1
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Wang L, Zhang RK, Sang P, Xie YX, Zhang Y, Zhou ZH, Wang KK, Zhou FM, Ji XB, Liu WJ, Qiu JG, Jiang BH. HK2 and LDHA upregulation mediate hexavalent chromium-induced carcinogenesis, cancer development and prognosis through miR-218 inhibition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116500. [PMID: 38795416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is one of the most common environmental contaminants due to its tremendous industrial applications, but its effects and mechanism remain to be investigated. Our previous studies showed that Cr(VI) exposure caused malignant transformation and tumorigenesis. This study showed that glycolytic proteins HK2 and LDHA levels were statistically significant changed in blood samples of Cr(VI)-exposed workers and in Cr-T cells compared to the control subjects and parental cells. HK2 and LDHA knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and higher HK2 and LDHA expression levels are associated with advanced stages and poor prognosis of lung cancer. We found that miR-218 levels were significantly decreased and miR-218 directly targeted HK2 and LDHA for inhibiting their expression. Overexpression of miR-218 inhibited glucose consumption and lactate production in Cr-T cells. Further study found that miR-218 inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis by decreasing HK2 and LDHA expression in vivo. MiR-218 levels were negatively correlated with HK2 and LDHA expression levels and cancer development in human lung and other cancers. These results demonstrated that miR-218/HK2/LDHA pathway is vital for regulating Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis and human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Rui-Ke Zhang
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Peng Sang
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yun-Xia Xie
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhou
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Kun-Kun Wang
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Feng-Mei Zhou
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Ji
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Liu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jian-Ge Qiu
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Academy of Medical Science, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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2
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Zimmerman L, Alon N, Levin I, Koganitsky A, Shpigel N, Brestel C, Lapidoth GD. Context-dependent design of induced-fit enzymes using deep learning generates well-expressed, thermally stable and active enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313809121. [PMID: 38437538 PMCID: PMC10945820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential of engineered enzymes in industrial applications is often limited by their expression levels, thermal stability, and catalytic diversity. De novo enzyme design faces challenges due to the complexity of enzymatic catalysis. An alternative approach involves expanding natural enzyme capabilities for new substrates and parameters. Here, we introduce CoSaNN (Conformation Sampling using Neural Network), an enzyme design strategy using deep learning for structure prediction and sequence optimization. CoSaNN controls enzyme conformations to expand chemical space beyond simple mutagenesis. It employs a context-dependent approach for generating enzyme designs, considering non-linear relationships in sequence and structure space. We also developed SolvIT, a graph NN predicting protein solubility in Escherichia coli, optimizing enzyme expression selection from larger design sets. Using this method, we engineered enzymes with superior expression levels, with 54% expressed in E. coli, and increased thermal stability, with over 30% having higher Tm than the template, with no high-throughput screening. Our research underscores AI's transformative role in protein design, capturing high-order interactions and preserving allosteric mechanisms in extensively modified enzymes, and notably enhancing expression success rates. This method's ease of use and efficiency streamlines enzyme design, opening broad avenues for biotechnological applications and broadening field accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noga Alon
- Enzymit Ltd., Ness-Ziona7403626, Israel
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3
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Fatema N, Li X, Gan Q, Fan C. Characterizing lysine acetylation of glucokinase. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4845. [PMID: 37996965 PMCID: PMC10731539 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate as the substrate of glycolysis for energy production. Acetylation of lysine residues in Escherichia coli GK has been identified at multiple sites by a series of proteomic studies, but the impact of acetylation on GK functions remains largely unknown. In this study, we applied the genetic code expansion strategy to produce site-specifically acetylated GK variants which naturally exist in cells. Enzyme assays and kinetic analyses showed that lysine acetylation decreases the GK activity, mostly resulting from acetylation of K214 and K216 at the entrance of the active site, which impairs the binding of substrates. We also compared results obtained from the glutamine substitution method and the genetic acetyllysine incorporation approach, showing that glutamine substitution is not always effective for mimicking acetylated lysine. Further genetic studies as well as in vitro acetylation and deacetylation assays were performed to determine acetylation and deacetylation mechanisms, which showed that E. coli GK could be acetylated by acetyl-phosphate without enzymes and deacetylated by CobB deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Fatema
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Xinyu Li
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Qinglei Gan
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
| | - Chenguang Fan
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleArkansasUSA
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4
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Gonzales JN, Treece TR, Mayfield SP, Simkovsky R, Atsumi S. Utilization of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for photomixotrophic chemical production in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1022. [PMID: 37813969 PMCID: PMC10562401 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the need for environmentally friendly commodity chemicals, feedstocks for biological chemical production must be diversified. Lignocellulosic biomass are an carbon source with the potential for effective use in a large scale and cost-effective production systems. Although the use of lignocellulosic biomass lysates for heterotrophic chemical production has been advancing, there are challenges to overcome. Here we aim to investigate the obligate photoautotroph cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 as a chassis organism for lignocellulosic chemical production. When modified to import monosaccharides, this cyanobacterium is an excellent candidate for lysates-based chemical production as it grows well at high lysate concentrations and can fix CO2 to enhance carbon efficiency. This study is an important step forward in enabling the simultaneous use of two sugars as well as lignocellulosic lysate. Incremental genetic modifications enable catabolism of both sugars concurrently without experiencing carbon catabolite repression. Production of 2,3-butanediol is demonstrated to characterize chemical production from the sugars in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The engineered strain achieves a titer of 13.5 g L-1 of 2,3-butanediol over 12 days under shake-flask conditions. This study can be used as a foundation for industrial scale production of commodity chemicals from a combination of sunlight, CO2, and lignocellulosic sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake N Gonzales
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tanner R Treece
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephen P Mayfield
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ryan Simkovsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- California Center for Algae Biotechnology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shota Atsumi
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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5
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Zhao S, Li M, Chen J, Tian J, Dai X, Kong Z. Potential Risks of Tebuconazole during Wine Fermentation at the Enantiomer Level Based on Multiomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12129-12139. [PMID: 37493492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselectivity and potential risks of tebuconazole enantiomers (R-tebuconazole and S-tebuconazole) in wine fermentation were investigated in this study using Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. Tebuconazole was mainly degraded during the alcoholic fermentation stage, and no obvious transformation between R-tebuconazole and S-tebuconazole was observed. Selective degradation between these two enantiomers occurred, with R-tebuconazole degrading faster than S-tebuconazole. The residual tebuconazole inhibits glucose metabolism and the unsaturated fatty acid formation in the wine fermentation system and inhibits gene expression in the late phase of Saccharomycetales, affecting its cell wall formation. Overall, the findings highlight that R-tebuconazole exhibited a higher risk than S-tebuconazole in these processes. These insights are potentially exploitable to understand chiral pesticides at the enantiomer level using multiomics technology in food-processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Jian Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
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6
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Farooq Z, Ismail H, Bhat SA, Layden BT, Khan MW. Aiding Cancer's "Sweet Tooth": Role of Hexokinases in Metabolic Reprogramming. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:946. [PMID: 37109475 PMCID: PMC10141071 DOI: 10.3390/life13040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinases (HKs) convert hexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate, thus trapping them inside cells to meet the synthetic and energetic demands. HKs participate in various standard and altered physiological processes, including cancer, primarily through the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Four canonical HKs have been identified with different expression patterns across tissues. HKs 1-3 play a role in glucose utilization, whereas HK 4 (glucokinase, GCK) also acts as a glucose sensor. Recently, a novel fifth HK, hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1), has been identified, which plays a role in whole-body glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. Beyond the metabolic functions, HKDC1 is differentially expressed in many forms of human cancer. This review focuses on the role of HKs, particularly HKDC1, in metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Farooq
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hagar Ismail
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sheraz Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Md. Wasim Khan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Anthony Ammal SM, Sudha S, Rajkumar D, Baskaran A, Krishnamoorthy G, Anbumozhi MK. In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Phytocompounds From Coleus Amboinicus Against Glucokinase. Cureus 2023; 15:e34507. [PMID: 36874339 PMCID: PMC9984118 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic illnesses that can be fatal, and it is the ninth-largest cause of mortality worldwide. Even though there are effective hypoglycemic medications available for the treatment of diabetes, researchers continue to look for a medication that is more effective and has fewer adverse effects by focusing on various metabolic components such as enzymes, transporters, receptors. The enzyme Glucokinase (GCK), which is present mainly in the liver and beta cells of the pancreas, is involved in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Hence, the present in silico study is designed to determine the interaction between GCK and compounds (ligands) of Coleus amboinicus. In the current docking investigation, we discovered that important residues, including ASP-205, LYS-169, GLY-181, and ILE-225, significantly influence in ligand binding affinity. Docking tests of these compounds with target proteins revealed that this is a suitable molecule that docks well with the target of diabetes treatment. In conclusion, we believe that the compounds of caryophyllene have anti-diabetic activity based on the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosai Marian Anthony Ammal
- Department of Anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Maduranthagam, IND
| | - Sai Sudha
- Department of Pathology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Durairaj Rajkumar
- Department of Anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Maduranthagam, IND
| | - Adhithya Baskaran
- Department of Oral Pathology, Adhiparasakthi Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | - Gunasekaran Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Dambi Dollo University, Oromia Region, ETH
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8
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Wu R, Lin X, He J, Min A, Pang L, Wang Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, He W, Li M, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Tang H, Chen Q. Hexokinase1: A glucose sensor involved in drought stress response and sugar metabolism depending on its kinase activity in strawberry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1069830. [PMID: 36778691 PMCID: PMC9911861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1069830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase1 (HXK1) is a bifunctional enzyme that plays indispensable roles in plant growth, nitrogen utilization, and stress resistance. However, information on the HXK family members of strawberries and their functions in glucose sensing and metabolic regulation is scarce. In the present study, four HXKs were firstly identified in the genome of Fragaria vesca and F. pentaphylla. The conserved domains of the HXK1s were confirmed, and a site-directed mutation (S177A) was introduced into the FpHXK1. FpHXK1, which shares the highest identity with the AtHXK1 was able to restore the glucose sensitivity and developmental defects of the Arabidopsis gin2-1 mutant, but not its kinase-activity-impaired mutant (FpHXK1S177A ). The transcription of FpHXK1 was dramatically up-regulated under PEG-simulated drought stress conditions. The inhibition of the HXK kinase activity delayed the strawberry plant's responses to drought stress. Transient overexpression of the FpHXK1 and its kinase-impaired mutant differentially affected the level of glucose, sucrose, anthocyanins, and total phenols in strawberry fruits. All these results indicated that the FpHXK1, acting as a glucose sensor, was involved in drought stress response and sugar metabolism depending on its kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ximeng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinwei He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ailing Min
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Pang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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9
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Shakir NA, Aslam M, Bibi T, Falak S, Rashid N. Functional analyses of a highly thermostable hexokinase from Pyrobaculum calidifontis. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108711. [PMID: 36395717 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a repressor open reading frame sugar kinase (ROK) family protein from hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis, Pcal-HK, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was produced in soluble and highly active form. Purified Pcal-HK was highly thermostable and existed in a monomeric form in solution. The enzyme was specific to ATP as phosphoryl donor but showed broad specificity to phosphoryl acceptors. It catalyzed the phosphorylation of a number of hexoses, including glucose, glucosamine, N-acetyl glucosamine, fructose and mannose, at nearly the same rate and similar affinity. The enzyme was metal ion dependent exhibiting highest activity at 90-95 °C and pH 8.5. Mg2+ was most effective metal ion, which could be partially replaced by Mn2+, Ni2+ or Zn2+. Kinetic parameters were determined at 90 °C and the enzyme showed almost similar catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) towards the above mentioned hexoses. To the best of our knowledge, Pcal-HK is the most active thermostable ROK family hexokinase characterized to date which catalyzes the phosphorylation of various hexoses with nearly similar affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmed Shakir
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Bibi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Samia Falak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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10
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He Y, Zhang Y, Li T, Peng X, Jia X. High-concentration COD wastewater treatment with simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by a novel Candida tropicalis strain: Removal capability and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113471. [PMID: 35613633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and anaerobic continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) were set up and inoculated with newly isolated Candida tropicalis. Reactors were operated at high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (8000 mg/L), the modified UASB expressed better COD removal rate simultaneously removal of nitrogen and phosphate than other two reactors. Notably, under both aerobic or anaerobic conditions, large amounts of organic acids and alcohol were generated. Transcriptomic analysis showed that carbon metabolism under anaerobic conditions shared the same pathway with aerobic conditions by regulating and inhibiting some functional genes. Experiments utilizing different carbon sources proved that our strain has excellent performances in utilizing organic materials, which were verified by transcriptomic analysis. Finally, the strain was applied to treat four types of sugar-containing wastewaters. Among them, our strain exerts the best removal capability of COD (90%), nitrogen (89%), and phosphate (82%) for brewery wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingxing Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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11
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Fan N, Fu H, Feng X, Chen Y, Wang J, Wu Y, Bian Y, Li Y. Long non-coding RNAs play an important regulatory role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression through aerobic glycolysis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:941653. [PMID: 36072431 PMCID: PMC9441491 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.941653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to normal cells, cancer cells generate ATP mainly through aerobic glycolysis, which promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a class of transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with little or without evident protein-encoding function. LncRNAs are involved in the ten hallmarks of cancer, interestingly, they are also closely associated with aerobic glycolysis. However, the mechanism of this process is non-transparent to date. Demonstrating the mechanism of lncRNAs regulating tumorigenesis and tumor progression through aerobic glycolysis is particularly critical for cancer therapy, and may provide novel therapeutic targets or strategies in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and aerobic glycolysis in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and further explore their interaction, in hope to provide a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Fan
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Fu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuchen Feng
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yatong Chen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Bian, ; Yingpeng Li,
| | - Yingpeng Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Bian, ; Yingpeng Li,
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12
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Ruiz‐Villafán B, Cruz‐Bautista R, Manzo‐Ruiz M, Passari AK, Villarreal‐Gómez K, Rodríguez‐Sanoja R, Sánchez S. Carbon catabolite regulation of secondary metabolite formation, an old but not well-established regulatory system. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1058-1072. [PMID: 33675560 PMCID: PMC8966007 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary microbial metabolites have various functions for the producer microorganisms, which allow them to interact and survive in adverse environments. In addition to these functions, other biological activities may have clinical relevance, as diverse as antimicrobial, anticancer and hypocholesterolaemic effects. These metabolites are usually formed during the idiophase of growth and have a wide diversity in their chemical structures. Their synthesis is under the impact of the type and concentration of the culture media nutrients. Some of the molecular mechanisms that affect the synthesis of secondary metabolites in bacteria (Gram-positive and negative) and fungi are partially known. Moreover, all microorganisms have their peculiarities in the control mechanisms of carbon sources, even those belonging to the same genus. This regulatory knowledge is necessary to establish culture conditions and manipulation methods for genetic improvement and product fermentation. As the carbon source is one of the essential nutritional factors for antibiotic production, its study has been imperative both at the industrial and research levels. This review aims to draw the utmost recent advances performed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of the negative effect exerted by the carbon source on the secondary metabolite formation, emphasizing those found in Streptomyces, one of the genera most profitable antibiotic producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ruiz‐Villafán
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
| | - Rodrigo Cruz‐Bautista
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
| | - Monserrat Manzo‐Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
| | - Ajit Kumar Passari
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
| | - Karen Villarreal‐Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
| | - Romina Rodríguez‐Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiomédicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCdMxMéxico City04510México
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13
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Wang J, Chen J, Huang S, Han D, Li J, Guo D. Investigating the Mechanism of Unilateral Cross Incompatibility in Longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour.) Cultivars (Yiduo × Shixia). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:821147. [PMID: 35222456 PMCID: PMC8874016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.821147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is an important subtropical fruit tree in China. Nearly 90% of longan fruit imports from Thailand are from the cultivar Yiduo. However, we have observed that there exists a unilateral cross incompatibility (UCI) when Yiduo is used as a female parent and Shixia (a famous Chinese cultivar) as a male parent. Here, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis coupled with microscopy of pistils from two reciprocal pollination combinations [Shixia♂ × Yiduo♀(SY) and Yiduo♀ × Shixia♂(YS)] 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after pollination. We also explored endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels in pistils of the crosses. The microscopic observations showed that the UCI was sporophytic. The endogenous JA and JA-Ile levels were higher in YS than in SY at the studied time points. We found 7,251 differentially expressed genes from the transcriptome analysis. Our results highlighted that genes associated with JA biosynthesis and signaling, pollen tube growth, cell wall modification, starch and sucrose biosynthesis, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways were differentially regulated between SY and YS. We discussed transcriptomic changes in the above-mentioned pathways regarding the observed microscopic and/or endogenous hormone levels. This is the first report on the elaboration of transcriptomic changes in longan reciprocal pollination combination showing UCI. The results presented here will enable the longan breeding community to better understand the mechanisms of UCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shilian Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguang Li
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Guo
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Neofunctionalization of Glycolytic Enzymes: An Evolutionary Route to Plant Parasitism in the Oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020281. [PMID: 35208735 PMCID: PMC8879444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes, of the genus Phytophthora, comprise of some of the most devastating plant pathogens. Parasitism of Phytophthora results from evolution from an autotrophic ancestor and adaptation to a wide range of environments, involving metabolic adaptation. Sequence mining showed that Phytophthora spp. display an unusual repertoire of glycolytic enzymes, made of multigene families and enzyme replacements. To investigate the impact of these gene duplications on the biology of Phytophthora and, eventually, identify novel functions associated to gene expansion, we focused our study on the first glycolytic step on P. nicotianae, a broad host range pathogen. We reveal that this step is committed by a set of three glucokinase types that differ by their structure, enzymatic properties, and evolutionary histories. In addition, they are expressed differentially during the P. nicotianae life cycle, including plant infection. Last, we show that there is a strong association between the expression of a glucokinase member in planta and extent of plant infection. Together, these results suggest that metabolic adaptation is a component of the processes underlying evolution of parasitism in Phytophthora, which may possibly involve the neofunctionalization of metabolic enzymes.
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15
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Wang X, Liang Y, Zhao J, Li Y, Gou S, Zheng M, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Mi J, Lai L. Generation of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus dogs with glucokinase point mutations through base editing. Cell Discov 2021; 7:92. [PMID: 34635647 PMCID: PMC8505425 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing SINOGENE Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing SINOGENE Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixue Gou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing SINOGENE Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jidong Mi
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liangxue Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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16
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Diana RM, Monserrat MR, Alba RR, Beatriz RV, Romina RS, Sergio SE. Dissecting the role of the two Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius glucokinases in the sensitivity to carbon catabolite repression. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6349106. [PMID: 34383077 PMCID: PMC8788730 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius, the doxorubicin-producing strain, has two glucokinases (Glk) for glucose phosphorylation. One of them (ATP-Glk) uses adenosine triphosphate as its phosphate source, and the other one uses polyphosphate (PP). Glk regulates the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) process, as well as glucose utilization. However, in the streptomycetes, the specific role of each one of the Glks in these processes is unknown. With the use of PP- and ATP-Glk null mutants, we aimed to establish their respective role in glucose metabolism and their possible implication in the CCR. Our results supported that in S. peucetius var. caesius, both Glks allowed this strain to grow in different glucose concentrations. PP-Glk seems to be the main enzyme for glucose metabolism, and ATP-Glk is the only one involved in the CCR process affecting the levels of α-amylase and anthracycline production. Besides, analysis of Glk activities in the parental strain and the mutants revealed ATP-Glk as an enzyme negatively affected by high glucose concentrations. Although ATP-Glk utilizes only ATP as the substrate for glucose phosphorylation, probably PP-Glk can use either ATP or polyphosphate. Finally, a possible connection between both Glks may exist from the regulatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocha-Mendoza Diana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Manzo-Ruiz Monserrat
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Romero-Rodríguez Alba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Ruiz-Villafán Beatriz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Rodríguez-Sanoja Romina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
| | - Sánchez-Esquivel Sergio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, CDMX, 04510. México
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17
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Fichtner F, Dissanayake IM, Lacombe B, Barbier F. Sugar and Nitrate Sensing: A Multi-Billion-Year Story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:352-374. [PMID: 33281060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and nitrate play a major role in providing carbon and nitrogen in plants. Understanding how plants sense these nutrients is crucial, most notably for crop improvement. The mechanisms underlying sugar and nitrate sensing are complex and involve moonlighting proteins such as the nitrate transporter NRT1.1/NFP6.3 or the glycolytic enzyme HXK1. Major components of nutrient signaling, such as SnRK1, TOR, and HXK1, are relatively well conserved across eukaryotes, and the diversification of components such as the NRT1 family and the SWEET sugar transporters correlates with plant terrestrialization. In plants, Tre6P plays a hormone-like role in plant development. In addition, nutrient signaling has evolved to interact with the more recent hormone signaling, allowing fine-tuning of physiological and developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Benoit Lacombe
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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18
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Martín JF, Liras P, Sánchez S. Modulation of Gene Expression in Actinobacteria by Translational Modification of Transcriptional Factors and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630694. [PMID: 33796086 PMCID: PMC8007912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of post-translational modifications are present in bacteria that play essential roles in bacterial metabolism modulation. Nevertheless, limited information is available on these types of modifications in actinobacteria, particularly on their effects on secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Recently, phosphorylation, acetylation, or phosphopantetheneylation of transcriptional factors and key enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis have been reported. There are two types of phosphorylations involved in the control of transcriptional factors: (1) phosphorylation of sensor kinases and transfer of the phosphate group to the receiver domain of response regulators, which alters the expression of regulator target genes. (2) Phosphorylation systems involving promiscuous serine/threonine/tyrosine kinases that modify proteins at several amino acid residues, e.g., the phosphorylation of the global nitrogen regulator GlnR. Another post-translational modification is the acetylation at the epsilon amino group of lysine residues. The protein acetylation/deacetylation controls the activity of many short and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, transcriptional factors, key proteins of bacterial metabolism, and enzymes for the biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptides, desferrioxamine, streptomycin, or phosphinic acid-derived antibiotics. Acetyltransferases catalyze acetylation reactions showing different specificity for the acyl-CoA donor. Although it functions as acetyltransferase, there are examples of malonylation, crotonylation, succinylation, or in a few cases acylation activities using bulky acyl-CoA derivatives. Substrates activation by nucleoside triphosphates is one of the central reactions inhibited by lysine acetyltransferases. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation or acylation/deacylation reactions on global regulators like PhoP, GlnR, AfsR, and the carbon catabolite regulator glucokinase strongly affects the expression of genes controlled by these regulators. Finally, a different type of post-translational protein modification is the phosphopantetheinylation, catalized by phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases). This reaction is essential to modify those enzymes requiring phosphopantetheine groups like non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and fatty acid synthases. Up to five PPTases are present in S. tsukubaensis and S. avermitilis. Different PPTases modify substrate proteins in the PCP or ACP domains of tacrolimus biosynthetic enzymes. Directed mutations of genes encoding enzymes involved in the post-translational modification is a promising tool to enhance the production of bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Paloma Liras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Mexico
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19
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Wei S, Li G, Li P, Qiu C, Jiang C, Liu M, Wu M, Li Z. Molecular level changes during suppression of Rhizoctonia solani growth by humic substances and relationships with chemical structure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111749. [PMID: 33348258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the inhibitory effects of humic substances (HSs) on phytopathogenic fungi and the underlying molecular mechanisms are highly important for improved biocontrol. In this study, we investigated the growth suppression, morphological characteristics, transcriptomic sequence, and radical signals of Rhizoctonia solani following HS addition (50 mg/L). Through mycelial cultured experiment, mycelia growth of R. solani had been suppressed with HS addition, and the inhibition rate was 24.88 ± 0.11% compared to the control. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy showed increased and superimposed branching mycelial growth, with a shriveled appearance. RNA samples of R. solani cultured with or without HSs were both extracted to examine the sequence on molecular level by Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. RNA sequencing analysis revealed 175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 111 upregulated and 64 downregulated) between the HSs treatment and control. The upregulated unigenes were annotated and significantly enriched to three molecular processes: vitamin B6 metabolism, ABC transporters, and glutathione metabolism, while the downregulated unigenes were annotated to carbohydrate metabolism, but not significantly enriched. Real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the unigenes related to hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glutathione synthase, and glutathione reductase were significantly decreased (by 60.03%, 70.70%, 60.33%, and 57.59%, respectively), while those related to glutathione S-transferase were significantly increased (2.66-fold). The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed that HSs induced increased the intensity of radical signals of R. solani in a cultured system increased by 59.56% compared to CK (without HSs addition). Network analysis based on DEGs expression and the chemical structure of HSs revealed that the carbonyl moiety in HSs formed the most links with nodes of the DEGs (sum of the links of positive and negative effects = 70), implicating this structure as the active fraction responsible for the inhibitory effect. This study provides molecular and chemical evidence of the biofungicidal activity of HSs with the potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cunpu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhongpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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20
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Omolabi KF, Odeniran PO, Olotu FA, S Soliman ME. A Mechanistic Probe into the Dual Inhibition of T. cruzi Glucokinase and Hexokinase in Chagas Disease Treatment - A Stone Killing Two Birds? Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000863. [PMID: 33411971 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GLK) and Hexokinase (HK) have been characterized as essential targets in Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc)-mediated infection. A recent study reported the propensity of the concomitant inhibition of TcGLK and TcHK by compounds GLK2-003 and GLK2-004, thereby presenting an efficient approach in Chagas disease treatment. We investigated this possibility using atomic and molecular scaling methods. Sequence alignment of TcGLK and TcHK revealed that both proteins shared approximately 33.3 % homology in their glucose/inhibitor binding sites. The total binding free energies of GLK2-003 and GLK2-004 were favorable in both proteins. PRO92 and THR185 were pivotal to the binding and stabilization of the ligands in TcGLK, likewise their conserved counterparts, PRO163 and THR237 in TcHK. Both compounds also induced a similar pattern of perturbations in both TcGLK and TcHK secondary structure. Findings from this study therefore provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of dual inhibition exhibited by the compounds. These results can pave way to discover and optimize novel dual Tc inhibitors with favorable pharmacokinetics properties eventuating in the mitigation of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde F Omolabi
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Paul O Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200001, Nigeria
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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21
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MURATA K. Polyphosphate-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) kinase: A novel missing link in human mitochondria. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:479-498. [PMID: 34629356 PMCID: PMC8553519 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate [poly(P)] is described as a homopolymer of inorganic phosphates. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NAD kinase) catalyzes the phosphorylation of NAD+ to NADP+ in the presence of ATP (ATP-NAD kinase). Novel NAD kinase that explicitly phosphorylates NAD+ to NADP+ using poly(P), besides ATP [ATP/poly(P)-NAD kinase], was found in bacteria, in particular, Gram-positive bacteria, and the gene encoding ATP/poly(P)-NAD kinase was also newly identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Both NAD kinases required multi-homopolymeric structures for activity expression. The enzymatic and genetic results, combined with their primary and tertiary structures, have led to the discovery of a long-awaited human mitochondrial NAD kinase. This discovery showed that the NAD kinase is a bacterial type of ATP/poly(P)-NAD kinase. These pioneering findings, i.e., ATP/poly(P)-NAD kinase, NAD kinase gene, and human mitochondrial NAD kinase, have significantly enhanced research on the biochemistry, molecular biology, and evolutionary biology of NAD kinase, mitochondria, and poly(P), including some biotechnological knowledge applicable to NADP+ production.
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22
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Ferreira JC, Khrbtli AR, Shetler CL, Mansoor S, Ali L, Sensoy O, Rabeh WM. Linker residues regulate the activity and stability of hexokinase 2, a promising anticancer target. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100071. [PMID: 33187984 PMCID: PMC7949118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase (HK) catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism, making it an exciting target for the inhibition of tumor initiation and progression due to their elevated glucose metabolism. The upregulation of hexokinase-2 (HK2) in many cancers and its limited expression in normal tissues make it a particularly attractive target for the selective inhibition of cancer growth and the eradication of tumors with limited side effects. The design of such safe and effective anticancer therapeutics requires the development of HK2-specific inhibitors that will not interfere with other HK isozymes. As HK2 is unique among HKs in having a catalytically active N-terminal domain (NTD), we have focused our attention on this region. We previously found that NTD activity is affected by the size of the linker helix-α13 that connects the N- and C-terminal domains of HK2. Three nonactive site residues (D447, S449, and K451) at the beginning of the linker helix-α13 have been found to regulate the NTD activity of HK2. Mutation of these residues led to increased dynamics, as shown via hydrogen deuterium exchange analysis and molecular dynamic simulations. D447A contributed the most to the enhanced dynamics of the NTD, with reduced calorimetric enthalpy of HK2. Similar residues exist in the C-terminal domain (CTD) but are unnecessary for HK1 and HK2 activity. Thus, we postulate these residues serve as a regulatory site for HK2 and may provide new directions for the design of anticancer therapeutics that reduce the rate of glycolysis in cancer through specific inhibition of HK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Rahman Khrbtli
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Cameron L Shetler
- Department of Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Samman Mansoor
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ozge Sensoy
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), İstanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Tsuchiya H, Iwamoto M, Miyamoto H, Sakumoto C, Tamamizu T, Inoshita Y, Koyama Y, Sato Y, Kumamoto T. Practical and Scalable Synthesis of a Glucokinase Activator via One-Pot Difluorination and Julia Olefination. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyoshi Tsuchiya
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8533, Japan
| | - Minoru Iwamoto
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Miyamoto
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sakumoto
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Tokihiko Tamamizu
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshita
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Yuzo Koyama
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sato
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Technology Section, Pharmaceutical Production Technology Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 2-1 Hinode-cho, Iwakuni-shi, Yamaguhci 740-8511, Japan
| | - Takuya Kumamoto
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8533, Japan
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24
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Dong Q, Wang Z, Jiang M, Sun H, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Chai Y, Shao T, Shi L, Wang Z. Transcriptome analysis of the response provided by Lasiopodomys mandarinus to severe hypoxia includes enhancing DNA repair and damage prevention. Front Zool 2020; 17:9. [PMID: 32256671 PMCID: PMC7106638 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe hypoxia induces a series of stress responses in mammals; however, subterranean rodents have evolved several adaptation mechanisms of energy metabolisms and O2 utilization for hypoxia. Mammalian brains show extreme aerobic metabolism. Following hypoxia exposure, mammals usually experience irreversible brain damage and can even develop serious diseases, such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and brain edema. To investigate mechanisms underlying the responses of subterranean rodents to severe hypoxia, we performed a cross-species brain transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the subterranean rodent Lasiopodomys mandarinus and its closely related aboveground species L. brandtii under severe hypoxia (5.0% O2, 6 h) and normoxia (20.9% O2, 6 h). Results We obtained 361 million clean reads, including 69,611 unigenes in L. mandarinus and 69,360 in L. brandtii. We identified 359 and 515 DEGs by comparing the hypoxic and normoxia groups of L. mandarinus and L. brandtii, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that upregulated DEGs in both species displayed similar terms in response to severe hypoxia; the main difference is that GO terms of L. brandtii were enriched in the immune system. However, in the downregulated DEGs, GO terms of L. mandarinus were enriched in cell proliferation and protein transport and those of L. brandtii were enriched in nuclease and hydrolase activities, particularly in terms of developmental functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that upregulated DEGs in L. mandarinus were associated with DNA repair and damage prevention as well as angiogenesis and metastasis inhibition, whereas downregulated DEGs were associated with neuronal synaptic transmission and tumor-associated metabolic pathways. In L. brandtii, upregulated KEGG pathways were enriched in the immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems and particularly in cancer-related pathways, whereas downregulated DEGs were associated with environmental information processing and misregulation in cancers. Conclusions L. mandarinus has evolved hypoxia adaptation by enhancing DNA repair, damage prevention, and augmenting sensing, whereas L. brandtii showed a higher risk of tumorigenesis and promoted innate immunity toward severe hypoxia. These results reveal the hypoxic mechanisms of L. mandarinus to severe hypoxia, which may provide research clues for hypoxic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Dong
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Zishi Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Mengwan Jiang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Hong Sun
- 2College of Physical Education (main campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province China
| | - Xuqin Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Yangwei Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China.,3Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Han Cheng
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Yurong Chai
- 4School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Tian Shao
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Luye Shi
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
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25
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Zhang H, He M. The role of a new insulin-like peptide in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:433. [PMID: 31949275 PMCID: PMC6965660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinctada fucata martensii, is an economically important marine bivalve species cultured for seawater pearls. At present, we know little about the molecular mechanisms of the insulin signalling pathway in this oyster. Herein, we cloned and analysed an insulin-like peptide (PfILP) and its signalling pathway-related genes. We detected their expression levels in different tissues and developmental stages. Recombinant PfILP protein was produced and found to significantly increase primary mantle cell activity and induce the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene. PfILP could also regulate the 293T cell cycle by stimulating the S phase and inhibiting the G1 and G2 phases. Recombinant PfILP protein induced the expression of its signalling pathway-related genes in mantle cells. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that PfILP interacts with PfIRR. PfILP activated expression of the pfIRR protein, and also activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways by stimulating phosphorylation of MAPK and AKT. Further analysis showed that PfILP up-regulated glycogen synthesis-related genes glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and glucokinase (GK) at the mRNA level, as well as the expression of the PP1 protein, and phosphorylation of GSK-3β. These results confirmed the presence of a conserved insulin-like signalling pathway in pearl oyster that is involved in cell activity, glycogen metabolism, and other physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Maoxian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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26
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Baig MH, Adil M, Khan R, Dhadi S, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Bashir T, Imran MA, Husain FM, Lee EJ, Kamal MA, Choi I. Enzyme targeting strategies for prevention and treatment of cancer: Implications for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 56:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Enzymatic and Structural Characterization of the Naegleria fowleri Glucokinase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02410-18. [PMID: 30783001 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02410-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri leads to life-threatening primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Efficacious treatment options for these infections are limited, and the mortality rate is very high (∼98%). Parasite metabolism may provide suitable targets for therapeutic design. Like most other organisms, glucose metabolism is critical for parasite viability, being required for growth in culture. The first enzyme required for glucose metabolism is typically a hexokinase (HK), which transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose. The products of this enzyme are required for both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. However, the N. fowleri genome lacks an obvious HK homolog and instead harbors a glucokinase (Glck). The N. fowleri Glck (NfGlck) shares limited (25%) amino acid identity with the mammalian host enzyme (Homo sapiens Glck), suggesting that parasite-specific inhibitors with anti-amoeba activity can be generated. Following heterologous expression, NfGlck was found to have a limited hexose substrate range, with the greatest activity observed with glucose. The enzyme had apparent Km values of 42.5 ± 7.3 μM and 141.6 ± 9.9 μM for glucose and ATP, respectively. The NfGlck structure was determined and refined to 2.2-Å resolution, revealing that the enzyme shares greatest structural similarity with the Trypanosoma cruzi Glck. These similarities include binding modes and binding environments for substrates. To identify inhibitors of NfGlck, we screened a small collection of inhibitors of glucose-phosphorylating enzymes and identified several small molecules with 50% inhibitory concentration values of <1 μM that may prove useful as hit chemotypes for further leads and therapeutic development against N. fowleri.
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28
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Reshetnikov AS, Solntseva NP, Rozova ON, Mustakhimov II, Trotsenko YA, Khmelenina VN. ATP- and Polyphosphate-Dependent Glucokinases from Aerobic Methanotrophs. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020052. [PMID: 30769875 PMCID: PMC6406325 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- and polyphosphate (polyP)-dependent glucokinases (Glk) were identified in the aerobic obligate methanotroph Methylomonas sp. 12. The recombinant proteins were obtained by the heterologous expression of the glk genes in Esherichia coli. ATP-Glk behaved as a multimeric protein consisting of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexamers with a subunit molecular mass of 35.5 kDa. ATP-Glk phosphorylated glucose and glucosamine using ATP (100% activity), uridine triphosphate (UTP) (85%) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) (71%) as a phosphoryl donor and exhibited the highest activity in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+ at pH 7.5 and 65 °C but was fully inactivated after a short-term incubation at this temperature. According to a gel filtration in the presence of polyP, the polyP-dependent Glk was a dimeric protein (2 × 28 kDa). PolyP-Glk phosphorylated glucose, mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine using polyP as the phosphoryl donor but not using nucleoside triphosphates. The Km values of ATP-Glk for glucose and ATP were about 78 μM, and the Km values of polyP-Glk for glucose and polyP(n=45) were 450 and 21 μM, respectively. The genomic analysis of methanotrophs showed that ATP-dependent glucokinase is present in all sequenced methanotrophs, with the exception of the genera Methylosinus and Methylocystis, whereas polyP-Glks were found in all species of the genus Methylomonas and in Methylomarinum vadi only. This work presents the first characterization of polyphosphate specific glucokinase in a methanotrophic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Reshetnikov
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Natalia P Solntseva
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki 3, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Olga N Rozova
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Ildar I Mustakhimov
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia.
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki 3, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Yuri A Trotsenko
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia.
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki 3, Pushchino 142290, Russia.
| | - Valentina N Khmelenina
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino 142290, Russia.
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29
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Sternisha SM, Miller BG. Molecular and cellular regulation of human glucokinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:199-213. [PMID: 30641049 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in humans is tightly controlled by the activity of glucokinase (GCK). GCK is predominantly produced in the pancreas, where it catalyzes the rate-limiting step of insulin secretion, and in the liver, where it participates in glycogen synthesis. A multitude of disease-causing mutations within the gck gene have been identified. Activating mutations manifest themselves in the clinic as congenital hyperinsulinism, while loss-of-function mutations produce several diabetic conditions. Indeed, pharmaceutical companies have shown great interest in developing GCK-associated treatments for diabetic patients. Due to its essential role in maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis, GCK activity is extensively regulated at multiple levels. GCK possesses a unique ability to self-regulate its own activity via slow conformational dynamics, which allows for a cooperative response to glucose. GCK is also subject to a number of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modification events that produce a broad range of physiological consequences. While significant advances in our understanding of these individual regulatory mechanisms have been recently achieved, how these strategies are integrated and coordinated within the cell is less clear. This review serves to synthesize the relevant findings and offer insights into the connections between molecular and cellular control of GCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sternisha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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30
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Application of Organometallic Catalysts in API Synthesis. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Buechner GS, Millington ME, Perry K, D'Antonio EL. The crystal structure of glucokinase from Leishmania braziliensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 227:47-52. [PMID: 30571993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase from pathogenic protozoa of the genus Leishmania is a potential drug target for the chemotherapeutic treatment against leishmaniasis because this enzyme is located at a nodal point between two critically important metabolic pathways, glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). L. braziliensis glucokinase (LbGlcK) was evaluated for its structural characterization and enzymatic performance. The enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of d-glucose with co-substrate ATP to yield the products G6P and ADP. LbGlcK had KM values determined as 6.61 ± 2.63 mM and 0.338 ± 0.080 mM for d-glucose and ATP, respectively. The 1.85 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of the apo form of LbGlcK was determined and a homodimer was revealed where each subunit (both in open conformations) included the typical small and large domains. Structural comparisons were assessed in relationship to Homo sapiens hexokinase IV and Trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase. Comparisons revealed that all residues important for making hydrogen bonding interactions with d-glucose in the active site and catalysis were strictly conserved. LbGlcK was screened against four glucosamine analogue inhibitors and the stronger inhibitor of the series, HPOP-GlcN, had a Ki value of 56.9 ± 16.6 μM that exhibited competitive inhibition. For the purpose of future structure-based drug design experimentation, L. braziliensis glucokinase was observed to be very similar to T. cruzi glucokinase even though there was a 44% protein sequence identity between the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Buechner
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC, 29909, USA
| | - Matthew E Millington
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC, 29909, USA
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Edward L D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, SC, 29909, USA.
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32
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Raimondi D, Orlando G, Tabaro F, Lenaerts T, Rooman M, Moreau Y, Vranken WF. Large-scale in-silico statistical mutagenesis analysis sheds light on the deleteriousness landscape of the human proteome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16980. [PMID: 30451933 PMCID: PMC6242909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing technologies are providing increasing amounts of sequencing data, paving the way for improvements in clinical genetics and precision medicine. The interpretation of the observed genomic variants in the light of their phenotypic effects is thus emerging as a crucial task to solve in order to advance our understanding of how exomic variants affect proteins and how the proteins' functional changes affect human health. Since the experimental evaluation of the effects of every observed variant is unfeasible, Bioinformatics methods are being developed to address this challenge in-silico, by predicting the impact of millions of variants, thus providing insight into the deleteriousness landscape of entire proteomes. Here we show the feasibility of this approach by using the recently developed DEOGEN2 variant-effect predictor to perform the largest in-silico mutagenesis scan to date. We computed the deleteriousness score of 170 million variants over 15000 human proteins and we analysed the results, investigating how the predicted deleteriousness landscape of the proteins relates to known functionally and structurally relevant protein regions and biophysical properties. Moreover, we qualitatively validated our results by comparing them with two mutagenesis studies targeting two specific proteins, showing the consistency of DEOGEN2 predictions with respect to experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Raimondi
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, La Plaine Campus, Triomflaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- ESAT-STADIUS, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Orlando
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, La Plaine Campus, Triomflaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesco Tabaro
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Arvo Ylpőn katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tom Lenaerts
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, La Plaine Campus, Triomflaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Machine Learning Group, ULB, La Plaine Campus, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marianne Rooman
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, La Plaine Campus, Triomflaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of BioModeling, BioInformatics & BioProcesses, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Moreau
- ESAT-STADIUS, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Imec, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim F Vranken
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, ULB-VUB, La Plaine Campus, Triomflaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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33
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A folding nucleus and minimal ATP binding domain of Hsp70 identified by single-molecule force spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4666-4671. [PMID: 29669923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716899115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding pathways of large proteins are complex, with many of them requiring the aid of chaperones and others folding spontaneously. Along the folding pathways, partially folded intermediates are frequently populated; their role in the driving of the folding process is unclear. The structures of these intermediates are generally not amenable to high-resolution structural techniques because of their transient nature. Here we employed single-molecule force measurements to scrutinize the hierarchy of intermediate structures along the folding pathway of the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) of Escherichia coli Hsp70 DnaK. DnaK-NBD is a member of the sugar kinase superfamily that includes Hsp70s and the cytoskeletal protein actin. Using optical tweezers, a stable nucleotide-binding competent en route folding intermediate comprising lobe II residues (183-383) was identified as a critical checkpoint for productive folding. We obtained a structural snapshot of this folding intermediate that shows native-like conformation. To assess the fundamental role of folded lobe II for efficient folding, we turned our attention to yeast mitochondrial NBD, which does not fold without a dedicated chaperone. After replacing the yeast lobe II residues with stable E. coli lobe II, the obtained chimeric protein showed native-like ATPase activity and robust folding into the native state, even in the absence of chaperone. In summary, lobe II is a stable nucleotide-binding competent folding nucleus that is the key to time-efficient folding and possibly resembles a common ancestor domain. Our findings provide a conceptual framework for the folding pathways of other members of this protein superfamily.
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34
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The catalytic inactivation of the N-half of human hexokinase 2 and structural and biochemical characterization of its mitochondrial conformation. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171666. [PMID: 29298880 PMCID: PMC5803496 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high proliferation rate of tumor cells demands high energy and metabolites that are sustained by a high glycolytic flux known as the 'Warburg effect'. The activation and further metabolism of glucose is initiated by hexokinase, a focal point of metabolic regulation. The human hexokinase 2 (HK2) is overexpressed in all aggressive tumors and predominantly found on the outer mitochondrial membrane, where interactions through its N-terminus initiates and maintains tumorigenesis. Here, we report the structure of HK2 in complex with glucose and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Structural and biochemical characterization of the mitochondrial conformation reveals higher conformational stability and slow protein unfolding rate (ku) compared with the cytosolic conformation. Despite the active site similarity of all human hexokinases, the N-domain of HK2 is catalytically active but not in hexokinase 1 and 3. Helix-α13 that protrudes out of the N-domain to link it to the C-domain of HK2 is found to be important in maintaining the catalytic activity of the N-half. In addition, the N-domain of HK2 regulates the stability of the whole enzyme in contrast with the C-domain. Glucose binding enhanced the stability of the wild-type (WT) enzyme and the single mutant D657A of the C-domain, but it did not increase the stability of the D209A mutant of the N-domain. The interaction of HK2 with the mitochondria through its N-half is proposed to facilitate higher stability on the mitochondria. The identification of structural and biochemical differences between HK2 and other human hexokinase isozymes could potentially be used in the development of new anticancer therapies.
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Conway LP, Liu FF, Li Q, Voglmeir J. The Shewanella woodyi galactokinase pool phosphorylates glucose at the 6-position. Carbohydr Res 2018; 455:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ulfstedt M, Hu GZ, Eklund DM, Ronne H. The Ability of a Charophyte Alga Hexokinase to Restore Glucose Signaling and Glucose Repression of Gene Expression in a Glucose-Insensitive Arabidopsis Hexokinase Mutant Depends on Its Catalytic Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1887. [PMID: 30619433 PMCID: PMC6306471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinases is a family of proteins that is found in all eukaryotes. Hexokinases play key roles in the primary carbon metabolism, where they catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose and fructose, but they have also been shown to be involved in glucose signaling in both yeast and plants. We have characterized the Klebsormidium nitens KnHXK1 gene, the only hexokinase-encoding gene in this charophyte alga. The encoded protein, KnHXK1, is a type B plant hexokinase with an N-terminal membrane anchor localizing the protein to the mitochondrial membranes. We found that KnHXK1 expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana can restore the glucose sensing and glucose repression defects of the glucose-insensitive hexokinase mutant gin2-1. Interestingly, both functions require a catalytically active enzyme, since an inactive double mutant was unable to complement gin2-1. These findings differ from previous results on Arabidopsis AtHXK1 and its orthologs in rice, where catalytic and glucose sensing functions could be separated, but are consistent with recent results on the rice cytoplasmic hexokinase OsHXK7. A model with both catalytic and non-catalytic roles for hexokinases in glucose sensing and glucose repression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Ulfstedt
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guo-Zhen Hu
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Magnus Eklund
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Ronne
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Hans Ronne,
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a purified diet that mimics the characteristics of the Japanese diet using readily available materials with a simpler composition and a focus on quality, with the goal of facilitating performance of studies on the Japanese diet worldwide. The utility of the new diet was examined as a mimic of the standard Japanese diet for use in animal experiments. We examined whether a key characteristic of the Japanese diet of being less likely to cause obesity could be reproduced. The mimic diet had a balance of protein, fat and carbohydrate based on the 1975 Japanese diet, which is the least likely to cause obesity, and materials chosen with reference to the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS). To examine similarities of the mimic diet with the model 1975 Japanese diet, we created a menu of the 1975 diet based on the NHNS and prepared the freeze-dried and powdered diet. The mimic diet, the 1975 Japanese diet, a control AIN-93G diet and a Western diet were fed to mice for 4 weeks. As a result, the mimic diet and the 1975 diet resulted in less accumulation of visceral fat and liver fat. Mice given these two diets showed similar effects. This indicates that the mimic diet used in this study has characteristics of the 1975 Japanese diet and could be used as a standard Japanese diet in animal experiments.
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Jin FJ, Han P, Zhuang M, Zhang ZM, Jin L, Koyama Y. Comparative proteomic analysis: SclR is importantly involved in carbohydrate metabolism in Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:319-332. [PMID: 29098410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The helix-loop-helix (HLH) family of transcriptional factors is a key player in a wide range of developmental processes in organisms from mammals to microbes. We previously identified the bHLH transcription factor SclR in Aspergillus oryzae and found that the loss of SclR function led to significant phenotypic changes, such as rapid protein degradation and cell lysis in dextrin-polypeptone-yeast extract liquid medium. The result implied that SclR is potentially important in both traditional fermentative manufacturing and commercial enzyme production in A. oryzae because of its effect on growth. Therefore, this study presents a comparative assessment at the proteome level of the intracellular differences between an sclR-disrupted strain and a control strain using isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling for quantification. A total of 5447 proteins were identified, and 568 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Of the DEPs, 251 proteins were increased by 1.5-fold, and 317 proteins were decreased by 1.5-fold in an sclR-disrupted strain compared to the control. The comparison of the quantitative TMT results revealed that SclR was mainly involved in carbon metabolism, especially carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, an enzyme profile by a semi-quantitative method (API-ZYM) indicated that three enzymes (β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and α-mannosidase) were significantly less active in the ∆sclR strain than in the control. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression of certain genes was changed similarly to their corresponding proteins. These results suggested that a possible function of SclR during growth of A. oryzae is its important involvement in carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Pei Han
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Deng Zhuang South Rd, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Miao Zhuang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Long Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yasuji Koyama
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 399 Noda, Noda City, 278-0037, Japan
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Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in ATP generation, redox homeostasis and regulation of apoptosis. Due to the essential role of mitochondria in metabolism and cell survival, targeting mitochondria in cancer cells is considered as an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, metabolic flexibility in cancer cells may enable the upregulation of compensatory pathways, such as glycolysis to support cancer cell survival when mitochondrial metabolism is inhibited. Thus, compounds capable of both targeting mitochondria and inhibiting glycolysis may be particularly useful to overcome such drug-resistant mechanism. This review provides an update on recent development in the field of targeting mitochondria and novel compounds that impact mitochondria, glycolysis or both. Key challenges in this research area and potential solutions are also discussed.
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Yamashita Y, Morinaga Y, Kasai M, Hashimoto T, Takahama Y, Ohigashi A, Yonishi S, Akazome M. A Practical and Scalable Synthesis of a Glucokinase Activator via Diastereomeric Resolution and Palladium-Catalyzed C–N Coupling Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Yamashita
- Process
Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morinaga
- Process
Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
| | - Makoto Kasai
- Process
Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Process
Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahama
- Process
Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohigashi
- Process
Chemistry Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 160-2 Akahama, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0001, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yonishi
- Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Motohiro Akazome
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Extremely high intracellular concentration of glucose-6-phosphate and NAD(H) in Deinococcus radiodurans. Extremophiles 2017; 21:399-407. [PMID: 28083699 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans is highly resistant to ionizing radiation and UV radiation, and oxidative stress caused by such radiations. NADP(H) seems to be important for this resistance (Slade and Radman, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 75:133-191; Slade, Radman, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 75:133-191, 2011), but the mechanism underlying the generation of NADP(H) or NAD(H) in D. radiodurans has not fully been addressed. Intracellular concentrations of NAD+, NADH, NADP+, and NADPH in D. radiodurans are also not determined yet. We found that cell extracts of D. radiodurans catalyzed reduction of NAD(P)+ in vitro, indicating that D. radiodurans cells contain both enzymes and a high concentration of substrates for this activity. The enzyme and the substrate were attributed to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate of which intracellular concentration was extremely high. Unexpectedly, the intracellular concentration of NAD(H) was also much greater than that of NADP(H), suggesting some significant roles of NADH. These unusual features of this bacterium would shed light on a new aspect of physiology of this bacterium.
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Mustakhimov II, Rozova ON, Solntseva NP, Khmelenina VN, Reshetnikov AS, Trotsenko YA. The properties and potential metabolic role of glucokinase in halotolerant obligate methanotroph Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 110:375-386. [PMID: 27915410 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic bacteria utilizing methane as the carbon and energy source do not use sugars as growth substrates but possess the gene coding for glucokinase (Glk), an enzyme converting glucose into glucose 6-phosphate. Here we demonstrate the functionality and properties of Glk from an obligate methanotroph Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z. The recombinant Glk obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli was found to be close in biochemical properties to other prokaryotic Glks. The homodimeric enzyme (2 × 35 kDa) catalyzed ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose and glucosamine with nearly equal activity, being inhibited by ADP (K i = 2.34 mM) but not affected by glucose 6-phosphate. Chromosomal deletion of the glk gene resulted in a loss of Glk activity and retardation of growth as well as in a decrease of intracellular glycogen content. Inactivation of the genes encoding sucrose phosphate synthase or amylosucrase, the enzymes involved in glycogen biosynthesis via sucrose as intermediate, did not prevent glycogen accumulation. In silico analysis revealed glk orthologs predominantly in methanotrophs harboring glycogen synthase genes. The data obtained suggested that Glk is implicated in the regulation of glycogen biosynthesis/degradation in an obligate methanotroph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildar I Mustakhimov
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Russia, 142290.,Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki 3, Pushchino, Russia, 142290
| | - Olga N Rozova
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Russia, 142290
| | - Natalia P Solntseva
- Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki 3, Pushchino, Russia, 142290
| | - Valentina N Khmelenina
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Russia, 142290.
| | - Alexander S Reshetnikov
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Russia, 142290
| | - Yuri A Trotsenko
- Laboratory of Methylotrophy, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Nauki 5, Pushchino, Russia, 142290.,Pushchino State Institute of Natural Sciences, Prospect Nauki 3, Pushchino, Russia, 142290
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Abstract
Recent protocols have been developed to differentiate human stem cells and fibroblasts into insulin-producing cells capable of releasing the hormone in a glucose-stimulated manner. Limitations remain which prevent bringing these protocols to a clinical setting as these models must still undergo complete characterization. Advances in sequencing technologies have driven the identification of several non-coding RNA species including microRNAs (miRNAs). While their diversity and unique expression patterns across different tissues have made deciphering their precise functional role a significant challenge, studies using both cell lines and transgenic mouse models have made substantial progress in understanding their regulatory role on exocytosis and proliferation of the β-cell. These results also indicate miRNAs play an integral role in the fundamental mechanics of how the cell manages the balance between these independent functions. Continued investigation into miRNA function may uncover mechanisms which can be exploited to improve differentiation protocols in producing fully mature β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Poy
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, WFH C27, Rm 131, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Ozaki K, Harada K, Terayama N, Matsui O, Saitoh S, Tomimaru Y, Fujii T, Gabata T. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α-inactivated hepatocellular adenomas exhibit high (18)F-fludeoxyglucose uptake associated with glucose-6-phosphate transporter inactivation. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20160265. [PMID: 27197745 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20160265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This immunohistochemical study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the increased fluorine-18 fludeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α)-inactivated hepatocellular adenomas (H-HCAs). METHODS Three resected H-HCAs were studied using FDG positron emission tomography. Each maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was determined. Resected samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for the following glucose metabolism-related proteins: glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), indicative of uptake and transport of glucose into cellular cytoplasm; hexokinase 2 (HK2) and hexokinase 4 (HK4), glucose phosphorylation; glucose-6-phosphate transporter 1 (G6PT1), uptake and transport of glucose-6-phosphate into endoplasmic reticulum; and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), dephosphorylation. RESULTS All three H-HCAs exhibited increased FDG intake, with an average SUVmax of 6.6 (range: 5.2-8.2). No sample expressed GLUT1 and HK2; all the samples exhibited equivalent GLUT2 and HK4 expression, equivalent or slightly increased G6Pase expression and significantly decreased G6PT1 expression relative to the non-neoplastic hepatocytes of background liver. CONCLUSION The increased FDG uptake observed in H-HCAs is associated with GLUT2 and HK4 expression and G6PT1 inactivation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE H-HCA exhibits a high FDG uptake owing to the inactivation of G6PT1, which is transcriptionally regulated by HNF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Ozaki
- 1 Department of Radiology, Takaoka City Hospital, Takaoka, Japan.,Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noboru Terayama
- 1 Department of Radiology, Takaoka City Hospital, Takaoka, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsui
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saitoh
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Gabata
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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Shi Y, He MX. PfIRR Interacts with HrIGF-I and Activates the MAP-kinase and PI3-kinase Signaling Pathways to Regulate Glycogen Metabolism in Pinctada fucata. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22063. [PMID: 26911653 PMCID: PMC4766514 DOI: 10.1038/srep22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways are major intracellular signaling modules and conserved among eukaryotes that are known to regulate diverse cellular processes. However, they have not been investigated in the mollusk species Pinctada fucata. Here, we demonstrate that insulin-related peptide receptor of P. fucata (pfIRR) interacts with human recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (hrIGF-I), and stimulates the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways in P. fucata oocytes. We also show that inhibition of pfIRR by the inhibitor PQ401 significantly attenuates the basal and hrIGF-I-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt at amino acid residues threonine 308 and serine 473. Furthermore, our experiments show that there is cross-talk between the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, in which MAPK kinase positively regulates the PI3K pathway, and PI3K positively regulates the MAPK cascade. Intramuscular injection of hrIGF-I stimulates the PI3K and MAPK pathways to increase the expression of pfirr, protein phosphatase 1, glucokinase, and the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, decreases the mRNA expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, decreases glucose levels in hemocytes, and increases glycogen levels in digestive glands. These results suggest that the MAPK and PI3K pathways in P. fucata transmit the hrIGF-I signal to regulate glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Mao-xian He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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D'Antonio EL, Deinema MS, Kearns SP, Frey TA, Tanghe S, Perry K, Roy TA, Gracz HS, Rodriguez A, D'Antonio J. Structure-based approach to the identification of a novel group of selective glucosamine analogue inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 204:64-76. [PMID: 26778112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase and hexokinase from pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi are potential drug targets for antiparasitic chemotherapy of Chagas' disease. These glucose kinases phosphorylate d-glucose with co-substrate ATP and yield glucose 6-phosphate and are involved in essential metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. An inhibitor class was conceived that is selective for T. cruzi glucokinase (TcGlcK) using structure-based drug design involving glucosamine having a linker from the C2 amino that terminates with a hydrophobic group either being phenyl, p-hydroxyphenyl, or dioxobenzo[b]thiophenyl groups. The synthesis and characterization for two of the four compounds are presented while the other two compounds were commercially available. Four high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of TcGlcK inhibitor complexes are reported along with enzyme inhibition constants (Ki) for TcGlcK and Homo sapiens hexokinase IV (HsHxKIV). These glucosamine analogue inhibitors include three strongly selective TcGlcK inhibitors and a fourth inhibitor, benzoyl glucosamine (BENZ-GlcN), which is a similar variant exhibiting a shorter linker. Carboxybenzyl glucosamine (CBZ-GlcN) was found to be the strongest glucokinase inhibitor known to date, having a Ki of 0.71±0.05μM. Also reported are two biologically active inhibitors against in vitro T. cruzi culture that were BENZ-GlcN and CBZ-GlcN, with intracellular amastigote growth inhibition IC50 values of 16.08±0.16μM and 48.73±0.69μM, respectively. These compounds revealed little to no toxicity against mammalian NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and provide a key starting point for further drug development with this class of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA.
| | - Mason S Deinema
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Sean P Kearns
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Tyler A Frey
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Scott Tanghe
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Timothy A Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Hanna S Gracz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
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Pandurangan M, Enkhtaivan G, Kim DH. Homobrassinolide induced conformational changes in hexokinase: a possible mechanism for its antidiabetic potential. J Mol Recognit 2015; 29:276-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gansukh Enkhtaivan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science; Konkuk University; Seoul South Korea
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48
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Biochemistry and regulatory functions of bacterial glucose kinases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 577-578:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Positively-charged semi-tunnel is a structural and surface characteristic of polyphosphate-binding proteins: an in-silico study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123713. [PMID: 25879219 PMCID: PMC4400040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate is essential for all major life processes, especially energy metabolism and signal transduction. A linear phosphate polymer, polyphosphate (polyP), linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds, can interact with various proteins, playing important roles as an energy source and regulatory factor. However, polyP-binding structures are largely unknown. Here we proposed a putative polyP binding site, a positively-charged semi-tunnel (PCST), identified by surface electrostatics analyses in polyP kinases (PPKs) and many other polyP-related proteins. We found that the PCSTs in varied proteins were folded in different secondary structure compositions. Molecular docking calculations revealed a significant value for binding affinity to polyP in PCST-containing proteins. Utilizing the PCST identified in the β subunit of PPK3, we predicted the potential polyP-binding domain of PPK3. The discovery of this feature facilitates future searches for polyP-binding proteins and discovery of the mechanisms for polyP-binding activities. This should greatly enhance the understanding of the many physiological functions of protein-bound polyP and the involvement of polyP and polyP-binding proteins in various human diseases.
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50
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Phosphoryl transfer from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate catalyzed by Escherichia coli sugar-phosphate phosphatases of two protein superfamily types. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1559-72. [PMID: 25527541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03314-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cori ester α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc 1-P) is a high-energy intermediate of cellular carbohydrate metabolism. Its glycosidic phosphomonoester moiety primes αGlc 1-P for flexible exploitation in glucosyl and phosphoryl transfer reactions. Two structurally and mechanistically distinct sugar-phosphate phosphatases from Escherichia coli were characterized in this study for utilization of αGlc 1-P as a phosphoryl donor substrate. The agp gene encodes a periplasmic αGlc 1-P phosphatase (Agp) belonging to the histidine acid phosphatase family. Had13 is from the haloacid dehydrogenase-like phosphatase family. Cytoplasmic expression of Agp (in E. coli Origami B) gave a functional enzyme preparation (kcat for phosphoryl transfer from αGlc 1-P to water, 40 s(-1)) that was shown by mass spectrometry to exhibit no free cysteines and the native intramolecular disulfide bond between Cys(189) and Cys(195). Enzymatic phosphoryl transfer from αGlc 1-P to water in H2 (18)O solvent proceeded with complete (18)O label incorporation into the phosphate released, consistent with catalytic reaction through O-1-P, but not C-1-O, bond cleavage. Hydrolase activity of both enzymes was not restricted to a glycosidic phosphomonoester substrate, and d-glucose 6-phosphate was converted with a kcat similar to that of αGlc 1-P. By examining phosphoryl transfer from αGlc 1-P to an acceptor substrate other than water (d-fructose or d-glucose), we discovered that Agp exhibited pronounced synthetic activity, unlike Had13, which utilized αGlc 1-P mainly for phosphoryl transfer to water. By applying d-fructose in 10-fold molar excess over αGlc 1-P (20 mM), enzymatic conversion furnished d-fructose 1-phosphate as the main product in a 55% overall yield. Agp is a promising biocatalyst for use in transphosphorylation from αGlc 1-P.
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