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de Cock MP, Baede VO, Esser HJ, Fonville M, de Vries A, de Boer WF, Mehl C, Ulrich RG, Schares G, Hakze-van der Honing RW, van der Poel WHM, Sprong H, Maas M. T(r)icky Environments: Higher Prevalence of Tick-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens in Rodents from Natural Areas Compared with Urban Areas. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:478-488. [PMID: 38853708 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Urban areas are unique ecosystems with stark differences in species abundance and composition compared with natural ecosystems. These differences can affect pathogen transmission dynamics, thereby altering zoonotic pathogen prevalence and diversity. In this study, we screened small mammals from natural and urban areas in the Netherlands for up to 19 zoonotic pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites. Materials and Methods: In total, 578 small mammals were captured, including wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), bank voles (Myodes glareolus), yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), house mice (Mus musculus), common voles (Microtus arvalis), and greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula). We detected a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens in small mammals from both urban and natural areas. For a subset of these pathogens, in wood mice and bank voles, we then tested whether pathogen prevalence and diversity were associated with habitat type (i.e., natural versus urban), degree of greenness, and various host characteristics. Results: The prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens (Borrelia spp. and Neoehrlichia mikurensis) was significantly higher in wood mice from natural areas. In contrast, the prevalence of Bartonella spp. was higher in wood mice from urban areas, but this difference was not statistically significant. Pathogen diversity was higher in bank voles from natural habitats and increased with body weight for both rodent species, although this relationship depended on sex for bank voles. In addition, we detected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus for the first time in rodents in the Netherlands. Discussion: The differences between natural and urban areas are likely related to differences in the abundance and diversity of arthropod vectors and vertebrate community composition. With increasing environmental encroachment and changes in urban land use (e.g., urban greening), it is important to better understand transmission dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in urban environments to reduce potential disease risks for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke P de Cock
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie O Baede
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Helen J Esser
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manoj Fonville
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ankje de Vries
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willem F de Boer
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Calvin Mehl
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gereon Schares
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Wim H M van der Poel
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Sprong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Maas
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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2
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Falkenberg C, Bartholdy C, Koch J, Toft M, Skov S, Hansen CHF, Hansen A. Induction of CD8 + immune memory and enhanced inflammation in a skin inflammation model through pre-immunization with inactivated pathogens. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13697. [PMID: 38082552 PMCID: PMC10766028 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mice live in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions, resulting in an immature immune system comparable to that of newborns rather than adult humans or mice from pet shops. This condition may compromise their translational value. Reintroducing pathogens would lead to the uncontrolled spread of infections and associated diseases, so research facilities should seek safer alternatives. We immunized laboratory mice with a cocktail of pathogens, which were inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation and mixed with the adjuvant AddaVax. This immunization resulted in a higher percentage of CD8+ effector memory T cells compared to untreated mice, although the response was not as robust as in pet shop mice. In a model of skin inflammation, pre-immunization led to an increased skin inflammatory response compared to non-immunized mice. All immunized mice seroconverted to the pathogens in the mixture, while none of the non-immunized mice housed together seroconverted to the pathogens applied to the pre-immunized mice. In conclusion, pre-immunization of mice impacts the immune system, which includes increasing the levels of CD8+ effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Falkenberg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Christina Bartholdy
- Translational Sciences, Research & Early Development, LEO Pharma A/SBallerupDenmark
| | - Janne Koch
- Translational Sciences, Research & Early Development, LEO Pharma A/SBallerupDenmark
| | | | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Camilla Hartmann Friis Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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3
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Kaiser JA, Liu X, Luongo C, Matsuoka Y, Santos C, Yang L, Herbert R, Castens A, Dorward DW, Johnson RF, Park HS, Afroz S, Munir S, Le Nouën C, Buchholz UJ. Intranasal murine pneumonia virus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces mucosal and serum antibodies in macaques. iScience 2023; 26:108490. [PMID: 38144450 PMCID: PMC10746510 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are needed that induce systemic and mucosal immunity. Murine pneumonia virus (MPV), a murine homolog of respiratory syncytial virus, is attenuated by host-range restriction in nonhuman primates and has a tropism for the respiratory tract. We generated MPV vectors expressing the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (MPV/S) or its prefusion-stabilized form (MPV/S-2P). Both vectors replicated similarly in cell culture and stably expressed S. However, only S-2P was associated with MPV particles. After intranasal/intratracheal immunization of rhesus macaques, MPV/S and MPV/S-2P replicated to low levels in the airways. Despite its low-level replication, MPV/S-2P induced high levels of mucosal and serum IgG and IgA to SARS-CoV-2 S or its receptor-binding domain. Serum antibodies from MPV/S-2P-immunized animals efficiently inhibited ACE2 receptor binding to S proteins of variants of concern. Based on its attenuation and immunogenicity in macaques, MPV/S-2P will be further evaluated as a live-attenuated vaccine for intranasal immunization against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A. Kaiser
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xueqiao Liu
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard Herbert
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Ashley Castens
- Experimental Primate Virology Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - David W. Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong-Su Park
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharmin Afroz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shirin Munir
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cyril Le Nouën
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Hansen F, Vučak M, Nichols J, Hughes J, Bane S, Camiolo S, da Silva Filipe A, Ostermann E, Staliunaite L, Chan B, Mauch T, Sogoba N, Streblow DN, Voigt S, Oestereich L, Ehlers B, Redwood AJ, Feldmann H, Brune W, Rosenke K, Jarvis MA, Davison AJ. Isolation and genome sequencing of cytomegaloviruses from Natal multimammate mice ( Mastomys natalensis). J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001873. [PMID: 37643006 PMCID: PMC10721045 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are widely distributed across their mammalian hosts in a highly host species-restricted pattern. To date, evidence demonstrating this has been limited largely to PCR-based approaches targeting small, conserved genomic regions, and only a few complete genomes of isolated viruses representing distinct CMV species have been sequenced. We have now combined direct isolation of infectious viruses from tissues with complete genome sequencing to provide a view of CMV diversity in a wild animal population. We targeted Natal multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis), which are common in sub-Saharan Africa, are known to carry a variety of zoonotic pathogens, and are regarded as the primary source of Lassa virus (LASV) spillover into humans. Using transformed epithelial cells prepared from M. natalensis kidneys, we isolated CMVs from the salivary gland tissue of 14 of 37 (36 %) animals from a field study site in Mali. Genome sequencing showed that these primary isolates represent three different M. natalensis CMVs (MnatCMVs: MnatCMV1, MnatCMV2 and MnatCMV3), with some animals carrying multiple MnatCMVs or multiple strains of a single MnatCMV presumably as a result of coinfection or superinfection. Including primary isolates and plaque-purified isolates, we sequenced and annotated the genomes of two MnatCMV1 strains (derived from sequencing 14 viruses), six MnatCMV2 strains (25 viruses) and ten MnatCMV3 strains (21 viruses), totalling 18 MnatCMV strains isolated as 60 infectious viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these MnatCMVs group with other murid viruses in the genus Muromegalovirus (subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Orthoherpesviridae), and that MnatCMV1 and MnatCMV2 are more closely related to each other than to MnatCMV3. The availability of MnatCMV isolates and the characterization of their genomes will serve as the prelude to the generation of a MnatCMV-based vaccine to target LASV in the M. natalensis reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Hansen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Present address: School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Matej Vučak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sidy Bane
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salvatore Camiolo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- Present address: BioSpyder Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Baca Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Nafomon Sogoba
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alec J. Redwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- The Vaccine Group Ltd, Plymouth, Devon, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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5
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Le‐Trilling VTK, Banchenko S, Paydar D, Leipe PM, Binting L, Lauer S, Graziadei A, Klingen R, Gotthold C, Bürger J, Bracht T, Sitek B, Jan Lebbink R, Malyshkina A, Mielke T, Rappsilber J, Spahn CMT, Voigt S, Trilling M, Schwefel D. Structural mechanism of CRL4-instructed STAT2 degradation via a novel cytomegaloviral DCAF receptor. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112351. [PMID: 36762436 PMCID: PMC9975947 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitously distributed pathogen whose rodent counterparts such as mouse and rat CMV serve as common infection models. Here, we conducted global proteome profiling of rat CMV-infected cells and uncovered a pronounced loss of the transcription factor STAT2, which is crucial for antiviral interferon signalling. Via deletion mutagenesis, we found that the viral protein E27 is required for CMV-induced STAT2 depletion. Cellular and in vitro analyses showed that E27 exploits host-cell Cullin4-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complexes to induce poly-ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of STAT2. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed how E27 mimics molecular surface properties of cellular CRL4 substrate receptors called DCAFs (DDB1- and Cullin4-associated factors), thereby displacing them from the catalytic core of CRL4. Moreover, structural analyses showed that E27 recruits STAT2 through a bipartite binding interface, which partially overlaps with the IRF9 binding site. Structure-based mutations in M27, the murine CMV homologue of E27, impair the interferon-suppressing capacity and virus replication in mouse models, supporting the conserved importance of DCAF mimicry for CMV immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Banchenko
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Darius Paydar
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Zentrum für KinderpsychiatrieUniversitätsklinik ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Pia Madeleine Leipe
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Lukas Binting
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Simon Lauer
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of BiotechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Robin Klingen
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Christine Gotthold
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jörg Bürger
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Microscopy and Cryo‐Electron Microscopy Service GroupMax‐Planck‐Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Thilo Bracht
- Medizinisches Proteom‐CenterRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain TherapyUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus BochumBochumGermany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom‐CenterRuhr‐University BochumBochumGermany
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain TherapyUniversity Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus BochumBochumGermany
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Microscopy and Cryo‐Electron Microscopy Service GroupMax‐Planck‐Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of BiotechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Christian MT Spahn
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for VirologyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - David Schwefel
- Institute of Medical Physics and BiophysicsCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
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6
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Yee JL, Strelow LI, White JA, Rosenthal AN, Barry PA. Horizontal transmission of endemic viruses among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for human cytomegalovirus vaccine/challenge design. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:53-63. [PMID: 36151734 PMCID: PMC9825633 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhesus macaques are natural hosts to multiple viruses including rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), and Simian Foamy Virus (SFV). While viral infections are ubiquitous, viral transmissions to uninfected animals are incompletely defined. Management procedures of macaque colonies include cohorts that are Specific Pathogen Free (SPF). Greater understanding of viral transmission would augment SPF protocols. Moreover, vaccine/challenge studies of human viruses would be enhanced by leveraging transmission of macaque viruses to recapitulate expected challenges of human vaccine trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study characterizes viral transmissions to uninfected animals following inadvertent introduction of RhCMV/RRV/SFV-infected adults to a cohort of uninfected juveniles. Following co-housing with virus-positive adults, juveniles were serially evaluated for viral infection. RESULTS Horizontal viral transmission was rapid and absolute, reaching 100% penetrance between 19 and 78 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into viral natural histories with implications for colony management and modeling vaccine-mediated immune protection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lisa I Strelow
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ann N Rosenthal
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
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Abstract
Animal models are a critical tool in modern biology. To increase reproducibility and to reduce confounding variables modern animal models exclude many microbes, including key natural commensals and pathogens. Here we discuss recent strategies to incorporate a natural microbiota to laboratory mouse models and the impacts the microbiota has on immune responses, with a focus on viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Fiege
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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8
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Bigley TM, Xiong M, Ali M, Chen Y, Wang C, Serrano JR, Eteleeb A, Harari O, Yang L, Patel SJ, Cruchaga C, Yokoyama WM, Holtzman DM. Murine roseolovirus does not accelerate amyloid-β pathology and human roseoloviruses are not over-represented in Alzheimer disease brains. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:10. [PMID: 35033173 PMCID: PMC8760754 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viral infection in Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathogenesis is an area of great interest in recent years. Several studies have suggested an association between the human roseoloviruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, and AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are a hallmark neuropathological finding of AD and were recently proposed to have an antimicrobial function in response to infection. Identifying a causative and mechanistic role of human roseoloviruses in AD has been confounded by limitations in performing in vivo studies. Recent -omics based approaches have demonstrated conflicting associations between human roseoloviruses and AD. Murine roseolovirus (MRV) is a natural murine pathogen that is highly-related to the human roseoloviruses, providing an opportunity to perform well-controlled studies of the impact of roseolovirus on Aβ deposition. METHODS We utilized the 5XFAD mouse model to test whether MRV induces Aβ deposition in vivo. We also evaluated viral load and neuropathogenesis of MRV infection. To evaluate Aβ interaction with MRV, we performed electron microscopy. RNA-sequencing of a cohort of AD brains compared to control was used to investigate the association between human roseolovirus and AD. RESULTS We found that 5XFAD mice were susceptible to MRV infection and developed neuroinflammation. Moreover, we demonstrated that Aβ interacts with viral particles in vitro and, subsequent to this interaction, can disrupt infection. Despite this, neither peripheral nor brain infection with MRV increased or accelerated Aβ plaque formation. Moreover, -omics based approaches have demonstrated conflicting associations between human roseoloviruses and AD. Our RNA-sequencing analysis of a cohort of AD brains compared to controls did not show an association between roseolovirus infection and AD. CONCLUSION Although MRV does infect the brain and cause transient neuroinflammation, our data do not support a role for murine or human roseoloviruses in the development of Aβ plaque formation and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin M. Bigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Present address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (DBBS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Abdallah Eteleeb
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Swapneel J. Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Department Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8134, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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9
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Nakayama M, Kyuwa S. Basic reproduction numbers of three strains of mouse hepatitis viruses in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:166-172. [PMID: 34984727 PMCID: PMC9306726 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a murine coronavirus and one of the most important pathogens in laboratory mice. Although various strains of MHV have been isolated, they are generally excreted in the feces and transmitted oronasally via aerosols and contaminated bedding. In this study, we attempted to determine the basic reproduction numbers (R0) of three strains of MHV to improve our understanding of MHV infections in mice. Five‐week‐old female C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intranasally with either the Y, NuU, or JHM variant strain of MHV and housed with two naïve mice. After 4 weeks, the presence or absence of anti‐MHV antibody in the mice was determined by ELISA. We also examined the distribution of MHV in the organs of Y, NuU, or JHM variant‐infected mice. Our data suggest that the transmissibility of MHV is correlated with viral growth in the gastrointestinal tract of infected mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to address the basic reproduction numbers among pathogens in laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Ip HS, Griffin KM, Messer JD, Winzeler ME, Shriner SA, Killian ML, K. Torchetti M, DeLiberto TJ, Amman BR, Cossaboom CM, Harvey RR, Wendling NM, Rettler H, Taylor D, Towner JS, Barton Behravesh C, Blehert DS. An Opportunistic Survey Reveals an Unexpected Coronavirus Diversity Hotspot in North America. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102016. [PMID: 34696445 PMCID: PMC8539472 DOI: 10.3390/v13102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In summer 2020, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected on mink farms in Utah. An interagency One Health response was initiated to assess the extent of the outbreak and included sampling animals from on or near affected mink farms and testing them for SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS coronaviruses. Among the 365 animals sampled, including domestic cats, mink, rodents, raccoons, and skunks, 261 (72%) of the animals harbored at least one coronavirus. Among the samples that could be further characterized, 127 alphacoronaviruses and 88 betacoronaviruses (including 74 detections of SARS-CoV-2 in mink) were identified. Moreover, at least 10% (n = 27) of the coronavirus-positive animals were found to be co-infected with more than one coronavirus. Our findings indicate an unexpectedly high prevalence of coronavirus among the domestic and wild free-roaming animals tested on mink farms. These results raise the possibility that mink farms could be potential hot spots for future trans-species viral spillover and the emergence of new pandemic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon S. Ip
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch. Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.M.G.); (J.D.M.); (M.E.W.); (D.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-270-2464
| | - Kathryn M. Griffin
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch. Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.M.G.); (J.D.M.); (M.E.W.); (D.S.B.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Messer
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch. Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.M.G.); (J.D.M.); (M.E.W.); (D.S.B.)
| | - Megan E. Winzeler
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch. Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.M.G.); (J.D.M.); (M.E.W.); (D.S.B.)
| | - Susan A. Shriner
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; (S.A.S.); (T.J.D.)
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.L.K.); (M.K.T.)
| | - Thomas J. DeLiberto
- Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA; (S.A.S.); (T.J.D.)
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.R.A.); (C.M.C.); (R.R.H.); (N.M.W.); (J.S.T.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.R.A.); (C.M.C.); (R.R.H.); (N.M.W.); (J.S.T.); (C.B.B.)
| | - R. Reid Harvey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.R.A.); (C.M.C.); (R.R.H.); (N.M.W.); (J.S.T.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Natalie M. Wendling
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.R.A.); (C.M.C.); (R.R.H.); (N.M.W.); (J.S.T.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Hannah Rettler
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84114, USA;
| | - Dean Taylor
- Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA;
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.R.A.); (C.M.C.); (R.R.H.); (N.M.W.); (J.S.T.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.R.A.); (C.M.C.); (R.R.H.); (N.M.W.); (J.S.T.); (C.B.B.)
| | - David S. Blehert
- United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Laboratory Services Branch. Madison, WI 53711, USA; (K.M.G.); (J.D.M.); (M.E.W.); (D.S.B.)
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11
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Kumakamba C, N'Kawa F, Kingebeni PM, Losoma JA, Lukusa IN, Muyembe F, Mulembakani P, Makuwa M, LeBreton M, Gillis A, Rimoin AW, Hoff NA, Schneider BS, Monagin C, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Rubin EM, Tamfum JJM, Lange CE. Analysis of adenovirus DNA detected in rodent species from the Democratic Republic of the Congo indicates potentially novel adenovirus types. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 34:100640. [PMID: 32025309 PMCID: PMC6997563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different species of adenoviruses (AdVs) infect humans and animals and are known for their role as pathogens, especially in humans, with animals, primarily rodents, often serving as model systems. However, although we know over 100 types of human AdVs, we know comparatively little about the diversity of animal AdVs. Due to the fact that rodents are the most diverse family of mammals and a standard model system for human disease, we set out to sample African rodents native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and test them for AdV DNA using a semi-nested consensus PCR. A total of 775 animals were tested, and viral DNA was detected in four of them. The AdV DNA found belongs to three different AdVs, all being closely related to murine adenovirus 2 (MAdV-2). Considering the genetic differences of the amplicon were 9%, 11% and 19% from MAdV-2 and at least 10% from each other, they seem to belong to up to three different novel types within the Murine mastadenovirus B species. This evidence of genetic diversity highlights the opportunities to isolate and study additional AdVs that infect rodents as models for AdV biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kumakamba
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - F N'Kawa
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - J Atibu Losoma
- School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - I Ngay Lukusa
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - F Muyembe
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - P Mulembakani
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M Makuwa
- Metabiota DRC, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - A Gillis
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A W Rimoin
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - B S Schneider
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.,Etiologic, Oakland, CA, USA.,Pinpoint Science, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Monagin
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA.,One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D O Joly
- Metabiota Inc., Nanaimo, Canada.,British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, Canada
| | - N D Wolfe
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E M Rubin
- Metabiota Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J J Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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12
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Hemmi S, Spindler KR. Murine adenoviruses: tools for studying adenovirus pathogenesis in a natural host. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3649-3659. [PMID: 31777948 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small laboratory animals are powerful models for investigating in vivo viral pathogenesis of a number of viruses. For adenoviruses (AdVs), however, species-specificity poses limitations to studying human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in mice and other small laboratory animals. Thus, this review covers work on naturally occurring mouse AdVs, primarily mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAdV-1), a member of the species Murine mastadenovirus A. Molecular genetics, virus life cycle, cell and tissue tropism, interactions with the host immune response, persistence, and host genetics of susceptibility are described. A brief discussion of MAdV-2 (member of species Murine mastadenovirus B) and MAdV-3 (member of species Murine mastadenovirus C) is included. We report the use of MAdVs in the development of vectors and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katherine R Spindler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Denner J, Bigley TM, Phan TL, Zimmermann C, Zhou X, Kaufer BB. Comparative Analysis of Roseoloviruses in Humans, Pigs, Mice, and Other Species. Viruses 2019; 11:E1108. [PMID: 31801268 PMCID: PMC6949924 DOI: 10.3390/v11121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the genus Roseolovirus belong to the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae. Roseoloviruses have been studied in humans, mice and pigs, but they are likely also present in other species. This is the first comparative analysis of roseoloviruses in humans and animals. The human roseoloviruses human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), 6B (HHV-6B), and 7 (HHV-7) are relatively well characterized. In contrast, little is known about the murine roseolovirus (MRV), also known as murine thymic virus (MTV) or murine thymic lymphotrophic virus (MTLV), and the porcine roseolovirus (PRV), initially incorrectly named porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). Human roseoloviruses have gained attention because they can cause severe diseases including encephalitis in immunocompromised transplant and AIDS patients and febrile seizures in infants. They have been linked to a number of neurological diseases in the immunocompetent including multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's. However, to prove the causality in the latter disease associations is challenging due to the high prevalence of these viruses in the human population. PCMV/PRV has attracted attention because it may be transmitted and pose a risk in xenotransplantation, e.g., the transplantation of pig organs into humans. Most importantly, all roseoloviruses are immunosuppressive, the humoral and cellular immune responses against these viruses are not well studied and vaccines as well as effective antivirals are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Robert Koch Fellow, 13352 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tarin M. Bigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department. of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Tuan L. Phan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA 93108, USA
| | - Cosima Zimmermann
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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14
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Adams SC, Myles MH, Tracey LN, Livingston RS, Schultz CL, Reuter JD, Leblanc M. Effects of Pelleting, Irradiation, and Autoclaving of Rodent Feed on MPV and MNV Infectivity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2019; 58:542-550. [PMID: 31391143 PMCID: PMC6774454 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) and mouse parvovirus (MPV) are among the most common adventitial viruses seen in laboratory mice, and infections arise in barrier facilities despite rigorous biosecurity programs. Some authors have implicated nonsterilized feed as a source of MPV in rodent facilities, but none have conclusively documented viral particles in the feed. In this study, we hypothesized that both viruses can resist the pelleting process but not subsequent irradiation or autoclaving, thus revealing a potential source of outbreaks in rodent facilities. To test this hypothesis, we contaminated powdered feed with 10-fold concentrations of MNV and MPV and fed it to both Swiss Webster (SW) and C57BL/6NTac (B6) mice to determine a 'powdered ID50' according to seroconversion over a 28-d period. We repeated the experiment by using powdered feed that we contaminated with increasing viral doses (as no. of powdered ID50) and subsequently pelleted; from these results, we determined a 'pelleted ID50.' Finally we assessed the effect of irradiation and autoclaving on contaminated pellets by using the same experimental design. The powdered ID50 was relatively low and identical in both mouse strains (2.51 × 10² pfu) for MNV but higher in B6 (copy number, 3.20 × 106) than SW (3.98 × 10⁴ copies) for MPV. As hypothesized, mice were infected by contaminated rodent feed despite the pelleting process. Indeed, pelleting resulted in a 1- to 2-log increase in ID50 in both strains for MNV and MPV. Irradiation and autoclaving of infected pellets effectively prevented seroconversion of mice exposed to all doses of MNV, whereas a single mouse seroconverted at the highest dose of MPV (1.35 × 107 copies). These data suggest that both MNV and MPV remain infectious after conditions reproducing the rodent chow pelleting process and that nonsterilized rodent chow might be a source of viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Adams
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Laura N Tracey
- PMI Nutrition International, LabDiet, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Jon D Reuter
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California;,
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15
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Diffo J, Ndze VN, Ntumvi NF, Takuo JM, Mouiche MMM, Tamoufe U, Nwobegahay J, LeBreton M, Gillis A, Schneider BS, Fair JM, Monagin C, McIver DJ, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Rubin EM, Lange CE. DNA of diverse adenoviruses detected in Cameroonian rodent and shrew species. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2359-2366. [PMID: 31240484 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rodent adenoviruses are important models for human disease. In contrast to the over 70 adenovirus types isolated from humans, few rodent adenoviruses are known, despite the vast diversity of rodent species. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to investigate adenovirus diversity in wild rodents and shrews in Cameroon. Adenovirus DNA was detected in 13.8% of animals (n = 218). All detected sequences differ from known adenovirus types by more than 10% at the amino acid level, thus indicating up to 14 novel adenovirus species. These results highlight the diversity of rodent adenoviruses, their phylogeny, and opportunities for studying alternative adenovirus rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bradley S Schneider
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, USA.,Etiologic, Oakland, CA, USA.,Pinpoint Science, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Fair
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, USA.,VIRION, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Corina Monagin
- Metabiota Inc, San Francisco, USA.,One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Damien O Joly
- Metabiota Inc, Nanaimo, Canada.,British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, Victoria, Canada
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16
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Childs JE, Klein SL, Glass GE. A Case Study of Two Rodent-Borne Viruses: Not Always the Same Old Suspects. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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17
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STAT2-Dependent Immune Responses Ensure Host Survival despite the Presence of a Potent Viral Antagonist. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00296-18. [PMID: 29743368 PMCID: PMC6026732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00296-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathogen encounter induces interferons, which signal via Janus kinases and STAT transcription factors to establish an antiviral state. However, the host and pathogens are situated in a continuous arms race which shapes host evolution toward optimized immune responses and the pathogens toward enhanced immune-evasive properties. Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) counteracts interferon responses by pM27-mediated degradation of STAT2, which directly affects the signaling of type I as well as type III interferons. Using MCMV mutants lacking M27 and mice lacking STAT2, we studied the opposing relationship between antiviral activities and viral antagonism in a natural host-pathogen pair in vitro and in vivo In contrast to wild-type (wt) MCMV, ΔM27 mutant MCMV was efficiently cleared from all organs within a few days in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and 129 mice, highlighting the general importance of STAT2 antagonism for MCMV replication. Despite this effective and relevant STAT2 antagonism, wt and STAT2-deficient mice exhibited fundamentally different susceptibilities to MCMV infections. MCMV replication was increased in all assessed organs (e.g., liver, spleen, lungs, and salivary glands) of STAT2-deficient mice, resulting in mortality during the first week after infection. Taken together, the results of our study reveal the importance of cytomegaloviral interferon antagonism for viral replication as well as a pivotal role of the remaining STAT2 activity for host survival. This mutual influence establishes a stable evolutionary standoff situation with fatal consequences when the equilibrium is disturbed.IMPORTANCE The host limits viral replication by the use of interferons (IFNs), which signal via STAT proteins. Several viruses evolved antagonists targeting STATs to antagonize IFNs (e.g., cytomegaloviruses, Zika virus, dengue virus, and several paramyxoviruses). We analyzed infections caused by MCMV expressing or lacking the STAT2 antagonist pM27 in STAT2-deficient and control mice to evaluate its importance for the host and the virus in vitro and in vivo The inability to counteract STAT2 directly translates into exaggerated IFN susceptibility in vitro and pronounced attenuation in vivo Thus, the antiviral activity mediated by IFNs via STAT2-dependent signaling drove the development of a potent MCMV-encoded STAT2 antagonist which became indispensable for efficient virus replication and spread to organs required for dissemination. Despite this clear impact of viral STAT2 antagonism, the host critically required the remaining STAT2 activity to prevent overt disease and mortality upon MCMV infection. Our findings highlight a remarkably delicate balance between host and virus.
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18
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Čížková D, Baird SJE, Těšíková J, Voigt S, Ľudovít Ď, Piálek J, Goüy de Bellocq J. Host subspecific viral strains in European house mice: Murine cytomegalovirus in the Eastern (Mus musculus musculus) and Western house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). Virology 2018; 521:92-98. [PMID: 29894896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has been reported from house mice (Mus musculus) worldwide, but only recently from Eastern house mice (M. m. musculus), of particular interest because they form a semi-permeable species barrier in Europe with Western house mice, M. m. domesticus. Here we report genome sequences of EastMCMV (from Eastern mice), and set these in the context of MCMV genomes from genus Mus hosts. We show EastMCMV and WestMCMV are genetically distinct. Phylogeny splitting analyses show a genome wide (94%) pattern consistent with no West-East introgression, the major exception (3.8%) being a genome-terminal region of duplicated genes involved in host immune system evasion. As expected from its function, this is a region of maintenance of ancestral polymorphism: The lack of clear splitting signal cannot be interpreted as evidence of introgression. The EastMCMV genome sequences reported here can therefore serve as a well-described resource for exploration of murid MCMV diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Čížková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Stuart J E Baird
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Těšíková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Voigt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ďureje Ľudovít
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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19
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Abolins S, Lazarou L, Weldon L, Hughes L, King EC, Drescher P, Pocock MJO, Hafalla JCR, Riley EM, Viney M. The ecology of immune state in a wild mammal, Mus musculus domesticus. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003538. [PMID: 29652925 PMCID: PMC5919074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune state of wild animals is largely unknown. Knowing this and what affects it is important in understanding how infection and disease affects wild animals. The immune state of wild animals is also important in understanding the biology of their pathogens, which is directly relevant to explaining pathogen spillover among species, including to humans. The paucity of knowledge about wild animals' immune state is in stark contrast to our exquisitely detailed understanding of the immunobiology of laboratory animals. Making an immune response is costly, and many factors (such as age, sex, infection status, and body condition) have individually been shown to constrain or promote immune responses. But, whether or not these factors affect immune responses and immune state in wild animals, their relative importance, and how they interact (or do not) are unknown. Here, we have investigated the immune ecology of wild house mice-the same species as the laboratory mouse-as an example of a wild mammal, characterising their adaptive humoral, adaptive cellular, and innate immune state. Firstly, we show how immune variation is structured among mouse populations, finding that there can be extensive immune discordance among neighbouring populations. Secondly, we identify the principal factors that underlie the immunological differences among mice, showing that body condition promotes and age constrains individuals' immune state, while factors such as microparasite infection and season are comparatively unimportant. By applying a multifactorial analysis to an immune system-wide analysis, our results bring a new and unified understanding of the immunobiology of a wild mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Abolins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Lazarou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Weldon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. King
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Drescher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julius C. R. Hafalla
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M. Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Zeiss CJ, Brayton CF. Immune responses to the real world. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 47:13-14. [DOI: 10.1038/laban.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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The comparative immunology of wild and laboratory mice, Mus musculus domesticus. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14811. [PMID: 28466840 PMCID: PMC5418598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The laboratory mouse is the workhorse of immunology, used as a model of mammalian immune function, but how well immune responses of laboratory mice reflect those of free-living animals is unknown. Here we comprehensively characterize serological, cellular and functional immune parameters of wild mice and compare them with laboratory mice, finding that wild mouse cellular immune systems are, comparatively, in a highly activated (primed) state. Associations between immune parameters and infection suggest that high level pathogen exposure drives this activation. Moreover, wild mice have a population of highly activated myeloid cells not present in laboratory mice. By contrast, in vitro cytokine responses to pathogen-associated ligands are generally lower in cells from wild mice, probably reflecting the importance of maintaining immune homeostasis in the face of intense antigenic challenge in the wild. These data provide a comprehensive basis for validating (or not) laboratory mice as a useful and relevant immunological model system.
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23
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Detection of novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens from rodents and shrews in southern China. Virus Genes 2016; 52:417-21. [PMID: 26980673 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of AdVs in rodents and shrews in China are still unknown. To explore the epidemiological characteristics of rodent and shrew AdVs in southern China, 255 fecal samples derived from four rodent species and 90 from shrews were collected in Xiamen and Guangzhou city of southern China. Amplification of a 314-324-bp fragment from the DNA polymerase gene of AdVs was attempted by using a nested PCR. Twenty-nine (11.4 %) specimens from rodents and one (1.1 %) specimen from shrews were tested positive for AdVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine samples from Rattus norvegicus in Guangzhou city between 2012 and 2013 might be the genuine AdV of R. norvegicus. The same putative AdV sequences were derived from samples of different host species from different/same places. A novel adenovirus was detected in Suncus murinus Linnaeus (SML/14GDGZ72) for the first time. Our findings provide new data on the prevalence and diversity of AdVs in rodents and shrews.
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24
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Dumont BL, Devlin AA, Truempy DM, Miller JC, Singh ND. No Evidence that Infection Alters Global Recombination Rate in House Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142266. [PMID: 26550833 PMCID: PMC4638334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination rate is a complex trait, with genetic and environmental factors shaping observed patterns of variation. Although recent studies have begun to unravel the genetic basis of recombination rate differences between organisms, less attention has focused on the environmental determinants of crossover rates. Here, we test the effect of one ubiquitous environmental pressure-bacterial infection-on global recombination frequency in mammals. We applied MLH1 mapping to assay global crossover rates in male mice infected with the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme Disease, and uninfected control animals. Despite ample statistical power to identify biologically relevant differences between infected and uninfected animals, we find no evidence for a global recombination rate response to bacterial infection. Moreover, broad-scale patterns of crossover distribution, including the number of achiasmate bivalents, are not affected by infection status. Although pathogen exposure can plastically increase recombination in some species, our findings suggest that recombination rates in house mice may be resilient to at least some forms of infection stress. This negative result motivates future experiments with alternative house mouse pathogens to evaluate the generality of this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L. Dumont
- Initiative in Biological Complexity, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy A. Devlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Truempy
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nadia D. Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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25
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McAfee MS, Huynh TP, Johnson JL, Jacobs BL, Blattman JN. Interaction between unrelated viruses during in vivo co-infection to limit pathology and immunity. Virology 2015; 484:153-162. [PMID: 26099694 PMCID: PMC4567517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Great progress has been made in understanding immunity to viral infection. However, infection can occur in the context of co-infection by unrelated pathogens that modulate immune responses and/or disease. We have studied immunity and disease during co-infection with two unrelated viruses: Ectromelia virus (ECTV) and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). ECTV infection can be a lethal in mice due in part to the blockade of Type I Interferons (IFN-I). We show that ECTV/LCMV co-infection results in decreased ECTV viral load and amelioration of ECTV-induced disease, likely due to IFN-I induction by LCMV, as rescue is not observed in IFN-I receptor deficient mice. However, immune responses to LCMV in ECTV co-infected mice were also lower compared to mice infected with LCMV alone and potentially biased toward effector-memory cell generation. Thus, we provide evidence for bi-directional effects of viral co-infection that modulate disease and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S McAfee
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Trung P Huynh
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John L Johnson
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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26
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Abdelgawad A, Hermes R, Damiani A, Lamglait B, Czirják GÁ, East M, Aschenborn O, Wenker C, Kasem S, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Comprehensive Serology Based on a Peptide ELISA to Assess the Prevalence of Closely Related Equine Herpesviruses in Zoo and Wild Animals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138370. [PMID: 26378452 PMCID: PMC4574707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disorders and abortion in equids while EHV-1 regularly causes equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM), a stroke-like syndrome following endothelial cell infection in horses. Both EHV-1 and EHV-9 infections of non-definitive hosts often result in neuronal infection and high case fatality rates. Hence, EHV-1 and EHV-9 are somewhat unusual herpesviruses and lack strict host specificity, and the true extent of their host ranges have remained unclear. In order to determine the seroprevalence of EHV-1 and EHV-9, a sensitive and specific peptide-based ELISA was developed and applied to 428 sera from captive and wild animals representing 30 species in 12 families and five orders. Members of the Equidae, Rhinocerotidae and Bovidae were serologically positive for EHV-1 and EHV-9. The prevalence of EHV-1 in the sampled wild zebra populations was significantly higher than in zoos suggesting captivity may reduce exposure to EHV-1. Furthermore, the seroprevalence for EHV-1 was significantly higher than for EHV-9 in zebras. In contrast, EHV-9 antibody prevalence was high in captive and wild African rhinoceros species suggesting that they may serve as a reservoir or natural host for EHV-9. Thus, EHV-1 and EHV-9 have a broad host range favoring African herbivores and may have acquired novel natural hosts in ecosystems where wild equids are common and are in close contact with other perissodactyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Abdelgawad
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Hermes
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armando Damiani
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lamglait
- Réserve Africaine de Sigean, 19 chemin du hameau du lac, Sigean, France
| | - Gábor Á. Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion East
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Samy Kasem
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Viney M, Lazarou L, Abolins S. The laboratory mouse and wild immunology. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:267-73. [PMID: 25303494 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, has been the workhorse of the very successful laboratory study of mammalian immunology. These studies--discovering how the mammalian immune system can work--have allowed the development of the field of wild immunology that is seeking to understand how the immune responses of wild animals contributes to animals' fitness. Remarkably, there have hardly been any studies of the immunology of wild M. musculus domesticus (or of rats, another common laboratory model), but the general finding is that these wild animals are more immunologically responsive, compared with their laboratory domesticated comparators. This difference probably reflects the comparatively greater previous exposure to antigens of these wild-caught animals. There are now excellent prospects for laboratory mouse immunology to make major advances in the field of wild immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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28
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Gillet L, Frederico B, Stevenson PG. Host entry by gamma-herpesviruses--lessons from animal viruses? Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:34-40. [PMID: 26246389 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenicity of gamma-herpesviruses (γHVs) motivates efforts to control them and their persistence makes early events key targets for intervention. Human γHVs are often assumed to enter naive hosts orally and infect B cells directly. However, neither assumption is supported by direct evidence, and vaccination with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350, to block virion binding to B cells, failed to reduce infection rates. Thus, there is a need to re-evaluate assumptions about γHV host entry. Given the difficulty of analysing early human infections, potentially much can be learned from animal models. Genomic comparisons argue that γHVs colonized mammals long before humans speciation, and so that human γHVs are unlikely to differ dramatically in behaviour from those of other mammals. Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), which like EBV and the Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) persists in memory B cells, enters new hosts via olfactory neurons and exploits myeloid cells to spread. Integrating these data with existing knowledge of human and veterinary γHVs suggests a new model of host entry, with potentially important implications for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gillet
- Immunology/Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Frederico
- Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland and Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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29
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Goüy de Bellocq J, Baird SJE, Albrechtová J, Sobeková K, Piálek J. Murine cytomegalovirus is not restricted to the house mouse Mus musculus domesticus: prevalence and genetic diversity in the European house mouse hybrid zone. J Virol 2015; 89:406-14. [PMID: 25320317 PMCID: PMC4301121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02466-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a betaherpesvirus of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus. It is a common infectious agent of wild mice and a highly studied pathogen of the laboratory mouse. Betaherpesviruses are specific to their hosts, and it is not known if other Mus taxa carry MCMV or if it is restricted to M. m. domesticus. We sampled mice over a 145-km transect of Bavaria-Bohemia crossing a hybrid zone between M. m. domesticus and Mus musculus musculus in order to investigate the occurrence of MCMV in two Mus subspecies and to test the limits of the specificity of the virus for its host. We hypothesized that if the two subspecies carry MCMV and if the virus is highly specific to its host, divergent MCMV lineages would have codiverged with their hosts and would have a geographical distribution constrained by the host genetic background. A total of 520 mice were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or nested PCR targeting the M94 gene. Seropositive and PCR-positive individuals were found in both Mus subspecies. Seroprevalence was high, at 79.4%, but viral DNA was detected in only 41.7% of mice. Sequencing revealed 20 haplotypes clustering in 3 clades that match the host genetic structure in the hybrid zone, showing 1 and 2 MCMV lineages in M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus, respectively. The estimated time to the most recent common ancestor (1.1 million years ago [Mya]) of the MCMVs matches that of their hosts. In conclusion, MCMV has coevolved with these hosts, suggesting that its diversity in nature may be underappreciated, since other members of the subgenus Mus likely carry different MCMVs. IMPORTANCE Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a betaherpesvirus of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, an important lab model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The majority of lab studies are based on only two strains of MCMVs isolated from M. m. domesticus, Smith and K181, the latter derived from repeated passage of Smith in mouse submaxillary glands. The presence of MCMV in other members of the Mus subgenus had not even been investigated. By screening mouse samples collected in the European house mouse hybrid zone between M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus, we show that MCMV is not restricted to the M. m. domesticus subspecies and that MCMVs likely codiverged with their Mus hosts. Thus, the diversity of MCMV in nature may be seriously underappreciated, since other members of the subgenus Mus likely carry their own MCMV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
- Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart J E Baird
- Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Sobeková
- Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Hayashimoto N, Morita H, Ishida T, Uchida R, Tanaka M, Ozawa M, Yasuda M, Itoh T. Microbiological survey of mice (Mus musculus) purchased from commercial pet shops in Kanagawa and Tokyo, Japan. Exp Anim 2014; 64:155-60. [PMID: 25502736 PMCID: PMC4427730 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the prevalence of infectious agents in mice in pet shops in Japan
is scarce. This information is particularly useful for minimizing the risk of potential
transmission of infections to laboratory mice. Therefore, we surveyed infectious agents in
mice from pet shops in Kanagawa and Tokyo, Japan. The survey was conducted in 28 mice from
5 pet shops to screen for 47 items (17 viruses, 22 bacteria and fungi, 10 parasites) using
culture tests, serology, PCR, and microscopy. The most common viral agent detected was
murine norovirus (17 mice; 60.7%), followed by Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus
(13 mice; 46.4%), and mouse hepatitis virus (12 mice; 42.8%). The most common agent
amongst the bacteria and fungi was Pasteurella pneumotropica (10 mice;
35.7%), followed by Helicobacter ganmani and Pneumocystis
murina (8 mice; 28.5%, for both). Tritrichomonas muris was the
most common parasite (19 mice; 67.8%), followed by Spironucleus muris (13
mice; 46.4%), Aspiculuris tetraptera, and Syphacia
obvelata (8 mice each; 28.5%). Remarkably, a zoonotic agent,
Hymenolepis nana, was found in 7 mice (25%). Given these results, we
suggest that the workers in laboratory animal facilities should recognize again the
potential risks of mice outside of the laboratory animal facilities as an infectious
source, and avoid keeping mice as pets or as feed for carnivorous reptiles as much as
possible for risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Hayashimoto
- ICLAS Monitoring Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan
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31
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Knust B, Ströher U, Edison L, Albariño CG, Lovejoy J, Armeanu E, House J, Cory D, Horton C, Fowler KL, Austin J, Poe J, Humbaugh KE, Guerrero L, Campbell S, Gibbons A, Reed Z, Cannon D, Manning C, Petersen B, Metcalf D, Marsh B, Nichol ST, Rollin PE. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in employees and mice at multipremises feeder-rodent operation, United States, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:240-7. [PMID: 24447605 PMCID: PMC3901486 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.130860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks can be prevented with strict biosecurity and microbiological monitoring. We investigated the extent of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in employees and rodents at 3 commercial breeding facilities. Of 97 employees tested, 31 (32%) had IgM and/or IgG to LCMV, and aseptic meningitis was diagnosed in 4 employees. Of 1,820 rodents tested in 1 facility, 382 (21%) mice (Mus musculus) had detectable IgG, and 13 (0.7%) were positive by reverse transcription PCR; LCMV was isolated from 8. Rats (Rattus norvegicus) were not found to be infected. S-segment RNA sequence was similar to strains previously isolated in North America. Contact by wild mice with colony mice was the likely source for LCMV, and shipments of infected mice among facilities spread the infection. The breeding colonies were depopulated to prevent further human infections. Future outbreaks can be prevented with monitoring and management, and employees should be made aware of LCMV risks and prevention.
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32
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Madarame H, Ogihara K, Kimura M, Nagai M, Omatsu T, Ochiai H, Mizutani T. Detection of a pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) in an African hedgehog (Atelerix arbiventris) with suspected wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS). Vet Microbiol 2014; 173:136-40. [PMID: 25129384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) from an African hedgehog (Atelerix arbiventris) with suspected wobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS) was detected and genetically characterized. The affected hedgehog had a nonsuppurative encephalitis with vacuolization of the white matter, and the brain samples yielded RNA reads highly homogeneous to PVM strain 15 (96.5% of full genomic sequence homology by analysis of next generation sequencing). PVM antigen was also detected in the brain and the lungs immunohistochemically. A PVM was strongly suggested as a causative agent of encephalitis of a hedgehog with suspected WHS. This is a first report of PVM infection in hedgehogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Madarame
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Kikumi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Environmental Hygine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Moe Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinics, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ochiai
- Research Institute of Biosciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsyuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu 183-8509, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Progressive lung fibrosis in humans, typified by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in people. Similar diseases have been described in dogs, cats, and horses. The cause and pathogenesis of such diseases in all species is poorly understood. There is growing evidence in human medicine that IPF is a manifestation of abnormal wound repair in response to epithelial injury. Because viruses can contribute to epithelial injury, there is increasing interest in a possible role of viruses, particularly gammaherpesviruses, in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. This review provides background information on progressive fibrosing lung disease in human and veterinary medicine and summarizes the evidence for an association between gammaherpesvirus infection and pulmonary fibrosis, especially Epstein-Barr virus in human pulmonary fibrosis, and equine herpesvirus 5 in equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Data derived from experimental lung infection in mice with the gammaherpesvirus murine herpesvirus are presented, emphasizing the host and viral factors that may contribute to lung fibrosis. The experimental data are considered in the context of the pathogenesis of naturally occurring pulmonary fibrosis in humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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34
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Decaro N, Pinto P, Mari V, Elia G, Larocca V, Camero M, Terio V, Losurdo M, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Full-genome analysis of a canine pneumovirus causing acute respiratory disease in dogs, Italy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85220. [PMID: 24400129 PMCID: PMC3882280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) associated to canine pneumovirus (CnPnV) infection is reported. The outbreak occurred in a shelter of the Apulia region and involved 37 out of 350 dogs that displayed cough and/or nasal discharge with no evidence of fever. The full-genomic characterisation showed that the causative agent (strain Bari/100-12) was closely related to CnPnVs that have been recently isolated in the USA, as well as to murine pneumovirus, which is responsible for respiratory disease in mice. The present study represents a useful contribution to the knowledge of the pathogenic potential of CnPnV and its association with CIRD in dogs. Further studies will elucidate the pathogenicity and epidemiology of this novel pneumovirus, thus addressing the eventual need for specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vittorio Larocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Valentina Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Michele Losurdo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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35
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Experimental induction of pulmonary fibrosis in horses with the gammaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus 5. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77754. [PMID: 24147074 PMCID: PMC3795644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (γHV) are implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in humans and murine models of lung fibrosis, however there is little direct experimental evidence that such viruses induce lung fibrosis in the natural host. The equine γHV EHV 5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF), a progressive fibrosing lung disease in its natural host, the horse. Experimental reproduction of EMPF has not been attempted to date. We hypothesized that inoculation of EHV 5 isolated from cases of EMPF into the lungs of clinically normal horses would induce lung fibrosis similar to EMPF. Neutralizing antibody titers were measured in the horses before and after inoculation with EHV 5. PCR and virus isolation was used to detect EHV 5 in antemortem blood and BAL samples, and in tissues collected postmortem. Nodular pulmonary fibrosis and induction of myofibroblasts occurred in EHV 5 inoculated horses. Mean lung collagen in EHV 5 inoculated horses (80 µg/mg) was significantly increased compared to control horses (26 µg/mg) (p < 0.5), as was interstitial collagen (32.6% ± 1.2% vs 23% ± 1.4%) (mean ± SEM; p < 0.001). Virus was difficult to detect in infected horses throughout the experiment, although EHV 5 antigen was detected in the lung by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that the γHV EHV 5 can induce lung fibrosis in the horse, and hypothesize that induction of fibrosis occurs while the virus is latent within the lung. This is the first example of a γHV inducing lung fibrosis in the natural host.
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Glineur SF, Renshaw RW, Percopo CM, Dyer KD, Dubovi EJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Novel pneumoviruses (PnVs): Evolution and inflammatory pathology. Virology 2013; 443:257-64. [PMID: 23763766 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A previous report of a novel pneumovirus (PnV) isolated from the respiratory tract of a dog described its significant homology to the rodent pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). The original PnV-Ane4 pathogen replicated in and could be re-isolated in infectious state from mouse lung but elicited minimal mortality compared to PVM strain J3666. Here we assess phylogeny and physiologic responses to 10 new PnV isolates. The G/glycoprotein sequences of all PnVs include elongated amino-termini when compared to the characterized PVMs, and suggest division into groups A and B. While we observed significant differences in cytokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs of BALB/c mice in response to survival doses (50 TCID50 units) of representative group A (114378-10-29-KY-F) and group B (7968-11-OK) PnVs, we observed no evidence for positive selection (dN > dS) among the PnV/PnV, PVM/PnV or PVM/PVM G/glycoprotein or F/fusion protein sequence pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Glineur
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1883, USA
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Asano A, Torigoe D, Sasaki N, Agui T. Epitope mapping of the nucleocapsid protein of sendai virus and application of antigenic epitopes for the ELISA-based diagnosis of sendai virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:909-16. [PMID: 23446107 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV) is one of the most prevalent viral pathogens infecting laboratory mice and rats. To date, mature SeV virions have been used as antigens for serological diagnosis. To develop antigens that are more specific and easier to prepare for diagnosis, we examined the antigenic sites in the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SeV with antisera from experimentally SeV-infected mice and a peptide array membrane containing overlapping 10-mer peptides covering the entire NP. We found antigenic linear sequences in two regions, amino acids 120-160 and 420-500, of the SeV-NP. From these antigenic sequences, we applied two synthesized peptides, IVKTRDMEYERTTEWL and FVTLHGAERLEEETNDE, which correspond to positions 119-134 and 458-474 of the SeV-NP, respectively, as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Evaluation of the ELISAs using these peptides revealed that they were specific to anti-SeV antisera. Furthermore, the ELISAs using these peptides were able to distinguish between SeV-positive and SeV-negative mouse sera to the same extent as a commercial ELISA kit. These results indicate that these peptides are useful for the serological diagnosis of SeV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Asano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Stevens HC, Cham KSW, Hughes DJ, Sun R, Sample JT, Bubb VJ, Stewart JP, Quinn JP. CTCF and Sp1 interact with the Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 internal repeat elements. Virus Genes 2012; 45:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Brock LG, Karron RA, Krempl CD, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Evaluation of pneumonia virus of mice as a possible human pathogen. J Virol 2012; 86:5829-43. [PMID: 22438539 PMCID: PMC3347304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00163-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a relative of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes respiratory disease in mice. There is serologic evidence suggesting widespread exposure of humans to PVM. To investigate replication in primates, African green monkeys (AGM) and rhesus macaques (n = 4) were inoculated with PVM by the respiratory route. Virus was shed intermittently at low levels by a subset of animals, suggesting poor permissiveness. PVM efficiently replicated in cultured human cells and inhibited the type I interferon (IFN) response in these cells. This suggests that poor replication in nonhuman primates was not due to a general nonpermissiveness of primate cells or poor control of the IFN response. Seroprevalence in humans was examined by screening sera from 30 adults and 17 young children for PVM-neutralizing activity. Sera from a single child (6%) and 40% of adults had low neutralizing activity against PVM, which could be consistent with increasing incidence of exposure following early childhood. There was no cross-reaction of human or AGM sera between RSV and PVM and no cross-protection in the mouse model. In native Western blots, human sera reacted with RSV but not PVM proteins under conditions in which AGM immune sera reacted strongly. Serum reactivity was further evaluated by flow cytometry using unfixed Vero cells infected with PVM or RSV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a measure of viral gene expression. The reactivity of human sera against RSV-infected cells correlated with GFP expression, whereas reactivity against PVM-infected cells was low and uncorrelated with GFP expression. Thus, PVM specificity was not evident. Our results indicate that the PVM-neutralizing activity of human sera is not due to RSV- or PVM-specific antibodies but may be due to low-affinity, polyreactive natural antibodies of the IgG subclass. The absence of PVM-specific antibodies and restriction in nonhuman primates makes PVM unlikely to be a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G. Brock
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth A. Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine D. Krempl
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter L. Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Viral infections of laboratory mice have considerable impact on research results, and prevention of such infections is therefore of crucial importance. This chapter covers infections of mice with the following viruses: herpesviruses, mousepox virus, murine adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3, murine hepatitis virus, murine norovirus, murine pneumonia virus, murine rotavirus, Sendai virus, and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. For each virus, there is a description of the agent, epizootiology, clinical symptoms, pathology, methods of diagnosis and control, and its impact on research.
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41
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Prevalence of viral, bacterial and parasitological diseases in rats and mice used in research environments in Australasia over a 5-y period. Lab Anim (NY) 2011; 40:341-50. [PMID: 22012194 PMCID: PMC7091690 DOI: 10.1038/laban1111-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral, bacterial and parasitological infections in rats and mice used in biomedical research continue to occur despite improved housing and biosurveillance. The presence of disease in laboratory animals can lead to spurious results for research undertaken in universities, research institutes and the pharmaceutical industry. Here the authors report the results of serological, microbiological, parasitological and molecular tests done on mice and rats from Australasia submitted to a rodent health monitoring laboratory (Cerberus Sciences) from 2004 to 2009. In tested mice, norovirus was the most prevalent virus and ectromelia virus was the least prevalent virus. In tested rats, pneumonia virus of mice was the most prevalent virus and adenoviruses 1 and 2 were the least prevalent viruses. In mice, Helicobacter hepaticus was the most prevalent bacterium, and in rats, Proteus spp. were the most prevalent bacteria. The most common positive helminthological finding in mice and rats was the presence of all pinworms (including Aspicularis spp. and Syphacia spp.). The most common positive protozoan findings in mice and rats were Chilomastix spp. and Trichomonads.
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Hemmi S, Vidovszky MZ, Ruminska J, Ramelli S, Decurtins W, Greber UF, Harrach B. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses of murine adenovirus 2. Virus Res 2011; 160:128-35. [PMID: 21683742 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Murine adenoviruses (MAdV) are supposedly the oldest members of the genus Mastadenovirus. Currently, there are three distinct MAdV types known with rather different tropism and pathology. Here we report and annotate the DNA sequence of the full genome of MAdV-2. It was found to consist of 35,203 bp thus being considerably larger than the genomes of the other two MAdV types. The increased size of the MAdV-2 genome is generally due to larger genes and ORFs, although some differences in the number of ORFs were observed for the early regions E1, E3 and E4. The homologue of the 19K gene of E1B from MAdV-2 codes for 330 amino acids (aa) and is almost twice as large as from other mastadenoviruses. Accordingly, only the N-terminal half (155aa) has homology to the 19K protein. A homologue of the gene of the 12.5K protein was identified in the E3 region of MAdV-2, but not in MAdV-1 or MAdV-3. The other gene of yet unknown function in the E3 region of MAdV-2 seems to be unique. The E4 region of MAdV-2 contains three ORFs. One has similarity to the 34K gene of other AdVs. Two unique ORFs in the E4 region of MAdV-2 have no homology to any of the five and six ORFs in the E4 region of MAdV-1 or MAdV-3, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the three murine AdVs have a close common ancestor. They likely formed the first branching of the lineage of mastadenoviruses, and seem to be the most ancient representatives of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Dammann P, Hilken G, Hueber B, Köhl W, Bappert MT, Mähler M. Infectious microorganisms in mice (Mus musculus) purchased from commercial pet shops in Germany. Lab Anim 2011; 45:271-5. [PMID: 21508117 DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the prevalence of infectious microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi and eukaryotic parasites) in mice from different pet shops in Germany; such animals may compromise the hygienic integrity of laboratory animal vivaria if private pet holders act as unintended vectors of infections carried by them. House mice sold as pets or feed specimens were purchased from different pet shops and tested for a comprehensive panel of unwanted microorganisms. We found a number of microorganisms in these pet shop mice, the most prevalent of which were Helicobacter species (92.9%), mouse parvovirus (89.3%), mouse hepatitis virus (82.7%), Pasteurella pneumotropica (71.4%) and Syphacia species (57.1%). Several microorganisms (e.g. mouse parvovirus, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Clostridium piliforme) had considerably higher prevalences than those reported in similar studies on wild mice from North America, Europe or Australia. Our study shows that direct contact with pet shop mice may constitute a risk for laboratory animal vivaria if hygienic precautions are not taken. However, even relatively simple precautions seem effective enough to hold the risk at bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dammann
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Thoss M, Ilmonen P, Musolf K, Penn DJ. Major histocompatibility complex heterozygosity enhances reproductive success. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1546-57. [PMID: 21291500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how heterozygosity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) affects fitness in wild-derived (F2) house mice (Mus musculus musculus). To compare and control for potential confounding effects from close inbreeding and genome-wide heterozygosity, we used mice that were systematically outbred. We assessed how heterozygosity at MHC and background loci (using 15 microsatellite markers on 11 different chromosomes) affects individual survival and reproductive success (RS) in large, semi-natural population enclosures. We found that overall heterozygosity significantly increased RS, and this correlation was entirely explained by heterozygosity at two MHC loci. Moreover, we found that the effects of MHC heterozygosity depend on the level of background heterozygosity, and the benefits of maximal MHC heterozygosity show a curvilinear effect with increasing background heterozygosity. The enhanced RS from MHC heterozygosity was not because of increased survival, and although MHC heterozygosity was correlated with body mass, body mass did not correlate with RS when heterozygosity is controlled. Breeders were more MHC heterozygous than nonbreeders for both sexes, indicating that MHC heterozygosity enhanced fecundity, mating success or both. Our results show that (i) MHC heterozygosity enhances fitness among wild, outbred as well as congenic laboratory mice; (ii) heterozygosity-fitness correlations can potentially be explained by a few loci, such as MHC; (iii) MHC heterozygosity can increase fitness, even without affecting survival, by increasing mating and RS; and (iv) MHC effects depend on background genes, and maximal MHC heterozygosity is most beneficial at intermediate or optimal levels of background heterozygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thoss
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Savoyenstrasse 1a, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Genomic analysis of a pneumovirus isolated from dogs with acute respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:88-95. [PMID: 21324612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A previously unrecognized virus belonging to the subfamily Pneumovirinae and most closely related to murine pneumovirus (MPV) was identified in domestic dogs in 2 related animal shelters. Additional diagnostic testing yielded 3 new viral isolates and identified 6 additional PCR positive dogs from other USA locations indicating that its distribution is not geographically limited. Nucleotide sequences encompassing 9 of the 10 genes were compared to the only 2 available MPV strains, 15 and J3666. Several features distinguished the canine pneumovirus (CnPnV) from the murine strains. Two regions of diversity were identified in the amino-proximal region of P and the overlapping P2 ORF was only 54 amino acids (aa) compared to 137aa in MPV. The G protein had an amino-terminal cytoplasmic tail 18aa longer than in the MPV strains. The CnPnV SH protein showed the highest divergence with only 90.2% aa identity when compared to MPV strain 15. Like strain 15, the CnPnV SH ORF coded for a protein of 92aa while J3666 has a 114aa variant. Comparison of CnPnV isolates at culture passages 4 and 17 revealed 7nt differences within the 8598nt sequenced. Of note was a substitution at nt 364 in G resulting in a termination codon that would produce a truncated G protein of 122aa. Analysis of early passage and ex vivo samples showed the termination codon in G to be predominant after 6 days in culture indicating rapid selection of the mutation in A72 cells.
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Use of a virus-encoded enzymatic marker reveals that a stable fraction of memory B cells expresses latency-associated nuclear antigen throughout chronic gammaherpesvirus infection. J Virol 2010; 84:7523-34. [PMID: 20484501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02572-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An integral feature of gammaherpesvirus infections is the ability to establish lifelong latency in B cells. During latency, the viral genome is maintained as an extrachomosomal episome, with stable maintenance in dividing cells mediated by the viral proteins Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) for Epstein-Barr virus and latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. It is believed that the expression of episome maintenance proteins is turned off in the predominant long-term latency reservoir of resting memory B cells, suggesting that chronic gammaherpesvirus infection is primarily dormant. However, the kinetics of LANA/EBNA-1 expression in individual B-cell subsets throughout a course of infection has not been examined. The infection of mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, gammaHV68) provides a model to determine the specific cellular and molecular events that occur in vivo during lifelong gammaherpesvirus latency. In work described here, we make use of a heterologously expressed enzymatic marker to define the types of B cells that express the LANA homolog (mLANA) during chronic MHV68 infection. Our data demonstrate that mLANA is expressed in a stable fraction of B cells throughout chronic infection, with a prominent peak at 28 days. The expression of mLANA was detected in naïve follicular B cells, germinal-center B cells, and memory B cells throughout infection, with germinal-center and memory B cells accounting for more than 80% of the mLANA-expressing cells during the maintenance phase of latency. These findings suggest that the maintenance phase of latency is an active process that involves the ongoing proliferation or reseeding of latently infected memory B cells.
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Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) is an established model of gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis. The fact that M. musculus is not a host in the wild prompted us to reassess MHV-68 infection in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), a natural host. Here, we report significant differences in MHV-68 infection in the two species: (i) following intranasal inoculation, MHV-68 replicated in the lungs of wood mice to levels approximately 3 log units lower than in BALB/c mice; (ii) in BALB/c mice, virus replication in alveolar epithelial cells was accompanied by a diffuse, T-cell-dominated interstitial pneumonitis, whereas in wood mice it was restricted to focal granulomatous infiltrations; (iii) within wood mice, latently infected lymphocytes were abundant in inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue that was not apparent in BALB/c mice; (iv) splenic latency was established in both species, but well-delineated secondary follicles with germinal centers were present in wood mice, while only poorly delineated follicles were seen in BALB/c mice; and, perhaps as a consequence, (v) production of neutralizing antibody was significantly higher in wood mice. These differences highlight the value of this animal model in the study of MHV-68 pathogenesis.
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48
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Teterina A, Richter D, Matuschka FR, Ehlers B, Voigt S. Identification of a novel betaherpesvirus in Mus musculus. Virol J 2009; 6:225. [PMID: 20025745 PMCID: PMC2804612 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent betaherpesviruses vary considerably in genomic content, and these variations can result in a distinct pathogenicity. Therefore, the identification of unknown betaherpesviruses in house mice (Mus musculus), the most important rodent host species in basic research, is of importance. During a search for novel herpesviruses in house mice using herpesvirus consensus PCR and attempts to isolate viruses in tissue culture, we identified a previously unknown betaherpesvirus. The primary PCR search in mouse organs revealed the presence of known strains of murine cytomegalovirus (Murid herpesvirus 1) and of Mus musculus rhadinovirus 1 only. However, the novel virus was detected after incubation of organ pieces in fibroblast tissue culture and subsequent PCR analysis of the supernatants. Long-distance PCR amplification including the DNA polymerase and glycoprotein B genes revealed a 3.4 kb sequence that was similar to sequences of rodent cytomegaloviruses. Pairwise sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that this newly identified murine virus is most similar to the English isolate of rat cytomegalovirus, thereby raising the possibility that two distinct CMV lineages have evolved in both Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Teterina
- Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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49
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Induction of protective immunity against murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection in the absence of viral latency. J Virol 2009; 84:2453-65. [PMID: 20015983 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01543-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are important pathogens associated with diseases, including lymphomas and other malignancies. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is used as an experimental model system to study the host immune control of infection and explore novel vaccine strategies based on latency-deficient live viruses. We studied the properties and the potential of a recombinant MHV-68 (AC-RTA) in which the genes required for persistent infection were replaced by a constitutively expressed viral transcription activator, RTA, which dictates the virus to lytic replication. After intranasal infection of mice, replication of AC-RTA in the lung was attenuated, and no AC-RTA virus or viral DNA was detected in the isolated splenocytes, indicating a lack of latency in the spleen. Infection of the AC-RTA virus elicited both cellular immune responses and virus-specific IgG at a level comparable to that elicited by infection of the wild-type virus. Importantly, vaccination of AC-RTA was able to protect mice against subsequent challenge by the wild-type MHV-68. AC-RTA provides a vaccine strategy for preventing infection of human gammaherpesviruses. Furthermore, our results suggest that immunity to the major latent antigens is not required for protection.
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50
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Villarreal LP. Persistence pays: how viruses promote host group survival. Curr Opin Microbiol 2009; 12:467-72. [PMID: 19608458 PMCID: PMC7185879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have realized that viruses numerically dominate all life. Although viruses are known to affect host survival in populations, this has not been previously evaluated in the context of host group selection. Group selection per se is not a currently accepted idea and its apparent occurrence is explained by statistical gene frequency models of kin selection. Viruses were not considered in such models. Prevalent views associate viruses and disease. Yet many viruses establish species-specific persistent, inapparent infections that are stable on an evolutionary time scale. Such persistent infections can have large effects on relative reproductive fitness of competing host populations. In this essay, I present arguments on how persistent infections can promote population survival. Mouse hepatitis virus is used as well studied examplar to re-evaluate the theoretical basis of the mouse haystack model of M Smith. This virus-centric re-examination concludes that viruses can indeed affect and promote relative group selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P Villarreal
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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