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Xu Y, Yang H, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. A unique Ca 2+-inhibited C-type lectin in shrimp Fenneropenaeuschinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109638. [PMID: 38754650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are glycan-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can bind to carbohydrates on pathogen surfaces, triggering immune responses in shrimp innate immunity. In this study, a unique Ca2+-inhibited CTL named FcLec was identified and characterized in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The full-length cDNA sequence of FcLec was 976 bp (GenBank accession number KU361826), with a 615 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 204 amino acids. FcLec possesses a C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) containing four conserved cysteines (Cys105, Cys174, Cys192, and Cys200) and two sugar-binding site structures (QPD and LNP). The tertiary structure of FcLec deduced revealed three α-helices and eight β-pleated sheets. The mRNA expression levels of FcLec in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas were markedly elevated after stimulation with Vibrio anguillarum and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The recombinant FcLec protein exhibited Ca2+-independent hemagglutination and bacterial agglutination, but these activities were observed only in the presence of EDTA to chelate metal ions. These findings suggest that FcLec plays important and functionally distinct roles in the shrimp's innate immune response to bacteria and viruses, enriching the current understanding of the relationship between CTL activity and Ca2+ in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajin Xu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Haoran Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 572024, China.
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2
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Vandana V, Dong S, Sheth T, Sun Q, Wen H, Maldonado A, Xi Z, Dimopoulos G. Wolbachia infection-responsive immune genes suppress Plasmodium falciparum infection in Anopheles stephensi. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012145. [PMID: 38598552 PMCID: PMC11034644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted symbiotic bacterium of insects, can suppress a variety of human pathogens in mosquitoes, including malaria-causing Plasmodium in the Anopheles vector. However, the mechanistic basis of Wolbachia-mediated Plasmodium suppression in mosquitoes is not well understood. In this study, we compared the midgut and carcass transcriptomes of stably infected Anopheles stephensi with Wolbachia wAlbB to uninfected mosquitoes in order to discover Wolbachia infection-responsive immune genes that may play a role in Wolbachia-mediated anti-Plasmodium activity. We show that wAlbB infection upregulates 10 putative immune genes and downregulates 14 in midguts, while it upregulates 31 putative immune genes and downregulates 15 in carcasses at 24 h after blood-fed feeding, the time at which the Plasmodium ookinetes are traversing the midgut tissue. Only a few of these regulated immune genes were also significantly differentially expressed between Wolbachia-infected and non-infected midguts and carcasses of sugar-fed mosquitoes. Silencing of the Wolbachia infection-responsive immune genes TEP 4, TEP 15, lysozyme C2, CLIPB2, CLIPB4, PGRP-LD and two novel genes (a peritrophin-44-like gene and a macro domain-encoding gene) resulted in a significantly greater permissiveness to P. falciparum infection. These results indicate that Wolbachia infection modulates mosquito immunity and other processes that are likely to decrease Anopheles permissiveness to Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Vandana
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shengzhang Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tanaya Sheth
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amanda Maldonado
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Hernandez-Caballero I, Hellgren O, Garcia-Longoria Batanete L. Genomic advances in the study of the mosquito vector during avian malaria infection. Parasitology 2023; 150:1330-1339. [PMID: 37614176 PMCID: PMC10941221 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate host–parasite associations are one of the keystones in order to understand vector-borne diseases. The study of these specific interactions provides information not only about how the vector is affected by the parasite at the gene-expression level, but might also reveal mosquito strategies for blocking the transmission of the parasites. A very well-known vector for human malaria is Anopheles gambiae. This mosquito species has been the main focus for genomics studies determining essential key genes and pathways over the course of a malaria infection. However, to-date there is an important knowledge gap concerning other non-mammophilic mosquito species, for example some species from the Culex genera which may transmit avian malaria but also zoonotic pathogens such as West Nile virus. From an evolutionary perspective, these 2 mosquito genera diverged 170 million years ago, hence allowing studies in both species determining evolutionary conserved genes essential during malaria infections, which in turn might help to find key genes for blocking malaria cycle inside the mosquito. Here, we extensively review the current knowledge on key genes and pathways expressed in Anopheles over the course of malaria infections and highlight the importance of conducting genomic investigations for detecting pathways in Culex mosquitoes linked to infection of avian malaria. By pooling this information, we underline the need to increase genomic studies in mosquito–parasite associations, such as the one in Culex–Plasmodium, that can provide a better understanding of the infection dynamics in wildlife and reduce the negative impact on ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hernandez-Caballero
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology, University of Extremadura, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Olof Hellgren
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Sweden
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4
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Chandley P, Ranjan R, Kumar S, Rohatgi S. Host-parasite interactions during Plasmodium infection: Implications for immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1091961. [PMID: 36685595 PMCID: PMC9845897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global infectious disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Multiple environmental and host and parasite factors govern the clinical outcomes of malaria. The host immune response against the Plasmodium parasite is heterogenous and stage-specific both in the human host and mosquito vector. The Plasmodium parasite virulence is predominantly associated with its ability to evade the host's immune response. Despite the availability of drug-based therapies, Plasmodium parasites can acquire drug resistance due to high antigenic variations and allelic polymorphisms. The lack of licensed vaccines against Plasmodium infection necessitates the development of effective, safe and successful therapeutics. To design an effective vaccine, it is important to study the immune evasion strategies and stage-specific Plasmodium proteins, which are targets of the host immune response. This review provides an overview of the host immune defense mechanisms and parasite immune evasion strategies during Plasmodium infection. Furthermore, we also summarize and discuss the current progress in various anti-malarial vaccine approaches, along with antibody-based therapy involving monoclonal antibodies, and research advancements in host-directed therapy, which can together open new avenues for developing novel immunotherapies against malaria infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ravikant Ranjan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India,*Correspondence: Soma Rohatgi,
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5
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Vargas-Chavez C, Longo Pendy NM, Nsango SE, Aguilera L, Ayala D, González J. Transposable element variants and their potential adaptive impact in urban populations of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Genome Res 2021; 32:189-202. [PMID: 34965939 PMCID: PMC8744685 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275761.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles coluzzii is one of the primary vectors of human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Recently, it has spread into the main cities of Central Africa threatening vector control programs. The adaptation of An. coluzzii to urban environments partly results from an increased tolerance to organic pollution and insecticides. Some of the molecular mechanisms for ecological adaptation are known, but the role of transposable elements (TEs) in the adaptive processes of this species has not been studied yet. As a first step toward assessing the role of TEs in rapid urban adaptation, we sequenced using long reads six An. coluzzii genomes from natural breeding sites in two major Central Africa cities. We de novo annotated TEs in these genomes and in an additional high-quality An. coluzzii genome, and we identified 64 new TE families. TEs were nonrandomly distributed throughout the genome with significant differences in the number of insertions of several superfamilies across the studied genomes. We identified seven putatively active families with insertions near genes with functions related to vectorial capacity, and several TEs that may provide promoter and transcription factor binding sites to insecticide resistance and immune-related genes. Overall, the analysis of multiple high-quality genomes allowed us to generate the most comprehensive TE annotation in this species to date and identify several TE insertions that could potentially impact both genome architecture and the regulation of functionally relevant genes. These results provide a basis for future studies of the impact of TEs on the biology of An. coluzzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vargas-Chavez
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil Michel Longo Pendy
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,École Doctorale Régional (EDR) en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, BP 876, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sandrine E Nsango
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, BP 2701, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Laura Aguilera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Ayala
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 64501 Montpellier, France
| | - Josefa González
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Xing W, Zhou D, Long Q, Sun M, Guo R, Wang L. Immune Response of Eastern Honeybee Worker to Nosema ceranae Infection Revealed by Transcriptomic Investigation. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080728. [PMID: 34442293 PMCID: PMC8396959 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, knowledge regarding Apis cerana–Nosema ceranae interaction is very limited, though A. cerana is the original host of N. ceranae. Apis cerana cerana is a subspecies of A. cerana and a major bee species used in the beekeeping industry in China and other countries. Here, the effective infection of A. c. cerana workers by N. ceranae was verified, followed by transcriptomic investigation of host responses. Furthermore, immune responses between A. c. cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica were deeply compared and discussed. In total, 1127 and 957 N. ceranae-responsive genes were identified in the infected midguts at 7 d post-inoculation (dpi) and 10 dpi, respectively. Additionally, DEGs in workers’ midguts at both 7 dpi and 10 dpi were associated with six cellular immune pathways and three humoral immune pathways. Noticeably, one up-regulated gene was enriched in the NF-κB signaling pathway in the midgut at 10 dpi. Further analysis indicated that different cellular and humoral immune responses were employed by A. c. cerana and A. m. ligustica workers to combat N. ceranae. Our findings provide a foundation for clarifying the mechanisms regulating the immune response of A. c. cerana workers to N. ceranae invasion and developing new approaches to control bee microsporidiosis. Abstract Here, a comparative transcriptome investigation was conducted based on high-quality deep sequencing data from the midguts of Apis cerana cerana workers at 7 d post-inoculation (dpi) and 10 dpi with Nosema ceranae and corresponding un-inoculated midguts. PCR identification and microscopic observation of paraffin sections confirmed the effective infection of A. c. cerana worker by N. ceranae. In total, 1127 and 957 N. ceranae-responsive genes were identified in the infected midguts at 7 dpi and 10 dpi, respectively. RT-qPCR results validated the reliability of our transcriptome data. GO categorization indicated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were respectively engaged in 34 and 33 functional terms associated with biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Additionally, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs at 7 dpi and 10 dpi could be enriched in 231 and 226 pathways, respectively. Moreover, DEGs in workers’ midguts at both 7 dpi and 10 dpi were involved in six cellular immune pathways such as autophagy and phagosome and three humoral immune pathways such as the Toll/Imd signaling pathway and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. In addition, one up-regulated gene (XM_017055397.1) was enriched in the NF-κB signaling pathway in the workers’ midgut at 10 dpi. Further investigation suggested the majority of these DEGs were engaged in only one immune pathway, while a small number of DEGs were simultaneously involved in two immune pathways. These results together demonstrated that the overall gene expression profile in host midgut was altered by N. ceranae infection and some of the host immune pathways were induced to activation during fungal infection, whereas some others were suppressed via host–pathogen interaction. Our findings offer a basis for clarification of the mechanism underlying the immune response of A. c. cerana workers to N. ceranae infection, but also provide novel insights into eastern honeybee-microsporodian interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xing
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Dingding Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Qi Long
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Minghui Sun
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (D.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.S.)
- Apitherapy Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0591-8764-0197
| | - Limei Wang
- Dongying Vocational Institute, Dongying 257000, China;
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7
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Billingsley PF, George KI, Eappen AG, Harrell RA, Alford R, Li T, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, O'Brochta DA. Transient knockdown of Anopheles stephensi LRIM1 using RNAi increases Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite salivary gland infections. Malar J 2021; 20:284. [PMID: 34174879 PMCID: PMC8235909 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (PfSPZ) can be administered as a highly protective vaccine conferring the highest protection seen to date. Sanaria® PfSPZ vaccines are produced using aseptically reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The bionomics of sporogonic development of P. falciparum in A. stephensi to fully mature salivary gland PfSPZ is thought to be modulated by several components of the mosquito innate immune system. In order to increase salivary gland PfSPZ infections in A. stephensi and thereby increase vaccine production efficiency, a gene knock down approach was used to investigate the activity of the immune deficiency (IMD) signaling pathway downstream effector leucine-rich repeat immune molecule 1 (LRIM1), an antagonist to Plasmodium development. METHODS Expression of LRIM1 in A. stephensi was reduced following injection of double stranded (ds) RNA into mosquitoes. By combining the Gal4/UAS bipartite system with in vivo expression of short hairpin (sh) RNA coding for LRIM1 reduced expression of LRIM1 was targeted in the midgut, fat body, and salivary glands. RT-qPCR was used to demonstrate fold-changes in gene expression in three transgenic crosses and the effects on P. falciparum infections determined in mosquitoes showing the greatest reduction in LRIM1 expression. RESULTS LRIM1 expression could be reduced, but not completely silenced, by expression of LRIM1 dsRNA. Infections of P. falciparum oocysts and PfSPZ were consistently and significantly higher in transgenic mosquitoes than wild type controls, with increases in PfSPZ ranging from 2.5- to tenfold. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium falciparum infections in A. stephensi can be increased following reduced expression of LRIM1. These data provide the springboard for more precise knockout of LRIM1 for the eventual incorporation of immune-compromised A. stephensi into manufacturing of Sanaria's PfSPZ products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Billingsley
- Sanaria Inc, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Kasim I George
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Qiagen Inc, 19300 Germantown Road, Germantown, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Abraham G Eappen
- Sanaria Inc, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Robert A Harrell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Insect Transformation Facility, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Robert Alford
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Insect Transformation Facility, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Sanaria Inc, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Sanaria Inc, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria Inc, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Protein Potential, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Stephen L Hoffman
- Sanaria Inc, Suite A209, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - David A O'Brochta
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, 11400 Rockville Pike, Suite 600, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
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8
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White AV, Fan M, Mazzara JM, Roper RL, Richards SL. Mosquito-infecting virus Espirito Santo virus inhibits replication and spread of dengue virus. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3362-3373. [PMID: 33219544 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary vector of dengue virus (DENV) is Aedes aegypti. The mosquito-infecting virus, Espirito Santo virus (ESV), does not infect Vero (mammalian) cells and grows in mosquito (C6/36) cells without cytopathic effects. Effects of ESV infection on replication of DENV were explored in vitro and in vivo, analyzing protein, RNA genome expression, and plaque formation. ESV and DENV simultaneous coinfection did not block protein synthesis from either virus but did result in inhibition of DENV replication in mosquito cells. Furthermore, ESV superinfected with DENV resulted in inhibition of DENV replication and spread in A. aegypti, thus reducing vector competence. Tissue culture experiments on viral kinetics of ESV and DENV coinfection showed that neither virus significantly affects the replication of the other in Vero, HeLa, or HEK cells. Hence, ESV blocks DENV replication in insect cells, but not the mammalian cells evaluated here. Our study provides new insights into ESV-induced suppression of DENV, a globally important pathogen impacting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avian V White
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan M Mazzara
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Botías C, Jones JC, Pamminger T, Bartomeus I, Hughes WOH, Goulson D. Multiple stressors interact to impair the performance of bumblebee Bombus terrestris colonies. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:415-431. [PMID: 33084067 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bumblebees are constantly exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses which they must defend themselves against to survive. Pathogens and pesticides represent important stressors that influence bumblebee health, both when acting alone or in combination. To better understand bumblebee health, we need to investigate how these factors interact, yet experimental studies to date generally focus on only one or two stressors. The aim of this study is to evaluate how combined effects of four important stressors (the gut parasite Nosema ceranae, the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin and the EBI fungicide tebuconazole) interact to affect bumblebees at the individual and colony levels. We established seven treatment groups of colonies that we pulse exposed to different combinations of these stressors for 2 weeks under laboratory conditions. Colonies were subsequently placed in the field for 7 weeks to evaluate the effect of treatments on the prevalence of N. ceranae in inoculated bumblebees, expression levels of immunity and detoxification-related genes, food collection, weight gain, worker and male numbers, and production of worker brood and reproductives. Exposure to pesticide mixtures reduced food collection by bumblebees. All immunity-related genes were upregulated in the bumblebees inoculated with N. ceranae when they had not been exposed to pesticide mixtures, and bumblebees exposed to the fungicide and the pyrethroid were less likely to have N. ceranae. Combined exposure to the three-pesticide mixture and N. ceranae reduced bumblebee colony growth, and all treatments had detrimental effects on brood production. The groups exposed to the neonicotinoid insecticide produced 40%-76% fewer queens than control colonies. Our findings show that exposure to combinations of stressors that bumblebees frequently come into contact with have detrimental effects on colony health and performance and could therefore have an impact at the population level. These results also have significant implications for current practices and policies for pesticide risk assessment and use as the combinations tested here are frequently applied simultaneously in the field. Understanding the interactions between different stressors will be crucial for improving our ability to manage bee populations and for ensuring pollination services into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Botías
- Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla La Mancha (IRIAF), CIAPA de Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Julia C Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Pamminger
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,BASF SE, APD/EE-Li 425, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Ignasi Bartomeus
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Dpto. Ecología Integrativa, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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10
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Synergistic Effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum to Induce Maize ( Zea mays L.) Defense against the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) and Larval Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218215. [PMID: 33153030 PMCID: PMC7663379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrinia furnacalis, is the major pest of maize causing significant yield losses. So far, many approaches have been used to increase the virulence of entomopathogenic fungal isolates. The current study is an attempt to estimate synergistic effect of Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma asperellum in order to explore larval immune response through RNA sequencing and differentially expression analysis. In vivo synergism was examined in seven proportions (B. bassiana: T. asperellum = 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1) and in the in vitro case, two inoculation methods were applied: seed coating and soil drenching. Results revealed significant decrease in plant damage and high larval mortality in fungal treatments. Fungal isolates mediated the plant defense by increasing proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and protease activities. Seed coating method was proved to be the most effective in case of maize endophytic colonization. In total, 59 immune-related differentially expressed genes DEGs were identified including, cytochrome P450, heat shock protein, ABC transporter, cadherin, peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), cuticlular protein, etc. Further, transcriptomic response was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Our results concluded that, coculture of B. bassiana and T. asperellum has the synergistic potential to suppress the immune response of O. furnacalis and can be used as sustainable approach to induce plant resistance through activation of defense-related enzymes.
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The Tripartite Interaction of Host Immunity- Bacillus thuringiensis Infection-Gut Microbiota. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080514. [PMID: 32806491 PMCID: PMC7472377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an important cosmopolitan bacterial entomopathogen, which produces various protein toxins that have been expressed in transgenic crops. The evolved molecular interaction between the insect immune system and gut microbiota is changed during the Bt infection process. The host immune response, such as the expression of induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), the melanization response, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), varies with different doses of Bt infection. Moreover, B. thuringiensis infection changes the abundance and structural composition of the intestinal bacteria community. The activated immune response, together with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, also has an important effect on Bt pathogenicity and insect resistance to Bt. In this review, we attempt to clarify this tripartite interaction of host immunity, Bt infection, and gut microbiota, especially the important role of key immune regulators and symbiotic bacteria in the Bt killing activity. Increasing the effectiveness of biocontrol agents by interfering with insect resistance and controlling symbiotic bacteria can be important steps for the successful application of microbial biopesticides.
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Immune Competence in Hemolymph of Bombyx mori Pupa Parasitized by Silkworm Maggot Exorista sorbillans. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110413. [PMID: 31752209 PMCID: PMC6920964 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The silkworm maggot, Exoristasorbillans, is a well-known larval endoparasitoid of the silkworm Bombyxmori that causes considerable damage to the silkworm cocoon crop. To gain insights into the response mechanism of the silkworm at the protein level, we applied a comparative proteomic approach to investigate proteomic differences in the hemolymph of the female silkworm pupae parasitized by E. sorbillans. In total, 50 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were successfully identified, of which 36 proteins were upregulated and 14 proteins were downregulated in response to parasitoid infection. These proteins are mainly involved in disease, energy metabolism, signaling pathways, and amino acid metabolism. Eight innate immune proteins were distinctly upregulated to resist maggot parasitism. Apoptosis-related proteins of cathepsin B and 14-3-3 zeta were significantly downregulated in E. sorbillans-parasitized silkworm pupae; their downregulation induces apoptosis. Quantitative PCR was used to further verify gene transcription of five DEPs, and the results are consistent at the transcriptional and proteomic levels. This was the first report on identification of possible proteins from the E. bombycis-parasitized silkworms at the late stage of parasitism, which contributes to furthering our understanding of the response mechanism of silkworms to parasitism and dipteran parasitoid biology.
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Janeh M, Osman D, Kambris Z. Comparative Analysis of Midgut Regeneration Capacity and Resistance to Oral Infection in Three Disease-Vector Mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14556. [PMID: 31601867 PMCID: PMC6787257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes acquire the pathogens they transmit through ingestion, and the insects' gut constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Indeed the gut epithelium acts as a physical barrier, activates local antimicrobial peptides production and triggers the systemic immune response. Consequently, gut epithelium is constantly confronted to stress and often suffers cellular damage. We have previously shown that regenerative cells are present in the guts of adult Aedes albopictus, and that chemical damage or bacterial infection leads to the proliferation of these regenerative cells in the midgut. In this study, we extended the analysis of gut cells response to stress to two other important disease vector mosquitoes: Culex pipiens and Anopheles gambiae. We fed mosquitoes on sucrose solutions or on sucrose supplemented with pathogenic bacteria or with damage-inducing chemicals. We also assayed the survival of mosquitoes following the ingestion of pathogenic bacteria. We found that in adult C. pipiens, dividing cells exist in the digestive tract and that these cells proliferate in the midgut after bacterial or chemical damage, similarly to what we previously observed in A. albopictus. In sharp contrast, we did not detect any mitotic cell in the midguts of A. gambiae mosquitoes, neither in normal situation nor after the induction of gut damage. In agreement with this observation, A. gambiae mosquitoes were more sensitive to oral bacterial infections compared to A. albopictus and C. pipiens. This work provides evidence that major differences in gut physiological responses exist between different mosquitoes. The presence of regenerative cells in the mosquito guts and their ability to multiply after gut damage affect the mosquito survival to oral infections, and is also likely to affect its vectorial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Janeh
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese University, 1300, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Zakaria Kambris
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Caicedo PA, Serrato IM, Sim S, Dimopoulos G, Coatsworth H, Lowenberger C, Ocampo CB. Immune response-related genes associated to blocking midgut dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti strains that differ in susceptibility. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:635-648. [PMID: 29389079 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti, the principal global vector of dengue viruses, has differences in its susceptibility to dengue virus infection. We compared the global expression of genes in the midguts of Colombian Ae. aegypti dengue-susceptible (Cali-S) and dengue-refractory (Cali-MIB) field derived strains after ingesting either a sugarmeal, a bloodmeal, or a bloodmeal containing dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). Microarray-based transcriptome analysis among treatments indicated a total of 4725 transcripts with differential expression between the two strains. Eleven genes were selected from different functional groups based on their significant up or down expression levels as well as reports in the literature suggesting they are associated with dengue virus elimination. We measured mRNA abundance of these 11 genes at 0, 8, 24, and 36 h postinfection using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to confirm the microarray results and assess any temporal patterns. Four genes were selected (Gram-negative binding protein-GNBP [AAEL009176], Niemann Pick Type-C2-NPC2 [AAEL015136], Keratinocyte lectin [AAEL009842], and Cathepsin-b [AAEL007585]) for knockdown experiments using RNA interference (RNAi) methodology to determine the phenotype (DENV-2 susceptible or refractory). Silencing GNBP, Cathepsin-b and Keratinocyte lectin reduced the percentage of mosquitoes with disseminated virus in the Cali-S strain to 8%, 20%, and 12% respectively compared with 96% in the controls. Silencing of NPC2 increased the percentage of mosquitos with disseminated virus infections in Cali-MIB to 66% compared with 35% in the controls. This study provides insight into genes that may contribute to the Cali-S susceptible and Cali-MIB refractory phenotypes in Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Caicedo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Idalba Mildred Serrato
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Shuzhen Sim
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Coatsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Clara B Ocampo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
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15
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Zhao L, Alto BW, Jiang Y, Yu F, Zhang Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of Aedes aegypti Innate Immune System in Response to Ingestion of Chikungunya Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133133. [PMID: 31252518 PMCID: PMC6651163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of emergent mosquito-borne viruses, including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To understand how these viruses interact with their mosquito vectors, an analysis of the innate immune system response was conducted. The innate immune system is a conserved evolutionary defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to compare target transcriptomes of two Florida Ae. aegypti strains in response to chikungunya virus infection. We analyzed a strain collected from a field population in Key West, Florida, and a laboratory strain originating from Orlando. A total of 1835 transcripts were significantly expressed at different levels between the two Florida strains of Ae. aegypti. Gene Ontology analysis placed these genes into 12 categories of biological processes, including 856 transcripts (up/down regulated) with more than 1.8-fold (p-adj (p-adjust value) ≤ 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis and q-PCR data indicated that the members of the AaeCECH genes are important for chikungunya infection response in Ae. aegypti. These immune-related enzymes that the chikungunya virus infection induces may inform molecular-based strategies for interruption of arbovirus transmission by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street South East, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street South East, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
| | - Yongxing Jiang
- Mosquito Control Services, City of Gainesville, 405 NW 39th Avenue Gainesville, FL 32609, USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Barroso-Arévalo S, Vicente-Rubiano M, Puerta F, Molero F, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Immune related genes as markers for monitoring health status of honey bee colonies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:72. [PMID: 30832657 PMCID: PMC6398266 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Honey bee population decline threatens the beekeeping sector, agriculture and global biodiversity. Early detection of colony mortality may facilitate rapid interventions to contain and prevent mortality spread. Among others, deformed wing virus (DWV) is capable of inducing colony losses, especially when combined with Varroa destructor mite. Since the bee immune system plays a crucial role in ensuring that bees are able to face these pathogens, we explored whether expression of immune genes could serve as biomarkers of colony health. Results Herein, we describe a preliminary immunological marker composed of two immune genes (relish and defensin), which provide insight on honey bee antiviral defense mechanism. Of the tested genes, relish expression correlated with the presence of DWV-Varroa complex, while decreased defensin expression correlated with poor resistance to this complex. Conclusions The monitoring of these genes may help us to better understand the complex physiology of honey bees’s immune system and to develop new approaches for managing the health impacts of DWV infection and varroa infestation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina Vicente-Rubiano
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Puerta
- Apicultural Reference Center in Andalusia (CERA), Andalusia, Spain
| | - Fernando Molero
- Apicultural Reference Center in Andalusia (CERA), Andalusia, Spain
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Transcriptional Profile of Aedes aegypti Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Response to Zika and Chikungunya Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030615. [PMID: 30708982 PMCID: PMC6386990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. The leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-containing domain is evolutionarily conserved in many proteins associated with innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. We focused on the AaeLRIM1 and AaeAPL1 gene expressions in response to Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection using a time course study, as well as the developmental expressions in the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. RNA-seq analysis data provided 60 leucine-rich repeat related transcriptions in Ae. aegypti in response to Zika virus (Accession number: GSE118858, accessed on: August 22, 2018, GEO DataSets). RNA-seq analysis data showed that AaeLRIM1 (AAEL012086-RA) and AaeAPL1 (AAEL009520-RA) were significantly upregulated 2.5 and 3-fold during infection by ZIKV 7-days post infection (dpi) of an Ae. aegypti Key West strain compared to an Orlando strain. The qPCR data showed that LRR-containing proteins related genes, AaeLRIM1 and AaeAPL1, and five paralogues were expressed 100-fold lower than other nuclear genes, such as defensin, during all developmental stages examined. Together, these data provide insights into the transcription profiles of LRR proteins of Ae. aegypti during its development and in response to infection with emergent arboviruses.
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Adolfi A, Lycett GJ. Opening the toolkit for genetic analysis and control of Anopheles mosquito vectors. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 30:8-18. [PMID: 30553490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles is the only genus of mosquitoes that transmit human malaria and consequently the focus of large scale genome and transcriptome-wide association studies. Genetic tools to define the function of the candidate genes arising from these analyses are vital. Moreover, genome editing offers the potential to modify Anopheles population structure at local and global scale to provide complementary tools towards the ultimate goal of malaria elimination. Major breakthroughs in Anopheles genetic analysis came with the development of germline transformation and RNA interference technology. Yet, the field has been revolutionised again by precise genome editing now possible through site-specific nucleases. Here we review the components of the current genetic toolkit available to study Anopheles, focusing particularly on how these technical advances are used to gain insight into malaria transmission and the design of genetic methods to control Anopheles vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adolfi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4500, USA
| | - Gareth John Lycett
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Souvannaseng L, Hun LV, Baker H, Klyver JM, Wang B, Pakpour N, Bridgewater JM, Napoli E, Giulivi C, Riehle MA, Luckhart S. Inhibition of JNK signaling in the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi extends mosquito longevity and improves resistance to Plasmodium falciparum infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007418. [PMID: 30496310 PMCID: PMC6264519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global health concern caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. With rising insecticide and drug resistance, there is a critical need to develop novel control strategies, including strategies to block parasite sporogony in key mosquito vector species. MAPK signaling pathways regulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38 MAPKs are highly conserved across eukaryotes, including mosquito vectors of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Some of these pathways in mosquitoes have been investigated in detail, but the mechanisms of integration of parasite development and mosquito fitness by JNK signaling have not been elucidated. To this end, we engineered midgut-specific overexpression of MAPK phosphatase 4 (MKP4), which targets the SAPKs, and used two potent and specific JNK small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) to assess the effects of JNK signaling manipulations on Anopheles stephensi fecundity, lifespan, intermediary metabolism, and P. falciparum development. MKP4 overexpression and SMI treatment reduced the proportion of P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes and decreased oocyst loads relative to controls. SMI-treated mosquitoes exhibited no difference in lifespan compared to controls, whereas genetically manipulated mosquitoes exhibited extended longevity. Metabolomics analyses of SMI-treated mosquitoes revealed insights into putative resistance mechanisms and the physiology behind lifespan extension, suggesting for the first time that P. falciparum-induced JNK signaling reduces mosquito longevity and increases susceptibility to infection, in contrast to previously published reports, likely via a critical interplay between the invertebrate host and parasite for nutrients that play essential roles during sporogonic development. Malaria is a global health concern caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. With rising insecticide and drug resistance, there is a critical need to develop novel control strategies. One strategy is to develop a Plasmodium-resistant mosquito through the manipulation of key signaling pathways and processes in the mosquito midgut, a critical tissue for parasite development. MAPK signaling pathways are highly conserved among eukaryotes and regulate development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in the mosquito vector. Here, we investigated how manipulation of Anopheles stephensi JNK signaling affects development of P. falciparum and key mosquito life history traits. We used multiple, complementary approaches to demonstrate that malaria parasite infection activates mosquito JNK signaling for its own benefit at a cost to host lifespan. Notably, these combined effects derive from networked signaling with other transduction pathways and alterations to intermediary metabolism in the mosquito host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lattha Souvannaseng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, St. George's University, School of Veterinary Medicine, True Blue, St. George, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Lewis Vibul Hun
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Heather Baker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - John M. Klyver
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Nazzy Pakpour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jordan M. Bridgewater
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Riehle
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guo Z, Qin J, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Insect Transcription Factors: A Landscape of Their Structures and Biological Functions in Drosophila and beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113691. [PMID: 30469390 PMCID: PMC6274879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play essential roles in the transcriptional regulation of functional genes, and are involved in diverse physiological processes in living organisms. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a simple and easily manipulated organismal model, has been extensively applied to study the biological functions of TFs and their related transcriptional regulation mechanisms. It is noteworthy that with the development of genetic tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and the next-generation genome sequencing techniques in recent years, identification and dissection the complex genetic regulatory networks of TFs have also made great progress in other insects beyond Drosophila. However, unfortunately, there is no comprehensive review that systematically summarizes the structures and biological functions of TFs in both model and non-model insects. Here, we spend extensive effort in collecting vast related studies, and attempt to provide an impartial overview of the progress of the structure and biological functions of current documented TFs in insects, as well as the classical and emerging research methods for studying their regulatory functions. Consequently, considering the importance of versatile TFs in orchestrating diverse insect physiological processes, this review will assist a growing number of entomologists to interrogate this understudied field, and to propel the progress of their contributions to pest control and even human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianying Qin
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Immune Response and Evasion Mechanisms of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6529681. [PMID: 29765991 PMCID: PMC5889876 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6529681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes approximately 212 million cases and 429 thousand deaths annually. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of deaths (99%) than others. The virulence of P. falciparum is mostly associated with immune response-evading ability. It has different mechanisms to evade both Anopheles mosquito and human host immune responses. Immune-evading mechanisms in mosquito depend mainly on the Pfs47 gene that inhibits Janus kinase-mediated activation. Host complement factor also protects human complement immune attack of extracellular gametes in Anopheles mosquito midgut. In the human host, evasion largely results from antigenic variation, polymorphism, and sequestration. They also induce Kupffer cell apoptosis at the preerythrocytic stage and interfere with phagocytic functions of macrophage by hemozoin in the erythrocytic stage. Lack of major histocompatibility complex-I molecule expression on the surface red blood cells also avoids recognition by CD8+ T cells. Complement proteins could allow for the entry of parasite into the red blood cell. Intracellular survival also assists the escape of malarial parasite. Invading, evading, and immune response mechanisms both in malaria vector and human host are critical to design appropriate vaccine. As a result, the receptors and ligands involved in different stages of malaria parasites should be elucidated.
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Chen EH, Hou QL, Wei DD, Dou W, Liu Z, Yang PJ, Smagghe G, Wang JJ. Tyrosine hydroxylase coordinates larval-pupal tanning and immunity in oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:569-578. [PMID: 28941310 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a notorious world pest infesting fruits and vegetables, has evolved a high level of resistance to many commonly used insecticides. In this study, we investigate whether tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) that is required for cuticle tanning (sclerotization and pigmentation) in many insects, could be a potential target in controlling B. dorsalis. RESULTS We cloned TH cDNA (BdTH) of B. dorsalis. The complete open reading frame of BdTH (KY911196) was 1737 bp in length, encoding a protein of 578 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that BdTH was highly expressed in the epidermis of 3rd instar larvae, and its expression increased prior to pupation, suggesting a role in larval-pupal cuticle tanning. When we injected dsBdTH or 3-iodo-tyrosine (3-IT) as a TH inhibitor or fed insect diet supplemented with 3-IT, there was significant impairment of larval-pupal cuticle tanning and a severe obstacle to eclosion in adults followed by death in most. Furthermore, injection of Escherichia coli into larvae fed 3-IT resulted in 92% mortality and the expressions of four antimicrobial peptide genes were significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that BdTH might play a critical role in larval-pupal tanning and immunity of B. dorsalis, and could be used as a potential novel target for pest control. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liu HW, Wang LL, Tang X, Dong ZM, Guo PC, Zhao DC, Xia QY, Zhao P. Proteomic analysis of Bombyx mori molting fluid: Insights into the molting process. J Proteomics 2018; 173:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sinpoo C, Paxton RJ, Disayathanoowat T, Krongdang S, Chantawannakul P. Impact of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis on individual worker bees of the two host species (Apis cerana and Apis mellifera) and regulation of host immune response. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 105:1-8. [PMID: 29289505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are obligate intracellular microsporidian parasites infecting midgut epithelial cells of host adult honey bees, originally Apis mellifera and Apis cerana respectively. Each microsporidia cross-infects the other host and both microsporidia nowadays have a worldwide distribution. In this study, cross-infection experiments using both N. apis and N. ceranae in both A. mellifera and A. cerana were carried out to compare pathogen proliferation and impact on hosts, including host immune response. Infection by N. ceranae led to higher spore loads than by N. apis in both host species, and there was greater proliferation of microsporidia in A. mellifera compared to A. cerana. Both N. apis and N. ceranae were pathogenic in both host Apis species. N. ceranae induced subtly, though not significantly, higher mortality than N. apis in both host species, yet survival of A. cerana was no different to that of A. mellifera in response to N. apis or N. ceranae. Infections of both host species with N. apis and N. ceranae caused significant up-regulation of AMP genes and cellular mediated immune genes but did not greatly alter apoptosis-related gene expression. In this study, A. cerana enlisted a higher immune response and displayed lower loads of N. apis and N. ceranae spores than A. mellifera, suggesting it may be better able to defend itself against microsporidia infection. We caution against over-interpretation of our results, though, because differences between host and parasite species in survival were insignificant and because size differences between microsporidia species and between host Apis species may alternatively explain the differential proliferation of N. ceranae in A. mellifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chainarong Sinpoo
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Robert J Paxton
- Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Sasiprapa Krongdang
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand; Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory (BeeP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand; Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Macias VM, Ohm JR, Rasgon JL. Gene Drive for Mosquito Control: Where Did It Come from and Where Are We Headed? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091006. [PMID: 28869513 PMCID: PMC5615543 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne pathogens place an enormous burden on human health. The existing toolkit is insufficient to support ongoing vector-control efforts towards meeting disease elimination and eradication goals. The perspective that genetic approaches can potentially add a significant set of tools toward mosquito control is not new, but the recent improvements in site-specific gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 systems have enhanced our ability to both study mosquito biology using reverse genetics and produce genetics-based tools. Cas9-mediated gene-editing is an efficient and adaptable platform for gene drive strategies, which have advantages over innundative release strategies for introgressing desirable suppression and pathogen-blocking genotypes into wild mosquito populations; until recently, an effective gene drive has been largely out of reach. Many considerations will inform the effective use of new genetic tools, including gene drives. Here we review the lengthy history of genetic advances in mosquito biology and discuss both the impact of efficient site-specific gene editing on vector biology and the resulting potential to deploy new genetic tools for the abatement of mosquito-borne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Macias
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Johanna R Ohm
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Zhang J, Huang J, Zhu F, Zhang J. Differential gene expression in Anopheles stephensi following infection with drug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:401. [PMID: 28851458 PMCID: PMC5576267 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transmission of drug-resistant parasites by the mosquito may be influenced by the altered biological fitness of drug-resistant parasites and different immune reactions or metabolic change in the mosquito. At this point, little is known about the variations in mosquito immunity and metabolism when mosquitoes are infected with drug-resistant parasites. To understand the differential gene expression in Anopheles following infection with drug-resistant Plasmodium, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic profiling analysis of Anopheles stephensi following feeding on mice with drug-resistant or drug-sensitive P. yoelii, observed changes in gene expression profiles and identified transcripts affected by the drug-resistant parasite. RESULTS To study the impact of drug-resistant Plasmodium infections on An. stephensi gene transcription, we analyzed the three major transition stages of Plasmodium infections: at 24 h and 13 and 19 days after blood-feeding. Six cDNA libraries (R-As24h, R-As13d, R-As19d,S-As24h, S-As13dand S-As19d) were constructed, and RNA sequencing was subsequently performed. In total, approximately 50.1 million raw reads, 47.9 million clean reads and 7.18G clean bases were obtained. Following differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, GO enrichment analysis of DEGs, and functional classification by KEGG, we showed that the variations in gene expression in An. stephensi infected by the drug-resistant P. yoelii NSM occurred mainly at 13 days after blood meal during sporozoite migration through the hemolymph. The differentially expressed genes included those functioning in some important immune reaction and iron metabolism pathways, such as pattern recognition receptors, regulators of the JNK pathway, components of the phagosome pathway, regulators of the melanization response, activators of complement reactions, insulin signaling cascade members, oxidative stress and detoxification proteins. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that drug-resistant P. yoelii NSM has an impact on the transcript abundance levels of An.stephensi mostly at 13 days after blood meal during sporozoite migration through the hemolymph and that most differentially expressed genes were downregulated. Our results highlight the need for a better understanding of selective pressures from these differentially expressed genes of the drug-resistant Plasmodium in the mosquito and the different transmission patterns of drug-resistant Plasmodium by Anopheles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Huang
- Students brigade 5, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathobiology, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Xu J, Xu X, Shakeel M, Li S, Wang S, Zhou X, Yu J, Xu X, Yu X, Jin F. The Entomopathogenic Fungi Isaria fumosorosea Plays a Vital Role in Suppressing the Immune System of Plutella xylostella: RNA-Seq and DGE Analysis of Immunity-Related Genes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1421. [PMID: 28804478 PMCID: PMC5532397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most, if not all, entomopathogenic fungi have been used as alternative control agents to decrease the insect resistance and harmful effects of the insecticides on the environment. Among them, Isaria fumosorosea has also shown great potential to control different insect pests. In the present study, we explored the immune response of P. xylostella to the infection of I. fumosorosea at different time points by using RNA-Sequencing and differential gene expression technology at the genomic level. To gain insight into the host-pathogen interaction at the genomic level, five libraries of P. xylostella larvae at 12, 18, 24, and 36 h post-infection and a control were constructed. In total, 161 immunity-related genes were identified and grouped into four categories; immune recognition families, toll and Imd pathway, melanization, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The results of differentially expressed immunity-related genes depicted that 15, 13, 53, and 14 up-regulated and 38, 51, 56, and 49 were down-regulated in P. xylostella at 12, 18, 24, and 36 h post-treatment, respectively. RNA-Seq results of immunity-related genes revealed that the expression of AMPs was reduced after treatment with I. fumosorosea. To validate RNA-Seq results by RT-qPCR, 22 immunity-related genes were randomly selected. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that I. fumosorosea has the potential to suppress the immune response of P. xylostella and can become a potential biopesticide for controlling P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhong Li
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Jialin Yu
- Beijing Genomic InstituteShenzhen, China
| | | | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-KansasKansas City, MO, United States
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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Han P, Han J, Fan J, Zhang M, Ma E, Li S, Fan R, Zhang J. 20-Hydroxyecdysone activates PGRP-SA mediated immune response in Locusta migratoria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:128-139. [PMID: 28254619 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) has been implicated in regulating the immune response in insects. Conflicting conclusions on 20E regulating immunity have been reported in model holometabolous species. However, in hemimetabolous insects, the role of 20E as an immune-suppressor or activator and the mechanism remains unclear. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria is a representative member of hemimetabolous insects. Here, digital gene expression (DGE) profiles of Locusta migratoria treated with 20E were analyzed. Pattern recognition receptors [peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-SA), PGRP-LE, and gram-negative binding protein (GNBP3)] and antimicrobial peptides (defensin, diptericin, and i-type lysozyme) were significantly induced by 20E in fat body. These immune-related genes significantly increased their mRNA levels during the high-20E stage. Antibacterial activities in plasma were enhanced after 20E injection and during the high-20E developmental stage. Conversely, when 20E signal was suppressed by RNAi of EcR (ecdysone receptor), the expression levels of these genes and antibacterial activities failed to be increased by 20E injection and during the high-20E developmental stage, and the mortality increased after being infected by entomogenous fungus. The knockdown of PGRP-SA inhibited the expression level of defensin, diptericin and i-type lysozyme in fat body and reduced antibacterial activities in plasma. 20E injection could not significantly induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides after RNAi of PGRP-SA. These results demonstrated that 20E enhanced the immune response by activating PGRP-SA in L. migratoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Jiao Han
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjun Fan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030000, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, 030006, China.
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Du MH, Yan ZW, Hao YJ, Yan ZT, Si FL, Chen B, Qiao L. Suppression of Laccase 2 severely impairs cuticle tanning and pathogen resistance during the pupal metamorphosis of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:171. [PMID: 28376914 PMCID: PMC5381134 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phenol oxidases (POs) catalyze the oxidation of dopa and dopamine to melanin, which is crucial for cuticle formation and innate immune maintenance in insects. Although, Laccase 2, a member of the PO family, has been reported to be a requirement for melanin-mediated cuticle tanning in the development stages of some insects, whether it participates in cuticle construction and other physiological processes during the metamorphosis of mosquito pupae is unclear. Methods The association between the phenotype and the expression profile of Anopheles sinensis Laccase 2 (AsLac2) was assessed from pupation to adult eclosion. Individuals showing an expression deficiency of AsLac2 that was produced by RNAi and their phenotypic defects and physiological characterizations were compared in detail with the controls. Results During the dominant expression period, knockdown of AsLac2 in pupae caused the cuticle to be unpigmented, and produced thin and very soft cuticles, which further impeded the eclosion rate of adults as well as their fitness. Moreover, melanization immune responses in the pupae were sharply decreased, leading to poor resistance to microorganism infection. Both the high conservation among Laccase 2 homologs and a very similar genomic synteny of the neighborhood in Anopheles genus implies a conservative function in the pupal stage. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the serious phenotypic defects in mosquito pupae caused by the dysfunction of Laccase 2. Our findings strongly suggest that Laccase 2 is crucial for Anopheles cuticle construction and melanization immune responses to pathogen infections during pupal metamorphosis. This irreplaceability provides valuable information on the application of Lacccase 2 and/or other key genes in the melanin metabolism pathway for developing mosquito control strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2118-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - You-Jin Hao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhen-Tian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Badaoui B, Fougeroux A, Petit F, Anselmo A, Gorni C, Cucurachi M, Cersini A, Granato A, Cardeti G, Formato G, Mutinelli F, Giuffra E, Williams JL, Botti S. RNA-sequence analysis of gene expression from honeybees (Apis mellifera) infected with Nosema ceranae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173438. [PMID: 28350872 PMCID: PMC5370102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly subjected to many biotic stressors including parasites. This study examined honeybees infected with Nosema ceranae (N. ceranae). N. ceranae infection increases the bees energy requirements and may contribute to their decreased survival. RNA-seq was used to investigate gene expression at days 5, 10 and 15 Post Infection (P.I) with N. ceranae. The expression levels of genes, isoforms, alternative transcription start sites (TSS) and differential promoter usage revealed a complex pattern of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation suggesting that bees use a range of tactics to cope with the stress of N. ceranae infection. N. ceranae infection may cause reduced immune function in the bees by: (i)disturbing the host amino acids metabolism (ii) down-regulating expression of antimicrobial peptides (iii) down-regulation of cuticle coatings and (iv) down-regulation of odorant binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Gorni
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Cucurachi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Granato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Formato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
| | - John L. Williams
- Davies Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Integrative Biology Group, Lodi, Italy
- * E-mail:
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31
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Damage-Induced Cell Regeneration in the Midgut of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44594. [PMID: 28300181 PMCID: PMC5353711 DOI: 10.1038/srep44594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted diseases cause over one million deaths every year. A better characterization of the vector’s physiology and immunity should provide valuable knowledge for the elaboration of control strategies. Mosquitoes depend on their innate immunity to defend themselves against pathogens. These pathogens are acquired mainly through the oral route, which places the insects’ gut at the front line of the battle. Indeed, the epithelium of the mosquito gut plays important roles against invading pathogens acting as a physical barrier, activating local defenses and triggering the systemic immune response. Therefore, the gut is constantly confronted to stress and often suffers cellular damage. In this study, we show that dividing cells exist in the digestive tract of adult A. albopictus and that these cells proliferate in the midgut after bacterial or chemical damage. An increased transcription of signaling molecules that regulate the EGFR and JAK/STAT pathways was also observed, suggesting a possible involvement of these pathways in the regeneration of damaged guts. This work provides evidence for the presence of regenerative cells in the mosquito guts, and paves the way towards a molecular and cellular characterization of the processes required to maintain mosquito’s midgut homeostasis in both normal and infectious conditions.
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Wu K, Yang B, Huang W, Dobens L, Song H, Ling E. Gut immunity in Lepidopteran insects. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:65-74. [PMID: 26872544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran insects constitute one of the largest fractions of animals on earth, but are considered pests in their relationship with man. Key to the success of this order of insects is its ability to digest food and absorb nutrition, which takes place in the midgut. Because environmental microorganisms can easily enter Lepidopteran guts during feeding, the innate immune response guards against pathogenic bacteria, virus and microsporidia that can be devoured with food. Gut immune responses are complicated by both resident gut microbiota and the surrounding peritrophic membrane and are distinct from immune responses in the body cavity, which depend on the function of the fat body and hemocytes. Due to their relevance to agricultural production, studies of Lepidopteran insect midgut and immunity are receiving more attention, and here we summarize gut structures and functions, and discuss how these confer immunity against different microorganisms. It is expected that increased knowledge of Lepidopteran gut immunity may be utilized for pest biological control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wuren Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Leonard Dobens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Hongsheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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33
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Salgueiro P, Lopes AS, Mendes C, Charlwood JD, Arez AP, Pinto J, Silveira H. Molecular evolution and population genetics of a Gram-negative binding protein gene in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:515. [PMID: 27658383 PMCID: PMC5034674 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clarifying the role of the innate immune system of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is a potential way to block the development of the Plasmodium parasites. Pathogen recognition is the first step of innate immune response, where pattern recognition proteins like GNBPs play a central role. RESULTS We analysed 70 sequences of the protein coding gene GNBPB2 from two species, Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii, collected in six African countries. We detected 135 segregating sites defining 63 distinct haplotypes and 30 proteins. Mean nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.014 for both species. We found no significant genetic differentiation between species, but a significant positive correlation between genetic differentiation and geographical distance among populations. CONCLUSIONS Species status seems to contribute less for the molecular differentiation in GNBPB2 than geographical region in the African continent (West and East). Purifying selection was found to be the most common form of selection, as in many other immunity-related genes. Diversifying selection may be also operating in the GNBPB2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Salgueiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Lopes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mendes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacques Derek Charlwood
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ana Paula Arez
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Kajla M, Choudhury TP, Kakani P, Gupta K, Dhawan R, Gupta L, Kumar S. Silencing of Anopheles stephensi Heme Peroxidase HPX15 Activates Diverse Immune Pathways to Regulate the Growth of Midgut Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1351. [PMID: 27630620 PMCID: PMC5006007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquito midgut harbors a diverse group of endogenous bacteria that grow extensively after the blood feeding and help in food digestion and nutrition in many ways. Although, the growth of endogenous bacteria is regulated by various factors, however, the robust antibacterial immune reactions are generally suppressed in this body compartment by a heme peroxidase HPX15 crosslinked mucins barrier. This barrier is formed on the luminal side of the midgut and blocks the direct interactions and recognition of bacteria or their elicitors by the immune reactive midgut epithelium. We hypothesized that in the absence of HPX15, an increased load of exogenous bacteria will enormously induce the mosquito midgut immunity and this situation in turn, can easily regulate mosquito-pathogen interactions. In this study, we found that the blood feeding induced AsHPX15 gene in Anopheles stephensi midgut and promoted the growth of endogenous as well as exogenous fed bacteria. In addition, the mosquito midgut also efficiently regulated the number of these bacteria through the induction of classical Toll and Imd immune pathways. In case of AsHPX15 silenced midguts, the growth of midgut bacteria was largely reduced through the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene, a downstream effector molecule of the JAK/STAT pathway. Interestingly, no significant induction of the classical immune pathways was observed in these midguts. Importantly, the NOS is a well known negative regulator of Plasmodium development, thus, we proposed that the induction of diverged immune pathways in the absence of HPX15 mediated midgut barrier might be one of the strategies to manipulate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kajla
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Tania P Choudhury
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Rini Dhawan
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India; Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and SciencePilani, India; Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal UniversityBhiwani, India
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Qiao L, Du M, Liang X, Hao Y, He X, Si F, Mei T, Chen B. Tyrosine Hydroxylase is crucial for maintaining pupal tanning and immunity in Anopheles sinensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29835. [PMID: 27416870 PMCID: PMC4945905 DOI: 10.1038/srep29835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the initial enzyme in the melanin pathway, catalyzes tyrosine conversion into Dopa. Although expression and regulation of TH have been shown to affect cuticle pigmentation in insects, no direct functional studies to date have focused on the specific physiological processes involving the enzyme during mosquito development. In the current study, silencing of AsTH during the time period of continuous high expression in Anopheles sinensis pupae led to significant impairment of cuticle tanning and thickness, imposing a severe obstacle to eclosion in adults. Meanwhile, deficiency of melanin in interference individuals led to suppression of melanization, compared to control individuals. Consequently, the ability to defend exogenous microorganisms declined sharply. Accompanying down-regulation of the basal expression of five antimicrobial peptide genes resulted in further significant weakening of immunity. TH homologs as well as the composition of upstream transcription factor binding sites at the pupal stage are highly conserved in the Anopheles genus, implying that the TH-mediated functions are crucial in Anopheles. The collective evidence strongly suggests that TH is essential for Anopheles pupae tanning and immunity and provides a reference for further studies to validate the utility of the key genes involved in the melanization pathway in controlling mosquito development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Minghui Du
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Youjin Hao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiu He
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Fengling Si
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ting Mei
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Londono-Renteria B, Grippin C, Cardenas JC, Troupin A, Colpitts TM. Human C5a Protein Participates in the Mosquito Immune Response Against Dengue Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:505-512. [PMID: 26843451 PMCID: PMC4892811 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes during a bloodmeal uptake. The bloodmeal consists of host cells, immune factors, and possibly blood-borne pathogens, such as arboviruses. Human cells and immune-related factors, like the complement system, can remain active in the bloodmeal and may be able to interact with pathogens in the mosquito. Previous studies have shown that active complement proteins impact Plasmodium parasite viability in the Anopheles midgut. Thus, we investigated the effects of the human complement on DENV infection in the midgut of Aedes aegypti. Our findings indicate that mosquitoes receiving DENV mixed with normal non-inactivated human serum showed significantly lower viremia than those fed with heat-inactivated serum. This implies that human complement may act to limit DENV infection in the mosquito midgut. In addition, we found that human complement C5a protein was able to directly communicate with mosquito cells, affecting the cell antiviral response against DENV. Our results also show that human C5a protein is able to interact with several membrane-bound mosquito proteins. Together these results suggest an important role of human complement protein in DENV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; ),
| | - Crystal Grippin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70130 , and
| | - Jenny C Cardenas
- Microbiology and Clinical Laboratory, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Los Patios - Norte de Santander, Colombia
| | - Andrea Troupin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; )
| | - Tonya M Colpitts
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209 (; )
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GNBP domain of Anopheles darlingi: are polymorphic inversions and gene variation related to adaptive evolution? Genetica 2016; 144:99-106. [PMID: 26767379 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is the main malaria vector in humans in South America. In the Amazon basin, it lives along the banks of rivers and lakes, which responds to the annual hydrological cycle (dry season and rainy season). In these breeding sites, the larvae of this mosquito feed on decomposing organic and microorganisms, which can be pathogenic and trigger the activation of innate immune system pathways, such as proteins Gram-negative binding protein (GNBP). Such environmental changes affect the occurrence of polymorphic inversions especially at the heterozygote frequency, which confer adaptative advantage compared to homozygous inversions. We mapped the GNBP probe to the An. darlingi 2Rd inversion by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), which was a good indicator of the GNBP immune response related to the chromosomal polymorphic inversions and adaptative evolution. To better understand the evolutionary relations and time of divergence of the GNBP of An. darlingi, we compared it with nine other mosquito GNBPs. The results of the phylogenetic analysis of the GNBP sequence between the species of mosquitoes demonstrated three clades. Clade I and II included the GNBPB5 sequence, and clade III the sequence of GNBPB1. Most of these sequences of GNBP analyzed were homologous with that of subfamily B, including that of An. gambiae (87 %), therefore suggesting that GNBP of An. darling belongs to subfamily B. This work helps us understand the role of inversion polymorphism in evolution of An. darlingi.
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Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C. The remarkable journey of adaptation of the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite to New World anopheline mosquitoes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:662-7. [PMID: 25185006 PMCID: PMC4156459 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum originated in Africa, dispersed around the
world as a result of human migration and had to adapt to several different indigenous
anopheline mosquitoes. Anophelines from the New World are evolutionary distant form
African ones and this probably resulted in a more stringent selection of
Plasmodium as it adapted to these vectors. It is thought that
Plasmodium has been genetically selected by some anopheline species
through unknown mechanisms. The mosquito immune system can greatly limit infection
and P. falciparum evolved a strategy to evade these responses, at
least in part mediated by Pfs47, a highly polymorphic gene. We
propose that adaptation of P. falciparum to new vectors may require
evasion of their immune system. Parasites with a Pfs47 haplotype
compatible with the indigenous mosquito vector would be able to survive and be
transmitted. The mosquito antiplasmodial response could be an important determinant
of P. falciparum population structure and could affect malaria
transmission in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Xiong GH, Xing LS, Lin Z, Saha TT, Wang C, Jiang H, Zou Z. High throughput profiling of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera immunotranscriptome during the fungal and bacterial infections. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:321. [PMID: 26001831 PMCID: PMC4490664 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immunity is essential in defending against invading pathogens in invertebrates. The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the most destructive lepidopteran pests, which causes enormous economic losses in agricultural production worldwide. The components of the immune system are largely unknown in this insect. The application of entomopathogens is considered as an alternative to the chemical insecticides for its control. However, few studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions between pest insects and their pathogens. Here, we investigated the immunotranscriptome of H. armigera larvae and examined gene expression changes after pathogen infections. This study provided insights into the potential immunity-related genes and pathways in H. armigera larvae. Results Here, we adopted a high throughput RNA-seq approach to determine the immunotranscriptome of H. armigera larvae injected with buffer, fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana, or Gram-negative bacterium Enterobacter cloacae. Based on sequence similarity to those homologs known to participate in immune responses in other insects, we identified immunity-related genes encoding pattern recognition receptors, signal modulators, immune effectors, and nearly all members of the Toll, IMD and JAK/STAT pathways. The RNA-seq data indicated that some immunity-related genes were activated in fungus- and bacterium-challenged fat body while others were suppressed in B. bassiana challenged hemocytes, including the putative IMD and JAK-STAT pathway members. Bacterial infection elevated the expression of recognition and modulator genes in the fat body and signal pathway genes in hemocytes. Although fat body and hemocytes both are important organs involved in the immune response, our transcriptome analysis revealed that more immunity-related genes were induced in the fat body than that hemocytes. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that, consistent with the RNA-seq data, the transcript abundances of putative PGRP-SA1, Serpin1, Toll-14, and Spz2 genes were elevated in fat body upon B. bassiana infection, while the mRNA levels of defensin, moricin1, and gloverin1 were up-regulated in hemocytes. Conclusions In this study, a global survey of the host defense against fungal and bacterial infection was performed on the non-model lepidopteran pest species. The comprehensive sequence resource and expression profiles of the immunity-related genes in H. armigera are acquired. This study provided valuable information for future functional investigations as well as development of specific and effective agents to control this pest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1509-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Long-Sheng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tusar T Saha
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, 127 NRC, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Sandiford SL, Dong Y, Pike A, Blumberg BJ, Bahia AC, Dimopoulos G. Cytoplasmic actin is an extracellular insect immune factor which is secreted upon immune challenge and mediates phagocytosis and direct killing of bacteria, and is a Plasmodium Antagonist. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004631. [PMID: 25658622 PMCID: PMC4450071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a highly versatile, abundant, and conserved protein, with functions in a variety of intracellular processes. Here, we describe a novel role for insect cytoplasmic actin as an extracellular pathogen recognition factor that mediates antibacterial defense. Insect actins are secreted from cells upon immune challenge through an exosome-independent pathway. Anopheles gambiae actin interacts with the extracellular MD2-like immune factor AgMDL1, and binds to the surfaces of bacteria, mediating their phagocytosis and direct killing. Globular and filamentous actins display distinct functions as extracellular immune factors, and mosquito actin is a Plasmodium infection antagonist. Actin is one of the best studied, evolutionary conserved and most abundant intracellular proteins. Actin can exists in globular and filamentous functionally distinct forms, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, such as muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division, vesicle and organelle movement, endocytosis, and cell signaling. Here we show a novel function of insect cytoplasmic actin, as an extracellular immune factor. Actin is externalized by insect immune competent cells upon immune challenge with bacteria or bacterial surface components, and once externalized, actin binds with high affinity to the surface of bacteria. A functional role of actin’s interaction with bacteria is to mediate their killing through either phagocytosis or direct antibacterial action. The globular and filamentous forms of actins appear to play distinct functions as extracellular immune factors. Actin also plays a role as a Plasmodium antagonist as it limits parasite infection of the mosquito gut tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L. Sandiford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Pike
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Blumberg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Bahia
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shi XZ, Kang CJ, Wang SJ, Zhong X, Beerntsen BT, Yu XQ. Functions of Armigeres subalbatus C-type lectins in innate immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 52:102-14. [PMID: 25014898 PMCID: PMC4143534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a superfamily of calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding proteins containing at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) and they are present in almost all metazoans. Insect CTLs may function as pattern-recognition receptors and play important roles in innate immunity. In this study, we selected five AsCTLs from the mosquito Armigeres subalbatus, a natural vector of filarial nematodes, and performed both in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate their functions in innate immunity. AsCTLMA15, AsCTLGA5 and AsCTL15 were mainly expressed in hemocytes, AsCTL16 was expressed in fat body, while AsCTLMA11 was expressed in both hemocytes and fat body, and only AsCTLMA11 and AsCTL16 were expressed at high levels in adult females. In vitro binding assays showed that all five recombinant AsCTLs could bind to different microbial cell wall components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipid A, peptidoglycan (PG), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), zymosan and laminarin (beta-1,3-glucan). Recombinant AsCTLs also bound to several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and could agglutinate bacterial cells. Injection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) could significantly reduce expression of the five AsCTL mRNAs, and the survival of mosquitoes treated with dsRNA to AsCTLGA5 was significantly decreased after Escherichia coli infection, but did not change significantly after Micrococcus luteus infection compared to the control groups, suggesting that Ar. subalbatus AsCTLGA5 may participate in innate immunity against E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhen Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, China; Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Cui-Jie Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, China; Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Song-Jie Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Brenda T Beerntsen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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Functional Characterization of a Cactus Homolog from the SilkwormBombyx mori. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:2665-70. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Singh CP, Vaishna RL, Kakkar A, Arunkumar KP, Nagaraju J. Characterization of antiviral and antibacterial activity ofBombyx moriseroin proteins. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1354-65. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Singh
- Centre of Excellence for Genetics and Genomics of Silkmoths; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics; Tuljaguda Complex Nampally Hyderabad 500001 India
| | - R. L. Vaishna
- Centre of Excellence for Genetics and Genomics of Silkmoths; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics; Tuljaguda Complex Nampally Hyderabad 500001 India
| | - A. Kakkar
- Centre of Excellence for Genetics and Genomics of Silkmoths; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics; Tuljaguda Complex Nampally Hyderabad 500001 India
| | - K. P. Arunkumar
- Centre of Excellence for Genetics and Genomics of Silkmoths; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics; Tuljaguda Complex Nampally Hyderabad 500001 India
| | - J. Nagaraju
- Centre of Excellence for Genetics and Genomics of Silkmoths; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics; Tuljaguda Complex Nampally Hyderabad 500001 India
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu W, Zhang J, Jiang H, Huang F. Modulation of Anopheles stephensi gene expression by nitroquine, an antimalarial drug against Plasmodium yoelii infection in the mosquito. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89473. [PMID: 24586804 PMCID: PMC3933544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimalarial drugs may impact mosquito’s defense against Plasmodium parasites. Our previous study showed nitroquine significantly reduced infection of Anopheles stephensi by Plasmodium yoelii, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In order to understand how transmission capacity of An. stephensi was affected by nitroquine, we explored the transcriptome of adult females after different treatments, examined changes in gene expression profiles, and identified transcripts affected by the drug and parasite. Methodology/Principal Findings We extended massively parallel sequencing and data analysis (including gene discovery, expression profiling, and function prediction) to An. stephensi before and after Plasmodium infection with or without nitroquine treatment. Using numbers of reads assembled into specific contigs to calculate relative abundances (RAs), we categorized the assembled contigs into four groups according to the differences in RA values infection induced, infection suppressed, drug induced, and drug suppressed. We found both nitroquine in the blood meal and Plasmodium infection altered transcription of mosquito genes implicated in diverse processes, including pathogen recognition, signal transduction, prophenoloxidase activation, cytoskeleton assembling, cell adhesion, and oxidative stress. The differential gene expression may have promoted certain defense responses of An. stephensi against the parasite and decreased its infectivity. Conclusions/Significance Our study indicated that nitroquine may regulate several immune mechanisms at the level of gene transcription in the mosquito against Plasmodium infection. This highlights the need for better understanding of antimalarial drug’s impact on parasite survival and transmission. In addition, our data largely enriched the existing sequence information of An. stephensi, an epidemiologically important vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FH); (HJ)
| | - Fusheng Huang
- Department of Pathobiology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (FH); (HJ)
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Liu Y, Shen D, Zhou F, Wang G, An C. Identification of immunity-related genes in Ostrinia furnacalis against entomopathogenic fungi by RNA-seq analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86436. [PMID: 24466095 PMCID: PMC3895045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)) is one of the most serious corn pests in Asia. Control of this pest with entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been proposed. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions between O. furnacalis and B. bassiana are unclear, especially under the conditions that the genomic information of O. furnacalis is currently unavailable. So we sequenced and characterized the transcriptome of O. furnacalis larvae infected by B. bassiana with special emphasis on immunity-related genes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Illumina Hiseq2000 was used to sequence 4.64 and 4.72 Gb of the transcriptome from water-injected and B. bassiana-injected O. furnacalis larvae, respectively. De novo assembly generated 62,382 unigenes with mean length of 729 nt. All unigenes were searched against Nt, Nr, Swiss-Prot, COG, and KEGG databases for annotations using BLASTN or BLASTX algorithm with an E-value cut-off of 10(-5). A total of 35,700 (57.2%) unigenes were annotated to at least one database. Pairwise comparisons resulted in 13,890 differentially expressed genes, with 5,843 up-regulated and 8,047 down-regulated. Based on sequence similarity to homologs known to participate in immune responses, we totally identified 190 potential immunity-related unigenes. They encode 45 pattern recognition proteins, 33 modulation proteins involved in the prophenoloxidase activation cascade, 46 signal transduction molecules, and 66 immune responsive effectors, respectively. The obtained transcriptome contains putative orthologs for nearly all components of the Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT pathways. We randomly selected 24 immunity-related unigenes and investigated their expression profiles using quantitative RT-PCR assay. The results revealed variant expression patterns in response to the infection of B. bassiana. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides the comprehensive sequence resource and expression profiles of the immunity-related genes of O. furnacalis. The obtained data gives an insight into better understanding the molecular mechanisms of innate immune processes in O. furnacalis larvae against B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxu Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Innate immunity in disease: insights from mathematical modeling and analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 844:227-43. [PMID: 25480644 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2095-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The acute inflammatory response is a complex defense mechanism that has evolved to respond rapidly to injury, infection, and other disruptions in homeostasis. This robust responsiveness to biological stress likely endows the host with increased fitness, but over-robust or inadequate inflammation predisposes the host to various diseases. Importantly, well-compartmentalized inflammation is generally beneficial, but spillover of inflammation into the blood is a hallmark-and likely also a driver-of self-maintaining inflammation. The blood is also a key entry point and immunological interface for vectors of parasitic diseases, diseases that themselves incite systemic inflammation. The complex role of inflammation in health and disease has made this biological system difficult to understand comprehensively and modulate rationally for therapeutic purposes. Consequently, systems approaches have been applied in order to characterize dynamical properties and identify key control points in inflammation. This process begins with the collection of high-dimensional, experimental, and clinical data, followed by data reduction and data-driven modeling that finally informs mechanistic computational models for analysis, prediction, and rational modulation. These studies have suggested that the overall architecture of the inflammatory response includes a multiscale positive feedback from inflammation → tissue damage → inflammation, which is often inadequately controlled by negative feedback from anti-inflammatory mediators. Given the importance of the blood interface for the inflammatory response, and the accessibility of this compartment both as an immunological sampling reservoir for vectors as well as for diagnosis and therapy, we suggest that any rational efforts at modulating inflammation via the blood compartment must involve computational modeling.
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Geiser DL, Zhou G, Mayo JJ, Winzerling JJ. The effect of bacterial challenge on ferritin regulation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:601-19. [PMID: 23956079 PMCID: PMC4554699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Secreted ferritin is the major iron storage and transport protein in insects. Here, we characterize the message and protein expression profiles of yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) ferritin heavy chain homologue (HCH) and light chain homologue (LCH) subunits in response to iron and bacterial challenge. In vivo experiments demonstrated tissue-specific regulation of HCH and LCH expression over time post-blood meal (PBM). Transcriptional regulation of HCH and LCH was treatment specific, with differences in regulation for naïve versus mosquitoes challenged with heat-killed bacteria (HKB). Translational regulation by iron regulatory protein (IRP) binding activity for the iron-responsive element (IRE) was tissue-specific and time-dependent PBM. However, mosquitoes challenged with HKB showed little change in IRP/IRE binding activity compared to naïve animals. The changes in ferritin regulation and expression in vivo were confirmed with in vitro studies. We challenged mosquitoes with HKB followed by a blood meal to determine the effects on ferritin expression, and demonstrate a synergistic, time-dependent regulation of expression for HCH and LCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L Geiser
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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Hajdušek O, Síma R, Ayllón N, Jalovecká M, Perner J, de la Fuente J, Kopáček P. Interaction of the tick immune system with transmitted pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:26. [PMID: 23875177 PMCID: PMC3712896 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous arachnids transmitting a wide variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, and protozoans to their vertebrate hosts. The tick vector competence has to be intimately linked to the ability of transmitted pathogens to evade tick defense mechanisms encountered on their route through the tick body comprising midgut, hemolymph, salivary glands or ovaries. Tick innate immunity is, like in other invertebrates, based on an orchestrated action of humoral and cellular immune responses. The direct antimicrobial defense in ticks is accomplished by a variety of small molecules such as defensins, lysozymes or by tick-specific antimicrobial compounds such as microplusin/hebraein or 5.3-kDa family proteins. Phagocytosis of the invading microbes by tick hemocytes is likely mediated by the primordial complement-like system composed of thioester-containing proteins, fibrinogen-related lectins and convertase-like factors. Moreover, an important role in survival of the ingested microbes seems to be played by host proteins and redox balance maintenance in the tick midgut. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about the major components of tick immune system and focus on their interaction with the relevant tick-transmitted pathogens, represented by spirochetes (Borrelia), rickettsiae (Anaplasma), and protozoans (Babesia). Availability of the tick genomic database and feasibility of functional genomics based on RNA interference greatly contribute to the understanding of molecular and cellular interplay at the tick-pathogen interface and may provide new targets for blocking the transmission of tick pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Hajdušek
- Biological Centre ASCR, Institute of Parasitology České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Han P, Jin F, Dong X, Fan J, Qiu B, Ren S. Transcript and protein profiling analysis of the Destruxin A-induced response in larvae of Plutella xylostella. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60771. [PMID: 23585848 PMCID: PMC3621956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruxins (dtxs) are the mycotoxin produced by certain entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae, Aschersonia sp, Alternaria brassicae and Ophiosphaerella herpotrichae. It can affect a wide variety of biological processes in insects, including innate immune, Ca(2+) channel in cells, and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Dtxs have been used as biological control agent for a long time, however, their molecular mechanism of action is still unknown. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, both digital gene expression (DGE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) approaches were adopted to examine the effects of dtx A on Plutella xyllostella (L.) larvae. By using DGE and 2-DE analyses, 1584 genes and 42 protein points were identified as being up- or down regulated at least 2-fold in response to dtx A. Firstly, injection of dtx A to larvae accelerated the increase of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), which could activate the Toll signal pathway inducing production of antibacterial substances such as cecropin and gloverin. Dtx A also stimulated prophenoloxidase (proPO) system which plays an important role in innate immunity and leads to melanization of external organisms. Secondly, dtx A suppressed the expression of genes related to the Toll pathway, and induced expression of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), especially the serpin 2 that blocked process of the proPO system. Finally, other physiological process like xenobiotics detoxification, apoptosis, calcium signaling pathway and insect hormone biosynthesis, were also mediated in response to dtx A toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Transcript and protein profiling analyses will provide an insight into the potential molecular mechanism of action in P. xylostella larvae in response to dtx A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiqiao Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoli Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunxiang Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University (SCAU), Guangzhou, China
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Ilyasov RA, Gaifullina LR, Saltykova ES, Poskryakov AV, Nikolaenko AG. Defensins in the honeybee antiinfectious protection. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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