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Wu NC, Alton L, Bovo RP, Carey N, Currie SE, Lighton JRB, McKechnie AE, Pottier P, Rossi G, White CR, Levesque DL. Reporting guidelines for terrestrial respirometry: Building openness, transparency of metabolic rate and evaporative water loss data. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 296:111688. [PMID: 38944270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Respirometry is an important tool for understanding whole-animal energy and water balance in relation to the environment. Consequently, the growing number of studies using respirometry over the last decade warrants reliable reporting and data sharing for effective dissemination and research synthesis. We provide a checklist guideline on five key sections to facilitate the transparency, reproducibility, and replicability of respirometry studies: 1) materials, set up, plumbing, 2) subject conditions/maintenance, 3) measurement conditions, 4) data processing, and 5) data reporting and statistics, each with explanations and example studies. Transparency in reporting and data availability has benefits on multiple fronts. Authors can use this checklist to design and report on their study, and reviewers and editors can use the checklist to assess the reporting quality of the manuscripts they review. Improved standards for reporting will enhance the value of primary studies and will greatly facilitate the ability to carry out higher quality research syntheses to address ecological and evolutionary theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, New South Wales 2753, Australia.
| | - Lesley Alton
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia. https://twitter.com/lesley_alton
| | - Rafael P Bovo
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States. https://twitter.com/bovo_rp
| | - Nicholas Carey
- Marine Directorate for the Scottish Government, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon E Currie
- Institute for Cell and Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Plz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. https://twitter.com/batsinthbelfry
| | - John R B Lighton
- Sable Systems International, North Las Vegas, NV, United States. https://twitter.com/SableSys
| | - Andrew E McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patrice Pottier
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. https://twitter.com/PatriceEcoEvo
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. https://twitter.com/giuliasrossi
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Danielle L Levesque
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States. https://twitter.com/dl_levesque
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Higgins E, Bouyoucos IA, Downie AT, Illing B, Martins APB, Simpfendorfer CA, Rummer JL. How hot is too hot? Thermal tolerance, performance, and preference in juvenile mangrove whiprays, Urogymnus granulatus. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103943. [PMID: 39151217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove habitats can serve as nursery areas for sharks and rays. Such environments can be thermally dynamic and extreme; yet, the physiological and behavioural mechanisms sharks and rays use to exploit such habitats are understudied. This study aimed to define the thermal niche of juvenile mangrove whiprays, Urogymnus granulatus. First, temperature tolerance limits were determined via the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and minimum (CTMin) of mangrove whiprays at summer acclimation temperatures (28 °C), which were 17.5 °C and 39.9 °C, respectively. Then, maximum and routine oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2max and ṀO2routine, respectively), post-exercise oxygen debt, and recovery were estimated at current (28 °C) and heatwave (32 °C) temperatures, revealing moderate temperature sensitivities (i.e., Q10) of 2.4 (ṀO2max) and 1.6 (ṀO2routine), but opposing effects on post-exercise oxygen uptake. Finally, body temperatures (Tb) of mangrove whiprays were recorded using external temperature loggers, and environmental temperatures (Te) were recorded using stationary temperature loggers moored in three habitat zones (mangrove, reef flat, and reef crest). As expected, environmental temperatures varied between sites depending on depth. Individual mangrove whiprays presented significantly lower Tb relative to Te during the hottest times of the day. Electivity analysis showed tagged individuals selected temperatures from 24.0 to 37.0 °C in habitats that ranged from 21.1 to 43.5 °C. These data demonstrate that mangrove whiprays employ thermotaxic behaviours and a thermally insensitive aerobic metabolism to thrive in thermally dynamic and extreme habitats. Tropical nursery areas may, therefore, offer important thermal refugia for young rays. However, these tropical nursery areas could become threatened by mangrove and coral habitat loss, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Higgins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France.
| | - Adam T Downie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Björn Illing
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ana P B Martins
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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3
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Almeida J, Lima ARA, Faria AM, Lopes AR. Sand smelt larvae's resilience to hypoxia and implications for thermal tolerance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:174969. [PMID: 39117224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Deoxygenation is a growing threat to marine ecosystems, with an increase in the frequency, extent and intensity of hypoxia events in recent decades. These phenomena will pose various challenges to marine species, as it affects their survival, growth, body condition, metabolism and ability to handle other environmental stressors, such as temperature. Early life stages are particularly vulnerable to these changes. Thus, it is crucial to understand how these initial phases will respond to hypoxia to predict the impacts on marine populations and ecosystems. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effect of oxygen (O2) availability on fitness related traits (mortality, growth and body condition), metabolism (Routine metabolic rates [RMR]) and thermal tolerance (CTmax), in early stages of Atherina presbyter, exposed for two weeks, to two O2 levels: normoxia (6.5-7.2 mg L-1) and hypoxia (2-2.5 mg L-1), through an experiment setup. Our findings showed that while low oxygen levels did not negatively impact mortality, total length, weight, or body condition (Fulton K), the larvae undergo metabolic depression when exposed to hypoxia, as an energy conservation mechanism. Furthermore, CTmax suffered a significant reduction in low O2 availability, due to the inability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to fulfill energy demands. These outcomes suggest that although early life stages of Atherina presbyter can survive under low oxygen environments, they are less capable of dealing with sudden increases in temperature when oxygen is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Almeida
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André R A Lima
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Faria
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149 Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Lopes
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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4
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Dubuc A, Rummer JL, Vigliola L, Lemonnier H. Coping with environmental degradation: Physiological and morphological adjustments of wild mangrove fish to decades of aquaculture-induced nutrient enrichment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116599. [PMID: 38878416 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The impact of eutrophication on wild fish individuals is rarely reported. We compared physiological and morphological traits of Siganus lineatus chronically exposed to aquaculture-induced eutrophication in the wild with individuals living at a control site. Eutrophication at the impacted site was confirmed by elevated organic matter (up to 150 % higher), phytoplankton (up to 7 times higher), and reduced oxygen (up to 60 % lower). Physiological and morphological traits of S. lineatus differed significantly between the two sites. Fish from the impacted site exhibited elevated hypoxia tolerance, increased gill surface area, shorter oxygen diffusion distances, and altered blood oxygen-carrying capacity. Elevated blood lactate and scope for anaerobic ATP production were observed, suggesting enhanced survival below critical oxygen levels. A significant 8.5 % increase in metabolic costs and altered allometric scaling, related to environmental degradation, were recorded. Our study underscores eutrophication's profound impact at the organism-level and the importance to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dubuc
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER (IFREMER), UMR Entropie (IFREMER, IRD, UNC, UR, CNRS), Nouméa, New Caledonia; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom.
| | - J L Rummer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Vigliola
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Entropie (IRD, IFREMER, UNC, UR, CNRS), Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - H Lemonnier
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER (IFREMER), UMR Entropie (IFREMER, IRD, UNC, UR, CNRS), Nouméa, New Caledonia
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5
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Wassenaar LI, Crespel A, Barth JAC, Koeck B, Závorka L. Non-invasive determination of critical dissolved oxygen thresholds for stress physiology in fish using triple-oxygen stable isotopes and aquatic respirometry. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38949394 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2024.2366470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the critical thresholds of dissolved oxygen (O2) that trigger adaptive physiological responses in aquatic organisms is long hampered by a lack of robust, non-lethal or non-invasive methodologies. The isotope fractionation of triple O2 isotopes (18O/17O/16O) during respiration is linked to the amount of oxygen utilised, offering a potential avenue for new insights. Our experimental research involved measuring the oxygen isotope fractionation of dissolved O2 in closed-system aquatic respirometry experiments with wild sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). These fish were either naturally adapted or experimentally acclimated to hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The aim was to observe their oxygen usage and isotope fractionation in response to increasingly severe hypoxia. Initial observations revealed a progressive 18O enrichment from the preferential uptake of 16O to a dissolved oxygen threshold of 3-5 mg O2 L-1, followed by an apparent reversal in oxygen isotope fractionation, which is mixing of 16O and 17O with the remaining O2 pool across all populations and indicative of a systematic change in oxygen metabolism among the fish. Unexpectedly, sticklebacks adapted to hypoxia but acclimated to normoxia exhibited stronger oxygen isotope fractionation compared to those adapted to normoxia and acclimated to hypoxia, contradicting the hypothesis that hypoxia adaptation would lead to reduced isotope discrimination due to more efficient oxygen uptake. These preliminary experimental results highlight the novel potential of using dissolved O2 isotopes as a non-invasive, non-lethal method to quantitatively assess metabolic thresholds in aquatic organisms. This approach could significantly improve our understanding of the critical oxygen responses and adaptation mechanisms in fish and other aquatic organisms across different oxygen environments, marking a significant step forward in aquatic ecological and physiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard I Wassenaar
- WasserCluster Lunz Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
- Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Amélie Crespel
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes A C Barth
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Koeck
- WasserCluster Lunz Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Libor Závorka
- WasserCluster Lunz Biologische Station GmbH, Lunz am See, Austria
- Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
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6
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Rees BB, Reemeyer JE, Binning SA, Brieske SD, Clark TD, De Bonville J, Eisenberg RM, Raby GD, Roche D, Rummer JL, Zhang Y. Estimating maximum oxygen uptake of fishes during swimming and following exhaustive chase - different results, biological bases and applications. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246439. [PMID: 38819376 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The maximum rate at which animals take up oxygen from their environment (ṀO2,max) is a crucial aspect of their physiology and ecology. In fishes, ṀO2,max is commonly quantified by measuring oxygen uptake either during incremental swimming tests or during recovery from an exhaustive chase. In this Commentary, we compile recent studies that apply both techniques to the same fish and show that the two methods typically yield different mean estimates of ṀO2,max for a group of individuals. Furthermore, within a group of fish, estimates of ṀO2,max determined during swimming are poorly correlated with estimates determined during recovery from chasing (i.e. an individual's ṀO2,max is not repeatable across methods). One explanation for the lack of agreement is that these methods measure different physiological states, each with their own behavioural, anatomical and biochemical determinants. We propose that these methods are not directly interchangeable but, rather, each is suited to address different questions in fish biology. We suggest that researchers select the method that reflects the biological contexts of their study, and we advocate for the use of accurate terminology that acknowledges the technique used to elevate ṀO2 (e.g. peak ṀO2,swim or peak ṀO2,recovery). If the study's objective is to estimate the 'true' ṀO2,max of an individual or species, we recommend that pilot studies compare methods, preferably using repeated-measures designs. We hope that these recommendations contribute new insights into the causes and consequences of variation in ṀO2,max within and among fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | | | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH2V 0B3
| | - Samantha D Brieske
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia3216
| | - Jeremy De Bonville
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, CanadaH2V 0B3
| | - Rachel M Eisenberg
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, CanadaK9L 0G2
| | - Dominique Roche
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, CanadaK1R 0E3
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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7
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Eisenberg RM, Sandrelli RM, Gamperl AK. Comparing methods for determining the metabolic capacity of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus 1758). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1813-1823. [PMID: 38486407 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) mortalities have been reported during the summer at some North Atlantic salmon cage-sites where they serve as "cleaner fish." To better understand this species' physiology and whether limitations in their metabolic capacity and thermal tolerance can explain this phenomenon, we compared the aerobic scope (AS) of 6°C-acclimated lumpfish (~50 g and 8.8 cm in length at the beginning of experiments) when all individuals (N = 12) were given a chase to exhaustion, a critical swim speed (Ucrit) test, and a critical thermal maximum (CTMax) test (rate of warming 2°C h-1). The Ucrit and CTMax of the lumpfish were 2.36 ± 0.08 body lengths per second and 20.6 ± 0.3°C. The AS of lumpfish was higher during the Ucrit test (206.4 ± 8.5 mg O2 kg-1 h-1) versus that measured in either the CTMax test or after the chase to exhaustion (141.0 ± 15.0 and 124.7 ± 15.5 mg O2 kg-1 h-1, respectively). Maximum metabolic rate (MMR), AS, and "realistic" AS (ASR) measured using the three different protocols were not significantly correlated, indicating that measurements of metabolic capacity using one of these methods cannot be used to estimate values that would be obtained using another method. Additional findings include that (1) the lumpfish's metabolic capacity is comparable to that of Atlantic cod, suggesting that they are not as "sluggish" as previously suggested in the literature, and (2) their CTMax (20.6°C when acclimated to 6°C), in combination with their recently determined ITMax (20.6°C when acclimated to 10°C), indicates that high sea-cage temperatures are unlikely to be the primary cause of lumpfish mortalities at salmon sea-cages during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Eisenberg
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Anthony Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Montgomery DW, Finlay J, Simpson SD, Engelhard GH, Birchenough SNR, Wilson RW. Respiratory acidosis and O 2 supply capacity do not affect the acute temperature tolerance of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae026. [PMID: 38779432 PMCID: PMC11109029 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms that determine the temperature tolerances of fish are poorly understood, creating barriers to disentangle how additional environmental challenges-such as CO2-induced aquatic acidification and fluctuating oxygen availability-may exacerbate vulnerability to a warming climate and extreme heat events. Here, we explored whether two acute exposures (~0.5 hours or ~72 hours) to increased CO2 impact acute temperature tolerance limits in a freshwater fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We separated the potential effects of acute high CO2 exposure on critical thermal maximum (CTmax), caused via either respiratory acidosis (reduced internal pH) or O2 supply capacity (aerobic scope), by exposing rainbow trout to ~1 kPa CO2 (~1% or 10 000 μatm) in combination with normoxia or hyperoxia (~21 or 42 kPa O2, respectively). In normoxia, acute exposure to high CO2 caused a large acidosis in trout (blood pH decreased by 0.43 units), while a combination of hyperoxia and ~1 kPa CO2 increased the aerobic scope of trout by 28%. Despite large changes in blood pH and aerobic scope between treatments, we observed no impacts on the CTmax of trout. Our results suggest that the mechanisms that determine the maximum temperature tolerance of trout are independent of blood acid-base balance or the capacity to deliver O2 to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Finlay
- Biosciences, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Stephen D Simpson
- Biosciences, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Georg H Engelhard
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Silvana N R Birchenough
- International Marine Climate Change Centre (iMC3), Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Rod W Wilson
- Biosciences, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
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9
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Brieske SD, Mullen SC, Rees BB. Method dependency of maximum oxygen uptake rate and its repeatability in the Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1537-1547. [PMID: 38403734 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The maximum rate at which fish can take up oxygen from their environment to fuel aerobic metabolism is an important feature of their physiology and ecology. Methods to quantify maximum oxygen uptake rate (ṀO2), therefore, should reliably and reproducibly estimate the highest possible ṀO2 by an individual or species under a given set of conditions (peak ṀO2). This study determined peak ṀO2 and its repeatability in Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, subjected to three methods to elevate metabolism: swimming at increasing water speeds, during recovery after an exhaustive chase, and after ingestion of a large meal. Estimates of peak ṀO2 during swimming and after an exhaustive chase were repeatable across two trials, whereas peak ṀO2 after feeding was not. Peak ṀO2 determined by the three methods was significantly different from one another, being highest during swimming, lowest after an exhaustive chase, and intermediate after feeding. In addition, peak ṀO2 during recovery from an exhaustive chase depended on the length of time of recovery: in nearly 60% of the trials, values within the first hour of the chase were lower than those measured later. A novel and important finding was that an individual's peak ṀO2 was not repeatable when compared across methods. Therefore, the peak ṀO2 estimated for a group of fish, as well as the ranking of individual ṀO2 within that group, depends on the method used to elevate aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Brieske
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sylvia C Mullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bernard B Rees
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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10
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Dai Q, Suski CD. Differing physiological performance of coexisting cool- and warmwater fish species under heatwaves in the Midwestern United States. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301130. [PMID: 38517899 PMCID: PMC10959393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intensified with climate change. Freshwater ecosystems are among the most threatened, within which, differing responses between cool- and warmwater species to heatwaves can lead to fundamental changes in communities. Physiological experiments can identify potential mechanisms underlying the impacts of such heatwaves on fish communities. In the current study, we quantified the oxygen consumption rate, aerobic scope and swimming performance of cool- and warmwater fish species following the simulation of short-term heatwaves currently occurring in streams in the Midwestern United States. The coolwater predator walleye (Sander vitreus) showed clear thermal disadvantages relative to the warmwater predator largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), based on a high metabolic cost during the heatwave, low metabolic activity when encountering prey, and reduced swimming performance following the heatwave. Largemouth bass also showed a thermal advantage relative to the warmwater prey fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) related to swimming performance and energetic costs, highlighting differing thermal responses between predators and prey. This study demonstrates the importance of considering short-term extreme thermal events in the response of aquatic communities to climate stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Dai
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cory D. Suski
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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11
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Dilernia NJ, Woodcock S, Camp EF, Hughes DJ, Kühl M, Suggett DJ. Intra-colony spatial variance of oxyregulation and hypoxic thresholds for key Acropora coral species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11100. [PMID: 38444722 PMCID: PMC10914553 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) availability is essential for healthy coral reef functioning, yet how continued loss of dissolved O2 via ocean deoxygenation impacts performance of reef building corals remains unclear. Here, we examine how intra-colony spatial geometry of important Great Barrier Reef (GBR) coral species Acropora may influence variation in hypoxic thresholds for upregulation, to better understand capacity to tolerate future reductions in O2 availability. We first evaluate the application of more streamlined models used to parameterise Hypoxia Response Curve data, models that have been used historically to identify variable oxyregulatory capacity. Using closed-system respirometry to analyse O2 drawdown rate, we show that a two-parameter model returns similar outputs as previous 12th-order models for descriptive statistics such as the average oxyregulation capacity (Tpos) and the ambient O2 level at which the coral exerts maximum regulation effort (Pcmax), for diverse Acropora species. Following an experiment to evaluate whether stress induced by coral fragmentation for respirometry affected O2 drawdown rate, we subsequently identify differences in hypoxic response for the interior and exterior colony locations for the species Acropora abrotanoides, Acropora cf. microphthalma and Acropora elseyi. Average regulation capacity across species was greater (0.78-1.03 ± SE 0.08) at the colony interior compared with exterior (0.60-0.85 ± SE 0.08). Moreover, Pcmax occurred at relatively low pO2 of <30% (±1.24; SE) air saturation for all species, across the colony. When compared against ambient O2 availability, these factors corresponded to differences in mean intra-colony oxyregulation, suggesting that lower variation in dissolved O2 corresponds with higher capacity for oxyregulation. Collectively, our data show that intra-colony spatial variation affects coral oxyregulation hypoxic thresholds, potentially driving differences in Acropora oxyregulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Dilernia
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney (UTS)UltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Stephen Woodcock
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Technology Sydney (UTS)UltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney (UTS)UltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David J. Hughes
- National Sea SimulatorAustralian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)TownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Department of Biology, Marine Biological SectionUniversity of CopenhagenHelsingørDenmark
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change ClusterUniversity of Technology Sydney (UTS)UltimoNew South WalesAustralia
- KAUST Reefscape Restoration Initiative (KRRI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC)King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia
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12
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Norin T, Rowsey LE, Houslay TM, Reeve C, Speers-Roesch B. Among-individual variation in thermal plasticity of fish metabolic rates causes profound variation in temperature-specific trait repeatability, but does not co-vary with behavioural plasticity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220488. [PMID: 38186278 PMCID: PMC10772605 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Conspecifics of the same age and size differ consistently in the pace with which they expend energy. This among-individual variation in metabolic rate is thought to influence behavioural variation, since differences in energy requirements should motivate behaviours that facilitate energy acquisition, such as being bold or active in foraging. While there is evidence for links between metabolic rate and behaviour in constant environments, we know little about whether metabolic rate and behaviour change together when the environment changes-that is, if metabolic and behavioural plasticity co-vary. We investigated this using a fish that becomes dormant in winter and strongly reduces its activity when the environment cools, the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). We found strong and predictable among-individual variation in thermal plasticity of metabolic rates, from resting to maximum levels, but no evidence for among-individual variation in thermal plasticity of movement activity, meaning that these key physiological and behavioural traits change independently when the environment changes. The strong among-individual variation in metabolic rate plasticity resulted in much higher repeatability (among-individual consistency) of metabolic rates at warm than cold temperatures, indicating that the potential for metabolic rate to evolve under selection is temperature-dependent, as repeatability can set the upper limit to heritability. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Lauren E. Rowsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
| | - Thomas M. Houslay
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Connor Reeve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
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13
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Gvoždík L. Individual variation in thermally induced plasticity of metabolic rates: ecological and evolutionary implications for a warming world. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220494. [PMID: 38186270 PMCID: PMC10772608 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a fundamental property of life providing the energy for all processes and functions within an organism. As it is temperature-dependent, it mediates the effects of changing climate on ectotherm fitness and population dynamics. Though resting metabolic rate is a highly labile trait, part of its variation is individually consistent. Recent findings show that resting metabolic rate contains consistent variation not only in the elevations (intercepts) but also in the slopes of individual thermal dependence curves, challenging the thermal dependence assumption for this trait in several ectotherm taxa. I argue that among-individual variation in thermal metabolic curves represents a previously undetected component of ectotherm response to climate change, potentially affecting their adaptive capacity and population resilience under increasing stochasticity of thermal environment. Future studies need to examine not only the amount of among-individual variation in thermal metabolic curves across phylogenetic contexts but also other aspects concerning its mechanisms and adaptive significance to improve predictions about the impact of climate change on ectotherm population dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Gvoždík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Lonthair JK, Wegner NC, Cheng BS, Fangue NA, O'Donnell MJ, Regish AM, Swenson JD, Argueta E, McCormick SD, Letcher BH, Komoroske LM. Smaller body size under warming is not due to gill-oxygen limitation in a cold-water salmonid. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246477. [PMID: 38380449 PMCID: PMC11093110 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Declining body size in fishes and other aquatic ectotherms associated with anthropogenic climate warming has significant implications for future fisheries yields, stock assessments and aquatic ecosystem stability. One proposed mechanism seeking to explain such body-size reductions, known as the gill oxygen limitation (GOL) hypothesis, has recently been used to model future impacts of climate warming on fisheries but has not been robustly empirically tested. We used brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), a fast-growing, cold-water salmonid species of broad economic, conservation and ecological value, to examine the GOL hypothesis in a long-term experiment quantifying effects of temperature on growth, resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and gill surface area (GSA). Despite significantly reduced growth and body size at an elevated temperature, allometric slopes of GSA were not significantly different than 1.0 and were above those for RMR and MMR at both temperature treatments (15°C and 20°C), contrary to GOL expectations. We also found that the effect of temperature on RMR was time-dependent, contradicting the prediction that heightened temperatures increase metabolic rates and reinforcing the importance of longer-term exposures (e.g. >6 months) to fully understand the influence of acclimation on temperature-metabolic rate relationships. Our results indicate that although oxygen limitation may be important in some aspects of temperature-body size relationships and constraints on metabolic supply may contribute to reduced growth in some cases, it is unlikely that GOL is a universal mechanism explaining temperature-body size relationships in aquatic ectotherms. We suggest future research focus on alternative mechanisms underlying temperature-body size relationships, and that projections of climate change impacts on fisheries yields using models based on GOL assumptions be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Lonthair
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
- National Research Council under contract to Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037-1508, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wegner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla 92037-1508, CA, USA
| | - Brian S. Cheng
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew J. O'Donnell
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the S. O. Conte Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376-1000, USA
| | - Amy M. Regish
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the S. O. Conte Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376-1000, USA
| | - John D. Swenson
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
| | - Estefany Argueta
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the S. O. Conte Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376-1000, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Letcher
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the S. O. Conte Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376-1000, USA
| | - Lisa M. Komoroske
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9285, USA
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15
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Maskrey DK, Killen SS, Sneddon LU, Arnold KE, Wolfenden DCC, Thomson JS. Differential metabolic responses in bold and shy sea anemones during a simulated heatwave. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb244662. [PMID: 38235786 PMCID: PMC10912810 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
As climate change-induced heatwaves become more common, phenotypic plasticity at multiple levels is a key mitigation strategy by which organisms can optimise selective outcomes. In ectotherms, changes to both metabolism and behaviour can help alleviate thermal stress. Nonetheless, no study in any ectotherm has yet empirically investigated how changing temperatures affect among-individual differences in the associations between these traits. Using the beadlet anemone (Actinia equina), an intertidal species from a thermally heterogeneous environment, we investigated how individual metabolic rates, linked to morphotypic differences in A. equina, and boldness were related across changing temperatures. A crossed-over design and a temporal control were used to test the same individuals at a non-stressful temperature, 13°C, and under a simulated heatwave at 21°C. At each temperature, short-term repeated measurements of routine metabolic rate (RMR) and a single measurement of a repeatable boldness-related behaviour, immersion response time (IRT), were made. Individual differences, but not morphotypic differences, were highly predictive of metabolic plasticity, and the plasticity of RMR was associated with IRT. At 13°C, shy animals had the highest metabolic rates, while at 21°C, this relationship was reversed. Individuals that were bold at 13°C also exhibited the highest metabolic rates at 21°C. Additional metabolic challenges during heatwaves could be detrimental to fitness in bold individuals. Equally, lower metabolic rates at non-stressful temperatures could be necessary for optimal survival as heatwaves become more common. These results provide novel insight into the relationship between metabolic and behavioural plasticity, and its adaptive implications in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Maskrey
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, Nicholson Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lynne U. Sneddon
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathryn E. Arnold
- Department of Environment and Geography, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - David C. C. Wolfenden
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jack S. Thomson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, Nicholson Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
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16
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Ojelade O, Storm Z, Fu C, Cortese D, Munson A, Boulamail S, Pineda M, Kochhann D, Killen S. Capture and discard practises associated with an ornamental fishery affect the metabolic rate and aerobic capacity of three-striped dwarf cichlids Apistogramma trifasciata. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coad105. [PMID: 38293637 PMCID: PMC10823353 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Fishing causes direct removal of individuals from wild populations but can also cause a physiological disturbance in fish that are released or discarded after capture. While sublethal physiological effects of fish capture have been well studied in commercial and recreational fisheries, this issue has been overlooked for the ornamental fish trade, where it is common to capture fish from the wild and discard non-target species. We examined metabolic responses to capture and discard procedures in the three-striped dwarf cichlid Apistogramma trifasciata, a popular Amazonian aquarium species that nonetheless may be discarded when not a target species. Individuals (n = 34) were tagged and exposed to each of four treatments designed to simulate procedures during the capture and discard process: 1) a non-handling control; 2) netting; 3) netting +30 seconds of air exposure; and 4) netting +60 seconds of air exposure. Metabolic rates were estimated using intermittent-flow respirometry, immediately following each treatment then throughout recovery overnight. Increasing amounts of netting and air exposure caused an acute increase in oxygen uptake and decrease in available aerobic scope. In general, recovery occurred quickly, with rapid decreases in oxygen uptake within the first 30 minutes post-handling. Notably, however, male fish exposed to netting +60 seconds of air exposure showed a delayed response whereby available aerobic scope was constrained <75% of maximum until ~4-6 hours post-stress. Larger fish showed a greater initial increase in oxygen uptake post-stress and slower rates of recovery. The results suggest that in the period following discard, this species may experience a reduced aerobic capacity for additional behavioural/physiological responses including feeding, territory defence and predator avoidance. These results are among the first to examine impacts of discard practises in the ornamental fishery and suggest ecophysiological research can provide valuable insight towards increasing sustainable practises in this global trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Ojelade
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Zoe Storm
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Cheng Fu
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Daphne Cortese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Amelia Munson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Sarah Boulamail
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mar Pineda
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Daiani Kochhann
- Laboratory of Behavioural Ecophysiology, Center of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Acaraú Valley State University, 850 Avenue da Universidade, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil, 62040370
| | - Shaun Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
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17
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Kraskura K, Hardison EA, Eliason EJ. Body size and temperature affect metabolic and cardiac thermal tolerance in fish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17900. [PMID: 37857749 PMCID: PMC10587238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44574-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental warming is associated with reductions in ectotherm body sizes, suggesting that larger individuals may be more vulnerable to climate change. The mechanisms driving size-specific vulnerability to temperature are unknown but are required to finetune predictions of fisheries productivity and size-structure community responses to climate change. We explored the potential metabolic and cardiac mechanisms underlying these body size vulnerability trends in a eurythermal fish, barred surfperch. We acutely exposed surfperch across a large size range (5-700 g) to four ecologically relevant temperatures (16 °C, 12 °C, 20 °C, and 22 °C) and subsequently, measured their metabolic capacity (absolute and factorial aerobic scopes, maximum and resting metabolic rates; AAS, FAS, MMR, RMR). Additionally, we estimated the fish's cardiac thermal tolerance by measuring their maximum heart rates (fHmax) across acutely increasing temperatures. Barred surfperch had parallel hypoallometric scaling of MMR and RMR (exponent 0.81) and a weaker hypoallometric scaling of fHmax (exponent - 0.05) across all test temperatures. In contrast to our predictions, the fish's aerobic capacity was maintained across sizes and acute temperatures, and larger fish had greater cardiac thermal tolerance than smaller fish. These results demonstrate that thermal performance may be limited by different physiological constraints depending on the size of the animal and species of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
| | - Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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18
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Yoon GR, Thorstensen MJ, Bugg WS, Bouyoucos IA, Deslauriers D, Anderson WG. Comparison of metabolic rate between two genetically distinct populations of lake sturgeon. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10470. [PMID: 37664502 PMCID: PMC10468615 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperatures differ across latitudes in the temperate zone, with relatively lower summer and fall temperatures in the north leading to a shorter growing season prior to winter. As an adaptive response, during early life stages, fish in northern latitudes may grow faster than their conspecifics in southern latitudes, which potentially manifests as different allometric relationships between body mass and metabolic rate. In the present study, we examined if population or year class had an effect on the variation of metabolic rate and metabolic scaling of age-0 lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) by examining these traits in both a northern (Nelson River) and a southern (Winnipeg River) population. We compiled 6 years of data that used intermittent flow respirometry to measure metabolic rate within the first year of life for developing sturgeon that were raised in the same environment at 16°C. We then used a Bayesian modeling approach to examine the impacts of population and year class on metabolic rate and mass-scaling of metabolic rate. Despite previous reports of genetic differences between populations, our results showed that there were no significant differences in standard metabolic rate, routine metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate, and metabolic scaling between the two geographically separated populations at a temperature of 16°C. Our analysis implied that the lack of metabolic differences between populations could be due to family effects/parental contribution, or the rearing temperature used in the study. The present research provided insights for conservation and reintroduction strategies for these populations of lake sturgeon, which are endangered or threatened across most of their natural range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangseok R. Yoon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Matt J. Thorstensen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - William S. Bugg
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
- Pacific Salmon FoundationVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Ian A. Bouyoucos
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - David Deslauriers
- Institut des sciences de la mer de RimouskiUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQuébecCanada
| | - W. Gary Anderson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
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19
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Porter ES, Gamperl AK. Cardiorespiratory physiology and swimming capacity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at cold temperatures. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245990. [PMID: 37661722 PMCID: PMC10499030 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how acclimation to 8, 4 and 1°C, and acute cooling from 8 to 1°C, affected the Atlantic salmon's aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and cardiac function, during a critical swim speed (Ucrit) test. This study revealed several interesting temperature-dependent effects. First, while differences in resting heart rate (fH) between groups were predictable based on previous research (range ∼28-65 beats min-1), with values for 1°C-acclimated fish slightly higher than those of acutely exposed conspecifics, the resting cardiac output () of 1°C-acclimated fish was much lower and compensated for by a higher resting blood oxygen extraction (ṀO2/). In contrast, the acutely exposed fish had a ∼2-fold greater resting stroke volume (VS) compared with that of the other groups. Second, increases in fH (1.2- to 1.4-fold) contributed little to during the Ucrit test, and the contributions of (VS) versus ṀO2/ to aerobic scope (AS) were very different in the two groups tested at 1°C (1°C-acclimated and 8-1°C fish). Finally, Ucrit was 2.08 and 1.69 body lengths (BL) s-1 in the 8 and 4°C-acclimated groups, but only 1.27 and 1.44 BL s-1 in the 1°C-acclimated and 8-1°C fish, respectively - this lower value in 1°C versus 8-1°C fish despite higher values for maximum metabolic rate and AS. These data: support recent studies which suggest that the capacity to increase fH is constrained at low temperatures; show that cardiorespiratory function at cold temperatures, and its response to increased demands, depends on exposure duration; and suggest that AS does not constrain swimming capacity in salmon when chronically exposed to temperatures approaching their lower limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S. Porter
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
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20
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Guscelli E, Noisette F, Chabot D, Blier PU, Hansen T, Cassista-Da Ros M, Pepin P, Skanes KR, Calosi P. Northern shrimp from multiple origins show similar sensitivity to global change drivers, but different cellular energetic capacity. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245400. [PMID: 37497774 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Species with a wide distribution can experience significant regional variation in environmental conditions, to which they can acclimatize or adapt. Consequently, the geographic origin of an organism can influence its responses to environmental changes, and therefore its sensitivity to combined global change drivers. This study aimed at determining the physiological responses of the northern shrimp, Pandalus borealis, at different levels of biological organization and from four different geographic origins, exposed to elevated temperature and low pH to define its sensitivity to future ocean warming and acidification. Shrimp sampled within the northwest Atlantic were exposed for 30 days to combinations of three temperature (2, 6 or 10°C) and two pH levels (7.75 or 7.40). Survival, metabolic rates, whole-organism aerobic performance and cellular energetic capacity were assessed at the end of the exposure. Our results show that shrimp survival was negatively affected by temperature above 6°C and low pH, regardless of their origin. Additionally, shrimp from different origins show overall similar whole-organism performances: aerobic scope increasing with increasing temperature and decreasing with decreasing pH. Finally, the stability of aerobic metabolism appears to be related to cellular adjustments specific to shrimp origin. Our results show that the level of intraspecific variation differs among levels of biological organization: different cellular capacities lead to similar individual performances. Thus, the sensitivity of the northern shrimp to ocean warming and acidification is overall comparable among origins. Nonetheless, shrimp vulnerability to predicted global change scenarios for 2100 could differ among origins owing to different regional environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Guscelli
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Denis Chabot
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Rte de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Tanya Hansen
- Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850 Rte de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Pepin
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Katherine R Skanes
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 E White Hills Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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21
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Zhang JH, Long R, Jing YY, Zhang P, Xu Y, Xiong W, Zhu YQ, Luo YP. Loss of behavioral stress response in blind cavefish reduces energy expenditure. Zool Res 2023; 44:678-692. [PMID: 37147886 PMCID: PMC10415775 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress response is essential for animal self-defense and survival. However, species may exhibit stress response variation depending on their specific environmental and selection pressures. Blind cavefish dwell in cave environments, which differ markedly in stressors and resource availability compared to surface aquatic environments. However, whether blind cavefish exhibit differences in stress response as an adaptation to their cave environments remains unclear. Here, we investigated differences in stress response in six closely related Triplophysa species, including three blind cavefish (T. longibarbata, T. jiarongensis, and T. rosa) and three normal-sighted river fish (T. nasobarbatula, T. dongsaiensis, and T. bleekeri). Results showed that blind cavefish exhibited a range of distinct behavioral responses compared to sighted river fish, including greater levels of activity, shorter duration of freezing, absence of erratic movements or thrashing behavior, and opposite behavioral trends over time. Furthermore, the cavefish species demonstrated attenuated increases in metabolic rate in response to stressors related to novel environments. Cave-dwelling T. rosa also exhibited lower basal hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis-related gene expression levels and stress hormone concentrations compared to river-dwelling T. bleekeri. These results suggest that blind cavefish may have lost their behavioral stress response, potentially mediated by a reduction in basal activity of the HPI axis, thus enabling the conservation of energy by reducing unnecessary expenditure in energy-limited caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Long
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang-Yang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi-Ping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. E-mail:
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22
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Duncan MI, Micheli F, Boag TH, Marquez JA, Deres H, Deutsch CA, Sperling EA. Oxygen availability and body mass modulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3811. [PMID: 37369654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ocean that is rapidly warming and losing oxygen, accurate forecasting of species' responses must consider how this environmental change affects fundamental aspects of their physiology. Here, we develop an absolute metabolic index (ΦA) that quantifies how ocean temperature, dissolved oxygen and organismal mass interact to constrain the total oxygen budget an organism can use to fuel sustainable levels of aerobic metabolism. We calibrate species-specific parameters of ΦA with physiological measurements for red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and purple urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). ΦA models highlight that the temperature where oxygen supply is greatest shifts cooler when water loses oxygen or organisms grow larger, providing a mechanistic explanation for observed thermal preference patterns. Viable habitat forecasts are disproportionally deleterious for red abalone, revealing how species-specific physiologies modulate the intensity of a common climate signal, captured in the newly developed ΦA framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray I Duncan
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
- Department of Environment, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles.
- Blue Economy Research Institute, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles.
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H Boag
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - J Andres Marquez
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hailey Deres
- Earth Systems, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Curtis A Deutsch
- Department of Geosciences and the High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Erik A Sperling
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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23
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Harding L, Jackson AL, Payne N. Energetic costs increase with faster heating in an aquatic ectotherm. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad042. [PMID: 38026795 PMCID: PMC10660381 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The thermal sensitivity of metabolism is widely studied due to its perceived importance for organismal fitness and resilience to future climate change. Almost all such studies estimate metabolism at a variety of constant temperatures, with very little work exploring how metabolism varies during temperature change. However, temperature in nature is rarely static, so our existing understanding from experiments may not reflect how temperature influences metabolism in natural systems. Using closed-chamber respirometry, we estimated the aerobic metabolic rate of an aquatic ectotherm, the Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemonetes varians, under varying thermal conditions. We continuously measured oxygen consumption of shrimp during heating, cooling and constant temperatures, starting trials at a range of acclimation temperatures and exposing shrimp to a variety of rates of temperature change. In a broad sense, cumulative oxygen consumption estimated from static temperature exposures corresponded to estimates derived from ramping experiments. However, further analyses showed that oxygen consumption increases for both faster heating and faster cooling, with rapid heating driving higher metabolic rates than if shrimp were warmed slowly. These results suggest a systematic influence of heating rate on the thermal sensitivity of metabolism. With influential concepts such as the metabolic theory of ecology founded in data from constant temperature experiments, our results encourage further exploration of how variable temperature impacts organism energetics, and to test the generality of our findings across species. This is especially important given climate forecasts of heat waves that are characterised by both increased temperatures and faster rates of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Harding
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew L Jackson
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Payne
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Metcalfe NB, Bellman J, Bize P, Blier PU, Crespel A, Dawson NJ, Dunn RE, Halsey LG, Hood WR, Hopkins M, Killen SS, McLennan D, Nadler LE, Nati JJH, Noakes MJ, Norin T, Ozanne SE, Peaker M, Pettersen AK, Przybylska-Piech A, Rathery A, Récapet C, Rodríguez E, Salin K, Stier A, Thoral E, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Wojciechowski MS, Monaghan P. Solving the conundrum of intra-specific variation in metabolic rate: A multidisciplinary conceptual and methodological toolkit: New technical developments are opening the door to an understanding of why metabolic rate varies among individual animals of a species: New technical developments are opening the door to an understanding of why metabolic rate varies among individual animals of a species. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300026. [PMID: 37042115 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Researchers from diverse disciplines, including organismal and cellular physiology, sports science, human nutrition, evolution and ecology, have sought to understand the causes and consequences of the surprising variation in metabolic rate found among and within individual animals of the same species. Research in this area has been hampered by differences in approach, terminology and methodology, and the context in which measurements are made. Recent advances provide important opportunities to identify and address the key questions in the field. By bringing together researchers from different areas of biology and biomedicine, we describe and evaluate these developments and the insights they could yield, highlighting the need for more standardisation across disciplines. We conclude with a list of important questions that can now be addressed by developing a common conceptual and methodological toolkit for studies on metabolic variation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil B Metcalfe
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jakob Bellman
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Bize
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Pierre U Blier
- Département de Biologie, Université de Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
| | - Amélie Crespel
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Neal J Dawson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruth E Dunn
- Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Leeds University, Leeds, UK
| | - Shaun S Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Darryl McLennan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lauren E Nadler
- Ocean and Earth Science, NOC, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julie J H Nati
- Ocean Sciences Center, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada
| | - Matthew J Noakes
- School of Animal, Plant, and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Przybylska-Piech
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology & Ecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alann Rathery
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Récapet
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, ECOBIOP, Saint-Pée-sur-, Nivelle, France
| | - Enrique Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karine Salin
- IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Laboratory of Environmental Marine Sciences, Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Stier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elisa Thoral
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Nutrition & Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michał S Wojciechowski
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology & Ecology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Pat Monaghan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Pringle BA, Duncan MI, Winkler AC, Mafwila S, Jagger C, McKeown NJ, Shaw PW, Henriques R, Potts WM. Ocean warming favours a northern Argyrosomus species over its southern congener, whereas preliminary metabolic evidence suggests that hybridization may promote their adaptation. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad026. [PMID: 37179704 PMCID: PMC10170327 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic-induced climate change is having profound impacts on aquatic ecosystems, and the resilience of fish populations will be determined by their response to these impacts. The northern Namibian coast is an ocean warming hotspot, with temperatures rising faster than the global average. The rapid warming in Namibia has had considerable impacts on marine fauna, such as the southern extension of the distribution of Argyrosomus coronus from southern Angola into northern Namibian waters, where it now overlaps and hybridizes with the closely related Namibian species, A. inodorus. Understanding how these species (and their hybrids) perform at current and future temperatures is vital to optimize adaptive management for Argyrosomus species. Intermittent flow-through respirometry was used to quantify standard and maximum metabolic rates for Argyrosomus individuals across a range of temperatures. The modelled aerobic scope (AS) of A. inodorus was notably higher at cooler temperatures (12, 15, 18 and 21°C) compared with that of A. coronus, whereas the AS was similar at 24°C. Although only five hybrids were detected and three modelled, their AS was in the upper bounds of the models at 15, 18 and 24°C. These findings suggest that the warming conditions in northern Namibia may increasingly favour A. coronus and promote the poleward movement of the leading edge of their southern distribution. In contrast, the poor aerobic performance of both species at cold temperatures (12°C) suggests that the cold water associated with the permanent Lüderitz Upwelling Cell in the south may constrain both species to central Namibia. This is most concerning for A. inodorus because it may be subjected to a considerable coastal squeeze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Pringle
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- Advance Africa Management Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Murray I Duncan
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
- University of Seychelles and Blue Economy Research Institute, Anse Royale, Mahe, Seychelles
| | - Alexander C Winkler
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Samuel Mafwila
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia, Henties Bay, Namibia
| | - Charmaine Jagger
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia, Henties Bay, Namibia
- Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
| | - Niall J McKeown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Paul W Shaw
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Romina Henriques
- Marine Genomics Group, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Warren M Potts
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa
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26
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Somo DA, Chu K, Richards JG. Gill surface area allometry does not constrain the body mass scaling of maximum oxygen uptake rate in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01490-9. [PMID: 37149515 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The gill oxygen limitation hypothesis (GOLH) suggests that hypometric scaling of metabolic rate in fishes is a consequence of oxygen supply constraints imposed by the mismatched growth rates of gill surface area (a two-dimensional surface) and body mass (a three-dimensional volume). GOLH may, therefore, explain the size-dependent spatial distribution of fish in temperature- and oxygen-variable environments through size-dependent respiratory capacity, but this question is unstudied. We tested GOLH in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus, a species in which body mass decreases with increasing temperature- and oxygen-variability in the intertidal, a pattern consistent with GOLH. We statistically evaluated support for GOLH versus distributed control of [Formula: see text] allometry by comparing scaling coefficients for gill surface area, standard and maximum [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text],Standard and [Formula: see text],Max, respectively), ventricle mass, hematocrit, and metabolic enzyme activities in white muscle. To empirically evaluate whether there is a proximate constraint on oxygen supply capacity with increasing body mass, we measured [Formula: see text],Max across a range of Po2s from normoxia to Pcrit, calculated the regulation value (R), a measure of oxyregulatory capacity, and analyzed the R-body mass relationship. In contrast with GOLH, gill surface area scaling either matched or was more than sufficient to meet [Formula: see text] demands with increasing body mass and R did not change with body mass. Ventricle mass (b = 1.22) scaled similarly to [Formula: see text],Max (b = 1.18) suggesting a possible role for the heart in the scaling of [Formula: see text],Max. Together our results do not support GOLH as a mechanism structuring the distribution of O. maculosus and suggest distributed control of oxyregulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Somo
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Ken Chu
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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27
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Dey P, Bradley TM, Boymelgreen A. The impact of selected abiotic factors on Artemia hatching process through real-time observation of oxygen changes in a microfluidic platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6370. [PMID: 37076493 PMCID: PMC10115827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current studies on abiotic impacts on Artemia, a crustacean which is widely used in aquaculture, and ecotoxicology, often focus on endpoint analysis (e.g., hatching rates, survival). Here, we demonstrate that a mechanistic understanding can be obtained through measurement of oxygen consumption in real-time over an extended time period in a microfluidic platform. The platform enables high level control of the microenvironment and direct observation of morphological changes. As a demonstration, temperature and salinity are chosen to represent critical abiotic parameters that are also threatened by climate change. The hatching process of Artemia consists of four different stages: hydration, differentiation, emergence, and hatching. Different temperatures (20, 35, and 30 °C) and salinities (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppt) are shown to significantly alter the duration of hatching stages, metabolic rates, and hatchability. Specifically, the metabolic resumption of dormant Artemia cysts was significantly enhanced at higher temperatures and moderate salinity, however, the time needed for this resumption was only dependent on higher temperatures. Hatchability was inversely related to the duration of the differentiation stage of hatching, which persisted longer at lower temperatures and salinities. The current approach of investigation of metabolism and corresponding physical changes can be employed to study hatching processes of other aquatic species, even those with low metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preyojon Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Terence M Bradley
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Alicia Boymelgreen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
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28
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Grimmelpont M, Milinkovitch T, Dubillot E, Lefrançois C. Individual aerobic performance and anaerobic compensation in a temperate fish during a simulated marine heatwave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160844. [PMID: 36528094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change and have strong negative effects on ecosystem. Few studies have reproduced the complex nature of temperature changes of a MHW, while it is suggested that ectotherms may be more vulnerable to rapid changes such as during MHWs. Effects of an experimental MHW were investigated in the golden grey mullet Chelon auratus. Juveniles acclimated to 20 °C were exposed to a rapid 5 °C increase in temperature, followed by a five-day period at 25 °C, before quickly returning to 20°C. Metabolic variables (SMR-standard, MMR-maximum rate, AS-aerobic scope, EPOC-excess post‑oxygen consumption) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were measured at different phases of this MHW and after a thermally stable recovery phase. Although the pattern was only significant for the SMR, the aerobic three variables describing aerobic metabolism (SMR, MMR and AS) immediately increased in fish exposed to the acute elevation of temperature, and remained elevated when fish stayed at 25 °C for five days. A similar increase of these metabolic variables was observed for fish that were progressively acclimated to 25 °C. This suggests that temperature increases contribute to increases in metabolism; however, the acute nature of the MHW had no influence. At the end of the MHW, the SMR remained elevated, suggesting an additional cost of obligatory activities due to the extreme event. In parallel, Ucrit did not vary regardless of the thermal conditions. Concerning EPOC, it significantly increased only when fish were acutely exposed to 25 °C. This strongly suggests that fish may buffer the effects of acute changes in temperature by shifting to anaerobic metabolism. Globally, this species appears able to cope with this MHW, but that's without taking into consideration future projections describing an increase in both intensity and frequency of such events, as well as other stressors like pollution or hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Grimmelpont
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Thomas Milinkovitch
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Emmanuel Dubillot
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Christel Lefrançois
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
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29
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Brandl SJ, Lefcheck JS, Bates AE, Rasher DB, Norin T. Can metabolic traits explain animal community assembly and functioning? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1-18. [PMID: 36054431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
All animals on Earth compete for free energy, which is acquired, assimilated, and ultimately allocated to growth and reproduction. Competition is strongest within communities of sympatric, ecologically similar animals of roughly equal size (i.e. horizontal communities), which are often the focus of traditional community ecology. The replacement of taxonomic identities with functional traits has improved our ability to decipher the ecological dynamics that govern the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Yet, the use of low-resolution and taxonomically idiosyncratic traits in animals may have hampered progress to date. An animal's metabolic rate (MR) determines the costs of basic organismal processes and activities, thus linking major aspects of the multifaceted constructs of ecological niches (where, when, and how energy is obtained) and ecological fitness (how much energy is accumulated and passed on to future generations). We review evidence from organismal physiology to large-scale analyses across the tree of life to propose that MR gives rise to a group of meaningful functional traits - resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) - that may permit an improved quantification of the energetic basis of species coexistence and, ultimately, the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Specifically, metabolic traits integrate across a variety of typical trait proxies for energy acquisition and allocation in animals (e.g. body size, diet, mobility, life history, habitat use), to yield a smaller suite of continuous quantities that: (1) can be precisely measured for individuals in a standardized fashion; and (2) apply to all animals regardless of their body plan, habitat, or taxonomic affiliation. While integrating metabolic traits into animal community ecology is neither a panacea to disentangling the nuanced effects of biological differences on animal community structure and functioning, nor without challenges, a small number of studies across different taxa suggest that MR may serve as a useful proxy for the energetic basis of competition in animals. Thus, the application of MR traits for animal communities can lead to a more general understanding of community assembly and functioning, enhance our ability to trace eco-evolutionary dynamics from genotypes to phenotypes (and vice versa), and help predict the responses of animal communities to environmental change. While trait-based ecology has improved our knowledge of animal communities to date, a more explicit energetic lens via the integration of metabolic traits may further strengthen the existing framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Brandl
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Douglas B Rasher
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Social isolation does not alter the relationship between flexibility in metabolic rate and growth in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under changing food availability. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:95-108. [PMID: 36355208 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth and energy metabolism are highly flexible in fish species in response to food availability, and these two traits depend to some extent on the social rearing environment (e.g., isolated vs. group rearing). Currently, how social rearing environments influence flexibility in metabolic rate of fish and their ecological consequences (e.g., somatic growth) remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated how social isolation (i.e., group-reared vs. isolation-reared) and food availability (i.e., high vs. low) affect metabolic rates, growth and their correlations in a group-living fish, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), which were subjected to a 4-week growth experiment. The metabolic rates (e.g., standard metabolic rate, SMR; maximum metabolic rate, MMR; aerobic scope, AS = MMR-SMR) and morphology (e.g., body mass and length) of the fish in four treatments were measured at the beginning and end of the growth experiment, and then the growth parameters (e.g., food intake, FI; feeding efficiency, FE; and specific growth rate, SGR) were also obtained. We found that social isolation did impair growth of fish with individuals showing a lower SGR compared to those group-reared fish irrespective of food availability. However, the growth advantage of group-reared fish under two food availabilities did not result from their FIs or FEs. Metabolic rates (i.e., SMR) seemed to decrease in response to social isolation, but increased greater when fish were reared at high food ration. These shifts in metabolic rates were positively linked with individual differences in somatic growth; individuals who increased metabolic rates more grew faster, while those who increased their metabolic rates less or even reduced had a lower growth, but these links were independent on both social isolation and food ration. These results suggested that social isolation can inhibit the growth of individual fish, but not the AS. Flexibility in metabolic rates could confer a growth advantage under changing food availability, but the links between variation in energy metabolism and growth were not altered by social deprivation. Our study demonstrates the importance of metabolic plasticity accounting for inter-individual difference in growth performance under the challenges of changing food resource.
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Thambithurai D, Lanthier I, Contant E, Killen SS, Binning SA. Fish vulnerability to capture by trapping is modulated by individual parasite density. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221956. [PMID: 36515121 PMCID: PMC9748777 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial fishery harvest is a powerful evolutionary agent, but we know little about whether environmental stressors affect harvest-associated selection. We test how parasite infection relates to trapping vulnerability through selective processes underlying capture. We used fish naturally infected with parasites, including trematodes causing black spots under fish skin. We first assessed how individual parasite density related to standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and absolute aerobic scope (AAS)-then used laboratory fishing simulations to test how capture vulnerability was related to parasite density. We further explored group-trapping dynamics using experimental shoals containing varying proportions of infected fish (groups of six with either 0, 2, 4 or 6 infected individuals). At the individual level, we found a positive relationship between parasite presence and SMR, but not MMR or AAS. While we saw no relationship between individual metabolic capacity and vulnerability to trapping, we found the length of time fish spent in traps increased with increasing parasite density, a predictor of trapping-related capture probability. At the group level, the number of infected individuals in a shoal did not affect overall group trapping vulnerability. Our results suggest that parasite infection has some capacity to shift individual vulnerability patterns in fisheries, and potentially influence the evolutionary outcomes of fisheries-induced evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Thambithurai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Ifremer, Sète 32400, France
| | - Isabel Lanthier
- Département de sciences biologiques, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eloi Contant
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, 4-14 rue Ferrus, Paris 75014, France
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Ressources Aquatiques Québec (RAQ), Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), Université de Québec à Rimouski, 310 avenue des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 2Z9
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Somo DA, Chu K, Richards JG. Aerobic scope falls to nil at Pcrit and anaerobic ATP production increases below Pcrit in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220342. [PMID: 36475421 PMCID: PMC9727657 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical oxygen tension of whole-animal oxygen uptake rate, or Pcrit, has historically been defined as the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) at which aerobic scope falls to zero and further declines in PO2 require substrate-level phosphorylation to meet shortfalls in aerobic ATP production, thereby time-limiting survival. Despite the inclusion of aerobic scope and anaerobic ATP production in the definition, little effort has been made to verify that Pcrit measurements, the vast majority of which are obtained using respirometry in resting animals, actually reflect the predictions of zero aerobic scope and a transition to increasing reliance on anaerobic ATP production. To test these predictions, we compared aerobic scope and levels of whole-body lactate at oxygen partial pressures (PO2s) bracketing Pcrit obtained in resting fish during progressive hypoxia in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. We found that aerobic scope falls to zero at Pcrit and, in resting fish exposed to PO2s < Pcrit, whole-body lactate accumulated pointing to an increased reliance on anaerobic ATP production. These results support the interpretation of Pcrit as a key oxygen threshold at which aerobic scope falls to nil and, below Pcrit, survival is time-limited based on anaerobic metabolic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A. Somo
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Ken Chu
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jeffrey G. Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Cortese D, Crespel A, Mills SC, Norin T, Killen SS, Beldade R. Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth and phenotype. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Cortese
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Moorea Papetoai French Polynesia
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Amélie Crespel
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Suzanne C. Mills
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Moorea Papetoai French Polynesia
- Laboratoire d'Excellence “CORAIL” France
| | - Tommy Norin
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Ricardo Beldade
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Moorea Papetoai French Polynesia
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas and Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Las Cruces Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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Yancheva V, Georgieva E, Velcheva I, Iliev I, Stoyanova S, Vasileva T, Bivolarski V, Todorova-Bambaldokova D, Zulkipli N, Antal L, Nyeste K. Assessment of the exposure of two pesticides on common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758): Are the prolonged biomarker responses adaptive or destructive? Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 261:109446. [PMID: 36030007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CYP) are two insecticides that have a proven negative effect on non-target aquatic organisms when they enter the surface waters. However, literature on the comparative effects of these pesticides on important aquaculture fish species, such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) is not yet scientifically detailed, especially over the long-term. The idea of conducting a long-term exposure is to find out how the observed biomarkers would change compared to the short-term exposure. In the natural environment, toxicants are not present alone, but in combination. By monitoring the long-term impact of individual substances, the state of aquatic ecosystems exposed to various toxicants could be predicted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of different concentrations of CYP (0.0002, 0.0003, and 0.0006 μg/L) and CPF (0.03, 0.05, and 0.10 μg/L) in 50-L glass tanks on C. carpio, exposed for 30 days under laboratory conditions. A set of histological and biochemical biomarkers in the gills and liver were applied with the chemical analyses of water and fish organs. Furthermore, the condition and hepatosomatic index were calculated to assess the physiological status of the treated carps. The behavioral responses were also monitored, and the respiration rate was analyzed. The results suggest that CYP had a more prominent effect on the histological structure of fish organs, biochemical responses of anti-oxidant enzymes, behavior, and respiration rate compared to the effect of CPF. In addition, the results also indicate that the liver is more susceptible to chronic and chemically induced cellular stress compared to the gills, with overall destructive changes in the histological biomarkers rather than adaptive. Regardless of the scenario, our results provide novel insights into pesticide exposure and the possible biological impacts on economically important freshwater fish, exposed to lower CYP and CPF concentrations, based on the EU legislation (maximum allowable concentrations, MAC-EQS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesela Yancheva
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elenka Georgieva
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Velcheva
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ilia Iliev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stela Stoyanova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tonka Vasileva
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Veselin Bivolarski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nurfatin Zulkipli
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Antal
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Nyeste
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; National Laboratory for Water Science and Water Safety, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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35
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Guitard J, Chrétien E, Bonville JD, Roche DG, Boisclair D, Binning SA. Increased parasite load is associated with reduced metabolic rates and escape responsiveness in pumpkinseed sunfish. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276167. [PMID: 35818812 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild animals have parasites that can compromise their physiological and/or behavioural performance. Yet, the extent to which parasite load is related to intraspecific variation in performance traits within wild populations remains relatively unexplored. We used pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) and their endoparasites as a model system to explore the effects of infection load on host aerobic metabolism and escape performance. Metabolic traits (standard and maximum metabolic rates, aerobic scope) and fast-start escape responses following a simulated aerial attack by a predator (responsiveness, response latency, and escape distance) were measured in fish from across a gradient of visible (i.e. trematodes causing black spot disease counted on fish surfaces) and non-visible (i.e. cestodes in fish abdominal cavity counted post-mortem) endoparasite infection. We found that a higher infection load of non-visible endoparasites was related to lower standard and maximum metabolic rates, but not aerobic scope in fish. Non-visible endoparasite infection load was also related to decreased responsiveness of the host to a simulated aerial attack. Visible endoparasites were not related to changes in metabolic traits nor fast-start escape responses. Our results suggest that infection with parasites that are inconspicuous to researchers can result in intraspecific variation in physiological and behavioral performance in wild populations, highlighting the need to more explicitly acknowledge and account for the role played by natural infections in studies of wild animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Guitard
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Thérèse- Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec, H2V 0B3, Canada.,Institut des sciences de la mer (ISMER), Université de Québec à Rimouski, 310 avenue des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 2Z9, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Chrétien
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Thérèse- Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec, H2V 0B3, Canada.,Centre eau, terre et environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Jérémy De Bonville
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Thérèse- Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Dominique G Roche
- Institut de biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Boisclair
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Thérèse- Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec, H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375 Av. Thérèse- Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec, H2V 0B3, Canada
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36
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Martin JM, Orford JT, Melo GC, Tan H, Mason RT, Ozeki S, Bertram MG, Wong BBM, Alton LA. Exposure to an androgenic agricultural pollutant does not alter metabolic rate, behaviour, or morphology of tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118870. [PMID: 35065139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, amphibian species are experiencing dramatic population declines, and many face the risk of imminent extinction. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been recognised as an underappreciated factor contributing to global amphibian declines. In this regard, the use of hormonal growth promotants in the livestock industry provides a direct pathway for EDCs to enter the environment-including the potent anabolic steroid 17β-trenbolone. Emerging evidence suggests that 17β-trenbolone can impact traits related to metabolism, somatic growth, and behaviour in non-target species. However, far less is known about possible effects of 17β-trenbolone on anuran species, particularly during early life stages. Accordingly, in the present study we investigated the effects of 28-day exposure to 17β-trenbolone (mean measured concentrations: 10 and 66 ng/L) on body size, body condition, metabolic rate, and anxiety-related behaviour of tadpoles (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis). Specifically, we measured rates of O2 consumption of individual tadpoles as a proxy for metabolic rate and quantified their swimming activity and their time spent in the upper half of the water column as indicators of anxiety-related behaviour. Counter to our predictions based on effects observed in other taxa, we detected no effect of 17β-trenbolone on body size, metabolic rate, or behaviour of tadpoles; although, we did detect a subtle, but statistically significant decrease in body condition at the highest 17β-trenbolone concentration. We hypothesise that 17β-trenbolone may induce taxa-specific effects on metabolic function, growth, and anxiety-related behaviour, with anurans being less sensitive to disruption than fish, and encourage further cross-taxa investigation to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jack T Orford
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriela C Melo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel T Mason
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shiho Ozeki
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Roche DG, Raby GD, Norin T, Ern R, Scheuffele H, Skeeles M, Morgan R, Andreassen AH, Clements JC, Louissaint S, Jutfelt F, Clark TD, Binning SA. Paths towards greater consensus building in experimental biology. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274263. [PMID: 35258604 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In a recent editorial, the Editors-in-Chief of Journal of Experimental Biology argued that consensus building, data sharing, and better integration across disciplines are needed to address the urgent scientific challenges posed by climate change. We agree and expand on the importance of cross-disciplinary integration and transparency to improve consensus building and advance climate change research in experimental biology. We investigated reproducible research practices in experimental biology through a review of open data and analysis code associated with empirical studies on three debated paradigms and for unrelated studies published in leading journals in comparative physiology and behavioural ecology over the last 10 years. Nineteen per cent of studies on the three paradigms had open data, and 3.2% had open code. Similarly, 12.1% of studies in the journals we examined had open data, and 3.1% had open code. Previous research indicates that only 50% of shared datasets are complete and re-usable, suggesting that fewer than 10% of studies in experimental biology have usable open data. Encouragingly, our results indicate that reproducible research practices are increasing over time, with data sharing rates in some journals reaching 75% in recent years. Rigorous empirical research in experimental biology is key to understanding the mechanisms by which climate change affects organisms, and ultimately promotes evidence-based conservation policy and practice. We argue that a greater adoption of open science practices, with a particular focus on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Re-usable) data and code, represents a much-needed paradigm shift towards improved transparency, cross-disciplinary integration, and consensus building to maximize the contributions of experimental biologists in addressing the impacts of environmental change on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique G Roche
- Canadian Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6.,Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9L 0G2
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ern
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanna Scheuffele
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Michael Skeeles
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Rachael Morgan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna H Andreassen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jeff C Clements
- Aquaculture and Coastal Ecosystems, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Gulf Region, Moncton, NB, Canada, E1C 9B6
| | - Sarahdghyn Louissaint
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2V 0B3
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2V 0B3
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38
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Prokkola JM, Åsheim ER, Morozov S, Bangura P, Erkinaro J, Ruokolainen A, Primmer CR, Aykanat T. Genetic coupling of life-history and aerobic performance in Atlantic salmon. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212500. [PMID: 35078367 PMCID: PMC8790367 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the genetic and phenotypic architecture underlying life-history variation is a longstanding aim in biology. Theories suggest energy metabolism determines life-history variation by modulating resource acquisition and allocation trade-offs, but the genetic underpinnings of the relationship and its dependence on ecological conditions have rarely been demonstrated. The strong genetic determination of age-at-maturity by two unlinked genomic regions (vgll3 and six6) makes Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) an ideal model to address these questions. Using more than 250 juveniles in common garden conditions, we quantified the covariation between metabolic phenotypes-standard and maximum metabolic rates (SMR and MMR), and aerobic scope (AS)-and the life-history genomic regions, and tested if food availability modulates the relationships. We found that the early maturation genotype in vgll3 was associated with higher MMR and consequently AS. Additionally, MMR exhibited physiological epistasis; it was decreased when late maturation genotypes co-occurred in both genomic regions. Contrary to our expectation, the life-history genotypes had no effects on SMR. Furthermore, food availability had no effect on the genetic covariation, suggesting a lack of genotype-by-environment interactions. Our results provide insights on the key organismal processes that link energy use at the juvenile stage to age-at-maturity, indicating potential mechanisms by which metabolism and life-history can coevolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni M. Prokkola
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eirik R. Åsheim
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Bangura
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Annukka Ruokolainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tutku Aykanat
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Porter E, Clow K, Sandrelli R, Gamperl A. Acute and chronic cold exposure differentially affect cardiac control, but not cardiorespiratory function, in resting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:158-170. [PMID: 35359619 PMCID: PMC8960890 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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40
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Genomic basis of fishing-associated selection varies with population density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020833118. [PMID: 34903645 PMCID: PMC8713780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020833118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisheries-associated selection is recognized as one of the strongest potential human drivers of contemporary evolution in natural populations. The results of this study show that while simulated commercial fishing techniques consistently remove fish with traits associated with growth, metabolism, and social behavior, the specific genes under fishing selection differ depending on the density of the targeted population. This finding suggests that different fish populations of varying sizes will respond differently to fishing selection at the genetic level. Furthermore, as a population is fished over time, the genes under selection may change as the population diminishes. This could have repercussions on population resilience. This study highlights the importance of selection but also environmental and density effects on harvested fish populations. Fisheries induce one of the strongest anthropogenic selective pressures on natural populations, but the genetic effects of fishing remain unclear. Crucially, we lack knowledge of how capture-associated selection and its interaction with reductions in population density caused by fishing can potentially shift which genes are under selection. Using experimental fish reared at two densities and repeatedly harvested by simulated trawling, we show consistent phenotypic selection on growth, metabolism, and social behavior regardless of density. However, the specific genes under selection—mainly related to brain function and neurogenesis—varied with the population density. This interaction between direct fishing selection and density could fundamentally alter the genomic responses to harvest. The evolutionary consequences of fishing are therefore likely context dependent, possibly varying as exploited populations decline. These results highlight the need to consider environmental factors when predicting effects of human-induced selection and evolution.
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41
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Chrétien E, Boisclair D, Cooke SJ, Killen SS. Social Group Size and Shelter Availability Influence Individual Metabolic Traits in a Social Fish. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab032. [PMID: 34859193 PMCID: PMC8633746 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group living is widespread among animal species and yields both costs and benefits. Presence of conspecifics can restrict or enhance the expression of individual behavior, and the recent social environment is thought to affect behavioral responses in later contexts, even when individuals are alone. However, little is known about how social group size influences the expression of individual physiological traits, including metabolic rates. There is some evidence that shoaling can reduce fish metabolic rates but this variable may be affected by habitat conditions such as shelter availability via density-dependent processes. We investigated how social group size and shelter availability influence Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) metabolic rates estimated by respirometry. Respirometry trials were conducted on fish in isolation before and after they were housed for 3 weeks in a social treatment consisting in a specific group size (n = 4 or 8) and shelter availability (presence or absence of plant shelter in the experimental tank). Plant shelter was placed over respirometers for half of the duration of the respirometry trials, allowing estimation of minimum daytime and nighttime metabolic rates in both conditions (in the presence or absence of plant shelter). Standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope were also estimated over the entire trial. Minimum daytime and nighttime metabolic rates estimated while in presence of plant shelter were lower than when estimated in absence of plant shelter, both before and after individuals were housed in their social treatment. After the social treatment, SMRs were higher for fish that were held in groups of 4 as compared with those of fish held in groups of 8, while MMR showed no difference. Plant shelter availability during the social treatments did not influence SMR or MMR. Our results suggest that social group size may directly influence energy demands of individuals, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of group size on variations in physiological traits associated with energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Chrétien
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
- Groupe interuniversitaire en limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Daniel Boisclair
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
- Groupe interuniversitaire en limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Groupe interuniversitaire en limnologie et environnement aquatique (GRIL), Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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42
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Wysujack K, Marohn L, Lindemann C, Illing B, Freese M, Pohlmann JD, Reiser S, Debes PV, Meskendahl L, Pelster B, Hanel R. A novel hyperbaric swimming respirometer allows the simulation of varying swimming depths in fish respirometry studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111117. [PMID: 34793952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of swimming physiology and knowledge on the metabolic costs of swimming are important for assessing effects of environmental factors on migratory behavior. Swim tunnels are the most common experimental setups for measuring swimming performance and oxygen uptake rates in fishes; however, few can realistically simulate depth and the changes in hydrostatic pressure that many fishes experience, e.g. during diel vertical migrations. Here, we present a new hyperbaric swimming respirometer (HSR) that can simulate depths of up to 80 m. The system consists of three separate, identical swimming tunnels, each with a volume of 205 L, a control board and a storage tank with water treatment. The swimming chamber of each tunnel has a length of 1.40 m and a diameter of 20 cm. The HSR uses the principle of intermittent-flow respirometry and has here been tested with female European eels (Anguilla anguilla). Various pressure, temperature and flow velocity profiles can be programmed, and the effect on metabolic activity and oxygen consumption can be assessed. Thus, the HSR provides opportunities to study the physiology of fish during swimming in a simulated depth range that corresponds to many inland, coastal and shelf waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wysujack
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Constantin Lindemann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Björn Illing
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jan-Dag Pohlmann
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefan Reiser
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Paul Vincent Debes
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany; Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Laura Meskendahl
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,; Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
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