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Cui D, Zhang Y, Zheng B, Chen L, Wei J, Lin D, Huang M, Du H, Chen Q. Pim1 is Critical in T-cell-independent B-cell Response and MAPK Activation in B Cells. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168824. [PMID: 39505064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
The Pim family consists of three members that encode a distinct class of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases. In this study, we generated and examined mice with hematopoiesis-specific deletion of Pim1 and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice with B-cell-specific targeted deletion of Pim1. Pim1 was expressed at all stages of B-cell development and hematopoietic-specific deletion of Pim1 altered B-cell development in BM, spleen and peritoneal. However, Pim1 deficiency did not affect T-cell development. Studies of BM chimeric mice showed that Pim1 is required in a cell-intrinsic manner to maintain normal B-cell development. Pim1 deficiency led to significant changes in B cell antibody responses. Additionally, Pim1 deficiency resulted in reduced B cell receptor (BCR)-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Examination of the various BCR-activated signaling pathways in Pim1-deficient B cells reveals defective activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are known to regulate genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. qRT-PCR analysis of BCR-engaged B cells from Pim1-deficient B cells revealed reduced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and cyclin genes, including CDK2, CCNB1 and CCNE1. In conclusion, Pim1 plays a crucial role in B-cell development and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Cui
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Baijiao Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liling Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Miaohui Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Hekang Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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2
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Papadatou I, Geropeppa M, Piperi C, Spoulou V, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Deciphering Immune Responses to Immunization via Transcriptional Analysis: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence towards Personalized Vaccination Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7095. [PMID: 39000206 PMCID: PMC11240890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines has drastically reduced the mortality and morbidity of several diseases. Despite the great success of vaccines, the immunological processes involved in protective immunity are not fully understood and several issues remain to be elucidated. Recently, the advent of high-throughput technologies has enabled a more in-depth investigation of the immune system as a whole and the characterization of the interactions of numerous components of immunity. In the field of vaccinology, these tools allow for the exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which vaccines can induce protective immune responses. In this review, we aim to describe current data on transcriptional responses to vaccination, focusing on similarities and differences of vaccine-induced transcriptional responses among vaccines mostly in healthy adults, but also in high-risk populations, such as the elderly and children. Moreover, the identification of potential predictive biomarkers of vaccine immunogenicity, the effect of age on transcriptional response and future perspectives for the utilization of transcriptomics in the field of vaccinology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Papadatou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (M.G.); (V.S.)
- First Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Geropeppa
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (M.G.); (V.S.)
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Vana Spoulou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (I.P.); (M.G.); (V.S.)
- First Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.P.)
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.G.P.)
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3
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Wu M, Zhao J, Wu W, Hao C, Yang Y, Zhang J. miR-130b regulates B cell proliferation via CYLD-mediated NF-κB signaling. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113870. [PMID: 38049082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that B cell activation is regulated by various microRNAs(miRNAs). However, the role of microRNA-130b regulating B cell activation and apoptosis is still unclear. In the present study, we first found that the expression of miR-130b was the lowest in Pro/Pre-B cells and the highest in immature B cells. Besides, the expression of miR-130b decreased after activation in B cells. Through the immuno-phenotypic analysis of miR-130b transgenic and knockout mice, we found that miR-130b mainly promoted the proliferation of B cells and inhibited B cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we identified that Cyld, a tumor suppressor gene was the target gene of miR-130b in B cells. Besides, the Cyld-mediated NF-κB signaling was increased in miR-130b overexpressed B cells, which further explains the enhanced proliferation of B cells. In conclusion, we propose that miR-130b promotes B cell proliferation via Cyld-mediated NF-κB signaling, which provides a new theoretical basis for the molecular regulation of B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China
| | - Wenyan Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China.
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China.
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4
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Gill RF, Mathieu PA, Lash LH, Rosenspire AJ. Naturally occurring autoimmune disease in (NZB X NZW) F1 mice is correlated with suppression of MZ B cell development due to aberrant B Cell Receptor (BCR) signaling, which is exacerbated by exposure to inorganic mercury. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:kfad120. [PMID: 37952249 PMCID: PMC10823778 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial and include environmental as well as genetic drivers. Although much progress has been made in understanding the nature of genetic underpinnings of autoimmune disease, by comparison much less is understood regarding how environmental factors interact with genetics in the development of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. In this report, we utilize the (NZB X NZW) F1 mouse model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Mercury is a xenobiotic that is environmentally ubiquitous and is epidemiologically linked with the development of autoimmunity. Among other attributes of human SLE, (NZB X NZW) F1 mice spontaneously develop autoimmune-mediated kidney disease. It has been previously shown that if (NZB X NZW) F1 mice are exposed to inorganic mercury (Hg2+), the development of autoimmunity, including autoimmune kidney pathology, is accelerated. We now show that in these mice the development of kidney disease is correlated with a decreased percentage of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen. In Hg2+-intoxicated mice, kidney disease is significantly augmented, and matched by a greater decrease in MZ B cell splenic percentages than found in control mice. In Hg2+- intoxicated mice, the decrease in MZ B cells appears to be linked to aberrant B Cell Receptor (BCR) signal strength in transitory 2 (T2) B cells, developmental precursors of MZ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall F Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Patricia A Mathieu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Allen J Rosenspire
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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5
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Carruthers NJ, Guo C, Gill R, Stemmer PM, Rosenspire AJ. Mercury intoxication disrupts tonic signaling in B cells, and may promote autoimmunity due to abnormal phosphorylation of STIM-1 and other autoimmunity risk associated phosphoproteins involved in BCR signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 474:116607. [PMID: 37348680 PMCID: PMC10534200 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies link exposure to mercury with autoimmune disease. Unfortunately, in spite of considerable effort, no generally accepted mechanistic understanding of how mercury functions with respect to the etiology of autoimmune disease is currently available. Nevertheless, autoimmune disease often arises because of defective B cell signaling. Because B cell signaling is dependent on phosphorylation cascades, in this report, we have focused on how mercury intoxication alters phosphorylation of B cell proteins in antigen-non stimulated (tonic) mouse (BALB/c) splenic B cells. Specifically, we utilized mass spectrometric techniques to conduct a comprehensive unbiased global analysis of the effect of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) on the entire B cell phosphoproteome. We found that the effects were pleotropic in the sense that large numbers of pathways were impacted. However, confirming our earlier work, we found that the B cell signaling pathway stood out from the rest, in that phosphoproteins which had sites which were affected by Hg2+, exhibited a much higher degree of connectivity, than components of other pathways. Further analysis showed that many of these BCR pathway proteins had been previously linked to autoimmune disease. Finally, dose response analysis of these BCR pathway proteins showed STIM1_S575, and NFAT2_S259 are the two most Hg2+ sensitive of these sites. Because STIM1_S575 controls the ability of STIM1 to regulate internal Ca2+, we speculate that STIM1 may be the initial point of disruption, where Hg2+ interferes with B cell signaling leading to systemic autoimmunity, with the molecular effects pleiotropically propagated throughout the cell by virtue of Ca2+ dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Carruthers
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - C Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - R Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - P M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - A J Rosenspire
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America.
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6
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Xiong J, Chi H, Yang G, Zhao S, Zhang J, Tran LJ, Xia Z, Yang F, Tian G. Revolutionizing anti-tumor therapy: unleashing the potential of B cell-derived exosomes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188760. [PMID: 37342327 PMCID: PMC10277631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells occupy a vital role in the functioning of the immune system, working in tandem with T cells to either suppress or promote tumor growth within the tumor microenvironment(TME). In addition to direct cell-to-cell communication, B cells and other cells release exosomes, small membrane vesicles ranging in size from 30-150 nm, that facilitate intercellular signaling. Exosome research is an important development in cancer research, as they have been shown to carry various molecules such as major histocompatibility complex(MHC) molecules and integrins, which regulate the TME. Given the close association between TME and cancer development, targeting substances within the TME has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the contributions made by B cells and exosomes to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, we delve into the potential role of B cell-derived exosomes in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Xiong
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Songyun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Lisa Jia Tran
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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7
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Guo C, Mattingly RR, Stemmer PM, Rosenspire AJ. At low levels, inorganic mercury interference with antigen signaling is associated with modifications to a panel of novel phosphoserine sites in B cell receptor pathway proteins. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 89:105564. [PMID: 36736710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that human and animal exposure to environmental mercury (Hg) disrupts normal immune system function, but the molecular mechanism responsible for this is still unresolved. We have previously utilized phospho-proteomic mass spectrometry to demonstrate that in the absence of B Cell Receptor (BCR) stimulation, exposure of B cells to Hg induces significant changes to a great many elements of the BCR signaling pathway in a concentration dependent manner. In this report, we have extended those initial findings by utilizing mass spectrometry to evaluate in detail the effect of low-level Hg exposure on BCR induced phospho-proteomic changes. Specifically, murine WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells were exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Hg with or without concomitant BCR stimulation. The cellular phospho-proteomes were then profiled by LC-MS/MS. We found that for low-level exposures, Hg interference with signal transduction across the BCR pathway was predominantly associated with modification of phosphorylation of 12 phosphosites located on seven different proteins. Nine sites were serine, two sites tyrosine and one site threonine. Most of these sites are novel, in the sense that only the two tyrosine and one of the serine sites have previously been reported to be associated with BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunna Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Allen J Rosenspire
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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8
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, El Merhebi O, Narpala SR, Serebryannyy L, Lin BC, Wang W, Zhang X, Lopes de Assis F, Kelly SE, Teng IT, McCormack GE, Praiss LH, Seamon CA, Rai MA, Kalish H, Kwong PD, Proschan MA, McDermott AB, Fauci AS, Chun TW, Moir S. Interval between prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and booster vaccination impacts magnitude and quality of antibody and B cell responses. Cell 2022; 185:4333-4346.e14. [PMID: 36257313 PMCID: PMC9513331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a 2-month period, we evaluated antibody and B cell responses to a third-dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells. Spike-specific B cell responses from recent infection (<180 days) were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared with uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Omar El Merhebi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren H. Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author
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9
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Serény-Litvai T, Bajnok A, Temesfoi V, Nörenberg J, Pham-Dobor G, Kaposi A, Varnagy A, Kovacs K, Pentek S, Koszegi T, Mezosi E, Berki T. B cells from anti-thyroid antibody positive, infertile women show hyper-reactivity to BCR stimulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039166. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-thyroid antibody (ATA) positivity affects 1 out of 9 women in childbearing age and presents a significant risk for infertility. Emerging evidence indicates that alterations in the B cell receptor induced calcium (Ca2+) signaling could be key in the development of autoimmunity. We aimed to investigate the Ca2+ flux response of B lymphocyte subsets to BCR stimulation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and related infertility. We collected peripheral blood samples from ATA+, infertile, euthyroid patients (HIE), hypothyroid, ATA+ patients before (H1) and after levothyroxine treatment (H2), and age-matched healthy controls (HC). All B cell subsets of ATA+, infertile, euthyroid patients showed elevated basal Ca2+ level and hyper-responsivity to BCR ligation compared to the other groups, which could reflect altered systemic immune function. The Ca2+ flux of hypothyroid patients was similar to healthy controls. The levothyroxine-treated patients had decreased prevalence of CD25+ B cells and lower basal Ca2+ level compared to pre-treatment. Our results support the role of altered Ca2+ flux of B cells in the early phase of thyroid autoimmunity and infertility.
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10
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Autoantibodies elicited with SARS-CoV-2 infection are linked to alterations in double negative B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988125. [PMID: 36131937 PMCID: PMC9484582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Double negative (DN) B cells (CD27-IgD-) comprise a heterogenous population of DN1, DN2, and the recently described DN3 and DN4 subsets. In autoimmune disease, DN2 cells are reported to be precursors to autoreactive antibody secreting cells and expansion of DN2 cells is linked to elevated interferon levels. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by elevated systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum autoantibodies and expansion of the DN2 subset in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. However, the activation status, functional capacity and contribution to virally-induced autoantibody production by DN subsets is not established. Here, we validate the finding that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a reduction in the frequency of DN1 cells coinciding with an increase in the frequency of DN2 and DN3 cells. We further demonstrate that with severe viral infection DN subsets are at a heightened level of activation, display changes in immunoglobulin class isotype frequency and have functional BCR signaling. Increases in overall systemic inflammation (CRP), as well as specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-1β), significantly correlate with the skewing of DN1, DN2 and DN3 subsets during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the reduction in DN1 cell frequency and expansion of the DN3 population during severe infection significantly correlates with increased levels of serum autoantibodies. Thus, systemic inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in Double Negative subset frequency, likely impacting their contribution to generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans affairs (VA), Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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11
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, Merhebi OE, Narpala SR, Serebryannyy L, Lin BC, Wang W, Zhang X, de Assis FL, Kelly SE, Teng IT, McCormack GE, Praiss LH, Seamon CA, Rai MA, Kalish H, Kwong PD, Proschan MA, McDermott AB, Fauci AS, Chun TW, Moir S. Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection abrogates antibody and B-cell responses to booster vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.08.30.22279344. [PMID: 36093348 PMCID: PMC9460969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.30.22279344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a two-month period, we evaluated antibody and B-cell responses to a third dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies, and memory B cells. Spike-specific B-cell responses from recent infection were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared to uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27 lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B-cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Omar El Merhebi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Lauren H. Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - M. Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- Lead contact
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12
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Hossain MA, Anasti K, Watts B, Cronin K, Derking R, Groschel B, Kane AP, Edwards R, Easterhoff D, Zhang J, Rountree W, Ortiz Y, Saunders K, Schief WR, Sanders RW, Verkoczy L, Reth M, Alam SM. B cells expressing IgM B cell receptors of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies discriminate antigen affinities by sensing binding association rates. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111021. [PMID: 35767950 PMCID: PMC9837990 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins designed to induce neutralizing antibody responses allow study of the role of affinities (equilibrium dissociation constant [KD]) and kinetic rates (association/dissociation rates) on B cell antigen recognition. It is unclear whether affinity discrimination during B cell activation is based solely on Env protein binding KD and whether B cells discriminate among proteins of similar affinities that bind with different kinetic rates. Here, we use a panel of Env proteins and Ramos B cell lines expressing immunoglobulin M (IgM) B cell receptors (BCRs) with specificity for CD4-binding-site broadly neutralizing antibodies to study the role of antigen binding kinetic rates on both early (proximal/distal signaling) and late events (BCR/antigen internalization) in B cell activation. Our results support a kinetic model for B cell activation in which Env protein affinity discrimination is based not on overall KD but on sensing of association rate and a threshold antigen-BCR half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Alamgir Hossain
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Kara Anasti
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Brian Watts
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald Derking
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - R.J. Edwards
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Easterhoff
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Present address: Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yaneth Ortiz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Saunders
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Reth
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Medicine & Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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13
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. SARS-CoV-2 infection relaxes peripheral B cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212553. [PMID: 35420627 PMCID: PMC9014793 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with strong inflammation and autoantibody production against diverse self-antigens, suggesting a system-wide defect in B cell tolerance. BND cells are a B cell subset in healthy individuals harboring autoreactive but anergic B lymphocytes. In vitro evidence suggests inflammatory stimuli can breach peripheral B cell tolerance in this subset. We asked whether SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammation impairs BND cell peripheral tolerance. To address this, PBMCs and plasma were collected from healthy controls, individuals immunized against SARS-CoV-2, or subjects with convalescent or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We demonstrate that BND cells from severely infected individuals are significantly activated, display reduced inhibitory receptor expression, and restored BCR signaling, indicative of a breach in anergy during viral infection, supported by increased levels of autoreactive antibodies. The phenotypic and functional BND cell alterations significantly correlate with increased inflammation in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, autoreactive BND cells are released from peripheral tolerance with SARS-CoV-2 infection, likely as a consequence of robust systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA, Medical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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14
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Kim HJ, Ji YR, Lee YM. Crosstalk between angiogenesis and immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:401-416. [PMID: 35759090 PMCID: PMC9250479 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer creates a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of immune cells, stromal cells, blood vessels, and various other cellular and extracellular elements. It is essential for the development of anti-cancer combination therapies to understand and overcome this high heterogeneity and complexity as well as the dynamic interactions between them within the TME. Recent treatment strategies incorporating immune-checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents have brought many changes and advances in clinical cancer treatment. However, there are still challenges for immune suppressive tumors, which are characterized by a lack of T cell infiltration and treatment resistance. In this review, we will investigate the crosstalk between immunity and angiogenesis in the TME. In addition, we will look at strategies designed to enhance anti-cancer immunity, to convert "immune suppressive tumors" into "immune activating tumors," and the mechanisms by which these strategies enhance effector immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Jung Kim
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rae Ji
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - You Mie Lee
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wemlinger SM, Parker Harp CR, Yu B, Hardy IR, Seefeldt M, Matsuda J, Mingueneau M, Spilker KA, Cameron TO, Larrick JW, Getahun A, Cambier JC. Preclinical Analysis of Candidate Anti-Human CD79 Therapeutic Antibodies Using a Humanized CD79 Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1566-1584. [PMID: 35321883 PMCID: PMC8976721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BCR comprises a membrane-bound Ig that is noncovalently associated with a heterodimer of CD79A and CD79B. While the BCR Ig component functions to sense extracellular Ag, CD79 subunits contain cytoplasmic ITAMs that mediate intracellular propagation of BCR signals critical for B cell development, survival, and Ag-induced activation. CD79 is therefore an attractive target for Ab and chimeric Ag receptor T cell therapies for autoimmunity and B cell neoplasia. Although the mouse is an attractive model for preclinical testing, due to its well-defined immune system, an obstacle is the lack of cross-reactivity of candidate therapeutic anti-human mAbs with mouse CD79. To overcome this problem, we generated knockin mice in which the extracellular Ig-like domains of CD79A and CD79B were replaced with human equivalents. In this study, we describe the generation and characterization of mice expressing chimeric CD79 and report studies that demonstrate their utility in preclinical analysis of anti-human CD79 therapy. We demonstrate that human and mouse CD79 extracellular domains are functionally interchangeable, and that anti-human CD79 lacking Fc region effector function does not cause significant B cell depletion, but induces 1) decreased expression of plasma membrane-associated IgM and IgD, 2) uncoupling of BCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization, and 3) increased expression of PTEN, consistent with the levels observed in anergic B cells. Finally, anti-human CD79 treatment prevents disease development in two mouse models of autoimmunity. We also present evidence that anti-human CD79 treatment may inhibit Ab secretion by terminally differentiated plasmablasts and plasma cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Wemlinger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Bo Yu
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, CA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO;
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16
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DeLuca JM, Murphy MK, Wang X, Wilson TJ. FCRL1 Regulates B Cell Receptor-Induced ERK Activation through GRB2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2688-2698. [PMID: 34697226 PMCID: PMC8629370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of BCR signaling has important consequences for generating effective Ab responses to pathogens and preventing production of autoreactive B cells during development. Currently defined functions of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 1 include positive regulation of BCR-induced calcium flux, proliferation, and Ab production; however, the mechanistic basis of FCRL1 signaling and its contributions to B cell development remain undefined. Molecular characterization of FCRL1 signaling shows phosphotyrosine-dependent associations with GRB2, GRAP, SHIP-1, and SOS1, all of which can profoundly influence MAPK signaling. In contrast with previous characterizations of FCRL1 as a strictly activating receptor, we discover a role for FCRL1 in suppressing ERK activation under homeostatic and BCR-stimulated conditions in a GRB2-dependent manner. Our analysis of B cells in Fcrl1 -/- mice shows that ERK suppression by FCRL1 is associated with a restriction in the number of cells surviving splenic maturation in vivo. The capacity of FCRL1 to modulate ERK activation presents a potential for FCRL1 to be a regulator of peripheral B cell tolerance, homeostasis, and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
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17
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Borbet TC, Hines MJ, Koralov SB. MicroRNA regulation of B cell receptor signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:111-125. [PMID: 34523719 PMCID: PMC8616848 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a central role in host immune defense. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling regulates survival, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes. Signaling through the BCR signalosome is a multi-component cascade that is tightly regulated and is important in the coordination of B cell differentiation and function. At different stages of development, B cells that have BCRs recognizing self are eliminated to prevent autoimmunity. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that contribute to post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and have been shown to orchestrate cell fate decisions through the regulation of lineage-specific transcriptional profiles. Studies have identified miRNAs to be crucial for B cell development in the bone marrow and their subsequent population of the peripheral immune system. In this review, we focus on the role of miRNAs in the regulation of BCR signaling as it pertains to B lymphocyte development and function. In particular, we discuss the most recent studies describing the role of miRNAs in the regulation of both early B cell development and peripheral B cell responses and examine the ways by which miRNAs regulate signal downstream of B cell antigen receptor to prevent aberrant activation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Borbet
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marcus J. Hines
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
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18
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Deretic N, Bolger-Munro M, Choi K, Abraham L, Gold MR. The Actin-Disassembly Protein Glia Maturation Factor γ Enhances Actin Remodeling and B Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling at the Immune Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647063. [PMID: 34336818 PMCID: PMC8318000 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) initiates actin remodeling. The assembly of branched actin networks that are nucleated by the Arp2/3 complex exert outward force on the plasma membrane, allowing B cells to form membrane protrusions that can scan the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The resulting Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin retrograde flow promotes the centripetal movement and progressive coalescence of BCR microclusters, which amplifies BCR signaling. Glia maturation factor γ (GMFγ) is an actin disassembly-protein that releases Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin filaments from actin networks. By doing so, GMFγ could either oppose the actions of the Arp2/3 complex or support Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin polymerization by contributing to the recycling of actin monomers and Arp2/3 complexes. We now show that reducing the levels of GMFγ in human B cell lines via transfection with a specific siRNA impairs the ability of B cells to spread on antigen-coated surfaces, decreases the velocity of actin retrograde flow, diminishes the coalescence of BCR microclusters into a central cluster at the B cell-APC contact site, and decreases APC-induced BCR signaling. These effects of depleting GMFγ are similar to what occurs when the Arp2/3 complex is inhibited. This suggests that GMFγ cooperates with the Arp2/3 complex to support BCR-induced actin remodeling and amplify BCR signaling at the immune synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Deretic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madison Bolger-Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Libin Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Peterhoff D, Thalhauser S, Sobczak JM, Mohsen MO, Voigt C, Seifert N, Neckermann P, Hauser A, Ding S, Sattentau Q, Bachmann MF, Breunig M, Wagner R. Augmenting the Immune Response against a Stabilized HIV-1 Clade C Envelope Trimer by Silica Nanoparticle Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:642. [PMID: 34208059 PMCID: PMC8230641 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer-based immunogens on the surface of nanoparticles holds promise to promote immunogenicity with the aim of inducing a potent, durable and broad neutralizing antibody (bnAb) response. Towards that goal, we examined the covalent conjugation of Env to 100 nm and 200 nm silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) to optimize conjugation density and attachment stability. Env was redesigned to enable site-specific cysteine-mediated covalent conjugation while maintaining its structural integrity and antigenicity. Env was anchored to different sized SiNPs with a calculated spacing of 15 nm between adjacent trimers. Both particle sizes exhibited high in vitro stability over a seven-day period. After attachment, 100 nm particles showed better colloidal stability compared to 200 nm particles. Importantly, the antigenic profile of Env was not impaired by surface attachment, indicating that the quaternary structure was maintained. In vitro Env uptake by dendritic cells was significantly enhanced when Env was delivered on the surface of nanoparticles compared to soluble Env. Furthermore, multivalent Env displayed efficiently activated B cells even at Env concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In mice, antibody responses to nanoparticle-coupled Env were stronger compared to the free protein and had equivalent effects at lower doses and without adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.V.); (N.S.); (P.N.); (A.H.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Thalhauser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Jan M. Sobczak
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (J.M.S.); (M.O.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Department of Immunology RI, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (J.M.S.); (M.O.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Department of Immunology RI, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Voigt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.V.); (N.S.); (P.N.); (A.H.)
| | - Nicole Seifert
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.V.); (N.S.); (P.N.); (A.H.)
| | - Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.V.); (N.S.); (P.N.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.V.); (N.S.); (P.N.); (A.H.)
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK;
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (J.M.S.); (M.O.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Department of Immunology RI, University Hospital Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (C.V.); (N.S.); (P.N.); (A.H.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Aksentijevich I, Schnappauf O. Molecular mechanisms of phenotypic variability in monogenic autoinflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:405-425. [PMID: 34035534 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases are a group of rheumatologic disorders caused by dysregulation in the innate immune system. The molecular mechanisms of these disorders are linked to defects in inflammasome-mediated, NF-κB-mediated or interferon-mediated inflammatory signalling pathways, cytokine receptors, the actin cytoskeleton, proteasome complexes and various enzymes. As with other human disorders, disease-causing variants in a single gene can present with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. In some cases, pathogenic variants in the same gene can be inherited either in a recessive or dominant manner and can cause distinct and seemingly unrelated phenotypes, although they have a unifying biochemical mechanism. With an enhanced understanding of protein structure and functionality of protein domains, genotype-phenotype correlations are beginning to be unravelled. Many of the mutated proteins are primarily expressed in haematopoietic cells, and their malfunction leads to systemic inflammation. Disease presentation is also defined by a specific effect of the mutant protein in a particular cell type and, therefore, the resulting phenotype might be more deleterious in one tissue than in another. Many patients present with the expanded immunological disease continuum that includes autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and atopy, which necessitate genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Oskar Schnappauf
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Hashim IF, Mohd Zaini Makhtar M, Salikin NH, Amin-Nordin S. The Role of RhoH in TCR Signalling and Its Involvement in Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:950. [PMID: 33923951 PMCID: PMC8072805 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an atypical member of the Rho family small GTPases, RhoH shares less than 50% sequence similarity with other members, and its expression is commonly observed in the haematopoietic lineage. To date, RhoH function was observed in regulating T cell receptor signalling, and less is known in other haematopoietic cells. Its activation may not rely on the standard GDP/GTP cycling of small G proteins and is thought to be constitutively active because critical amino acids involved in GTP hydrolysis are absent. Alternatively, its activation can be regulated by other types of regulation, including lysosomal degradation, somatic mutation and transcriptional repressor, which also results in an altered protein expression. Aberrant protein expression of RhoH has been implicated not only in B cell malignancies but also in immune-related diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, wherein its involvement may provide the link between immune-related diseases and cancer. RhoH association with these diseases involves several other players, including its interacting partner, ZAP-70; activation regulators, Vav1 and RhoGDI and other small GTPases, such as RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. As such, RhoH and its associated proteins are potential attack points, especially in the treatment of cancer and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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22
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Bolger-Munro M, Choi K, Cheung F, Liu YT, Dang-Lawson M, Deretic N, Keane C, Gold MR. The Wdr1-LIMK-Cofilin Axis Controls B Cell Antigen Receptor-Induced Actin Remodeling and Signaling at the Immune Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649433. [PMID: 33928084 PMCID: PMC8076898 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When B cells encounter membrane-bound antigens, the formation and coalescence of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) microclusters amplifies BCR signaling. The ability of B cells to probe the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and respond to APC-bound antigens requires remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Initial BCR signaling stimulates actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization, which drives B cell spreading as well as the centripetal movement and coalescence of BCR microclusters at the B cell-APC synapse. Sustained actin polymerization depends on concomitant actin filament depolymerization, which enables the recycling of actin monomers and Arp2/3 complexes. Cofilin-mediated severing of actin filaments is a rate-limiting step in the morphological changes that occur during immune synapse formation. Hence, regulators of cofilin activity such as WD repeat-containing protein 1 (Wdr1), LIM domain kinase (LIMK), and coactosin-like 1 (Cotl1) may also be essential for actin-dependent processes in B cells. Wdr1 enhances cofilin-mediated actin disassembly. Conversely, Cotl1 competes with cofilin for binding to actin and LIMK phosphorylates cofilin and prevents it from binding to actin filaments. We now show that Wdr1 and LIMK have distinct roles in BCR-induced assembly of the peripheral actin structures that drive B cell spreading, and that cofilin, Wdr1, and LIMK all contribute to the actin-dependent amplification of BCR signaling at the immune synapse. Depleting Cotl1 had no effect on these processes. Thus, the Wdr1-LIMK-cofilin axis is critical for BCR-induced actin remodeling and for B cell responses to APC-bound antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Bolger-Munro
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Faith Cheung
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yi Tian Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - May Dang-Lawson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nikola Deretic
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connor Keane
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Signal Transduction in Immune Cells and Protein Kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:133-149. [PMID: 33539014 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune response relies upon several intracellular signaling events. Among the protein kinases involved in these pathways, members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family are prominent molecules because they have the capacity to acutely and reversibly modulate effector protein functions, controlling both spatial distribution and dynamic properties of the signals. Different PKC isoforms are involved in distinct signaling pathways, with selective functions in a cell-specific manner.In innate system, Toll-like receptor signaling is the main molecular event triggering effector functions. Various isoforms of PKC can be common to different TLRs, while some of them are specific for a certain type of TLR. Protein kinases involvement in innate immune cells are presented within the chapter emphasizing their coordination in many aspects of immune cell function and, as important players in immune regulation.In adaptive immunity T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor signaling are the main intracellular pathways involved in seminal immune specific cellular events. Activation through TCR and BCR can have common intracellular pathways while others can be specific for the type of receptor involved or for the specific function triggered. Various PKC isoforms involvement in TCR and BCR Intracellular signaling will be presented as positive and negative regulators of the immune response events triggered in adaptive immunity.
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24
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Src Family Protein Kinase Controls the Fate of B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Inflammation 2020; 44:423-433. [PMID: 33037966 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 80 kinds of autoimmune diseases known at present, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as other disorders. Autoimmune diseases have a characteristic of immune responses directly attacking own tissues, leading to systematic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. B cells play a vital role in the development of autoimmune diseases and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells to secrete high-affinity antibody or provide long-lasting function. Drugs targeting B cells show good therapeutic effects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody). Src family protein kinases (SFKs) are believed to play important roles in a variety of cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation of B cell via B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Lck/Yes-related novel protein tyrosine kinase (LYN), BLK (B lymphocyte kinase), and Fyn are three different kinds of SFKs mainly expressed in B cells. LYN has a dual role in the BCR signal. On the one hand, positive signals are beneficial to the development and maturation of B cells. On the other hand, LYN can also inhibit excessively activated B cells. BLK is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and immune tolerance of B lymphocytes, and further affects the function of B cells, which may lead to autoreactive or regulatory cellular responses, increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases. Fyn may affect the development of autoimmune disorders via the differentiation of B cells in the early stage of B cell development. This article reviews the recent advances of SFKs in B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases.
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25
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Bourbon E, Salles G. Polatuzumab vedotin: an investigational anti-CD79b antibody drug conjugate for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1079-1088. [PMID: 32700972 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1800638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New agents for managing B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are needed, particularly for high-risk and relapsed or refractory patients. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) provide targeted drug delivery to tumors with a broaden therapeutic index of cytotoxic agent, reducing their systemic toxicity while increasing intracellular concentrations. Polatuzumab vedotin, an anti-CD79b conjugated to the microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) raises particular interest. AREAS COVERED We discuss here polatuzumab vedotin development, challenges of designing a successful ADC, preclinical studies and recent trials, leading to FDA approval and the ongoing phase III POLARIX trial. EXPERT OPINION Clinical data from early studies hold promises for polatuzumab vedotin in association with rituximab-bendamustine in relapsed or refractory (R/R) DLBCL and other combinations are investigated in this setting. In first line, with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and prednisone (R-CHP), promising results lead to develop the phase III POLARIX trial that may represent a new advance for untreated patients. If dosing and scheduling are adequately managed to avoid peripheral neuropathy risk, polatuzumab vedotin might become a key component of DLBCL therapeutic management. This antibody drug conjugate also offers new opportunities of combination with non-cytotoxic agents or immunological interventions that might reshape the treatment of DLBCL in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Bourbon
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon-SudBernard, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Lyon-Sud, Department Of Hematology, Pierre-Bénite France And Université De Lyon, Université Claude , Oullins, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon-SudBernard, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Lyon-Sud, Department Of Hematology, Pierre-Bénite France And Université De Lyon, Université Claude , Oullins, France
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26
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Kummer D, Steinbacher T, Schwietzer MF, Thölmann S, Ebnet K. Tetraspanins: integrating cell surface receptors to functional microdomains in homeostasis and disease. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:397-405. [PMID: 32274581 PMCID: PMC7395057 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins comprise a family of proteins embedded in the membrane through four transmembrane domains. One of the most distinctive features of tetraspanins is their ability to interact with other proteins in the membrane using their extracellular, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, allowing them to incorporate several proteins into clusters called tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. The spatial proximity of signaling proteins and their regulators enables a rapid functional cross-talk between these proteins, which is required for a rapid translation of extracellular signals into intracellular signaling cascades. In this article, we highlight a few examples that illustrate how tetraspanin-mediated interactions between cell surface proteins allow their functional cross-talk to regulate intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mariel Flavia Schwietzer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Thölmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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27
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Thomsen EA, Rovsing AB, Anderson MV, Due H, Huang J, Luo Y, Dybkaer K, Mikkelsen JG. Identification of BLNK and BTK as mediators of rituximab-induced programmed cell death by CRISPR screens in GCB-subtype diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1978-1997. [PMID: 32585766 PMCID: PMC7463323 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity, and this results in unpredictable responses to the current treatment, R‐CHOP, which consists of a cancer drug combination supplemented with the humanized CD20‐targeting monoclonal antibody rituximab. Despite improvements in the patient response rate through rituximab addition to the treatment plan, up to 40% of DLBCL patients end in a relapsed or refractory state due to inherent or acquired resistance to the regimen. Here, we employ a lentiviral genome‐wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats library screening approach to identify genes involved in facilitating the rituximab response in cancerous B cells. Along with the CD20‐encoding MS4A1 gene, we identify genes related to B‐cell receptor (BCR) signaling as mediators of the intracellular signaling response to rituximab. More specifically, the B‐cell linker protein (BLNK) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) genes stand out as pivotal genes in facilitating direct rituximab‐induced apoptosis through mechanisms that occur alongside complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Our findings demonstrate that rituximab triggers BCR signaling in a BLNK‐ and BTK‐dependent manner and support the existing notion that intertwined CD20 and BCR signaling pathways in germinal center B‐cell‐like‐subtype DLBCL lead to programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanne Due
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, China
| | - Karen Dybkaer
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
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28
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Borna S, Fabisik M, Ilievova K, Dvoracek T, Brdicka T. Mechanisms determining a differential threshold for sensing Src family kinase activity by B and T cell antigen receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12935-12945. [PMID: 32665402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although signal transduction by immunoreceptors such as the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), B cell antigen receptor (BCR), and Fc receptors uses the same schematic and similar molecules, the threshold and the fine-tuning are set differently for each receptor. One manifestation of these differences is that inhibition of Src family kinases (SFK) blocks TCR but not BCR signaling. SFKs are key kinases phosphorylating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) in both these receptors. However, it has been proposed that in B cells, downstream kinase SYK can phosphorylate ITAM sequences independently of SFK, allowing it to compensate for the loss of SFK activity, whereas its T cell paralog ZAP-70 is not capable of this compensation. To test this proposal, we examined signaling in SYK- and ZAP-70-deficient B and T cell lines expressing SYK or ZAP-70. We also analyzed signal transduction in T cells expressing BCR or B cells expressing part of the TCR complex. We show that when compared with ZAP-70, SYK lowered the threshold for SFK activity necessary to initiate antigen receptor signaling in both T and B cells. However, neither SYK nor ZAP-70 were able to initiate signaling independently of SFK. We further found that additional important factors are involved in setting this threshold. These include differences between the antigen receptor complexes themselves and the spatial separation of the key transmembrane adaptor protein LAT from the TCR. Thus, immunoreceptor sensing of SFK activity is a complex process regulated at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Borna
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Fabisik
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Ilievova
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Dvoracek
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Brdicka
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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29
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova IL. Signals 1, 2 and B cell fate or: Where, when and for how long? Immunol Rev 2020; 296:9-23. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
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30
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Guo F, Luo Y, Jiang X, Lu X, Roberti D, Lossos C, Kunkalla K, Magistri M, Rui L, Verdun R, Vega F, Moy VT, Lossos IS. Recent BCR stimulation induces a negative autoregulatory loop via FBXO10 mediated degradation of HGAL. Leukemia 2019; 34:553-566. [PMID: 31570756 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulating B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling after antigenic stimulation is essential to properly control immune responses. Currently known mechanisms of inhibiting BCR signaling are via co-receptor stimulation and downstream immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) phosphorylation. Herein we demonstrate that BCR stimulation induces rapid and reversible palmitoylation of the SCF-FBXO10 ubiquitin E3 ligase. This results in FBXO10 relocation to the cell membrane, where it targets the human germinal center-associated lymphoma (HGAL) protein for ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to decreases in both BCR-induced calcium influx and phosphorylation of proximal BCR effectors. Importantly, FBXO10 recognition and degradation of HGAL is phosphorylation independent and instead relies on a single evolutionarily conserved HGAL amino acid residue (H91) and FBXO10 relocalization to the cytoplasmic membrane. Together our findings demonstrate the first evidence of negative BCR signaling regulation from direct BCR stimulation and define the temporospatial functions of the FBXO10-HGAL axis. FBXO10 is infrequently mutated in DLBCL but some of these mutations deregulate BCR signaling. These observations may have important implications on lymphomagenesis and other immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Guo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - XiaoQing Lu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Domenico Roberti
- Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Lossos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kranthi Kunkalla
- Department of Pathology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Marco Magistri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lixin Rui
- Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ramiro Verdun
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Pathology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Vincent T Moy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Izidore S Lossos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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31
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Zarogiannis S, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis I. Crystalline silica activates the T-cell and the B-cell antigen receptor complexes and induces T-cell and B-cell proliferation. Autoimmunity 2019; 52:136-143. [PMID: 31119949 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2019.1614171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational fibrotic lung disease, which is associated with an increased incidence of autoimmune diseases. The effect of crystalline silica on the immune system is thought to be mediated by the antigen presenting cells. However, the direct effect of silica on T-cells and B-cells has not been evaluated adequately. For this purpose, CD4(+)T-cells and B-cells from 10 healthy individuals were isolated and cultured with or without Min-U-Sil 5. Cell proliferation was assessed with BrdU assay. In cell proliferation experiments, tacrolimus, an inhibitor of the signal transduction derived from the activation of the T-cell or the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex, was also used. The levels of phosphorylated zeta and phosphorylated Igα, indicative of the T-cell and BCR complex activation respectively, and of the transcription factor c-Myc, required for cell proliferation, were assessed by Western blotting. Crystalline silica triggered CD4(+)T-cell and B-cell proliferation, while tacrolimus significantly decreased the silica-induced proliferation in both cell types. Crystalline silica enhanced the level of phosphorylated zeta and phosphorylated Igα in CD4(+)T-cells and B-cells, respectively. In both cell types, treatment with silica increased c-Myc expression. Thus, crystalline silica may induce T-cell and B-cell proliferation by activating T-cell and BCR complexes. It is likely that the direct activation of CD4(+)T-cells and B-cells by silica crystals detected in this study circumvents many self-tolerance check-points and offers a mechanistic explanation for the crystalline silica-induced autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Pissas
- a Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - Sotirios Zarogiannis
- a Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- a Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- a Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
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32
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Largeot A, Pagano G, Gonder S, Moussay E, Paggetti J. The B-side of Cancer Immunity: The Underrated Tune. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050449. [PMID: 31086070 PMCID: PMC6562515 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are known to be critical in controlling tumor progression. While the role of T lymphocytes has been extensively studied, the function of B cells in this context is still ill-defined. In this review, we propose to explore the role of B cells in tumor immunity. First of all we define their dual role in promoting and inhibiting cancer progression depending on their phenotype. To continue, we describe the influence of different tumor microenvironment factors such as hypoxia on B cells functions and differentiation. Finally, the role of B cells in response to therapy and as potential target is examined. In accordance with the importance of B cells in immuno-oncology, we conclude that more studies are required to throw light on the precise role of B cells in the tumor microenvironment in order to have a better understanding of their functions, and to design new strategies that efficiently target these cells by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Largeot
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Giulia Pagano
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Susanne Gonder
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Etienne Moussay
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Jerome Paggetti
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxenbourg, Luxembourg.
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Franks SE, Getahun A, Cambier JC. A Precision B Cell-Targeted Therapeutic Approach to Autoimmunity Caused by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Dysregulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3381-3393. [PMID: 31076529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inositol lipid phosphatases PTEN and SHIP-1 play a crucial role in maintaining B cell anergy and are reduced in expression in B cells from systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes patients, consequent to aberrant regulation by miRNA-7 and 155. With an eye toward eventual use in precision medicine therapeutic approaches in autoimmunity, we explored the ability of p110δ inhibition to compensate for PI3K pathway dysregulation in mouse models of autoimmunity. Low dosages of the p110δ inhibitor idelalisib, which spare the ability to mount an immune response to exogenous immunogens, are able to block the development of autoimmunity driven by compromised PI3K pathway regulation resultant from acutely induced B cell-targeted haploinsufficiency of PTEN and SHIP-1. These conditions do not block autoimmunity driven by B cell loss of the regulatory tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Finally, we show that B cells in NOD mice express reduced PTEN, and low-dosage p110δ inhibitor therapy blocks disease progression in this model of type 1 diabetes. These studies may aid in the development of precision treatments that act by enforcing PI3K pathway regulation in patients carrying specific risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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Gold MR, Reth MG. Antigen Receptor Function in the Context of the Nanoscale Organization of the B Cell Membrane. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:97-123. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays a central role in the self/nonself selection of B lymphocytes and in their activation by cognate antigen during the clonal selection process. It was long thought that most cell surface receptors, including the BCR, were freely diffusing and randomly distributed. Since the advent of superresolution techniques, it has become clear that the plasma membrane is compartmentalized and highly organized at the nanometer scale. Hence, a complete understanding of the precise conformation and activation mechanism of the BCR must take into account the organization of the B cell plasma membrane. We review here the recent literature on the nanoscale organization of the lymphocyte membrane and discuss how this new information influences our view of the conformational changes that the BCR undergoes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael G. Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Yam-Puc JC, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Toellner KM. Role of B-cell receptors for B-cell development and antigen-induced differentiation. F1000Res 2018; 7:429. [PMID: 30090624 PMCID: PMC5893946 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13567.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell development is characterized by a number of tightly regulated selection processes. Signals through the B-cell receptor (BCR) guide and are required for B-cell maturation, survival, and fate decision. Here, we review the role of the BCR during B-cell development, leading to the emergence of B1, marginal zone, and peripheral follicular B cells. Furthermore, we discuss BCR-derived signals on activated B cells that lead to germinal center and plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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36
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Franks SE, Cambier JC. Putting on the Brakes: Regulatory Kinases and Phosphatases Maintaining B Cell Anergy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:665. [PMID: 29681901 PMCID: PMC5897502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is a tightly regulated process governed by both positive and negative mediators/regulators to ensure appropriate responses to exogenous and autologous antigens. Upon naïve B cell recognition of antigen CD79 [the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing signaling subunit of the BCR] is phosphorylated and recruits Src and Syk family kinases that then phosphorylate proximal intermediaries linked to downstream activating signaling circuitry. This plasma membrane localized signalosome activates PI3K leading to generation of PIP3 critical for membrane localization and activation of plecktrin homology domain-containing effectors. Conversely, in anergic B cells, chronic antigen stimulation drives biased monophosphorylation of CD79 ITAMs leading to recruitment of Lyn, but not Syk, which docks only to bi-phosphorylated ITAMS. In this context, Lyn appears to function primarily as a driver of inhibitory signaling pathways promoting the inhibition of the PI3K pathway by inositol phosphatases, SHIP-1 and PTEN, which hydrolyze PIP3 to PIP2. Lyn may also exert negative regulation of signaling through recruitment of SHP-1, a tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates activating signaling molecules. Alleles of genes that encode or regulate expression of components of this axis, including SHIP-1, SHP-1, Csk/PTPn22, and Lyn, have been shown to confer risk of autoimmunity. This review will discuss functional interplay of components of this pathway and the impact of risk alleles on its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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37
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Kim Y, Shim SC. Wolves Trapped in the NETs–The Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2018.25.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Kim
- Division of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Veterans Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Huang Q, Wang H, Xu L, Hu J, Wang P, Li Y, Ye L. Flow Cytometry Analysis of mTOR Signaling in Antigen-Specific B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1707:95-109. [PMID: 29388102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7474-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes and their differentiated daughter cells are charged with responding to invading pathogens and producing protective antibodies against these pathogens. The physiology of B cells is intimately connected with the function of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Upon activation of BCR, transmembrane signals are generated, and several downstream pathways are activated, which provide a primary directive for the cell's subsequent response. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that controls cell proliferation and metabolism in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli. The activation of mTOR signaling downstream of PI3K/Akt activity by B cell receptor (BCR) engagement has been generally assumed to be essential for B cell responses. This chapter seeks to present two protocols to evaluate mTOR activity in B cells bearing BCR specific to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP)-hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Multicohort analysis reveals baseline transcriptional predictors of influenza vaccination responses. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/14/eaal4656. [PMID: 28842433 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccinations are currently recommended for all individuals 6 months and older. Antibodies induced by vaccination are an important mechanism of protection against infection. Despite the overall public health success of influenza vaccination, many individuals fail to induce a substantial antibody response. Systems-level immune profiling studies have discerned associations between transcriptional and cell subset signatures with the success of antibody responses. However, existing signatures have relied on small cohorts and have not been validated in large independent studies. We leveraged multiple influenza vaccination cohorts spanning distinct geographical locations and seasons from the Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC) and the Center for Human Immunology (CHI) to identify baseline (i.e., before vaccination) predictive transcriptional signatures of influenza vaccination responses. Our multicohort analysis of HIPC data identified nine genes (RAB24, GRB2, DPP3, ACTB, MVP, DPP7, ARPC4, PLEKHB2, and ARRB1) and three gene modules that were significantly associated with the magnitude of the antibody response, and these associations were validated in the independent CHI cohort. These signatures were specific to young individuals, suggesting that distinct mechanisms underlie the lower vaccine response in older individuals. We found an inverse correlation between the effect size of signatures in young and older individuals. Although the presence of an inflammatory gene signature, for example, was associated with better antibody responses in young individuals, it was associated with worse responses in older individuals. These results point to the prospect of predicting antibody responses before vaccination and provide insights into the biological mechanisms underlying successful vaccination responses.
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40
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Havranek O, Xu J, Köhrer S, Wang Z, Becker L, Comer JM, Henderson J, Ma W, Man Chun Ma J, Westin JR, Ghosh D, Shinners N, Sun L, Yi AF, Karri AR, Burger JA, Zal T, Davis RE. Tonic B-cell receptor signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2017; 130:995-1006. [PMID: 28646116 PMCID: PMC5813722 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-747303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated genomic modification to investigate B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in cell lines of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Three manipulations that altered BCR genes without affecting surface BCR levels showed that BCR signaling differs between the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, which is insensitive to Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib, and the activated B-cell (ABC) subtype. Replacing antigen-binding BCR regions had no effect on BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines, reflecting this subtype's exclusive use of tonic BCR signaling. Conversely, Y188F mutation in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of CD79A inhibited tonic BCR signaling in GCB-DLBCL lines but did not affect their calcium flux after BCR cross-linking or the proliferation of otherwise-unmodified ABC-DLBCL lines. CD79A-GFP fusion showed BCR clustering or diffuse distribution, respectively, in lines of ABC and GCB subtypes. Tonic BCR signaling acts principally to activate AKT, and forced activation of AKT rescued GCB-DLBCL lines from knockout (KO) of the BCR or 2 mediators of tonic BCR signaling, SYK and CD19. The magnitude and importance of tonic BCR signaling to proliferation and size of GCB-DLBCL lines, shown by the effect of BCR KO, was highly variable; in contrast, pan-AKT KO was uniformly toxic. This discrepancy was explained by finding that BCR KO-induced changes in AKT activity (measured by gene expression, CXCR4 level, and a fluorescent reporter) correlated with changes in proliferation and with baseline BCR surface density. PTEN protein expression and BCR surface density may influence clinical response to therapeutic inhibition of tonic BCR signaling in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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41
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Reth M, Gold MR. What goes up must come down: A tripartite Dok-3/Grb2/SHIP1 inhibitory module limits BCR signaling. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:2507-2511. [PMID: 27813071 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Properly regulated immunity requires precise integration of activating and inhibitory signals. As for other lymphocytes, B cells express an antigen-specific activating receptor, the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), and inhibitory receptors (e.g. FcγRIIb) that exercise checkpoint control on B-cell activation. Moreover, following BCR engagement, CD19 recruits proteins that amplify BCR signaling, while CD22 initiates a negative feedback loop by recruiting proteins that inhibit BCR signaling. Initial BCR signaling is mediated by protein tyrosine kinases and lipid kinases; inhibitory receptors directly antagonize the actions of these enzymes by recruiting protein tyrosine phosphatases and lipid phosphatases and positioning them close to actively signaling BCRs. Previously it was thought that inhibitory receptors such as FcγRIIb and CD22 were essential for bringing these phosphatases near the BCR. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Manno et al. show that a tripartite inhibitory module consisting of the adaptor proteins Dok-3 and Grb2 and the lipid phosphatase SHIP1 binds directly to activated BCRs and limits the Ca2+ mobilization that is required for B lymphocyte activation. This reveals that the BCR can be both an activating and inhibitory receptor, one that activates signaling enzymes while initiating a negative feedback loop that prevents excessive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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42
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Adult high-grade B-cell lymphoma with Burkitt lymphoma signature: genomic features and potential therapeutic targets. Blood 2017; 130:1819-1831. [PMID: 28801451 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-767335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult high-grade B-cell lymphomas sharing molecular features with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) are highly aggressive lymphomas with poor clinical outcome. High-resolution structural and functional genomic analysis of adult Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and high-grade B-cell lymphoma with BL gene signature (adult-molecularly defined BL [mBL]) revealed the MYC-ARF-p53 axis as the primary deregulated pathway. Adult-mBL had either unique or more frequent genomic aberrations (del13q14, del17p, gain8q24, and gain18q21) compared with pediatric-mBL, but shared commonly mutated genes. Mutations in genes promoting the tonic B-cell receptor (BCR)→PI3K pathway (TCF3 and ID3) did not differ by age, whereas effectors of chronic BCR→NF-κB signaling were associated with adult-mBL. A subset of adult-mBL had BCL2 translocation and mutation and elevated BCL2 mRNA and protein expression, but had a mutation profile similar to mBL. These double-hit lymphomas may have arisen from a tumor precursor that acquired both BCL2 and MYC translocations and/or KMT2D (MLL2) mutation. Gain/amplification of MIR17HG and its paralogue loci was observed in 50% of adult-mBL. In vitro studies suggested miR-17∼92's role in constitutive activation of BCR signaling and sensitivity to ibrutinib. Overall integrative analysis identified an interrelated gene network affected by copy number and mutation, leading to disruption of the p53 pathway and the BCR→PI3K or NF-κB activation, which can be further exploited in vivo by small-molecule inhibitors for effective therapy in adult-mBL.
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43
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Gill R, McCabe MJ, Rosenspire AJ. Low level exposure to inorganic mercury interferes with B cell receptor signaling in transitional type 1 B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 330:22-29. [PMID: 28668464 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) has been implicated as a factor contributing to autoimmune disease in animal models and humans. However the mechanism by which this occurs has remained elusive. Since the discovery of B cells it has been appreciated by immunologists that during the normal course of B cell development, some immature B cells must be generated that produce immunoglobulin reactive to self-antigens (auto-antibodies). However in the course of normal development, the vast majority of immature auto-reactive B cells are prevented from maturing by processes collectively known as tolerance. Autoimmune disease arises when these mechanisms of tolerance are disrupted. In the B cell compartment, it is firmly established that tolerance depends in part upon negative selection of self-reactive immature (transitional type 1) B cells. In these cells negative selection depends upon signals generated by the B Cell Receptor (BCR), in the sense that those T1 B cells who's BCRs most strongly bind to, and so generate the strongest signals to self-antigens are neutralized. In this report we have utilized multicolor phosphoflow cytometry to show that in immature T1 B cells Hg attenuates signal generation by the BCR through mechanisms that may involve Lyn, a key tyrosine kinase in the BCR signal transduction pathway. We suggest that exposure to low, environmentally relevant levels of Hg, disrupts tolerance by interfering with BCR signaling in immature B cells, potentially leading to the appearance of mature auto-reactive B cells which have the ability to contribute to auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gill
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - M J McCabe
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - A J Rosenspire
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors (CURES), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Abstract
Immune tolerance hinders the potentially destructive responses of lymphocytes to host tissues. Tolerance is regulated at the stage of immature B cell development (central tolerance) by clonal deletion, involving apoptosis, and by receptor editing, which reprogrammes the specificity of B cells through secondary recombination of antibody genes. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to elucidate how these divergent mechanisms are controlled. Single-cell antibody cloning has revealed defects of B cell central tolerance in human autoimmune diseases and in several human immunodeficiency diseases caused by single gene mutations, which indicates the relevance of B cell tolerance to disease and suggests possible genetic pathways that regulate tolerance.
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45
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Lee HB, Piao DC, Lee JY, Choi JY, Bok JD, Cho CS, Kang SK, Choi YJ. Artificially designed recombinant protein composed of multiple epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:33. [PMID: 28228147 PMCID: PMC5322615 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns regarding the safety of inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine have been raised since it is produced from cultured live FMD virus (FMDV). To overcome this issue, recombinant protein has been studied as an alternative vaccine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We designed a chimerical multi-epitope recombinant protein (5BT), which is comprised of tandem repeats of five B cell epitopes (residue of VP1 136-162) derived from different FMDV variants and one T-cell epitope (residue of 3A 21-35). To increase solubility and stability of 5BT, it was conjugated with BmpB, the membrane protein B of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (B5BT). Our results indicated that 5BT was susceptible to degradation by host protease and produced with substantial fraction of inclusion body. The stability and solubility of 5BT was greatly increased by conjugating to BmpB. FMDV specific antibodies were observed in the serum of mice immunized with 5BT and B5BT comparable to inactivated FMD vaccine. Sera from 5BT and B5BT groups also exhibited high epitope-specific antibody titers in peptide specific ELISA, indicating that all five epitopes are exposed to the B cell receptor for the antibody reaction. Thus the multi-epitope recombinant protein designed in this study may be a potential candidate as an alternative vaccine against FMDV epidemic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 115-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Chuan Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 115-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 115-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yun Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 115-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Duck Bok
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447-1 Pyeongchang-Daero, Daehwa-Myeon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 115-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447-1 Pyeongchang-Daero, Daehwa-Myeon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 115-921, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Stone MB, Shelby SA, Núñez MF, Wisser K, Veatch SL. Protein sorting by lipid phase-like domains supports emergent signaling function in B lymphocyte plasma membranes. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28145867 PMCID: PMC5373823 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse cellular signaling events, including B cell receptor (BCR) activation, are hypothesized to be facilitated by domains enriched in specific plasma membrane lipids and proteins that resemble liquid-ordered phase-separated domains in model membranes. This concept remains controversial and lacks direct experimental support in intact cells. Here, we visualize ordered and disordered domains in mouse B lymphoma cell membranes using super-resolution fluorescence localization microscopy, demonstrate that clustered BCR resides within ordered phase-like domains capable of sorting key regulators of BCR activation, and present a minimal, predictive model where clustering receptors leads to their collective activation by stabilizing an extended ordered domain. These results provide evidence for the role of membrane domains in BCR signaling and a plausible mechanism of BCR activation via receptor clustering that could be generalized to other signaling pathways. Overall, these studies demonstrate that lipid mediated forces can bias biochemical networks in ways that broadly impact signal transduction. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19891.001 Membranes made of molecules called lipids surround every living cell to protect the cell's contents. Cells also communicate with the outside environment via their membranes. Proteins in the membrane receive information from the environment and trigger signaling pathways inside the cell to relay this information to the center of cell. The way in which proteins are organized on the membrane has a major influence on their signaling activity. Some areas of the membrane are more crowded with certain lipids and signaling proteins than others. Lipid and protein molecules of particular types can come together and form distinct areas called “ordered” and “disordered” domains. The lipids in ordered domains are more tightly packed than disordered domains and it is thought that this difference allows domains to selectively exclude or include certain proteins. Ordered domains are also known as "lipid rafts". Lipid rafts and disordered domains may help cells to control the activities of signaling pathways, however, technical limitations have made it difficult to study the roles of these domains. The membranes surrounding immune cells called B cells contain a protein called the B cell receptor, which engages with proteins from microbes and other foreign invaders. When the B cell receptor binds to a foreign protein it forms clusters with other B cell receptors and becomes active, triggering a signaling pathway that leads to immune responses. Stone, Shelby et al. examined lipid rafts and disordered domains in B cells from mice using a technique called super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The results show that clusters of B cell receptors are present within lipid rafts. These clusters made the lipid rafts larger and more stable. A protein that is needed during the early stages of B cell receptor signaling was also found in the same lipid rafts. Another protein that terminates signaling was excluded because it prefers disordered domains. Together, this provides a local environment in certain areas of the membrane that favors receptor activity and supports the subsequent immune response. Future work is needed to understand how cells control the make-up of lipids and proteins within their membranes, and how defects in this regulation can alter signaling activity and lead to disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19891.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Stone
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sarah A Shelby
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Marcos F Núñez
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kathleen Wisser
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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47
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Lee J, Sengupta P, Brzostowski J, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Pierce SK. The nanoscale spatial organization of B-cell receptors on immunoglobulin M- and G-expressing human B-cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 28:511-523. [PMID: 27974642 PMCID: PMC5305258 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In resting and activated B-cells, IgM and IgG B-cell receptors (BCRs) reside in highly heterogeneous protein islands that vary in size and number of BCRs but intrinsically maintain a high frequency of BCR monomers. IgG BCRs are more clustered than IgM BCRs on resting cells and form larger protein islands after antigen activation. B-cell activation is initiated by the binding of antigen to the B-cell receptor (BCR). Here we used dSTORM superresolution imaging to characterize the nanoscale spatial organization of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG BCRs on the surfaces of resting and antigen-activated human peripheral blood B-cells. We provide insights into both the fundamental process of antigen-driven BCR clustering and differences in the spatial organization of IgM and IgG BCRs that may contribute to the characteristic differences in the responses of naive and memory B-cells to antigen. We provide evidence that although both IgM and IgG BCRs reside in highly heterogeneous protein islands that vary in size and number of BCR single-molecule localizations, both resting and activated B-cells intrinsically maintain a high frequency of single isolated BCR localizations, which likely represent BCR monomers. IgG BCRs are more clustered than IgM BCRs on resting cells and form larger protein islands after antigen activation. Small, dense BCR clusters likely formed via protein–protein interactions are present on the surface of resting cells, and antigen activation induces these to come together to form less dense, larger islands, a process likely governed, at least in part, by protein–lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Lee
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Prabuddha Sengupta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147.,Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147.,Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
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48
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Walliser C, Hermkes E, Schade A, Wiese S, Deinzer J, Zapatka M, Désiré L, Mertens D, Stilgenbauer S, Gierschik P. The Phospholipase Cγ2 Mutants R665W and L845F Identified in Ibrutinib-resistant Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients Are Hypersensitive to the Rho GTPase Rac2 Protein. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22136-22148. [PMID: 27542411 PMCID: PMC5063995 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2) have been shown to be associated with resistance to targeted therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. The fact that two of these mutations, R665W and L845F, imparted upon PLCγ2 an ∼2-3-fold ibrutinib-insensitive increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ following ligation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) led to the assumption that the two mutants exhibit constitutively enhanced intrinsic activity. Here, we show that the two PLCγ2 mutants are strikingly hypersensitive to activation by Rac2 such that even wild-type Rac2 suffices to activate the mutant enzymes upon its introduction into intact cells. Enhanced "basal" activity of PLCγ2 in intact cells is shown using the pharmacologic Rac inhibitor EHT 1864 and the PLCγ2F897Q mutation mediating Rac resistance to be caused by Rac-stimulated rather than by constitutively enhanced PLCγ2 activity. We suggest that R665W and L845F be referred to as allomorphic rather than hypermorphic mutations of PLCG2 Rerouting of the transmembrane signals emanating from BCR and converging on PLCγ2 through Rac in ibrutinib-resistant CLL cells may provide novel drug treatment strategies to overcome ibrutinib resistance mediated by PLCG2 mutations or to prevent its development in ibrutinib-treated CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Phospholipase C gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phospholipase C gamma/genetics
- Phospholipase C gamma/metabolism
- Piperidines
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrones/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- RAC2 GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Schade
- From the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- the Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Deinzer
- From the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Marc Zapatka
- the Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Laurent Désiré
- the Diaxonhit, 63-65 Boulevard Masséna, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Medical Center, 89070 Ulm, Germany
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49
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Franks SE, Getahun A, Hogarth PM, Cambier JC. Targeting B cells in treatment of autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:39-45. [PMID: 27718447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells have emerged as effective targets for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunities in which the ultimate effectors are antibodies, as well as those in which T cells are primary drivers of inflammation. Proof of this principle has come primarily from studies of the efficacy of Rituximab, an anti-CD20 mAb that depletes B cells, in various autoimmune settings. These successes have inspired efforts to develop more effective anti-CD20s tailored for specific needs, as well as biologicals and small molecules that suppress B cell function without the risks inherent in B cell depletion. Here we review the current status of B cell-targeted therapies for autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elizabeth Franks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedicine, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease marked by the presence of pathogenic autoantibodies, immune dysregulation, and chronic inflammation that may lead to increased morbidity and early mortality from end-organ damage. More than half of all systemic lupus erythematosus patients will develop lupus nephritis. Genetic-association studies have identified more than 50 polymorphisms that contribute to lupus nephritis pathogenesis, including genetic variants associated with altered programmed cell death and defective immune clearance of programmed cell death debris. These variants may support the generation of autoantibody-containing immune complexes that contribute to lupus nephritis. Genetic variants associated with lupus nephritis also affect the initial phase of innate immunity and the amplifying, adaptive phase of the immune response. Finally, genetic variants associated with the kidney-specific effector response may influence end-organ damage and the progression to end-stage renal disease and death. This review discusses genetic insights of key pathogenic processes and pathways that may lead to lupus nephritis, as well as the clinical implications of these findings as they apply to recent advances in biologic therapies.
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