia-driven flow helps to generate the fluid velocity for the Newtonian and viscoelastic fluid. Due to the deployment of artificial ciliated walls, the present research reports the combined effect of an electro-osmotic flow and convective heat transfer on Jeffrey viscoelastic electrolytic fluid flow in a two-dimensional ciliated vertical channel. Heat generation/absorption and nonlinear radiation effects are included in the present mathematical model. After applying Debye-Huckel approximation and small Reynolds number approximation to momentum and energy equation, the system of nonlinear partial differential equation is reduced into nonhomogenous boundary value problem. The problem determines the velocity, pressure, and temperature profiles by the application of semi-analytical technique known as homotopy perturbation method (HPM) with the help of software Mathematica. The graphical results of the study suggest that HPM is a reliable methodology for thermo physical electro-osmotic rheological transport in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shaheen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - O Anwar Bég
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Salford University, Salford M54WT, UK
| | - F Gul
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - K Maqbool
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Yang Y, Chen M, Li J, Hong R, Yang J, Yu F, Li T, Yang S, Ran J, Guo C, Zhao Y, Luan Y, Liu M, Li D, Xie S, Zhou J. A cilium-independent role for intraflagellar transport 88 in regulating angiogenesis. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:727-739. [PMID: 36654447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cilia are microtubule-based hair-like protrusions in the lumen ofblood vessels that function as fluid mechanosensors to regulate vascular hemodynamics.However, the functions of endothelial cilia in vascular development remain controversial. In this study, depletion of several key proteins responsible for ciliogenesis allows us to identify a cilium-independent role for intraflagellartransport88 (IFT88) in mammalian angiogenesis. Disruption of primary cilia by heat shock does not affect the angiogenic process. However, depletion of IFT88 significantly inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. IFT88 mediates angiogenesis by regulating the migration, polarization, proliferation, and oriented division of vascular endothelial cells. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that IFT88 interacts with γ-tubulin and microtubule plus-end tracking proteins and promotes microtubule stability. Our findings indicate that IFT88 regulates angiogenesis through its actions in microtubule-based cellular processes, independent of its role in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Miao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Renjie Hong
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Te Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Ran
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chunyue Guo
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Luan
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Songbo Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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10
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Duong Phu M, Bross S, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Limitations and opportunities in the pharmacotherapy of ciliopathies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107841. [PMID: 33771583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a family of rather diverse conditions, which have been grouped based on the finding of altered or dysfunctional cilia, potentially motile, small cellular antennae extending from the surface of postmitotic cells. Cilia-related disorders include embryonically arising conditions such as Joubert, Usher or Kartagener syndrome, but also afflictions with a postnatal or even adult onset phenotype, i.e. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The majority of ciliopathies are syndromic rather than affecting only a single organ due to cilia being found on almost any cell in the human body. Overall ciliopathies are considered rare diseases. Despite that, pharmacological research and the strive to help these patients has led to enormous therapeutic advances in the last decade. In this review we discuss new treatment options for certain ciliopathies, give an outlook on promising future therapeutic strategies, but also highlight the limitations in the development of therapeutic approaches of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Duong Phu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bross
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Section of Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Tambutté E, Ganot P, Venn AA, Tambutté S. A role for primary cilia in coral calcification? Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1093-1102. [PMID: 33330957 PMCID: PMC7960582 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that extend from the surface of cells and are found in diverse organisms from protozoans to multicellular organisms. Motile cilia play various biological functions by their beating motion, including mixing fluids and transporting food particles. Non-motile cilia act as sensors that signal cells about their microenvironment. In corals, cilia have been described in some of the cell layers but never in the calcifying epithelium, which is responsible for skeleton formation. In the present study, we used scanning electron microscopy and immunolabelling to investigate the cellular ciliature of the different tissue layers of the coral Stylophora pistillata, with a focus on the calcifying calicoblastic ectoderm. We show that the cilium of the calcifying cells is different from the cilium of the other cell layers. It is much shorter, and more importantly, its base is structurally distinct from the base observed in cilia of the other tissue layers. Based on these structural observations, we conclude that the cilium of the calcifying cells is a primary cilium. From what is known in other organisms, primary cilia are sensors that signal cells about their microenvironment. We discuss the implications of the presence of a primary cilium in the calcifying epithelium for our understanding of the cellular physiology driving coral calcification and its environmental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Philippe Ganot
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco.
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12
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Molecular dysregulation of ciliary polycystin-2 channels caused by variants in the TOP domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10329-10338. [PMID: 32332171 PMCID: PMC7229662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920777117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in PKD2 which encodes for the polycystin-2 ion channel are responsible for many clinical cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Despite our strong understanding of the genetic basis of ADPKD, we do not know how most variants impact channel function. Polycystin-2 is found in organelle membranes, including the primary cilium-an antennae-like structure on the luminal side of the collecting duct. In this study, we focus on the structural and mechanistic regulation of polycystin-2 by its TOP domain-a site with unknown function that is commonly altered by missense variants. We use direct cilia electrophysiology, cryogenic electron microscopy, and superresolution imaging to determine that variants of the TOP domain finger 1 motif destabilizes the channel structure and impairs channel opening without altering cilia localization and channel assembly. Our findings support the channelopathy classification of PKD2 variants associated with ADPKD, where polycystin-2 channel dysregulation in the primary cilia may contribute to cystogenesis.
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13
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Wang G, Hu HB, Chang Y, Huang Y, Song ZQ, Zhou SB, Chen L, Zhang YC, Wu M, Tu HQ, Yuan JF, Wang N, Pan X, Li AL, Zhou T, Zhang XM, He K, Li HY. Rab7 regulates primary cilia disassembly through cilia excision. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4030-4041. [PMID: 31619485 PMCID: PMC6891077 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. identify Rab7 as a novel regulator of primary cilia disassembly. Their findings demonstrate that Rab7 localization to primary cilia is required for intraciliary F-actin polymerization, which is indispensable for the regulation of cilia ectocytosis and disassembly. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle that protrudes from the cell surface. Primary cilia undergo dynamic transitions between assembly and disassembly to exert their function in cell signaling. In this study, we identify the small GTPase Rab7 as a novel regulator of cilia disassembly. Depletion of Rab7 potently induced spontaneous ciliogenesis in proliferating cells and promoted cilia elongation during quiescence. Moreover, Rab7 performs an essential role in cilia disassembly; knockdown of Rab7 blocked serum-induced ciliary resorption, and active Rab7 was required for this process. Further, we demonstrate that Rab7 depletion significantly suppresses cilia tip excision, referred to as cilia ectocytosis, which has been identified as required for cilia disassembly. Mechanically, the failure of F-actin polymerization at the site of excision of cilia tips caused suppression of cilia ectocytosis on Rab7 depletion. Overall, our results suggest a novel function for Rab7 in regulating cilia ectocytosis and cilia disassembly via control of intraciliary F-actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China.,Cancer Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huai-Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Qing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Qing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Feng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Kun He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China .,Cancer Research Institute of Jilin University, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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14
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Li L, Jayabal S, Ghorbani M, Legault LM, McGraw S, Watt AJ, Yang XJ. ATAT1 regulates forebrain development and stress-induced tubulin hyperacetylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3621-3640. [PMID: 30953095 PMCID: PMC11105686 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
α-Tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) catalyzes acetylation of α-tubulin at lysine 40 in various organisms ranging from Tetrahymena to humans. Despite the importance in mammals suggested by studies of cultured cells, the mouse Atat1 gene is non-essential for survival, raising an intriguing question about its real functions in vivo. To address this question, we systematically analyzed a mouse strain lacking the gene. The analyses revealed that starting at postnatal day 5, the mutant mice display enlarged lateral ventricles in the forebrain, resembling ventricular dilation in human patients with ventriculomegaly. In the mice, ventricular dilation is due to hypoplasia in the septum and striatum. Behavioral tests of the mice uncovered deficits in motor coordination. Birth-dating experiments revealed that neuronal migration to the mutant septum and striatum is impaired during brain development. In the mutant embryonic fibroblasts, we found mild defects in cell proliferation and primary cilium formation. Notably, in these cells, ATAT1 is indispensable for tubulin hyperacetylation in response to high salt, high glucose, and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. We investigated the role of ATAT1 in the hematopoietic system using multicolor flow cytometry and found that this system remains normal in the mutant mice. Although tubulin acetylation was undetectable in a majority of mutant tissues, residual levels were detected in the heart, skeletal muscle, trachea, oviduct, thymus and spleen. This study thus not only establishes the importance of ATAT1 in regulating mouse forebrain development and governing tubulin hyperacetylation during stress responses, but also suggests the existence of an additional α-tubulin acetyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sriram Jayabal
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lisa-Marie Legault
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Serge McGraw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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The Role of the Primary Cilium in Sensing Extracellular pH. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070704. [PMID: 31336778 PMCID: PMC6679169 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors on the membrane of the vascular endothelium are responsible for sensing mechanical and chemical signals in the blood. Transduction of these stimuli into intracellular signaling cascades regulate cellular processes including ion transport, gene expression, cell proliferation, and/or cell death. The primary cilium is a well-known biosensor of shear stress but its role in sensing extracellular pH change has never been examined. As a cellular extension into the immediate microenvironment, the cilium could be a prospective sensor for changes in pH and regulator of acid response in cells. We aim to test our hypothesis that the primary cilium plays the role of an acid sensor in cells using vascular endothelial and embryonic fibroblast cells as in vitro models. We measure changes in cellular pH using pH-sensitive 2',7'-biscarboxyethy1-5,6-carboxyfluorescein acetoxy-methylester (BCECF) fluorescence and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity to quantify responses to both extracellular pH (pHo) and intracellular pH (pHi) changes. Our studies show that changes in pHo affect pHi in both wild-type and cilia-less Tg737 cells and that the kinetics of the pHi response are similar in both cells. Acidic pHo or pHi was observed to change the length of primary cilia in wild-type cells while the cilia in Tg737 remained absent. Vascular endothelial cells respond to acidic pH through activation of ERK1/2 and p38-mediated signaling pathways. The cilia-less Tg737 cells exhibit delayed responsiveness to pHo dependent and independent pHi acidification as depicted in the phosphorylation profile of ERK1/2 and p38. Otherwise, intracellular pH homeostatic response to acidic pHo is similar between wild-type and Tg737 cells, indicating that the primary cilia may not be the sole sensor for physiological pH changes. These endothelial cells respond to pH changes with a predominantly K+-dependent pHi recovery mechanism, regardless of ciliary presence or absence.
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16
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Fu S, Thompson C, Ali A, Wang W, Chapple J, Mitchison H, Beales P, Wann A, Knight M. Mechanical loading inhibits cartilage inflammatory signalling via an HDAC6 and IFT-dependent mechanism regulating primary cilia elongation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1064-1074. [PMID: 30922983 PMCID: PMC6593179 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physiological mechanical loading reduces inflammatory signalling in numerous cell types including articular chondrocytes however the mechanism responsible remains unclear. This study investigates the role of chondrocyte primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the mechanical regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signalling. DESIGN Isolated chondrocytes and cartilage explants were subjected to cyclic mechanical loading in the presence and absence of the cytokine IL-1β. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were used to monitor IL-1β signalling whilst Sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release provided measurement of cartilage degradation. Measurements were made of HDAC6 activity and tubulin polymerisation and acetylation. Effects on primary cilia were monitored by confocal and super resolution microscopy. Involvement of IFT was analysed using ORPK cells with hypomorphic mutation of IFT88. RESULTS Mechanical loading suppressed NO and PGE2 release and prevented cartilage degradation. Loading activated HDAC6 and disrupted tubulin acetylation and cilia elongation induced by IL-1β. HDAC6 inhibition with tubacin blocked the anti-inflammatory effects of loading and restored tubulin acetylation and cilia elongation. Hypomorphic mutation of IFT88 reduced IL-1β signalling and abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of loading indicating the mechanism is IFT-dependent. Loading reduced the pool of non-polymerised tubulin which was replicated by taxol which also mimicked the anti-inflammatory effects of mechanical loading and prevented cilia elongation. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that mechanical loading suppresses inflammatory signalling, partially dependent on IFT, by activation of HDAC6 and post transcriptional modulation of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fu
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - C.L. Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C. L. Thompson, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. Tel: 44-20-7882-3603.
| | - A. Ali
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - W. Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - J.P. Chapple
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H.M. Mitchison
- Institute of Child Health, University College of London, UK
| | - P.L. Beales
- Institute of Child Health, University College of London, UK
| | - A.K.T. Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - M.M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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17
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Maurya AK, Rogers T, Sengupta P. A CCRK and a MAK Kinase Modulate Cilia Branching and Length via Regulation of Axonemal Microtubule Dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1286-1300.e4. [PMID: 30955935 PMCID: PMC6482063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse morphologies of primary cilia are tightly regulated as a function of cell type and cellular state. CCRK- and MAK-related kinases have been implicated in ciliary length control in multiple species, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we show that in C. elegans, DYF-18/CCRK and DYF-5/MAK act in a cascade to generate the highly arborized cilia morphologies of the AWA olfactory neurons. Loss of kinase function results in dramatically elongated AWA cilia that lack branches. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) motor protein localization, but not velocities, in AWA cilia is altered upon loss of dyf-18. We instead find that axonemal microtubules are decorated by the EBP-2 end-binding protein along their lengths and that the tubulin load is increased and tubulin turnover is reduced in AWA cilia of dyf-18 mutants. Moreover, we show that predicted microtubule-destabilizing mutations in two tubulin subunits, as well as mutations in IFT proteins predicted to disrupt tubulin transport, restore cilia branching and suppress AWA cilia elongation in dyf-18 mutants. Loss of dyf-18 is also sufficient to elongate the truncated rod-like unbranched cilia of the ASH nociceptive neurons in animals carrying a microtubule-destabilizing mutation in a tubulin subunit. We suggest that CCRK and MAK activity tunes cilia length and shape in part via modulation of axonemal microtubule stability, suggesting that similar mechanisms may underlie their roles in ciliary length control in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Travis Rogers
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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18
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Pruski M, Lang B. Primary Cilia-An Underexplored Topic in Major Mental Illness. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:104. [PMID: 30886591 PMCID: PMC6409319 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding the function and physiology of primary cilia, they remain a somewhat elusive organelle. Some studies have explored the role of primary cilia in the developing nervous system, and their dysfunction has been linked with several neurosensory deficits. Yet, very little has been written on their potential role in psychiatric disorders. This article provides an overview of some of the functions of primary cilia in signalling pathways, and demonstrates that they are a worthy candidate in psychiatric research. The links between primary cilia and major mental illness have been demonstrated to exist at several levels, spanning genetics, signalling pathways, and pharmacology as well as cell division and migration. The primary focus of this review is on the sensory role of the primary cilium and the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of psychiatric disease. As such, the primary cilium is demonstrated to be a key link between the cellular environment and cell behaviour, and hence of key importance in the considerations of the nature and nurture debate in psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Critical Care Laboratory, Critical Care Directorate, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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19
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Mukherjee I, Roy S, Chakrabarti S. Identification of Important Effector Proteins in the FOXJ1 Transcriptional Network Associated With Ciliogenesis and Ciliary Function. Front Genet 2019; 10:23. [PMID: 30881373 PMCID: PMC6405523 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental defects in motile cilia, arising from genetic abnormalities in one or more ciliary genes, can lead to a common ciliopathy known as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Functional studies in model organisms undertaken to understand PCD or cilia biogenesis have identified 100s of genes regulated by Foxj1, the master regulator of motile ciliogenesis. However, limited systems based studies have been performed to elucidate proteins or network/s crucial to the motile ciliary interactome, although this approach holds promise for identification of multiple cilia-associated genes, which, in turn, could be utilized for screening and early diagnosis of the disease. Here, based on the assumption that FOXJ1-mediated regulatory and signaling networks are representative of the motile cilia interactome, we have constructed and analyzed the gene regulatory and protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) mediated by FOXJ1. The predicted FOXJ1 regulatory network comprises of 424 directly and 148 indirectly regulated genes. Additionally, based on gene ontology analysis, we have associated 17 directly and 6 indirectly regulated genes with possible ciliary roles. Topological and perturbation analyses of the PPIN (6927 proteins, 40,608 interactions) identified 121 proteins expressed in ciliated cells, which interact with multiple proteins encoded by FoxJ1 induced genes (FIG) as important interacting proteins (IIP). However, it is plausible that IIP transcriptionally regulated by FOXJ1 and/or differentially expressed in PCD are likely to have crucial roles in motile cilia. We have found 20 de-regulated topologically important effector proteins in the FOXJ1 regulatory network, among which some (PLSCR1, SSX2IP, ACTN2, CDC42, HSP90AA1, PIAS4) have previously reported ciliary roles. Furthermore, based on pathway enrichment of these proteins and their primary interactors, we have rationalized their possible roles in the ciliary interactome. For instance, 5 among these novel proteins that are involved in cilia associated signaling pathways (like Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, Toll-like receptor etc.) could be ‘topologically important signaling proteins.’ Therefore, based on this FOXJ1 network study we have predicted important effectors in the motile cilia interactome, which are possibly associated with ciliary biology and/or function and are likely to further our understanding of the pathophysiology in ciliopathies like PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Mukherjee
- Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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20
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Ijaz F, Ikegami K. Live cell imaging of dynamic behaviors of motile cilia and primary cilium. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:99-110. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Ijaz
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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21
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The Roles of Primary Cilia in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120233. [PMID: 30486394 PMCID: PMC6315816 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles found in most mammalian cell types. Cilia act as sensory organelles that transmit extracellular clues into intracellular signals for molecular and cellular responses. Biochemical and molecular defects in primary cilia are associated with a wide range of diseases, termed ciliopathies, with phenotypes ranging from polycystic kidney disease, liver disorders, mental retardation, and obesity to cardiovascular diseases. Primary cilia in vascular endothelia protrude into the lumen of blood vessels and function as molecular switches for calcium (Ca2+) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling. As mechanosensory organelles, endothelial cilia are involved in blood flow sensing. Dysfunction in endothelial cilia contributes to aberrant fluid-sensing and thus results in vascular disorders, including hypertension, aneurysm, and atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the roles of endothelial primary cilia within vascular biology and alludes to the possibility of primary cilium as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disorders.
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22
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary Cilia Reconsidered in the Context of Ciliopathies: Extraciliary and Ciliary Functions of Cilia Proteins Converge on a Polarity theme? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700132. [PMID: 29882973 PMCID: PMC6239423 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once dismissed as vestigial organelles, primary cilia have garnered the interest of scientists, given their importance in development/signaling, and for their implication in a new disease category known as ciliopathies. However, many, if not all, "cilia" proteins also have locations/functions outside of the primary cilium. These extraciliary functions can complicate the interpretation of a particular ciliopathy phenotype: it may be a result of defects at the cilium and/or at extraciliary locations, and it could be broadly related to a unifying cellular process for these proteins, such as polarity. Assembly of a cilium has many similarities to the development of other polarized structures. This evolutionarily preserved process for the assembly of polarized cell structures offers a perspective on how the cilium may have evolved. We hypothesize that cilia proteins are critical for cell polarity, and that core polarity proteins may have been specialized to form various cellular protrusions, including primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
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23
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Maharjan Y, Lee JN, Kwak S, Lim H, Dutta RK, Liu ZQ, So HS, Park R. Autophagy alteration prevents primary cilium disassembly in RPE1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:242-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Lecland N, Merdes A. Centriolar satellites prevent uncontrolled degradation of centrosome proteins: a speculative review. Cell Stress 2018; 2:20-24. [PMID: 31225462 PMCID: PMC6551722 DOI: 10.15698/cst2018.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Centriolar satellites are small electron-dense structures in the cytoplasm, mostly surrounding the pericentriolar material. Initially viewed as shuttles for the transport of centrosomal proteins, they have been implicated in the assembly of the pericentriolar material and in ciliogenesis. Although numerous proteins have been identified as components of centriolar satellites, their molecular function remains unclear. In this review article, we discuss recent findings that characterize centriolar satellites as regulators of protein degradation pathways: by sequestering E3 ligase MIB1, deacetylase HDAC6, and proteins of the autophagy pathway, centriolar satellites may regulate the turnover of centrosomal and ciliary components, protecting them from removal via proteasomal degradation, autophagy, and aggresomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lecland
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Andreas Merdes
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Paul Sabatier/CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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25
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Roy K, Jerman S, Jozsef L, McNamara T, Onyekaba G, Sun Z, Marin EP. Palmitoylation of the ciliary GTPase ARL13b is necessary for its stability and its role in cilia formation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17703-17717. [PMID: 28848045 PMCID: PMC5663873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hairlike extensions of the plasma membrane of most mammalian cells that serve specialized signaling functions. To traffic properly to cilia, multiple cilia proteins rely on palmitoylation, the post-translational attachment of a saturated 16-carbon lipid. However, details regarding the mechanism of how palmitoylation affects cilia protein localization and function are unknown. Herein, we investigated the protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 13b (ARL13b) as a model palmitoylated ciliary protein. Using biochemical, cellular, and in vivo studies, we found that ARL13b palmitoylation occurs in vivo in mouse kidneys and that it is required for trafficking to and function within cilia. Myristoylation, a 14-carbon lipid, is shown to largely substitute for palmitoylation with regard to cilia localization of ARL13b, but not with regard to its function within cilia. The functional importance of palmitoylation results in part from a dramatic increase in ARL13b stability, which is not observed with myristoylation. Additional results show that blockade of depalmitoylation slows the degradation of ARL13b that occurs during cilia resorption, raising the possibility that the sensitivity of ARL13b stability to palmitoylation may be exploited by the cell to accelerate degradation of ARL13b by depalmitoylating it. Together, the results show that palmitoylation plays a unique and critical role in controlling the localization, stability, abundance, and thus function of ARL13b. Pharmacological manipulation of protein palmitoylation may be a strategy to alter cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Roy
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Stephanie Jerman
- the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Levente Jozsef
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Thomas McNamara
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Ginikanwa Onyekaba
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Ethan P Marin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
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26
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Shamloo K, Chen J, Sardar J, Sherpa RT, Pala R, Atkinson KF, Pearce WJ, Zhang L, Nauli SM. Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia Modulates Primary Cilia Differently in Adult and Fetal Ovine Kidneys. Front Physiol 2017; 8:677. [PMID: 28979210 PMCID: PMC5611369 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic environments at high altitude have significant effects on kidney injury. Following injury, renal primary cilia display length alterations. Primary cilia are mechanosensory organelles that regulate tubular architecture. The effect of hypoxia on cilia length is still controversial in cultured cells, and no corresponding in vivo study exists. Using fetal and adult sheep, we here study the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on the renal injury, intracellular calcium signaling and the relationship between cilia length and cilia function. Our results show that although long-term hypoxia induces renal fibrosis in both fetal and adult kidneys, fetal kidneys are more susceptible to hypoxia-induced renal injury. Unlike hypoxic adult kidneys, hypoxic fetal kidneys are characterized by interstitial edema, tubular disparition and atrophy. We also noted that there is an increase in the cilia length as well as an increase in the cilia function in the hypoxic fetal proximal and distal collecting epithelia. Hypoxia, however, has no significant effect on primary cilia in the adult kidneys. Increased cilia length is also associated with greater flow-induced intracellular calcium signaling in renal epithelial cells from hypoxic fetuses. Our studies suggest that while hypoxia causes renal fibrosis in both adult and fetal kidneys, hypoxia-induced alteration in cilia length and function are specific to more severe renal injuries in fetal hypoxic kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiumars Shamloo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Jasmine Sardar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Rinzhin T Sherpa
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Rajasekharreddy Pala
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly F Atkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States
| | - William J Pearce
- Departments of Basic Sciences, Physiology and Pharmacology, Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of MedicineLoma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Departments of Basic Sciences, Physiology and Pharmacology, Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of MedicineLoma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman UniversityIrvine, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, IrvineIrvine, CA, United States
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27
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Xu Q, Liu W, Liu X, Otkur W, Hayashi T, Yamato M, Fujisaki H, Hattori S, Tashiro SI, Ikejima T. Type I collagen promotes primary cilia growth through down-regulating HDAC6-mediated autophagy in confluent mouse embryo fibroblast 3T3-L1 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:8-14. [PMID: 28811097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that extend from nearly all vertebrate cells. Abnormal ciliogenesis and cilia length are suggested to be associated with hypertension and obesity as well as diseases such as Meckel-Gruber syndrome. Extracellular matrix (ECM), comprising cellular microenvironment, influences cell shape and proliferation. However, influence of ECM on cilia biogenesis has not been well studied. In this study we examined the effects of type I collagen (col I), the major component of ECM, on primary cilia growth. When cultured on collagen-coated dishes, confluent 3T3-L1 cells were found to exhibit fibroblast-like morphology, which was different from the cobblestone-like shape on non-coated dishes. The level of autophagy in the cells cultured on col I-coated dishes was attenuated compared with the cells cultured on non-coated dishes. The cilia of the cells cultured on col I-coated dishes became longer, accompanying increased expression of essential proteins for cilia assembly. Transfection of the siRNA targeting microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) further enhanced the length of primary cilia, suggesting that col I positively regulated cilia growth through inhibition of autophagy. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which was suggested as a mediator of autophagy in our previous study on primary cilia, was down-regulated with col I. 3T3-L1 cells treated with the siRNA against HDAC6 reduced the autophagy level and enhanced collagen-induced cilia elongation, implying that HDAC6 was involved in mediating autophagy. In conclusion, col I promotes cilia growth through repressing the HDAC-autophagy pathway that can be involved in the interaction between primary cilia and col I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wuxiyar Otkur
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Waseda University Joint Institution for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuju-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, 520-11 Kuwabara, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education & Primary Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajiicho 465, Kamikyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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28
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Rowson D, Knight MM, Screen HR. Zonal variation in primary cilia elongation correlates with localized biomechanical degradation in stress deprived tendon. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:2146-2153. [PMID: 26969839 PMCID: PMC5216897 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tenocytes express primary cilia, which elongate when tendon is maintained in the absence of biomechanical load. Previous work indicates differences in the morphology and metabolism of the tenocytes in the tendon fascicular matrix (FM) and the inter-fascicular matrix (IFM). This study tests the hypothesis that primary cilia in these two regions respond differently to stress deprivation and that this is associated with differences in the biomechanical degradation of the extracellular matrix. Rat tail tendon fascicles were examined over a 7-day period of either stress deprivation or static load. Seven days of stress deprivation induced cilia elongation in both regions. However, elongation was greater in the IFM compared to the FM. Stress deprivation also induced a loss of biomechanical integrity, primarily in the IFM. Static loading reduced both the biomechanical degradation and cilia elongation. The different responses to stress deprivation in the two tendon regions are likely to be important for the aetiology of tendinopathy. Furthermore, these data suggest that primary cilia elongate in response to biomechanical degradation rather than simply the removal of load. This response to degradation is likely to have important consequences for cilia signalling in tendon and as well as in other connective tissues. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 34:2146-2153, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rowson
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUnited Kingdom
| | - Hazel R.C. Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUnited Kingdom
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29
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Cornils A, Maurya AK, Tereshko L, Kennedy J, Brear AG, Prahlad V, Blacque OE, Sengupta P. Structural and Functional Recovery of Sensory Cilia in C. elegans IFT Mutants upon Aging. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006325. [PMID: 27906968 PMCID: PMC5131903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cilia are formed and maintained by the highly conserved process of intraflagellar transport (IFT). Mutations in IFT genes lead to ciliary structural defects and systemic disorders termed ciliopathies. Here we show that the severely truncated sensory cilia of hypomorphic IFT mutants in C. elegans transiently elongate during a discrete period of adult aging leading to markedly improved sensory behaviors. Age-dependent restoration of cilia morphology occurs in structurally diverse cilia types and requires IFT. We demonstrate that while DAF-16/FOXO is dispensable, the age-dependent suppression of cilia phenotypes in IFT mutants requires cell-autonomous functions of the HSF1 heat shock factor and the Hsp90 chaperone. Our results describe an unexpected role of early aging and protein quality control mechanisms in suppressing ciliary phenotypes of IFT mutants, and suggest possible strategies for targeting subsets of ciliopathies. Cilia are ‘antenna-like’ structures that are present on nearly all cell types in animals. These structures are important for sensing and signaling external cues to the cell. Most cilia are formed by a protein transport process called ‘intraflagellar transport’ or IFT. Mutations in IFT genes result in severe cilia defects, and are causal to a large number of diverse human disorders called ciliopathies. Since the genes and processes by which cilia are formed are similar across species, studies in experimental models such as the nematode C. elegans can greatly inform our overall understanding of cilia formation and function. Here we report the surprising observation that the structures and functions of severely defective cilia in nematodes with disrupted IFT genes markedly improve upon aging. We find that protein quality control mechanisms that normally decline in aging are required for this age-dependent recovery of cilia structure. Our results raise the possibility that the effects of some mutations in IFT genes can be bypassed under specific conditions, thereby restoring cilia functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Cornils
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Ashish K. Maurya
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Tereshko
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Julie Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea G. Brear
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Oliver E. Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
- * E-mail:
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30
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Krzemień-Ojak Ł, Góral A, Joachimiak E, Filipek A, Fabczak H. Interaction of a Novel Chaperone PhLP2A With the Heat Shock Protein Hsp90. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:420-429. [PMID: 27496612 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PhLP2 is a small cytosolic protein that belongs to the highly conserved phosducin-like family of proteins. In amniote genomes there are two PhLP2 homologs, PhLP2A and PhLP2B. It has been shown that mammalian PhLP2A modulates the CCT/TRiC chaperonin activity during folding of cytoskeletal proteins. In order to better understand the function of PhLP2A in cellular protein quality control system, in the present study we have searched for its protein targets. Applying immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis we have identified Hsp90 as a partner of PhLP2A. With pull down experiments, we have confirmed this interaction in protein lysate and using purified proteins we have shown that PhLP2A interacts directly with Hsp90. Furthermore, the proximity ligation assay (PLA) performed on mIMCD-3 cells has shown that PhLP2A forms complexes with Hsp90 which are mainly localized in the cytoplasm of these cells. Further analysis has indicated that the level of PhLP2A increases after heat shock or radicicol treatment, similarly as the level of Hsp90, and that expression of PhLP2A after heat shock is regulated at the transcriptional level. Moreover, using recombinant luciferase we have shown that PhLP2A stabilizes this enzyme in a folding competent state and prevents its denaturation and aggregation. In addition, overexpression of PhLP2A in HEK-293 cells leads to increased heat stress resistance. Altogether, our results have shown that PhLP2A interacts with Hsp90 and exhibits molecular chaperone activity toward denatured proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 420-429, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łucja Krzemień-Ojak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Góral
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Filipek
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
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31
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Reck J, Schauer AM, VanderWaal Mills K, Bower R, Tritschler D, Perrone CA, Porter ME. The role of the dynein light intermediate chain in retrograde IFT and flagellar function in Chlamydomonas. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2404-22. [PMID: 27251063 PMCID: PMC4966982 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-03-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of cilia and flagella depends on the activity of two microtubule motor complexes, kinesin-2 and dynein-2/1b, but the specific functions of the different subunits are poorly defined. Here we analyze Chlamydomonas strains expressing different amounts of the dynein 1b light intermediate chain (D1bLIC). Disruption of D1bLIC alters the stability of the dynein 1b complex and reduces both the frequency and velocity of retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT), but it does not eliminate retrograde IFT. Flagellar assembly, motility, gliding, and mating are altered in a dose-dependent manner. iTRAQ-based proteomics identifies a small subset of proteins that are significantly reduced or elevated in d1blic flagella. Transformation with D1bLIC-GFP rescues the mutant phenotypes, and D1bLIC-GFP assembles into the dynein 1b complex at wild-type levels. D1bLIC-GFP is transported with anterograde IFT particles to the flagellar tip, dissociates into smaller particles, and begins processive retrograde IFT in <2 s. These studies demonstrate the role of D1bLIC in facilitating the recycling of IFT subunits and other proteins, identify new components potentially involved in the regulation of IFT, flagellar assembly, and flagellar signaling, and provide insight into the role of D1bLIC and retrograde IFT in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee Reck
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN 55413
| | - Alexandria M Schauer
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kristyn VanderWaal Mills
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Anoka Technical College, Anoka, MN 55303
| | - Raqual Bower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Douglas Tritschler
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Catherine A Perrone
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN 55432
| | - Mary E Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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32
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Liang Y, Meng D, Zhu B, Pan J. Mechanism of ciliary disassembly. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1787-802. [PMID: 26869233 PMCID: PMC11108551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As motile organelles and sensors, cilia play pivotal roles in cell physiology, development and organ homeostasis. Ciliary defects are associated with a class of cilia-related diseases or developmental disorders, termed ciliopathies. Even though the presence of cilia is required for diverse functions, cilia can be removed through ciliary shortening or resorption that necessitates disassembly of the cilium, which occurs normally during cell cycle progression, cell differentiation and in response to cellular stress. The functional significance of ciliary resorption is highlighted in controlling the G1-S transition during cell cycle progression. Internal or external cues that trigger ciliary resorption initiate signaling cascades that regulate several downstream events including depolymerization of axonemal microtubules, dynamic changes in actin and the ciliary membrane, regulation of intraflagellar transport and posttranslational modifications of ciliary proteins. To ensure ciliary resorption, both the active disassembly of the cilium and the simultaneous inhibition of ciliary assembly must be coordinately regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinwen Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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33
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Forcioli-Conti N, Estève D, Bouloumié A, Dani C, Peraldi P. The size of the primary cilium and acetylated tubulin are modulated during adipocyte differentiation: Analysis of HDAC6 functions in these processes. Biochimie 2016; 124:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Ciliopathy nephronophthisis (NPHP), a common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children and young adults, is characterized by disintegration of the tubular basement membrane accompanied by irregular thickening and attenuation, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, and occasionally cortico-medullary cyst formation. Pharmacological approaches that delay the development of ESRD could potentially extend the window of therapeutic opportunity for this group of patients, generating time to find an appropriate donor or even for new treatments to mature. In this review we provide an overview of compounds that have been tested to ameliorate kidney cysts and/or fibrosis. We also revisit paclitaxel as a potential strategy to target fibrosis in NPHP. At low dosage this chemotherapy drug shows promising results in rodent models of renal fibrosis. Possible adverse events and safety of paclitaxel treatment in pediatric patients would need to be investigated, as would the efficacy, optimum dose, and administration schedule for the treatment of renal fibrosis in NPHP patients. Paclitaxel is an approved drug for human use with known pharmacokinetics, which could potentially be used in other ciliopathies through targeting the microtubule skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela G Slaats
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, F03.233, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc R Lilien
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel H Giles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, F03.233, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Vo NTK, Bols NC. Demonstration of primary cilia and acetylated α-tubulin in fish endothelial, epithelial and fibroblast cell lines. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:29-38. [PMID: 26251287 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) were demonstrated for the first time in fish endothelial, epithelial and fibroblast cell lines through immunofluorescence staining with the monoclonal antibody, 6-11B-1, against acetylated α-tubulin. The study was carried out with eight recently developed cell lines from the walleye, Sander vitreus (Mitchill). These were three fibroblast-like cell lines, WE-cfin11f, WE-skin11f and WE-liver3 from, respectively, the caudal fin, skin and liver, and three epithelial-like cell lines, WE-cfin11e, WE-spleen6 and WErpe from, respectively, the caudal fin, spleen and retina. Also, endothelial-like WEBA from the bulbus arteriosus and glial-like WE-brain5 from the brain were used. Immunocytochemistry revealed strong staining for acetylated α-tubulin in mitotic spindles and midbodies for all cell lines, and in PC for all cell lines except WE-skin11f. Staining of cytoplasmic microtubules (fibrils) was absent in three cell lines, including WEBA, but present in the others, especially WE-skin11f, which might have obscured PC detection in these cells. Tubacin, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6, induced cytoplasmic fibrils in WEBA and the intensity of their staining in WE-cfin11f. These results suggest that the cell lines might differ in their deacetylase activities, making them useful for studying this tubulin modification in teleosts, as well as for studying PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T K Vo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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36
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Zhang C, Zhang W, Lu Y, Yan X, Yan X, Zhu X, Liu W, Yang Y, Zhou T. NudC regulates actin dynamics and ciliogenesis by stabilizing cofilin 1. Cell Res 2015; 26:239-53. [PMID: 26704451 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that actin dynamics is associated with ciliogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we find that nuclear distribution gene C (NudC), an Hsp90 co-chaperone, is required for actin organization and dynamics. Depletion of NudC promotes cilia elongation and increases the percentage of ciliated cells. Further results show that NudC binds to and stabilizes cofilin 1, a key regulator of actin dynamics. Knockdown of cofilin 1 also facilitates ciliogenesis. Moreover, depletion of either NudC or cofilin 1 causes similar ciliary defects in zebrafish, including curved body, pericardial edema and defective left-right asymmetry. Ectopic expression of cofilin 1 significantly reverses the phenotypes induced by NudC depletion in both cultured cells and zebrafish. Thus, our data suggest that NudC regulates actin cytoskeleton and ciliogenesis by stabilizing cofilin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Thompson CL, Patel R, Kelly TAN, Wann AKT, Hung CT, Chapple JP, Knight MM. Hedgehog signalling does not stimulate cartilage catabolism and is inhibited by Interleukin-1β. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:373. [PMID: 26705100 PMCID: PMC4718026 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In osteoarthritis, chondrocytes adopt an abnormal hypertrophic morphology and upregulate the expression of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5. The activation of the hedgehog signalling pathway has been established in osteoarthritis and is thought to influence both of these processes. However, the role of this pathway in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis is unclear as previous studies have been unable to isolate the effects of hedgehog pathway activation from other pathological processes. In this study we test the hypothesis that hedgehog pathway activation causes cartilage degradation in healthy cartilage and in an in vitro model of inflammatory arthritis. Methods Isolated articular chondrocytes from the bovine metacarpal-phalangeal joint were stimulated for up to 24 hours with the agonist, recombinant Indian hedgehog (r-Ihh). ADAMTS-5 and MMP-13 gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR. In addition, healthy bovine cartilage explants were treated with r-Ihh or the hedgehog antagonist, cyclopamine, and sGAG release into the media was measured over 72 hours. Studies were repeated using chondrocytes and cartilage explants from human knee joint. Finally, studies were conducted to determine the effect of hedgehog pathway activation on matrix catabolism in the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. Results Addition of r-Ihh activated hedgehog signalling, confirmed by upregulation of Gli1 and Ptch1 expression, but did not increase ADAMTS-5 or MMP-13 expression in bovine or human chondrocytes. Furthermore, r-Ihh did not induce sGAG release in healthy bovine or human cartilage explants. IL-1β treatment induced sGAG release, but this response was not altered by the stimulation or inhibition of hedgehog signalling. Hedgehog pathway activation was downregulated by IL-1β. Conversely, r-Ihh weakly suppressed IL-1β-induced ADAMTS-5 expression. Conclusion Our results show for the first time that Indian hedgehog does not cause extracellular matrix degradation in healthy ex vivo cartilage or in the presence of IL-1β and that IL-1β downregulates Indian hedgehog induced signalling. Thus, we suggest reported hedgehog induced matrix catabolism in osteoarthritis must be due to its interaction with pathological factors other than IL-1β. Hence, hedgehog signalling and its downstream effects are highly context-dependent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0891-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Riana Patel
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Terri-Ann N Kelly
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Angus K T Wann
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. .,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Clark T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - J Paul Chapple
- Center for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Martin M Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Martin TM, Plautz SA, Pannier AK. Temporal endogenous gene expression profiles in response to lipid-mediated transfection. J Gene Med 2015; 17:14-32. [PMID: 25663588 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Design of efficient nonviral gene delivery systems is limited as a result of the rudimentary understanding of the specific molecules and processes that facilitate DNA transfer. METHODS Lipoplexes formed with Lipofectamine 2000 (LF2000) and plasmid-encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) were delivered to the HEK 293T cell line. After treating cells with lipoplexes, HG-U133 Affymetrix microarrays were used to identify endogenous genes differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells (2 h exposure) or between flow-separated transfected cells (GFP+) and treated, untransfected cells (GFP-) at 8, 16 and 24 h after lipoplex treatment. Cell priming studies were conducted using pharmacologic agents to alter endogenous levels of the identified differentially expressed genes to determine effect on transfection levels. RESULTS Relative to untreated cells 2 h after lipoplex treatment, only downregulated genes were identified ≥ 30-fold: ALMS1, ITGB1, FCGR3A, DOCK10 and ZDDHC13. Subsequently, relative to GFP- cells, the GFP+ cell population showed at least a five-fold upregulation of RAP1A and PACSIN3 (8 h) or HSPA6 and RAP1A (16 and 24 h). Pharmacologic studies altering endogenous levels for ALMS1, FCGR3A, and DOCK10 (involved in filopodia protrusions), ITGB1 (integrin signaling), ZDDHC13 (membrane trafficking) and PACSIN3 (proteolytic shedding of membrane receptors) were able to increase or decrease transgene production. CONCLUSIONS RAP1A, PACSIN3 and HSPA6 may help lipoplex-treated cells overcome a transcriptional shutdown due to treatment with lipoplexes and provide new targets for investigating molecular mechanisms of transfection or for enhancing transfection through cell priming or engineering of the nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Durham Research Center II, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Vertii A, Zimmerman W, Ivshina M, Doxsey S. Centrosome-intrinsic mechanisms modulate centrosome integrity during fever. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3451-63. [PMID: 26269579 PMCID: PMC4591690 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-03-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is critical for cell division. Heat stress (HS) causes degradation of all centrosome substructures by centrosome-bound proteasomes. HS-activated degradation is centrosome specific and can be rescued by targeting Hsp70 to the centrosome. Centrosome inactivation is a physiological event, as centrosomes in leukocytes of febrile patients are disrupted. The centrosome is critical for cell division, ciliogenesis, membrane trafficking, and immunological synapse function. The immunological synapse is part of the immune response, which is often accompanied by fever/heat stress (HS). Here we provide evidence that HS causes deconstruction of all centrosome substructures primarily through degradation by centrosome-associated proteasomes. This renders the centrosome nonfunctional. Heat-activated degradation is centrosome selective, as other nonmembranous organelles (midbody, kinetochore) and membrane-bounded organelles (mitochondria) remain largely intact. Heat-induced centrosome inactivation was rescued by targeting Hsp70 to the centrosome. In contrast, Hsp70 excluded from the centrosome via targeting to membranes failed to rescue, as did chaperone inactivation. This indicates that there is a balance between degradation and chaperone rescue at the centrosome after HS. This novel mechanism of centrosome regulation during fever contributes to immunological synapse formation. Heat-induced centrosome inactivation is a physiologically relevant event, as centrosomes in leukocytes of febrile patients are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Wendy Zimmerman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Maria Ivshina
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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Park F. Accessory proteins for heterotrimeric G-proteins in the kidney. Front Physiol 2015; 6:219. [PMID: 26300785 PMCID: PMC4528294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins play a fundamentally important role in regulating signal transduction pathways in the kidney. Accessory proteins are being identified as direct binding partners for heterotrimeric G-protein α or βγ subunits to promote more diverse mechanisms by which G-protein signaling is controlled. In some instances, accessory proteins can modulate the signaling magnitude, localization, and duration following the activation of cell membrane-associated receptors. Alternatively, accessory proteins complexed with their G-protein α or βγ subunits can promote non-canonical models of signaling activity within the cell. In this review, we will highlight the expression profile, localization and functional importance of these newly identified accessory proteins to control the function of select G-protein subunits under normal and various disease conditions observed in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, USA
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41
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Ran J, Yang Y, Li D, Liu M, Zhou J. Deacetylation of α-tubulin and cortactin is required for HDAC6 to trigger ciliary disassembly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12917. [PMID: 26246421 PMCID: PMC4526867 DOI: 10.1038/srep12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia play important roles in sensing extracellular signals and directing fluid flow. Ciliary dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases known as ciliopathies. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has recently emerged as a major driver of ciliary disassembly, but little is known about the downstream players. Here we provide the first evidence that HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of α-tubulin and cortactin is critical for its induction of ciliary disassembly. HDAC6 is localized in the cytoplasm and enriched at the centrosome and basal body. Overexpression of HDAC6 decreases the levels of acetylated α-tubulin and cortactin without affecting the expression or localization of known ciliary regulators. We also find that overexpression of α-tubulin or cortactin or their acetylation-deficient mutants enhances the ability of HDAC6 to induce ciliary disassembly. In addition, acetylation-mimicking mutants of α-tubulin and cortactin counteract HDAC6-induced ciliary disassembly. Furthermore, HDAC6 stimulates actin polymerization, and inhibition of actin polymerization abolishes the activity of HDAC6 to trigger ciliary disassembly. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the ciliary role of HDAC6 and underscore the importance of reversible acetylation in regulating ciliary homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yunfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Wang H, Zou X, Wei Z, Wu Y, Li R, Zeng R, Chen Z, Liao K. Hsp90α forms a stable complex at the cilium neck for the interaction of signalling molecules in IGF-1 receptor signalling. J Cell Sci 2014; 128:100-8. [PMID: 25359884 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is composed of an axoneme that protrudes from the cell surface, a basal body beneath the membrane and a transition neck in between. It is a sensory organelle on the plasma membrane, involved in mediating extracellular signals. In the transition neck region of the cilium, the microtubules change from triplet to doublet microtubules. This region also contains the transition fibres that crosslink the axoneme with the membrane and the necklace proteins that regulate molecules being transported into and out of the cilium. In this protein-enriched, complex area it is important to maintain the correct assembly of all of these proteins. Here, through immunofluorescent staining and protein isolation, we identify the molecular chaperone Hsp90α clustered at the periciliary base. At the transition neck region, phosphorylated Hsp90α forms a stable ring around the axoneme. Heat shock treatment causes Hsp90α to dissipate and induces resorption of cilia. We further identify that Hsp90α at the transition neck region represents a signalling platform on which IRS-1 interacts with intracellular downstream signalling molecules involved in IGF-1 receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinle Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhuang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Primary cilium-associated genes mediate bone marrow stromal cell response to hypoxia. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:284-99. [PMID: 25171775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently there is intense interest in using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for therapeutic interventions in many diseases and conditions. To accelerate the therapeutic use of stem cells we must understand how they sense their environment. Primary cilia are an extracellular sensory organelle present on most growth arrested cells that transduce information about the cellular environment into cells, triggering signaling cascades that have profound effects on development, cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation and migration. Migrating cells likely encounter differing oxygen tensions, therefore we investigated the effect of oxygen tension on cilia. Using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) we found that oxygen tension significantly affected the length of cilia in primary BMSCs. Chronic exposure to hypoxia specifically down-regulated genes involved in hedgehog signaling and re-localized the Smo and Gli2 proteins to cilia. Investigating the effects of chemotactic migration on cilia, we observed significantly longer cilia in migrating cells which was again, strongly influenced by oxygen tension. Finally, using computational modeling we identified links between migration and ciliation signaling pathways, characterizing the novel role of HSP90 and PI3K signaling in regulating BMSC cilia length. These findings enhance our current understanding of BMSC adaptions to hypoxia and advance our knowledge of BMSC biology and cilia regulation.
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Khalouei S, Chow AM, Brown IR. Stress-induced localization of HSPA6 (HSP70B') and HSPA1A (HSP70-1) proteins to centrioles in human neuronal cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:321-7. [PMID: 24061851 PMCID: PMC3982026 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged HSP70 proteins was employed to identify stress-sensitive sites in human neurons following temperature elevation. Stable lines of human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were established that expressed YFP-tagged protein products of the human inducible HSP70 genes HSPA6 (HSP70B') and HSPA1A (HSP70-1). Following a brief period of thermal stress, YFP-tagged HSPA6 and HSPA1A rapidly appeared at centrioles in the cytoplasm of human neuronal cells, with HSPA6 demonstrating a more prolonged signal compared to HSPA1A. Each centriole is composed of a distal end and a proximal end, the latter linking the centriole doublet. The YFP-tagged HSP70 proteins targeted the proximal end of centrioles (identified by γ-tubulin marker) rather than the distal end (centrin marker). Centrioles play key roles in cellular polarity and migration during neuronal differentiation. The proximal end of the centriole, which is involved in centriole stabilization, may be stress-sensitive in post-mitotic, differentiating human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Khalouei
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4 ON Canada
| | - Ari M. Chow
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4 ON Canada
| | - Ian R. Brown
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4 ON Canada
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Thompson C, Chapple J, Knight M. Primary cilia disassembly down-regulates mechanosensitive hedgehog signalling: a feedback mechanism controlling ADAMTS-5 expression in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:490-8. [PMID: 24457103 PMCID: PMC3988976 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hedgehog signalling is mediated by the primary cilium and promotes cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. Primary cilia are influenced by pathological stimuli and cilia length and prevalence are increased in osteoarthritic cartilage. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mechanical loading, hedgehog signalling and cilia disassembly in articular chondrocytes. METHODS Primary bovine articular chondrocytes were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (CTS; 0.33 Hz, 10% or 20% strain). Hedgehog pathway activation (Ptch1, Gli1) and A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5) expression were assessed by real-time PCR. A chondrocyte cell line generated from the Tg737(ORPK) mouse was used to investigate the role of the cilium in this response. Cilia length and prevalence were quantified by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Mechanical strain upregulates Indian hedgehog expression and activates hedgehog signalling. Ptch1, Gli1 and ADAMTS-5 expression were increased following 10% CTS, but not 20% CTS. Pathway activation requires a functioning primary cilium and is not observed in Tg737(ORPK) cells lacking cilia. Mechanical loading significantly reduced cilium length such that cilia became progressively shorter with increasing strain magnitude. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a tubulin deacetylase, prevented cilia disassembly and restored mechanosensitive hedgehog signalling and ADAMTS-5 expression at 20% CTS. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that mechanical loading activates primary cilia-mediated hedgehog signalling and ADAMTS-5 expression in adult articular chondrocytes, but that this response is lost at high strains due to HDAC6-mediated cilia disassembly. The study provides new mechanistic insight into the role of primary cilia and mechanical loading in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C.L. Thompson, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK. Tel: 44-(0)-20-7882-9307.
| | - J.P. Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M.M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Material Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Wann AKT, Thompson CL, Chapple JP, Knight MM. Interleukin-1β sequesters hypoxia inducible factor 2α to the primary cilium. Cilia 2013; 2:17. [PMID: 24330727 PMCID: PMC3886195 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary cilium coordinates signalling in development, health and disease. Previously we have shown that the cilium is essential for the anabolic response to loading and the inflammatory response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We have also shown the primary cilium elongates in response to IL-1β exposure. Both anabolic phenotype and inflammatory pathology are proposed to be dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF-2α). The present study tests the hypothesis that an association exists between the primary cilium and HIFs in inflammatory signalling. RESULTS Here we show, in articular chondrocytes, that IL-1β-induces primary cilia elongation with alterations to cilia trafficking of arl13b. This elongation is associated with a transient increase in HIF-2α expression and accumulation in the primary cilium. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition results in primary cilia elongation also associated with accumulation of HIF-2α in the ciliary base and axoneme. This recruitment and the associated cilia elongation is not inhibited by blockade of HIFα transcription activity or rescue of basal HIF-2α expression. Hypomorphic mutation to intraflagellar transport protein IFT88 results in limited ciliogenesis. This is associated with increased HIF-2α expression and inhibited response to prolyl hydroxylase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ciliary sequestration of HIF-2α provides negative regulation of HIF-2α expression and potentially activity. This study indicates, for the first time, that the primary cilium regulates HIF signalling during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus KT Wann
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Clare L Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin M Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
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Lam HC, Cloonan SM, Bhashyam AR, Haspel JA, Singh A, Sathirapongsasuti JF, Cervo M, Yao H, Chung AL, Mizumura K, An CH, Shan B, Franks JM, Haley KJ, Owen CA, Tesfaigzi Y, Washko GR, Quackenbush J, Silverman EK, Rahman I, Kim HP, Mahmood A, Biswal SS, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Histone deacetylase 6-mediated selective autophagy regulates COPD-associated cilia dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5212-30. [PMID: 24200693 DOI: 10.1172/jci69636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves aberrant airway inflammatory responses to cigarette smoke (CS) that are associated with epithelial cell dysfunction, cilia shortening, and mucociliary clearance disruption. Exposure to CS reduced cilia length and induced autophagy in vivo and in differentiated mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTECs). Autophagy-impaired (Becn1+/- or Map1lc3B-/-) mice and MTECs resisted CS-induced cilia shortening. Furthermore, CS increased the autophagic turnover of ciliary proteins, indicating that autophagy may regulate cilia homeostasis. We identified cytosolic deacetylase HDAC6 as a critical regulator of autophagy-mediated cilia shortening during CS exposure. Mice bearing an X chromosome deletion of Hdac6 (Hdac6-/Y) and MTECs from these mice had reduced autophagy and were protected from CS-induced cilia shortening. Autophagy-impaired Becn1-/-, Map1lc3B-/-, and Hdac6-/Y mice or mice injected with an HDAC6 inhibitor were protected from CS-induced mucociliary clearance (MCC) disruption. MCC was preserved in mice given the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid, but was disrupted in mice lacking the transcription factor NRF2, suggesting that oxidative stress and altered proteostasis contribute to the disruption of MCC. Analysis of human COPD specimens revealed epigenetic deregulation of HDAC6 by hypomethylation and increased protein expression in the airways. We conclude that an autophagy-dependent pathway regulates cilia length during CS exposure and has potential as a therapeutic target for COPD.
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Delaine-Smith RM, Sittichokechaiwut A, Reilly GC. Primary cilia respond to fluid shear stress and mediate flow-induced calcium deposition in osteoblasts. FASEB J 2013; 28:430-9. [PMID: 24097311 PMCID: PMC4012163 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone turnover in vivo is regulated by mechanical forces such as shear stress originating from interstitial oscillatory fluid flow (OFF), and bone cells in vitro respond to mechanical loading. However, the mechanisms by which bone cells sense mechanical forces, resulting in increased mineral deposition, are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the primary cilium in mechanosensing by osteoblasts. MLO-A5 murine osteoblasts were cultured in monolayer and subjected to two different OFF regimens: 5 short (2 h daily) bouts of OFF followed by morphological analysis of primary cilia; or exposure to chloral hydrate to damage or remove primary cilia and 2 short bouts (2 h on consecutive days) of OFF. Primary cilia were shorter and there were fewer cilia per cell after exposure to periods of OFF compared with static controls. Damage or removal of primary cilia inhibited OFF-induced PGE2 release into the medium and mineral deposition, assayed by Alizarin red staining. We conclude that primary cilia are important mediators of OFF-induced mineral deposition, which has relevance for the design of bone tissue engineering strategies and may inform clinical treatments of bone disorders causes by load-deficiency.—Delaine-Smith, R. M., Sittichokechaiwut, A., Reilly, G. C. Primary cilia respond to fluid shear stress and mediate flow-induced calcium deposition in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Delaine-Smith
- 1School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd., London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Wang S, Dong Z. Primary cilia and kidney injury: current research status and future perspectives. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1085-98. [PMID: 23904226 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00399.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, membrane-enclosed organelles protruding from the apical side of cells, can be divided into two classes: motile and primary cilia. During the past decades, motile cilia have been intensively studied. However, it was not until the 1990s that people began to realize the importance of primary cilia as cellular-specific sensors, particularly in kidney tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that primary cilia may be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and planar cell polarity. Many signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and mammalian target of rapamycin, have been located to the primary cilia. Thus primary cilia have been regarded as a hub that integrates signals from the extracellular environment. More importantly, dysfunction of this organelle may contribute to the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of human genetic diseases, named ciliopathies. The significance of primary cilia in acquired human diseases such as hypertension and diabetes has gradually drawn attention. Interestingly, recent reports disclosed that cilia length varies during kidney injury, and shortening of cilia enhances the sensitivity of epithelial cells to injury cues. This review briefly summarizes the current status of cilia research and explores the potential mechanisms of cilia-length changes during kidney injury as well as provides some thoughts to allure more insightful ideas and promotes the further study of primary cilia in the context of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Wang
- Dept. of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912.
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Gerety SS, Breau MA, Sasai N, Xu Q, Briscoe J, Wilkinson DG. An inducible transgene expression system for zebrafish and chick. Development 2013; 140:2235-43. [PMID: 23633515 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have generated an inducible system to control the timing of transgene expression in zebrafish and chick. An estrogen receptor variant (ERT2) fused to the GAL4 transcriptional activator rapidly and robustly activates transcription within 3 hours of treatment with the drug 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OHT) in tissue culture and transgenic zebrafish. We have generated a broadly expressed inducible ERT2-GAL4 zebrafish line using the ubiquitin (ubi) enhancer. In addition, use of ERT2-GAL4 in conjunction with tissue-specific enhancers enables the control of transgene expression in both space and time. This spatial restriction and the ability to sustain forced expression are important advantages over the currently used heat-shock promoters. Moreover, in contrast to currently available TET and LexA systems, which require separate constructs with their own unique recognition sequences, ERT2-GAL4 is compatible with the growing stock of UAS lines being generated in the community. We also applied the same inducible system to the chick embryo and find that it is fully functional, suggesting that this strategy is generally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Gerety
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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