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Díaz Ludovico I, Powell SM, Many G, Bramer L, Sarkar S, Stratton K, Liu T, Shi T, Qian WJ, Burnum-Johnson KE, Melchior JT, Nakayasu ES. A fast and sensitive size-exclusion chromatography method for plasma extracellular vesicle proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2024:e2400025. [PMID: 38895962 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry diverse biomolecules derived from their parental cells, making their components excellent biomarker candidates. However, purifying EVs is a major hurdle in biomarker discovery since current methods require large amounts of samples, are time-consuming and typically have poor reproducibility. Here we describe a simple, fast, and sensitive EV fractionation method using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system. Our method uses a Superose 6 Increase 5/150, which has a bed volume of 2.9 mL. The FPLC system and small column size enable reproducible separation of only 50 µL of human plasma in 15 min. To demonstrate the utility of our method, we used longitudinal samples from a group of individuals who underwent intense exercise. A total of 838 proteins were identified, of which, 261 were previously characterized as EV proteins, including classical markers, such as cluster of differentiation (CD)9 and CD81. Quantitative analysis showed low technical variability with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 between replicates. The analysis captured differences in relevant EV proteins involved in response to physical activity. Our method enables fast and sensitive fractionation of plasma EVs with low variability, which will facilitate biomarker studies in large clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Díaz Ludovico
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Samantha M Powell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Gina Many
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly Stratton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Environmental and Molecular Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - John T Melchior
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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2
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Roca Rubio MF, Folkesson M, Kremp C, Evertsson N, Repsilber D, Eriksson U, Ganda Mall J, Kadi F, Brummer RJ, König J. Associations between various markers of intestinal barrier and immune function after a high-intensity exercise challenge. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16087. [PMID: 38783385 PMCID: PMC11116166 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise can result in disruption of intestinal barrier function and occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this exploratory study was to elucidate systemic effects of increased intestinal permeability after high-intensity exercise. Forty-one endurance-trained subjects performed a 60-min treadmill run at 80% VO2max. Small intestinal permeability was measured as urinary excretion ratio of lactulose/rhamnose (L/R). Blood, saliva and feces were analyzed for gut barrier and immune-related biomarkers. The exercise challenge increased several markers of intestinal barrier disruption, immune function and oxidative stress. We found a negative correlation between L/R ratio and uric acid (r = -0.480), as well as a positive correlation between the L/R ratio and fecal chromogranin A in male participants (r = 0.555). No significant correlations were found between any of the markers and gastrointestinal symptoms, however, perceived exertion correlated with the combination of IL-6, IL-10 and salivary cortisol (r = 0.492). The lack of correlation between intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal symptoms could be due to minor symptoms experienced in lab settings compared to real-life competitions. The correlation between L/R ratio and uric acid might imply a barrier-protective effect of uric acid, and inflammatory processes due to strenuous exercise seem to play an important role regarding physical exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Roca Rubio
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Mattias Folkesson
- Division of Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Carolin Kremp
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Niklas Evertsson
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Dirk Repsilber
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Ulrika Eriksson
- Man‐Technology‐Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and TechnologyÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - John‐Peter Ganda Mall
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- Division of Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Robert J. Brummer
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Julia König
- Nutrition‐Gut‐Brain Interactions Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
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Ludovico ID, Powell SM, Many G, Bramer L, Sarkar S, Stratton K, Liu T, Shi T, Qian WJ, Burnum-Johnson KE, Melchior JT, Nakayasu ES. A fast and sensitive size-exclusion chromatography method for plasma extracellular vesicle proteomic analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576135. [PMID: 38293231 PMCID: PMC10827143 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry diverse biomolecules derived from their parental cells, making their components excellent biomarker candidates. However, purifying EVs is a major hurdle in biomarker discovery since current methods require large amounts of samples, are time-consuming and typically have poor reproducibility. Here we describe a simple, fast, and sensitive EV fractionation method using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) system. Our method uses a Superose 6 Increase 5/150, which has a bed volume of 2.9 mL. The FPLC system and small column size enable reproducible separation of only 50 µL of human plasma in 15 minutes. To demonstrate the utility of our method, we used longitudinal samples from a group of individuals that underwent intense exercise. A total of 838 proteins were identified, of which, 261 were previously characterized as EV proteins, including classical markers, such as cluster of differentiation (CD)9 and CD81. Quantitative analysis showed low technical variability with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 between replicates. The analysis captured differences in relevant EV-proteins involved in response to physical activity. Our method enables fast and sensitive fractionation of plasma EVs with low variability, which will facilitate biomarker studies in large clinical cohorts.
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4
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Štursová P, Budinská X, Nováková Z, Dobšák P, Babula P. Sports activities and cardiovascular system change. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S429-S444. [PMID: 38165749 PMCID: PMC10861254 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sports activity is generally considered to be beneficial to health. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends physical activity as part of a healthy lifestyle. Sports activities significantly affect the cardiovascular system. A number of studies show that they significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease as well as decrease cardiovascular mortality. This review discusses changes in various cardiovascular parameters in athletes - vagotonia/bradycardia, hypertrophy of heart, ECG changes, blood pressure, and variability of cardiovascular parameters. Because of its relationship to the cardiovascular system, VO2max, which is widely used as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, is also discussed. The review concludes with a discussion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, particularly in relation to changes in the cardiovascular system in athletes. The review appropriately summarizes the above issues and points out some new implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Štursová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Chmielecki A, Bortnik K, Galczynski S, Kopacz K, Padula G, Jerczynska H, Stawski R, Nowak D. Interleukin-4 during post-exercise recovery negatively correlates with the production of phagocyte-generated oxidants. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1186296. [PMID: 38192745 PMCID: PMC10773862 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1186296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive run induced a biphasic oxidative response of circulating phagocytes in 16 amateur sportsmen. The first phase involved an increment just after exercise of enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence normalized per phagocyte count, whereas in the second phase a decrement from 1 h post-exercise and ongoing till 24 h. We tested whether plasma Interleukin IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α concentrations change in response to exhaustive run and whether there are associations between their levels and delta resting. Moreover, IL-8 and IL-10 significantly increased immediately post-exercise and after 1 h, but later normalized. Tumor necrosis factor α rose by 1.1-times only just after exercise. However, none of these cytokines showed any correlation with the investigated chemiluminescence. Exercise did not alter plasma concentrations of IL-4. However, pre-exercise IL-4 negatively correlated with measured luminescence just after exercise (ρ = -0.54, p < 0.05), and also tended to be negatively associated with decrements of the second phase at 1 h post-exercise ρ = -0.45, p = 0.08. It is suggested that plasma IL-4, by a negative association with blood phagocytes oxidants production, could be involved in the maintenance of proper balance between oxidants and anti-oxidants during strenuous exercise and post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Szymon Galczynski
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Karolina Kopacz
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Gianluca Padula
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Hanna Jerczynska
- Central Scientific Laboratory, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Tuell DS, Los EA, Ford GA, Stone WL. The Role of Natural Antioxidant Products That Optimize Redox Status in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1139. [PMID: 37371869 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes is rapidly increasing, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Oxidative stress (OxS) has emerged as a likely initiating factor in T2D. Natural antioxidant products may act to slow or prevent T2D by multiple mechanisms, i.e., (1) reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, (2) preventing the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation, and (3) acting as essential cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Natural antioxidant products should also be evaluated in the context of the complex physiological processes that modulate T2D-OxS such as glycemic control, postprandial OxS, the polyol pathway, high-calorie, high-fat diets, exercise, and sleep. Minimizing processes that induce chronic damaging OxS and maximizing the intake of natural antioxidant products may provide a means of preventing or slowing T2D progression. This "optimal redox" (OptRedox) approach also provides a framework in which to discuss the potential benefits of natural antioxidant products such as vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, selenium, and manganese. Although there is a consensus that early effective intervention is critical for preventing or reversing T2D progression, most research has focused on adults. It is critical, therefore, that future research include pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Tuell
- Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Evan A Los
- Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - George A Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - William L Stone
- Department of Pediatrics, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Williamson-Reisdorph CM, Quindry TS, Christison KS, Gurney SC, Tiemessen KG, Cuddy J, Hailes W, Slivka D, Ruby BC, Quindry JC. Training in a Hot Environment Fails to Elicit Changes in the Blood Oxidative Stress Response. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:81-92. [PMID: 37229416 PMCID: PMC10203834 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature can impact exercise-induced blood oxidative stress; however, the effects of heat acclimation on this response have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of hot (33°C) and room temperature (20°C) environments on post-exercise blood oxidative stress responses following 15 temperature acclimation sessions. Untrained participants (n = 38, 26 ± 7 years, VO2peak = 38.0 ± 7.2 years) completed 15 temperature acclimation sessions of a cycling bout at an intensity perceived as "hard" in either a hot (33°C) or room temperature (20°C) environment. Pre and post acclimation exercise tolerance trials were conducted, which involved cycling at 50% Wpeak for one hour. Blood sampling occurred before exercise, immediately after, two hours, and four hours after the exercise tolerance trials. Blood samples were analyzed for oxidative stress markers including lipid hydroperoxides, 8-isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, and Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity. Exercise-dependent increases were observed in lipid hydroperoxides, Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (p < 0.001). Considering exercise-induced elevations in markers of blood oxidative stress, there were no differences observed between environmental temperatures before or after the acclimation training period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany S. Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Katherine S. Christison
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Shae C. Gurney
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kathryn G. Tiemessen
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John Cuddy
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Walter Hailes
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brent C. Ruby
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John C. Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Wang D, Li L, Pan H, Huang L, Sun X, He C, Wei Q. Comparison of the Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy and Unconstraint Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Limb Function-A Study on Human Patients and Rats with Cerebral Infarction. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010004. [PMID: 36671986 PMCID: PMC9856592 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most conventional post-stroke rehabilitation treatments do not involve imposed constraints of the unaffected limb. In contrast, Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is comprised of massed task practice with the affected limb and constraint of the unaffected limb. CIMT is a promising rehabilitation technique used for motor recovery of affected limbs after stroke, but its effectiveness and mechanism are not fully understood. We compared the effects of the two exercise modes on limb function post-stroke in animal models and human subjects, and investigated whether oxidative stress response was involved in regulating the effects. We first conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT), in which 84 subjects with cerebral infarction were assigned to dose-matched constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), or unconstraint exercise (UE), or conventional rehabilitation treatment. Motor functions of the limb are primary outcomes of the RCT measured using Brief Fugl-Meyer upper extremity score (FMA-UE), Ashworth score, and Barthel scale. Psychological influence of CIMT and UE was also examined using Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Next, we investigated the effects of CIMT and UE in rats undergoing middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). Motor function, infarct volume, and pathohistological changes were investigated by mNSS, MRI, and histological studies. The role of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE was investigated using qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunochemistry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA experiments. In RCT, patients taking CIMT had a higher score in FMA-UE, Barthel index, and SDS, and a lower score in modified Ashworth, compared to those taking UE. In rats receiving CIMT, motor function was increased, and infarct volume was decreased compared to those receiving UE. The expression of Keap1 protein and mRNA in the peri-infarct tissue was decreased, and Nrf2 and ARE protein and mRNA were increased in rats receiving CIMT compared with UE. Nrf2 agonist t-BHQ increased the benefits of CIMT. In conclusion, CIMT is more effective than UE in improving upper limb motor function, reducing muscle spasm in patients with cerebral infarction compared to UE, but patients receiving CIMT may feel depressed. Moreover, both CIMT and UE are beneficial to limb function recovery and limit the infarct expansion in MCAO/R rats, but CIMT was more effective than UE. Oxidative stress reaction has an essential role in regulating the CIMT induced benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Hongxia Pan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Liyi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
| | - Quan Wei
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 611135, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-2885422847
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Cabre HE, Gordon AN, Patterson ND, Smith-Ryan AE. Evaluation of pre-workout and recovery formulations on body composition and performance after a 6-week high-intensity training program. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1016310. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1016310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionActivities such as high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be more time-efficient modes to stimulate rapid changes in performance and body composition. There is little research evaluating the combined effects of HIRT and HIIT on body composition and strength, particularly when paired with nutritional supplementation.PurposeTo evaluate the chronic effects of pre- and post-workout supplementation on body composition and strength, and to understand sex-specific responses.Materials and methods64 untrained males (n = 23) and females (n = 41) (mean ± standard deviation; age: 33.2 ± 10.0 years; %fat: 31.6 ± 7.4%) were randomized to either (1) pre-post supplementation [SUP (n = 25); pre = multi-ingredient caffeine/HMB/vit D; post = whey protein/carbohydrates/glucosamine/vitamins], (2) placebo [PL (n = 24); non-caloric], or (3) control [CON (n = 15)]. All participants completed one repetition max (1RM) strength testing for leg press and bench press at baseline and week 6. Estimates of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants in the SUP or PL group completed a 6-week supervised exercise intervention consisting of a full-body HIRT workout (3 × 6–8 reps) followed by a HIIT treadmill run (6 × 1 min run: 1 min rest) twice per week. Outcomes were evaluated by separate repeated measure ANOVAs (2 × 3).ResultsThere were no differences in FM between groups or sex (p = 0.133–0.851). LM increased from baseline to post-testing for all groups [Mean difference [MD(Post-Pre) ± Standard Error (SE) = 0.78 ± 0.12 kg; p < 0.001]. While not significant (p = 0.081), SUP gained more LM compared to PL [MD(SUP-PL) ± SE = 3.5 ± 3.3 kg] and CON [MD(SUP-CON) ± SE = 5.2 ± 3.8 kg]. LM increased over time for both males (0.84 ± 0.24 kg; p = 0.003) and females (0.73 ± 0.14 kg; p < 0.001). The SUP group resulted in a significant increase in 1RM leg press compared to the CON group (89.9 ± 30.8 kg; p = 0.015), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.409). The SUP group had greater increases in 1RM bench press compared to the CON group (9.8 ± 1.8 kg; p < 0.001), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.99). Both sexes increased upper- (5.5 ± 0.7 kg; p < 0.001) and lower-body strength (69.8 ± 4.5 kg p < 0.001) with training.ConclusionNutrient supplementation timing appears to augment body composition changes and strength compared to control. Pre-/post-nutrient timing may support greater increases in LM and lower- and upper-body strength in both men and women.Clinical trial registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04230824?cond=NCT04230824&draw=2&rank=1], identifier [NCT04230824].
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10
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Bácsi A, Penyige A, Becs G, Benkő S, Kovács EG, Jenei C, Pócsi I, Balla J, Csernoch L, Balatoni I. Whole blood transcriptome characterization of young female triathlon athletes following an endurance exercise: a pilot study. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:457-469. [PMID: 36250559 PMCID: PMC9762975 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00090.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies focusing on the effects of endurance exercise on hematological parameters and leukocyte gene expression were performed in adult men, so our aim was to investigate these changes in young females. Four young (age 15.3 ± 1.3 yr) elite female athletes completed an exercise session, in which they accomplished the cycling and running disciplines of a junior triathlon race. Blood samples were taken immediately before the exercise, right after the exercise, and then 1, 2, and 7 days later. Analysis of cell counts and routine biochemical parameters were complemented by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to whole blood samples. The applied exercise load did not trigger remarkable changes in either cardiovascular or biochemical parameters; however, it caused a significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils and a significant reduction in the ratio of lymphocytes immediately after exercise. Furthermore, endurance exercise induced a characteristic gene expression pattern change in the blood transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using the Reactome database revealed that the expression of genes involved in immune processes and neutrophil granulocyte activation was upregulated, whereas the expression of genes important in translation and rRNA metabolism was downregulated. Comparison of a set of immune cell gene signatures (ImSig) and our transcriptomic data identified 15 overlapping genes related to T-cell functions and involved in podosome formation and adhesion to the vessel wall. Our results suggest that RNA-seq to whole blood together with ImSig analysis are useful tools for the investigation of systemic responses to endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bácsi
- 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Penyige
- 2Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Becs
- 3Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Elek Gergő Kovács
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,5Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Jenei
- 6Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- 7Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- 8Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Sun C, Qi B, Huang X, Chen M, Jin Z, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Wei X. Baduanjin exercise: A potential promising therapy toward osteoporosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:935961. [PMID: 35991646 PMCID: PMC9381703 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.935961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Baduanjin (BDJ) exercise is a traditional exercise that combines breathing, body movement, meditation and awareness to help delay the onset and progression of senile degenerative musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP). The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of BDJ exercise, and preliminarily infer its effective mechanism in the treatment of OP. Methods We identified relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through eight databases, and compared BDJ exercise with the control groups (including blank control and conventional treatment intervention). The main outcome measure was bone mineral density (BMD), the additional outcome measures were visual analogue scale (VAS), Berg balance scale (BBS), serum Calcium (Ca), serum Phosphorus (P), serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum bone gla protein (BGP). Meta-analysis and trial sequence analysis (TSA) were performed using RevMan 5.4, Stata 16.0, and TSA 0.9. Results In total, 13 RCTs involving 919 patients were included in the analysis. For postmenopausal osteoporosis, BDJ exercise alone and BDJ exercise combined with conventional treatment can improve the BMD of lumbar spine. BDJ exercise alone can influence serum Ca and ALP. BDJ exercise combined with conventional treatment can improve balance (BBS) and influence serum BGP. For senile osteoporosis, BDJ exercise alone and BDJ exercise combined with conventional treatment can improve balance (BBS). BDJ exercise combined with conventional treatment can improve the BMD of hip and pain relieve (VAS). For primary osteoporosis, BDJ exercise combined with conventional treatment can improve the BMD of lumbar spine and femoral neck. Conclusion Baduanjin exercise may be beneficial to improve BMD, relieve pain, improve balance ability, influence serum BGP and serum ALP in patients with OP, but differences occur due to various types of OP. Due to the low quality of research on the efficacy and mechanism of BDJ exercise in the treatment of OP, high-quality evidence-based research is still needed to provide reliable supporting evidence. Systematic Review Registration [http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42022329022].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Sun
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyu Qi
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- School of Tradition Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zikai Jin
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yili Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yili Zhang,
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Liguo Zhu,
| | - Xu Wei
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xu Wei,
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12
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Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: The Case for Future Pediatric Redoxomics Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071336. [PMID: 35883827 PMCID: PMC9312244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports the role of oxidative stress in adult type 2 diabetes (T2D). Due to increasing rates of pediatric obesity, lack of physical activity, and consumption of excess food calories, it is projected that the number of children living with insulin resistance, prediabetes, and T2D will markedly increase with enormous worldwide economic costs. Understanding the factors contributing to oxidative stress and T2D risk may help develop optimal early intervention strategies. Evidence suggests that oxidative stress, triggered by excess dietary fat consumption, causes excess mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide emission in skeletal muscle, alters redox status, and promotes insulin resistance leading to T2D. The pathophysiological events arising from excess calorie-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production are complex and not yet investigated in children. Systems medicine is an integrative approach leveraging conventional medical information and environmental factors with data obtained from “omics” technologies such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In adults with T2D, systems medicine shows promise in risk assessment and predicting drug response. Redoxomics is a branch of systems medicine focusing on “omics” data related to redox status. Systems medicine with a complementary emphasis on redoxomics can potentially optimize future healthcare strategies for adults and children with T2D.
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13
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Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G, Tsirigkakis S, Stavrinou PS, Kabasakalis A, Mantzou A, Mougios V. Bout duration in high-intensity interval exercise modifies hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:216-223. [PMID: 35510255 PMCID: PMC9035712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study compared hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses between three high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) trials of different bout duration and a continuous exercise trial (CON), all with equal average intensity, total work, and duration. Methods Eleven healthy young males performed four trials involving 20 min of cycling, either continuously (49% of power at VO2max, PPO), or intermittently with 48 10-s bouts (HIIE10), 16 30-s bouts (HIIE30) or 8 60-s bouts (HIIE60) at 100% PPO, with a 1:1.5 work-to-recovery ratio at 15% PPO. Venous blood was obtained before, immediately after, and 1 h post-exercise to evaluate hematologic, metabolic and antioxidant responses. Blood lactate concentration was measured in capillary blood during exercise, while urine lactate was measured before and 1 h post-exercise. Results Post-exercise leukocyte count (mean ± SD; 9.7 ± 2.8 k μL-1), uric acid concentration (0.35 ± 0.10 mmol L-1), glucose concentration (6.56 ± 1.44 mmol L-1), and plasma volume change (-13.5 ± 4.4%) were greater in HIIE60 compared to all other trials (p < 0.05). One-hour post-exercise, lymphocytes decreased below pre-exercise values in all HIIE trials, and uric acid increased in the HIIE60 trial (p < 0.05). Urine lactate concentration 1 h post-exercise increased compared to pre-exercise only in HIIE60 (19-fold, p < 0.001), and this was related with the higher blood lactate concentration during exercise in that trial. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of bout duration, given that shorter bouts of HIIE (30 s or 10 s) induce lower blood cell perturbations, metabolic stress, and antioxidant responses compared to the commonly used 1-min bouts, despite equal total work, duration, and work-to-recovery ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Unit of Metabolism and Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport, Department of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- Unit of Clinical and Translational Research in Endocrinology, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Boukazoula F, Ayari D. Effect of milk thistle ( Silybum marianum) supplementation on the serum levels of oxidative stress markers in male half marathon athletes. Biomarkers 2022; 27:461-469. [PMID: 35315713 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2056921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Increased aerobic metabolism during exercise is a potential source of oxidative stress and the use of herbal medicines as a dietary supplement rich in antioxidants is an interesting and controversial concept that have been considered during the past decades. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Silybum marianum (SM) on exercise-induced oxidative stress in half marathon athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical Analysis in aqueous extract of SM leaves and seeds were determined. Forty healthy male athletes were divided into four groups (n = 10): control group(G1), G2 supplemented with 100 mg of SM leaves/kg/day, G3 supplemented with 100 mg of SM seeds/kg/day, and G4 supplemented with 100 mg of SM leaves + seeds/kg/day. The effects of SM on malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)] were assessed. RESULTS Aqueous extract of SM leaves have good DPPH free radical scavenging activity and the highest content of total polyphenols. A significant increase of serum SOD, CAT, and GSH levels and reduction in the levels of MDA in the serum of athletes supplemented with aqueous extract of seeds and leaves of SM was detected. CONCLUSION SM supplement offered protection against exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Boukazoula
- Department of Basic Education, Institute of Science and Techniques of Physical and Sporting Activities, Mohamed-Cherif Messaadia University, Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Djamila Ayari
- Laboratory for Terrestrial and Aquatics Ecosystems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Mohamed-Cherif Messadia University, Souk Ahras, Algeria
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15
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Fujii N, Meade RD, Schmidt MD, King KE, Boulay P, Ruzicka M, Amano T, Kenny GP. The effect of acute intradermal administration of ascorbate on heat loss responses in older adults with uncomplicated controlled hypertension. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:834-843. [PMID: 35596934 DOI: 10.1113/ep090422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does acute intradermal administration of the antioxidant ascorbate augment local forearm cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating via nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent mechanisms during exercise-heat stress in older adults with uncomplicated controlled hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? Relative to control site, ascorbate had no effect on forearm cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate, although CVC was reduced with NOS-inhibition in older adults with hypertension. We showed that acute local administration of ascorbate to forearm skin does not modulate heat loss responses during exercise-heat stress in older adults with hypertension. ABSTRACT Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to the heat loss responses of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during exercise. However, the contribution of NOS may be attenuated in individuals with uncomplicated, controlled hypertension due to elevated oxidative stress, which can reduce NO bioavailability. We evaluated the hypothesis that the acute local intradermal administration of the antioxidant ascorbate would enhance cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating via NOS-dependent mechanisms during an exercise-heat stress in adults with hypertension. Habitually active adults who were normotensive (n = 14, 7 females, 62 ± 4 years) or had uncomplicated, controlled hypertension (n = 13, 6 females, 62 ± 5 years) performed 30-min of moderate-intensity (50% of their pre-determine peak oxygen uptake) semi-recumbent cycling in the heat (35°C, 20% relative humidity). Cutaneous vascular conductance and sweat rate were assessed at four forearm skin sites continuously perfused with either: 1) lactated Ringer (Control), 2) 10 mM antioxidant ascorbate, 3) 10 mM L-NAME, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, or 4) a combination of ascorbate and L-NAME. Relative to Control, no effect of ascorbate was observed on cutaneous vascular conductance or sweating in either group (P = 0.619). However, L-NAME reduced cutaneous vascular conductance relative to Control in both groups (P ≤ 0.038). No effect of any treatment on sweating was observed (P ≥ 0.306). Thus, acute local administration of ascorbate to forearm skin does not enhance the activation of heat loss responses of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in older adults, and those with hypertension during an exercise-heat stress (236/250 words) This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Madison D Schmidt
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kelli E King
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pierre Boulay
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Marcel Ruzicka
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tatsuro Amano
- Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Education, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Kweka BV, Fredrick C, Kitilya B, Jeremiah K, Lyimo E, Filteau S, Rehman AM, Friis H, Olsen MF, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Krogh-Madsen R, PrayGod G. Association of sickle cell trait with β-cell dysfunction and physical activity in adults living with and without HIV in Tanzania. APMIS 2022; 130:230-239. [PMID: 35167170 PMCID: PMC9314065 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate sickle cell trait (SCT) associations with physical activity, markers of insulin secretion and resistance, and glucose among people living with HIV infection (PLWH), both antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive and experienced, and HIV-uninfected adults. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Mwanza, Northwestern Tanzania. We used data of 668 participants attained from two sub-studies of CICADA study. Mean age was 40 (SD 11.5) years, 402 (61.7%) were females and 157 (24.1%) had SCT. PLWH were 422 (64.7%), of these, 80 (18.9%) were on ART. People with SCT had higher risk of having an isolated β-cell dysfunction compared to those without SCT (RRR = 1.82, CI: 1.10, 3.01, p = 0.02). People with SCT but without HIV infection had lower average acceleration on the trunk longitudinal axis (ACCx) and higher level of self-reported physical activity. 30 min oral glucose tolerance test among PLWH on ART was higher in those with SCT compared to those without SCT. People with SCT are at higher risk of having β-cell dysfunction and those with SCT on ART are at more risk of developing diabetes. Future studies to investigate the interaction between SCT and HIV/ART on risk of diabetes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda V Kweka
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Cyprian Fredrick
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Brenda Kitilya
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kidola Jeremiah
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Eric Lyimo
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrea M Rehman
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette F Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rikke Krogh-Madsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
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17
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Sol JA, Quindry JC. Application of a Novel Collection of Exhaled Breath Condensate to Exercise Settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073948. [PMID: 35409631 PMCID: PMC8997655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method for obtaining biosamples from the lower respiratory tract, an approach amenable to exercise, environmental, and work physiology applications. The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effective, reproducible methodology for obtaining larger volume EBC samples. Participants (male: n = 10; female: n = 6; 26 ± 8 yrs.) completed a 10 min EBC collection using a novel device (N-EBC). After initial collection, a 45 min bout of cycling at 75% HRmax was performed, followed by another N-EBC collection. In a subset of individuals (n = 5), EBC was obtained using both the novel technique and a commercially available EBC collection device (R-EBC) in a randomized fashion. N-EBC volume—pre- and post-exercise (2.3 ± 0.8 and 2.6 ± 0.9 mL, respectively)—and pH (7.4 ± 0.5 and 7.4 ± 0.5, respectively) were not significantly different. When normalized for participant body height, device comparisons indicated N-EBC volumes were larger than R-EBC at pre-exercise (+12%) and post-exercise (+48%). Following moderate-intensity exercise, no changes in the pre- and post-trial values of Pentraxin 3 (0.25 ± 0.04 and 0.26 ± 0.06 pg/mL, respectively) and 8-Isoprostrane (0.43 ± 0.33 and 0.36 ± 0.24 pg/mL, respectively) concentrations were observed. In a cost-efficient fashion, the N-EBC method produced larger sample volumes, both pre- and post-exercise, facilitating more biomarker tests to be performed.
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18
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Chmielecki A, Bortnik K, Galczynski S, Padula G, Jerczynska H, Stawski R, Nowak D. Exhaustive Exercise Increases Spontaneous but Not fMLP-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Circulating Phagocytes in Amateur Sportsmen. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 35053101 PMCID: PMC8773189 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise alters the oxidative response of blood phagocytes to various agonists. However, little is known about spontaneous post exercise oxidant production by these cells. In this cross-over trial, we tested whether an exhaustive treadmill run at a speed corresponding to 70% of VO2max affects spontaneous and fMLP-provoked oxidant production by phagocytes in 18 amateur sportsmen. Blood was collected before, just after, and 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post exercise for determination of absolute and normalized per phagocyte count spontaneous (a-rLBCL, rLBCL) and fMLP-induced luminol-enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (a-fMLP-LBCL, fMLP-LBCL). a-rLBCL and rLBCL increased by 2.5- and 1.5-times just after exercise (p < 0.05) and then returned to baseline or decreased by about 2-times at the remaining time-points, respectively. a-fMLP-LBCL increased 1.7- and 1.6-times just after and at 3 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), respectively, while fMLP-LBCL was suppressed by 1.5- to 2.3-times at 1, 3, 5 and 24 h post-exercise. No correlations were found between elevated post-exercise a-rLBCL, a-fMLP-LBCL and run distance to exhaustion. No changes of oxidants production were observed in the control arm (1 h resting instead of exercise). Exhaustive exercise decreased the blood phagocyte-specific oxidative response to fMLP while increasing transiently spontaneous oxidant generation, which could be a factor inducing secondary rise in antioxidant enzymes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Chmielecki
- Sports Centre, Medical University of Lodz, 6-go Sierpnia 69, 90-645 Lodz, Poland; (A.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Bortnik
- Sports Centre, Medical University of Lodz, 6-go Sierpnia 69, 90-645 Lodz, Poland; (A.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Szymon Galczynski
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Gianluca Padula
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance “DynamoLab”, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland; (S.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Hanna Jerczynska
- Central Scientific Laboratory, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Robert Stawski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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19
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Jordan AC, Perry CGR, Cheng AJ. Promoting a pro-oxidant state in skeletal muscle: Potential dietary, environmental, and exercise interventions for enhancing endurance-training adaptations. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:189-202. [PMID: 34560246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence now shows that supplemental antioxidants including vitamin C, vitamin E and N-Acetylcysteine consumption can suppress adaptations to endurance-type exercise by attenuating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formation within skeletal muscle. This emerging evidence points to the importance of pro-oxidation as an important stimulus for endurance-training adaptations, including mitochondrial biogenesis, endogenous antioxidant production, insulin signalling, angiogenesis and growth factor signaling. Although sustained oxidative distress is associated with many chronic diseases, athletes have, on average, elevated levels of certain endogenous antioxidants to maintain redox homeostasis. As a result, trained athletes may have a better capacity to buffer oxidants during and after exercise, resulting in a reduced oxidative eustress stimulus for adaptations. Thus, higher levels of RONS input and exercise-induced oxidative stress may benefit athletes in the pursuit of continuous endurance training redox adaptations. This review addresses why athletes should be looking to enhance exercise-induced oxidative stress and how it can be accomplished. Methods covered include high-intensity interval training, hyperthermia and heat stress, dietary antioxidant restriction and modified antioxidant timing, dietary antioxidants and polyphenols as adjuncts to exercise, and vitamin C as a pro-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Jordan
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Corr LD, Field A, Pufal D, Clifford T, Harper LD, Naughton RJ. The effects of cocoa flavanols on indices of muscle recovery and exercise performance: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:90. [PMID: 34391456 PMCID: PMC8364049 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, muscle soreness, and reductions in muscle function. Cocoa flavanols (CF) are (poly)phenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus may attenuate symptoms of EIMD. The purpose of this narrative review was to collate and evaluate the current literature investigating the effect of CF supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as changes in muscle function, perceived soreness, and exercise performance. Acute and sub-chronic intake of CF reduces oxidative stress resulting from exercise. Evidence for the effect of CF on exercise-induced inflammation is lacking and the impact on muscle function, perceived soreness and exercise performance is inconsistent across studies. Supplementation of CF may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, with potential for delaying fatigue, but more evidence is required for any definitive conclusions on the impact of CF on markers of EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Corr
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Deborah Pufal
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liam D Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Robert J Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
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22
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Bussulo SKD, Ferraz CR, Carvalho TT, Verri WA, Borghi SM. Redox interactions of immune cells and muscle in the regulation of exercise-induced pain and analgesia: implications on the modulation of muscle nociceptor sensory neurons. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:757-775. [PMID: 34238089 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1953696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic interactions among redox status of leukocytes, muscle, and exercise in pain regulation are still poorly understood and limit targeted treatment. Exercise benefits are numerous, including the treatment of chronic pain. However, unaccustomed exercise may be reported as undesirable as it may contribute to pain. The aim of the present review is to evaluate the relationship between oxidative metabolism and acute exercise-induced pain, and as to whether improved antioxidant capacity underpins the analgesic effects of regular exercise. Preclinical and clinical studies addressing relevant topics on mechanisms by which exercise modulates the nociceptive activity and how redox status can outline pain and analgesia are discussed, in sense of translating into refined outcomes. Emerging evidence points to the role of oxidative stress-induced signaling in sensitizing nociceptor sensory neurons. In response to acute exercise, there is an increase in oxidative metabolism, and consequently, pain. Instead, regular exercise can modulate redox status in favor of antioxidant capacity and repair mechanisms, which have consequently increased resistance to oxidative stress, damage, and pain. Data indicate that acute sessions of unaccustomed prolonged and/or intense exercise increase oxidative metabolism and regulate exercise-induced pain in the post-exercise recovery period. Further, evidence demonstrates regular exercise improves antioxidant status, indicating its therapeutic utility for chronic pain disorders. An improved comprehension of the role of redox status in exercise can provide helpful insights into immune-muscle communication during pain modulatory effects of exercise and support new therapeutic efforts and rationale for the promotion of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia K D Bussulo
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Camila R Ferraz
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Thacyana T Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sergio M Borghi
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, University of Northern Paraná, Londrina, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Center, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Ziemkiewicz N, Hilliard G, Pullen NA, Garg K. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063265. [PMID: 33806895 PMCID: PMC8005179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziemkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Genevieve Hilliard
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Nicholas A. Pullen
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, CO 80639, USA;
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-977-1434
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24
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA, Ugbolue UC, He Y, Meng Y, Gu Y. Effect of Running Exercise on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 11:610112. [PMID: 33551836 PMCID: PMC7854914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise induced health benefits are limited by the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS and further oxidative stress could potentially induce muscle damage which could result in poor exercise performance. However, predicting ROS induced oxidative stress in response to endurance training has several limitations in terms of selecting biomarkers that are used to measure oxidative stress. Objective: The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the suitable biomarkers that predict oxidative stress status among runners. Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a search for relevant articles was carried out on PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar using related search terms such as oxidative damage, ROS, exercise, physical training, running, marathon, and ultramarathon. Results: Outcomes included (1) running programs like a half-marathon, ultramarathon, and iron-man race, (2) measuring biochemical assessment of oxidative damage markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and F1-isoprostones, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants level. Conclusions: This study concluded that a running exercise does not elicit a response to specific biomarkers of oxidative stress, instead, oxidative damage markers of lipids, proteins, and various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are expressed according to the training status of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhuan He
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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25
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Williamson-Reisdorph CM, Quindry TS, Tiemessen KG, Cuddy J, Hailes W, Slivka D, Ruby BC, Quindry JC. Blood oxidative stress and post-exercise recovery are unaffected byhypobaric and hypoxic environments. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1356-1365. [PMID: 33423613 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1872960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaria and hypoxia exert independent effects on oxidative stress during exercise, while combined effectson the post-exercise recovery period remain unclear.Accordingly, this study examined the recovery period during lab-simulated hypoxic and hypobaric conditions following exercise-induced oxidative stress. Participants (n=13) performed 60-minutes of cycling (70% watts max) in a normobaric normoxic environment followed by a four-hour recovery under three conditions; 1000m normobaric normoxia (NN, 675mmHg), 4400m normobaric hypoxia (NH, 675mmHg), or 4400m hypobaric hypoxia (HH, 440mmHg). Blood samples collected at Pre, Post, 2-Hours (2-HR), and 4-Hours (4-HR) post-exercise were analyzed fora potential increase in biochemical modifications of proteins(protein carbonyls, PC; 3-nitrotyrosines, 3NT) lipids (lipid hydroperoxides, LOOH; 8-isoprostanes, 8-ISO), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, TEAC). Gene transcripts (EPAS, HMOX1, SOD2, NFE2L2) were quantified by qRT-PCR from muscle biopsies taken Pre and Post exercise. Hypoxia and hypobaria had no effect throughout recovery. Post-exercise TEAC (p=0.041), FRAP (p=0.013), and 8-ISO (p=0.044) increased, while PC (p=0.002) and 3-NT (p=0.032) were decreased. LOOH was lower in Post (p=0.018) NH trial samples. Exercise-dependent increases occurred in NFE2L2 (p=0.003), HMXO1 (p<0.001), SOD2 (p=0.046), and EPAS (p=0.038). Exercise recovery under conditions of NH and HH did not impact blood oxidative stress or redox-sensitive gene transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany S Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kathryn G Tiemessen
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John Cuddy
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Walter Hailes
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska - Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brent C Ruby
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John C Quindry
- School of Integrative Physiology and Athletic Training, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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26
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Powers SK, Deminice R, Ozdemir M, Yoshihara T, Bomkamp MP, Hyatt H. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:415-425. [PMID: 32380253 PMCID: PMC7498668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress in humans was published more than 4 decades ago. Since this discovery, many ensuing investigations have corroborated the fact that muscular exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative stress in numerous tissues including blood and skeletal muscles. Although several tissues may contribute to exercise-induced ROS production, it is predicted that muscular contractions stimulate ROS production in active muscle fibers and that skeletal muscle is a primary source of ROS production during exercise. This contraction-induced ROS generation is associated with (1) oxidant damage in several tissues (e.g., increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation), (2) accelerated muscle fatigue, and (3) activation of biochemical signaling pathways that contribute to exercise-induced adaptation in the contracting muscle fibers. While our understanding of exercise and oxidative stress has advanced rapidly during the last decades, questions remain about whether exercise-induced increases in ROS production are beneficial or harmful to health. This review addresses this issue by discussing the site(s) of oxidant production during exercise and detailing the health consequences of exercise-induced ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Powers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, 10011, Brazil
| | - Mustafa Ozdemir
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; Department of Exercise Physiology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Matthew P Bomkamp
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hayden Hyatt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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27
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Inflammatory responses to acute exercise during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2301-2309. [PMID: 32767113 PMCID: PMC7502052 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Pulmonary rehabilitation is a cornerstone treatment in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acute bouts of exercise can lead to short bursts of inflammation in healthy individuals. However, it is unclear how COPD patients respond to acute bouts of exercise. This study assessed inflammatory responses to exercise in COPD patients at the start (phase 1) and end (phase 2) of pulmonary rehabilitation. Methods Blood samples were collected before and after an acute exercise bout at the start (phase 1, n = 40) and end (phase 2, n = 27) of pulmonary rehabilitation. The primary outcome was change in fibrinogen concentrations. Secondary outcomes were changes in CRP concentrations, total/differential leukocyte counts, markers of neutrophil activation (CD11b, CD62L and CD66b), and neutrophil subsets (mature, suppressive, immature, progenitor). Results Acute exercise (phase 1) did not induce significant changes in fibrinogen (p = 0.242) or CRP (p = 0.476). Total leukocyte count [mean difference (MD), 0.5 ± 1.1 (109 L−1); p = 0.004], neutrophil count [MD, 0.4 ± 0.8 (109 L−1); p < 0.001], and immature neutrophils (MD, 0.6 ± 0.8%; p < 0.001) increased post-exercise. Neutrophil activation markers, CD11b (p = 0.470), CD66b (p = 0.334), and CD62L (p = 0.352) were not significantly altered post-exercise. In comparison to the start of pulmonary rehabilitation (phase 2), acute exercise at the end of pulmonary rehabilitation led to a greater fibrinogen response (MD, 84 mg/dL (95% CI − 14, 182); p = 0.045). Conclusion An acute bout of exercise does not appear to induce significant alterations in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators but can increase white blood cell subsets post-exercise. A greater fibrinogen response to acute exercise is seen at the end of pulmonary rehabilitation when compared to the start. Further research is required to understand the clinical context of these acute inflammatory responses to exercise.
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28
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Martin A, Millet G, Osredkar D, Mramor M, Faes C, Gouraud E, Debevec T, Pialoux V. Effect of pre-term birth on oxidative stress responses to normoxic and hypoxic exercise. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101497. [PMID: 32199333 PMCID: PMC7082609 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-term birth is a major health concern that occurs in approximately 10% of births worldwide. Despite high incidence rate, long-term consequences of pre-term birth remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests that elevated oxidative stress observed in pre-term born infants could persist into adulthood. Given that oxidative stress is known to play an important role in response to physical activity and hypoxia, we investigated whether oxidative stress responses to acute exercise in normoxia and hypoxia may be differently modulated in pre-term vs. full-term born adults. Twenty-two pre-term born and fifteen age-matched full-term born controls performed maximal incremental cycling tests in both normoxia (FiO2: 0.21) and normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 0.13; simulated altitude of 3800 m) in blinded and randomized manner. Plasma levels of oxidative stress (advanced oxidation protein products [AOPP] and malondialdehyde), antioxidant (ferric reducing antioxidant power, glutathione peroxidase, catalase [CAT] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) and nitrosative stress markers (nitrotyrosine, nitrite and total nitrite and nitrate [NOx]) were measured before and immediately after each test. AOPP (+24%, P<0.001), CAT (+38%, P<0.001) and SOD (+12%, P=0.018) and NOx (+17%, P=0.024) significantly increased in response to exercise independently of condition and birth status. No difference in response to acute exercise in normoxia was noted between pre-term and full-term born adults in any of measured markers. Hypoxic exposure during exercise resulted in significant increase in AOPP (+45%, P=0.008), CAT (+55%, P=0.019) and a trend for an increase in nitrite/nitrate content (+35%, P=0.107) only in full-term and not pre-term born individuals. These results suggest that prematurely born adult individuals exhibit higher resistance to oxidative stress response to exercise in hypoxia. Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity are increased in full-term and pre-term adults following normoxic exercise. Plasma AOPP, catalase and NOx levels are not increased in pre-term adults following an acute exercise in hypoxia. Oxidative stress is differently regulated in pre-term adults during acute physical exercise under hypoxic condition. Pre-term birth may have long term consequences concerning oxidative stress regulation especially during these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; Univ Lyon, Université Jean Monet Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Faculté de Médecine, Campus Santé Innovation, 10 rue de la Marandière10 rue de la Marandière, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Master BioSciences, Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure of Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 LYON CEDEX 07, Lyon, France.
| | - Grégoire Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Damjan Osredkar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Minca Mramor
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Camille Faes
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.
| | - Etienne Gouraud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Pediatric Emergency, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Faculté de Médecine Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France.
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29
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Rytz CL, Pialoux V, Mura M, Martin A, Hogan DB, Hill MD, Poulin MJ. Impact of aerobic exercise, sex, and metabolic syndrome on markers of oxidative stress: results from the Brain in Motion study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:748-756. [PMID: 32105521 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00667.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress may be involved in disease pathology and dependent on both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. This study aimed to assess exercise-induced changes in markers of oxidative stress among older, sedentary adults and to determine the effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) status, aerobic capacity, age, sex, and weight on these biomarkers. Two hundred and six participants (means ± SE; 66.8 ± 6.4 yr, 104 women) of the Brain in Motion study underwent a 6-mo aerobic exercise intervention. At three time points, venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of oxidative stress [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and antioxidant status: catalase, uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)]. AOPP levels significantly decreased after 6 mo of aerobic exercise (P = 0.003). This decrease was not modified by MetS status (P = 0.183). Subjects with MetS possessed significantly higher levels of AOPP (P < 0.001), MDA (P = 0.004), and FRAP (P = 0.049) across the intervention (months 0-6). Men possessed significantly higher levels of FRAP (P < 0.001), catalase (P = 0.023), and UA (P = 0.037) across the intervention (months 0-6). Sex-MetS status interaction analyses revealed that the effect of MetS is highly sex dependent. These findings are multifaceted because the effect of MetS status seems distinctly different between sexes, pointing to the importance of acknowledging modifiable and nonmodifiable factor differences in individuals who possess conditions where oxidative stress may be part of the etiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress is implicated in a myriad of conditions, namely cardiovascular disease risk factors. This article details the effect of aerobic exercise, sex, and metabolic syndrome on markers of oxidative stress. We conclude that 6 mo of aerobic exercise significantly decreased oxidative stress, and further, that there is an effect of metabolic syndrome status on oxidative stress and antioxidant status levels, which are highly dependent on the sex of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal L Rytz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Villeurbanne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Mura
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Martin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David B Hogan
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael D Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc J Poulin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Araujo AM, Cardoso RK, Orcy RB, Stefanello FM, Freitas MPD, Oliveira PS, Soares MS, Spanevello RM, Rombaldi AJ. Acute effects of graduated compression stockings on oxidative stress and muscle damage markers in garbage collectors: a randomized, crossover-controlled trial. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e70607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Intense physical activity can increase oxidative stress and muscle damage in, causing fatigue and injury. Graduated compression stockings (GCS) can decrease these deleterious effects. The aim was to determine the acute effects of GCS on muscle damage and oxidative stress (OS) in garbage collectors. Thirteen garbage collectors, 25.4±5.2 years, participated using GCS or placebo stockings. Blood samples were collected at pre and post a working day and after 16 hours of rest. Markers of OS and muscle damage were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA (two conditions and two moments) was used for the analysis of the outcomes No significant differences were found for creatine kinase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase between the time and groups. There was a significant difference for the total thiol content and superoxide dismutase only in the control group (pre and post, p = 0.004). The use of GCS exerted acute protection against the increase of markers of OS, but did not contribute to attenuate muscle damage.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current laboratory study quantified blood oxidative stress to woodsmoke exposure. METHODS Participants inhaled woodsmoke during three randomized crossover exercise trials (Clean Air [0 μg/m], Low Exposure [250 μg/m], and High Exposure [500 μg/m], Woodsmoke [particulate matter less than 2.5 μm, PM2.5]). Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), uric acid (UA), 8-isoprostanes (8-ISO), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), protein carbonyls (PC), nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 8-isoprostane, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were quantified in Pre, immediately Post, and 1- (1Hr) hour post blood samples. RESULTS UA decreased following Low Exposure, while plasma TEAC levels increased Post and 1Hr. LOOH levels decreased 1Hr Post (High Exposure), while 8-Iso increased following both smoke trials. PC and MPO were unchanged following all trials, while 3-NT increased over Clean Air. CONCLUSION Blood oxidative stress occurred largely independent of PM2.5 concentrations. Future studies should employ longer duration smoke and exercise combined with physiologic parameters.
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32
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Hurst RD, Lyall KA, Roberts JM, Perthaner A, Wells RW, Cooney JM, Jensen DJ, Burr NS, Hurst SM. Consumption of an Anthocyanin-Rich Extract Made From New Zealand Blackcurrants Prior to Exercise May Assist Recovery From Oxidative Stress and Maintains Circulating Neutrophil Function: A Pilot Study. Front Nutr 2019; 6:73. [PMID: 31192216 PMCID: PMC6548855 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate blackcurrant anthocyanin-rich extract (BAE) consumption on time- and dose-dependent plasma anthocyanin bioavailability and conduct a pilot study to explore the potential effect of BAE in promoting recovery from exercise-induced oxidative stress, and maintenance of circulating neutrophil function. Methods: Time- and dose-dependent blackcurrant anthocyanin bioavailability was assessed using LC-MS in 12 participants over 6 h after the ingestion of a placebo or BAE containing 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 mg/kg total anthocyanins. In a separate pilot intervention exercise trial, 32 participants consumed either a placebo or 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 mg/kg BAE (8 individuals per group), and then 1 h later performed a 30 min row at 70% VO2max. Blood was collected during the trial for oxidative, antioxidant, inflammatory, and circulating neutrophil status. Results: Consumption of BAE caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in plasma anthocyanins, peaking at 2 h after ingestion of 3.2 mg/kg BAE (217 ± 69 nM). BAE consumed 1 h prior to a 30 min row had no effect on plasma antioxidant status but hastened the recovery from exercise-induced oxidative stress: By 2 h recovery, consumption of 1.6 mg/kg BAE prior to exercise caused a significant (P < 0.05) 34 and 32% decrease in post-exercise plasma oxidative capacity and protein carbonyl levels, respectively, compared to placebo. BAE consumption prior to exercise dose-dependently attenuated a small, yet significant (P < 0.01) transient 13 ± 2% decline in circulating neutrophils observed in the placebo group immediately post-exercise. Furthermore, the timed consumption of either 1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg BAE attenuated a 17 ± 2.4% (P < 0.05) decline in neutrophil phagocytic capability of opsonised FITC-Escherichia coli observed 6 h post-exercise in the placebo group. Similarly, a dose-dependent increase in neutrophil surface expression of complement receptor-3 complex (CR3, critical for effective phagocytosis of opsonised microbes), was observed 6 h post-exercise in both 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg BAE intervention groups. Conclusions: Consumption of BAE (>1.6 mg/kg) 1 h prior to exercise facilitated recovery from exercise-induced oxidative stress and preserved circulating neutrophil function. This study provides data to underpin a larger study designed to evaluate the efficacy of timed BAE consumption on post-exercise recovery and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Hurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty A Lyall
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M Roberts
- AgResearch Ltd., The Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anton Perthaner
- AgResearch Ltd., The Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Robyn W Wells
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Janine M Cooney
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Dwayne J Jensen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Natalie S Burr
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne M Hurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Sellami M, Gasmi M, Denham J, Hayes LD, Stratton D, Padulo J, Bragazzi N. Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Immunological Parameters in the Elderly Aged: Can Physical Activity Counteract the Effects of Aging? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2187. [PMID: 30364079 PMCID: PMC6191490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is characterized by deterioration of the immune system caused by aging which induces changes to innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects function and phenotype of immune cells, such as expression and function of receptors for immune cells which contributes to loss of immune function (chemotaxis, intracellular killing). Moreover, these alterations decrease the response to pathogens, which leads to several age-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes in older individuals. Furthermore, increased risk of autoimmune disease and chronic infection is increased with an aging immune system, which is characterized by a pro-inflammatory environment, ultimately leading to accelerated biological aging. During the last century, sedentarism rose dramatically, with a concomitant increase in certain type of cancers (such as breast cancer, colon, or prostate cancer), and autoimmune disease. Numerous studies on physical activity and immunity, with focus on special populations (i.e., people with diabetes, HIV patients) demonstrate that chronic exercise enhances immunity. However, the majority of previous work has focused on either a pathological population or healthy young adults whilst research in elderly populations is scarce. Research conducted to date has primarily focused on aerobic and resistance exercise training and its effect on immunity. This review focuses on the potential for exercise training to affect the aging immune system. The concept is that some lifestyle strategies such as high-intensity exercise training may prevent disease through the attenuation of immunosenescence. In this context, we take a top-down approach and review the effect of exercise and training on immunological parameters in elderly at rest and during exercise in humans, and how they respond to different modes of training. We highlight the impact of these different exercise modes on immunological parameters, such as cytokine and lymphocyte concentration in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program (SSP), College of Arts and Sciences (QU-CAS), University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Gasmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Mannouba, Tunisia
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Stratton
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Center, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and the Effects of Antioxidant Intake from a Physiological Viewpoint. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090119. [PMID: 30189660 PMCID: PMC6162669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals production during exercise has both positive and negative physiological effects. Among them, the present review focuses on oxidative stress caused by acute exercise, mainly on evidence in healthy individuals. This review also summarizes findings on the determinants of exercise-induced oxidative stress and sources of free radical production. Moreover, we outline the effects of antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress, which have been studied extensively. Finally, the following review briefly summarizes future tasks in the field of redox biology of exercise. In principle, this review covers findings for the whole body, and describes human trials and animal experiments separately.
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Brown M, McClean CM, Davison GW, Brown JCW, Murphy MH. The acute effects of walking exercise intensity on systemic cytokines and oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2111-2120. [PMID: 30008038 PMCID: PMC6153601 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress is associated with tissue cytokine secretion although the precise mechanism(s) underpinning this relationship during high intensity intermittent exercise remains unclear. This study investigates the acute response to a bout of high intensity intermittent walking (HIIW), compared to continuous moderate intensity walking (CMW), on various cytokines and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Methods Seventeen (n = 17) apparently healthy male participants (aged 22.6 ± 4.6 years; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max: 53.7 ± 7.1 ml kg−1 min−1) undertook a randomised crossover study consisting of two exercise trials: (1) HIIW requiring 3 × 5 min bursts at 80% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max (each separated by 5 min of walking at 30% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max) and (2) CMW (60% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max for 30 min). Each trial was separated by 7 days. Venous blood samples were obtained pre-exercise, post-exercise and at 2, 4, 24 and 48 h post-exercise for determination of systemic inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α), lipid soluble antioxidants and oxidative stress (LOOH, H2O2 and the ascorbyl free radical). Results Both IL-6 and TNF-α increased immediately post exercise, regardless of intensity and remained elevated until at least 4 h (main effect for time; p < 0.05). While there was no change in either lipid peroxidation or free radical metabolism (Asc· and H2O2), α-tocopherol increased (pooled HIIW and CMW, p < 0.05), whereas lycopene decreased at 2 h post HIIW (p < 0.05). Conclusion Bouts of both HIIW and CMW promote cytokine secretion post exercise, and this seems to be independent of oxidative stress. Further investigation is required to assess how such changes may underpin some of the transient health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK. .,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John C W Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
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Abstract
Adaptive Homeostasis has been defined as, "The transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range in response to exposure to sub-toxic, non-damaging, signaling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events." (Davies, 2016). I propose that one of the most significant examples of adaptive homeostasis may be the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to exercise training. In particular, endurance type training involves the generation of increased levels of free radicals such as ubisemiquinone, superoxide, nitric oxide, and other (non-radical) reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in a repetitive manner, typically several times per week. As long as the training intensity and duration are sub-maximal and not exhaustive these reactive species do not cause damage, but rather activate signal transduction pathways to induce mitochondrial biogenesis-the foundation of increased exercise endurance. Particularly important are the NFκB and Nrf2 signal transduction pathways which respond to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated during exercise. As with other examples of adaptive homeostasis the effects are transient, lasting only as long as the training is maintained. Unfortunately, the ability to adapt to exercise training declines with age, perhaps as a result of impaired Nrf2 and NFκB signaling, as does adaptive homeostasis capacity in general. Since this is an Hypothesis/Theory Paper and not a review, I have not tried to provide a comprehensive discussion of all the literature relating to exercise adaptation and the cardiovascular system. Rather, I have attempted to develop the Hypothesis or Theory that adaptive homeostasis is the foundation for adaptation of the cardiovascular system to exercise training, largely based on work from my own laboratory, that of close collaborators, and that of key contributors over a period of almost 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin J. A. Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Parker L, Trewin A, Levinger I, Shaw CS, Stepto NK. Exercise-intensity dependent alterations in plasma redox status do not reflect skeletal muscle redox-sensitive protein signaling. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:416-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Tritto ACC, Amano MT, De Cillo ME, Oliveira VA, Mendes SH, Yoshioka C, Roschel H, Camara NOS, Gualano B, Artioli GG. Effect of rapid weight loss and glutamine supplementation on immunosuppression of combat athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Exerc Rehabil 2018; 14:83-92. [PMID: 29511657 PMCID: PMC5833973 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1835154.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of plasma glutamine concentration and glutamine supplementation on immunosuppression was investigated in combat athletes. Twenty-three male athletes were randomly assigned to receive glutamine (21 g/day, n=12) or placebo (ovalbumin, n=11) for 10 days. Six athletes who did not lose weight served as controls. Athletes were assessed 21 days before (−21d), 1 day before (−1d) and 5 days after (+5d) a competition. Weight reduction was similar between glutamine (−8.2%± 4.1%) and placebo (−8.5%±2.4%) and negligible in control (−0.6%±1.4%). In both weight-loss groups, the majority of athletes reported symptoms of upper respiratory symptoms, as assessed by the Wisconsin upper respiratory symptom survey questionnaire. Only two athletes reported symptoms in the control group. Immune cell function remained unchanged throughout the study except for an increase in neutrophil phagocytic activity (placebo: −21d=5,251±2,986; −1d=17,428±22,374; +5d=21,125±21,934; glutamine: −21d=6,096±3,549; −1d=11,029±17,113; +5d=28,186±21,032 FI) and a minor change in monocyte phagocytic activity (placebo: −21d=4,421±3,634; −1d=3,329±6,283; +5d=3,243± 2,553; glutamine: −21d=4,051±3,186; −1d=3,106±2,625; +5d=4,981± 4,598) in both glutamine and placebo after weight loss. Plasma glutamine and cortisol remained unchanged across the study. creatine kinase levels were increased in placebo (−21d=125.2±54.1; −1d=187.2± 73.5; +5d=111.3±59.1 U/L) but not in glutamine (−21d=136.2±58.2; −1d= 168.8±65.0; +5d=129.7±64.0 U/L). Rapid weight loss increased the frequency and severity of infection symptoms, but this was neither associated with plasma glutamine depletion nor counteracted by glutamine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline C C Tritto
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane T Amano
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria E De Cillo
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro H Mendes
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Yoshioka
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen S Camara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology in Nutrition & Exercise Research Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Leicht CA, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Bishop NC. Comparable Neutrophil Responses for Arm and Intensity-matched Leg Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:1716-1723. [PMID: 28277406 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arm exercise is performed at lower absolute intensities than lower body exercise. This may impact on intensity-dependent neutrophil responses, and it is unknown whether individuals restricted to arm exercise experience the same changes in the neutrophil response as found for lower body exercise. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the importance of exercise modality and relative exercise intensity on the neutrophil response. METHODS Twelve moderately trained men performed three 45-min constant load exercise trials after determination of peak oxygen uptake for arm exercise (V˙O2peak arms) and cycling (V˙O2peak legs): 1) arm cranking exercise at 60% V˙O2peak arms, 2) moderate cycling at 60% V˙O2peak legs, and 3) easy cycling at 60% V˙O2peak arms. RESULTS Neutrophil numbers in the circulation increased for all exercise trials, but were significantly lower for easy cycling when compared with arm exercise (P = 0.009), mirroring the blunted increase in HR and epinephrine during easy cycling. For all trials, exercising HR explained some of the variation of the neutrophil number 2 h postexercise (R = 0.51-0.69), epinephrine explaining less of this variation (R = 0.21-0.34). The number of neutrophils expressing CXCR2 decreased in the recovery from exercise in all trials (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Arm and leg exercise elicits the same neutrophil response when performed at the same relative intensity, implying that populations restricted to arm exercise might achieve a similar exercise induced neutrophil response as those performing lower body exercise. A likely explanation for this is the higher sympathetic activation and cardiac output for arm and relative intensity-matched leg exercise when compared with easy cycling, which is partly reflected in HR. This study further shows that the downregulation of CXCR2 may be implicated in exercise-induced neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A Leicht
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Kurti SP, Emerson SR, Smith JR, Rosenkranz SK, Alexander SA, Lovoy GM, Harms CA. Older women exhibit greater airway 8-isoprostane responses to strenuous exercise compared with older men and younger controls. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:497-503. [PMID: 29241018 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of late-onset respiratory diseases is associated with elevated 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, in the airways. However, sex differences exist in development of these diseases. Using an exhaustive exercise bout as a physiological stressor may elucidate whether there is a sex difference with aging in pre- to postexercise airway 8-isoprostane generation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether older women exhibit a greater airway 8-isoprostane response to exhaustive exercise compared with older men and younger controls. Thirty-six individuals completed the study (12 postmenopausal older women (OW) and 12 age-matched older men (OM), 65 ± 4 years of age; and 12 younger controls (YC), 21 ± 2 years of age). Baseline measurements included exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for assessment of airway 8-isoprostane and standard pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to assess forced expiratory volume in 1-s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, and forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% of FVC. Subjects then performed a peak oxygen uptake test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Immediately postexercise, PFTs and EBC were performed. The generation of airway 8-isoprostane from pre- to postexercise was greater in OW compared with OM and YC (p < 0.01), increasing ∼74% ± 77% in OW, while decreasing in OM (∼12% ± 50%) and YC (∼20.9% ± 30%). The OW exhibited a greater airway 8-isoprostane response to exhaustive exercise compared with OM and YC, which may suggest that sex differences in oxidative stress generation following exhaustive exercise may provide a mechanistic rationale for sex differences in late-onset respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P Kurti
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,c Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Sam R Emerson
- b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,d Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,e Departmental of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Joshua R Smith
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,f Mayo Clinic-Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,d Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Garrett M Lovoy
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Craig A Harms
- a Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,b Physical Activity and Nutrition-Clinical Research Consortium, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Rai S, Chowdhury A, Reniers RLEP, Wood SJ, Lucas SJE, Aldred S. A pilot study to assess the effect of acute exercise on brain glutathione. Free Radic Res 2017; 52:57-69. [PMID: 29237310 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1411594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress due to its high metabolic demand. Increased oxidative stress and depletion of glutathione (GSH) are observed with aging and many neurological diseases. Exercise training has the potential to reduce oxidative stress in the brain. In this study, nine healthy sedentary males (aged 25 ± 4 years) undertook a bout of continuous moderate intensity exercise and a high-intensity interval (HII) exercise bout on separate days. GSH concentration in the anterior cingulate was assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in four participants, before and after exercise. This was a pilot study to evaluate the ability of the MRS method to detect exercise-induced changes in brain GSH in humans for the first time. MRS is a non-invasive method based on nuclear magnetic resonance, which enables the quantification of metabolites, such as GSH, in the human brain in vivo. To add context to brain GSH data, other markers of oxidative stress were also assessed in the periphery (in blood) at three time points [pre-, immediately post-, and post (∼1 hour)-exercise]. Moderate exercise caused a significant decrease in brain GSH from 2.12 ± 0.64 mM/kg to 1.26 ± 0.36 mM/kg (p = .04). Blood GSH levels increased immediately post-HII exercise, 580 ± 101 µM to 692 ± 102 µM (n = 9, p = .006). The findings from this study show that brain GSH is altered in response to acute moderate exercise, suggesting that exercise may stimulate an adaptive response in the brain. Due to the challenges in MRS methodology, this pilot study should be followed up with a larger exercise intervention trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahara Rai
- a School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Alimul Chowdhury
- b Medical Physics Department , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | | | - Stephen J Wood
- d Orygen , the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health , Parkville , Australia.,e Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia.,f School of Psychology , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- a School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,g Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Health Partners. , Birmingham , UK
| | - Sarah Aldred
- a School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,g Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Health Partners. , Birmingham , UK
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The comparison of acute high-intensity interval exercise vs. continuous moderate-intensity exercise on plasma calprotectin and associated inflammatory mediators. Physiol Behav 2017; 183:27-32. [PMID: 29042269 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calprotectin promotes the release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1] and myeloperoxidase [MPO]) during the innate immune response as a mechanism to augment leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Although plasma calprotectin is elevated with traditional continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME) as an indicator of the inflammatory response, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been shown to attenuate systemic inflammation while providing similar improvements in cardiovascular health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare plasma levels of calprotectin, MCP-1, and MPO between acute HIIE vs. CME. METHODS Nine healthy males (24.67±3.27yrs) were recruited to participate in HIIE and CME on a cycle ergometer. HIIE consisted of 10 repeated 60s of cycling at 90% max watts (Wmax) separated by 2min of active recovery intensity of interval exercise, whereas CME consisted of 28min of cycling at 60% Wmax. Blood samples were collected prior to, immediately post, and 30 and 60min into recovery following exercise. RESULTS Acute HIIE elicited a lower elevation in calprotectin and MPO compared to CME. An increase in MCP-1 was observed across time in both exercise protocols. Furthermore, our analyses did not reveal any significant correlation in percent change (baseline to immediately following exercise) among calprotectin, MCP1, and MPO in neither HIIE nor CME. However, a significant positive correlation was observed in the overall release of calprotectin and MPO across all four time points in both HIIE and CME. Conclusions Our findings indicate that acute HIIE may potentially diminish the systemic release of inflammatory mediators (calprotectin and MPO) compared to CME.
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Wilson D, Jackson T, Sapey E, Lord JM. Frailty and sarcopenia: The potential role of an aged immune system. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:1-10. [PMID: 28223244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a common negative consequence of ageing. Sarcopenia, the syndrome of loss of muscle mass, quality and strength, is more common in older adults and has been considered a precursor syndrome or the physical manifestation of frailty. The pathophysiology of both syndromes is incompletely described with multiple causes, inter-relationships and complex pathways proposed. Age-associated changes to the immune system (both immunesenescence, the decline in immune function with ageing, and inflammageing, a state of chronic inflammation) have been suggested as contributors to sarcopenia and frailty but a direct causative role remains to be established. Frailty, sarcopenia and immunesenescence are commonly described in older adults but are not ubiquitous to ageing. There is evidence that all three conditions are reversible and all three appear to share common inflammatory drivers. It is unclear whether frailty, sarcopenia and immunesenescence are separate entities that co-occur due to coincidental or potentially confounding factors, or whether they are more intimately linked by the same underlying cellular mechanisms. This review explores these possibilities focusing on innate immunity, and in particular associations with neutrophil dysfunction, inflammation and known mechanisms described to date. Furthermore, we consider whether the age-related decline in immune cell function (such as neutrophil migration), increased inflammation and the dysregulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway in neutrophils could contribute pathogenically to sarcopenia and frailty.
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Kauffman KJ, Mir FF, Jhunjhunwala S, Kaczmarek JC, Hurtado JE, Yang JH, Webber MJ, Kowalski PS, Heartlein MW, DeRosa F, Anderson DG. Efficacy and immunogenicity of unmodified and pseudouridine-modified mRNA delivered systemically with lipid nanoparticles in vivo. Biomaterials 2016; 109:78-87. [PMID: 27680591 PMCID: PMC5267554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
mRNA has broad potential for treating diseases requiring protein expression. However, mRNA can also induce an immune response with associated toxicity. Replacement of uridine bases with pseudouridine has been postulated to modulate both mRNA immunogenicity and potency. Here, we explore the immune response and activity of lipid nanoparticle-formulated unmodified and pseudouridine-modified mRNAs administered systemically in vivo. Pseudouridine modification to mRNA had no significant effect on lipid nanoparticle physical properties, protein expression in vivo, or mRNA immunogenicity compared to unmodified mRNA when delivered systemically with liver-targeting lipid nanoparticles, but reduced in vitro transfection levels. Indicators of a transient, extracellular innate immune response to mRNA were observed, including neutrophilia, myeloid cell activation, and up-regulation of four serum cytokines. This study provides insight into the immune responses to mRNA lipid nanoparticles, and suggests that pseudouridine modifications may be unnecessary for therapeutic application of mRNA in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Kauffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Faryal F Mir
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James C Kaczmarek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Juan E Hurtado
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jung H Yang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Webber
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Piotr S Kowalski
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Quindry J, Dumke C, Slivka D, Ruby B. Impact of extreme exercise at high altitude on oxidative stress in humans. J Physiol 2016; 594:5093-104. [PMID: 26453842 PMCID: PMC5023697 DOI: 10.1113/jp270651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and oxidative stress research continues to grow as a physiological subdiscipline. The influence of high altitude on exercise and oxidative stress is among the recent topics of intense study in this area. Early findings indicate that exercise at high altitude has an independent influence on free radical generation and the resultant oxidative stress. This review provides a detailed summary of oxidative stress biochemistry as gleaned mainly from studies of humans exercising at high altitude. Understanding of the human response to exercise at altitude is largely derived from field-based research at altitudes above 3000 m in addition to laboratory studies which employ normobaric hypoxia. The implications of oxidative stress incurred during high altitude exercise appear to be a transient increase in oxidative damage followed by redox-sensitive adaptations in multiple tissues. These outcomes are consistent for lowland natives, high altitude acclimated sojourners and highland natives, although the latter group exhibits a more robust adaptive response. To date there is no evidence that altitude-induced oxidative stress is deleterious to normal training or recovery scenarios. Limited evidence suggests that deleterious outcomes related to oxidative stress are limited to instances where individuals are exposed to extreme elevations for extended durations. However, confirmation of this tentative conclusion requires further investigation. More applicably, altitude-induced hypoxia may have an independent influence on redox-sensitive adaptive responses to exercise and exercise recovery. If correct, these findings may hold important implications for athletes, mountaineers, and soldiers working at high altitude. These points are raised within the confines of published research on the topic of oxidative stress during exercise at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quindry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Charles Dumke
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brent Ruby
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Montana Centre for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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Masson GS, Borges JP, da Silva PPS, da Nóbrega ACL, Tibiriçá E, Lessa MA. Effect of continuous and interval aerobic exercise training on baroreflex sensitivity in heart failure. Auton Neurosci 2016; 197:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Anthropometric characteristics and evaluation of nutritional status amongst female brick field workers of the unorganized sectors of West Bengal, India. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-44. [PMID: 27005784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the body composition and hand grip strength as indirect measures of nutritional status of 162 female workers and the status of the serum oxidative stress enzymes of 35 female workers engaged in the manual brick making units of the unorganized sectors of West Bengal, India. Results show that the waist-hip ratio values (mean 0.79 vs. 0.83; p=0.0034) are significantly greater amongst the brick carriers than the moulders. The body density (mean 1067.0 vs. 1056.0kg/m(3); p<0.0001) is lower and the body fat % (mean 10.63% vs. 13.09%; p<0.0001) of the brick carriers is significantly higher. The hand grip strength (HGS) (horizontal) of the brick workers in right (mean 379.52 vs. 267.72N; p<0.0001) and left (mean 268.78 vs. 162.79N; p<0.0001) hands are significantly greater than the control group. The serum malondialdehyde level is significantly higher (mean 99.97 vs. 160.21nmol/mg of protein; p<0.0001) but the superoxide dismutase level (mean 6.71 vs. 3.34unit/mg of protein; p<0.0001), glutathione level (GSH) (mean 3.93 vs. 2.11μg/mg of protein; p<0.0001) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity (mean 5.4 vs. 2.73nmole/min/mg of protein; p<0.0001) are significantly lower than that of the control group. The indirect nutritional assessments have shown that the women are poorly nourished. The hand grip strength is quite high in both groups of workers but consecutively decreases with the passage of time. Reduced levels of GSH and GST indicate that there is a higher level of reactive oxygen species inducing oxidative stress in the body. The probable causes of this state might be the intake of less nutritious food, polluted environment, excess ambient temperature and improper workstation.
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Brown WMC, Davison GW, McClean CM, Murphy MH. A Systematic Review of the Acute Effects of Exercise on Immune and Inflammatory Indices in Untrained Adults. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2015; 1:35. [PMID: 26512338 PMCID: PMC4612317 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Although the incidence may be reduced with regular exercise, the health benefits of a single bout of exercise on selected CVD risk factors are not well understood. The primary objective of this review is to consider the transient effects of exercise on immune (neutrophil count) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP]) markers in untrained adults. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sports Discus and Cochrane were searched for relevant studies published from January 1946 to May 2013. Randomised controlled or crossover studies which measured any of these parameters in untrained but otherwise healthy participants in the 48 h following about of exercise, less than 1 h in duration were included. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate a single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise of moderate to high intensity promotes an increase in IL-6 (145 %) and neutrophil counts (51 %). It appears that 30-60 min of moderate to high intensity exercise is necessary to elicit such changes although variables such as the mode, intensity and pattern of exercise also affect the response. The acute response of CRP within the included studies is equivocal. CONCLUSIONS Although responses to CRP are inconsistent, a single bout of exercise can increase the activity of both circulating IL-6 and neutrophil counts in untrained adults. These immune and inflammatory responses to a single bout of exercise may be linked to a range of health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M C Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
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Kliszczewicz B, Quindry CJ, Blessing LD, Oliver DG, Esco RM, Taylor JK. Acute Exercise and Oxidative Stress: CrossFit(™) vs. Treadmill Bout. J Hum Kinet 2015; 47:81-90. [PMID: 26557192 PMCID: PMC4633270 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CrossFit™, a popular high-intensity training modality, has been the subject of scrutiny, with concerns of elevated risk of injury and health. Despite these concerns empirical evidence regarding physiologic stresses including acute oxidative stress is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute redox response to a CrossFit™ bout. Furthermore, these findings were compared to a high-intensity treadmill bout as a point of reference. Ten males 26.4 ± 2.7 yrs having three or more months of CrossFit™ experience participated in the present study. Blood plasma was collected at four time points: Pre-exercise (PRE), immediately-post-exercise (IPE), 1 hr-post (1-HP) and 2 hr-post (2-HP), to examine oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity. Regarding plasma oxidative damage, CrossFit™ and Treadmill elicited a time-dependent increase of lipid peroxides 1-HP (CrossFit™=+143%, Treadmill=+115%) and 2-HP (CrossFit™=+256%, Treadmill+167%). Protein Carbonyls were increased IPE in CF only (+5%), while a time-dependent decrease occurred 1-HP (CrossFit™=−16%, Treadmill=−8%) and 2-HP (CF=−16%, TM=−1%) compared to IPE. Regarding antioxidant capacity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power also demonstrated a time-dependent increase within CrossFit™ and Treadmill: IPE (CrossFit™=+25%, Treadmill=+17%), 1-HP (CrossFit™=+26%, Treadmill=+4.8%), 2-HP (CrossFit™=+20%, Treadmill=+12%). Total Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity showed a time-dependent decrease in IPE (CrossFit™=−10%, Treadmill=−12%), 1-HP (CrossFit™=−12%, Treadmill=−6%), 2-HP (CrossFit™=−7%, Treadmill=−11%). No trial-dependent differences were observed in any biomarker of oxidative stress. The CrossFit™ bout elicited an acute blood oxidative stress response comparable to a traditional bout of high-intensity treadmill running. Results also confirm that exercise intensity and the time course of exercise recovery influence oxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kliszczewicz
- Kennesaw State University, Department of Exercise Science and Sports Management
- Corresponding author: Dr. Brian Kliszczewicz, Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Phone: (315) 415-660, Fax:(470) 578-9072,
| | | | | | | | | | - J. Kyle Taylor
- Auburn University at Montgomery, Department of Medical and Clinical Lab Sciences
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Peters B, Ballmann C, Mcginnis G, Epstein E, Hyatt H, Slivka D, Cuddy J, Hailes W, Dumke C, Ruby B, Quindry J. Graded hypoxia and blood oxidative stress during exercise recovery. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:56-66. [PMID: 25871479 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1031164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Altitude exposure and exercise elicit oxidative stress in blood; however, exercise recovery at 5000 m attenuates oxidative stress. The purpose was to determine the altitude threshold at which blood oxidative stress is blunted during exercise recovery. Twelve males 18-28 years performed four-cycle ergometry bouts (60 min, 70% VO2max, at 975 m). In a randomised counterbalanced crossover design, participants recovered 6 h at 0, 1667, 3333 and 5000 m in a normobaric hypoxia chamber (recovery altitudes were simulated by using a computerised system in an environmental chamber by lowering the partial pressure of oxygen to match that of the respective altitude). Oxygen saturation was monitored throughout exercise recovery. Blood samples obtained pre-, post-, 1 h post- and 5 h post-exercise were assayed for ferric-reducing antioxidant plasma, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, uric acid, lipid hydroperoxides and protein carbonyls. Muscle biopsies obtained pre and 6 h were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to quantify expression of hemeoxgenase 1, superoxide dismutase 2 and nuclear factor (euthyroid-derived 2)-like factor. Pulse oximetry data were similar during exercise, but decreased for the three highest recovery elevations (0 m = 0%, 1667 m = -3%; 3333 m = -7%; 5000 m = -17%). A time-dependent oxidative stress occurred following exercise for all variables, but the two highest recovery altitudes partially attenuated the lipid hydroperoxide response (0 m = +135%, 1667 m = +251%, 3333 m = +99%; 5000 m = +108%). Data may indicate an altitude threshold between 1667 and 3333 m, above which the oxidative stress response is blunted during exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Peters
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Christopher Ballmann
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Graham Mcginnis
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Erin Epstein
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Hayden Hyatt
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Dustin Slivka
- b University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - John Cuddy
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - William Hailes
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Charles Dumke
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - Brent Ruby
- c Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Montana , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - John Quindry
- a Cardioprotection Laboratory, School of Kinesiology , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
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