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Sharifuzzaman M, Shin YD, Yoo J, Reza MS, Kim YR, Park JY. An oxygen-insensitive and minimally invasive polymeric microneedle sensor for continuous and wide-range transdermal glucose monitoring. Talanta 2023; 263:124747. [PMID: 37267884 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in diabetes management, particularly with the introduction of the most recent continuous glucose monitoring devices (CGMDs) that can monitor glucose actively in the transdermal interstitial fluid (ISF) in vivo, CGMDs still have significant disadvantages in terms of accuracy, low interference effect, precision, and stability. This is mostly because they detect hydrogen peroxide at higher potentials and require an oxygen-rich environment. First in its class, we developed an oxygen-insensitive polymeric glucose microneedle (MN) that was functionalized using a new electron-transfer mediator, 3-(3'-phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazinesulfonic acid-based enzyme cocktail for the NAD-GDH system. The inclusion of reduced graphene oxide aided in the absorption of the cocktail via the π-π interaction and enhanced the conductivity and sensor performance. The MN exhibited a dynamic linear range (1-30 mM) with a low detection limit of 26 μM, high sensitivity (18.05 μAmM-1 cm-2), stability (up to 7 days), high selectivity (due to a low oxidation potential of 0.15 V), and a fast response time (∼3 s). In vivo, deployment of the MN in a rabbit model demonstrated that the ISF glucose concentrations measured with the MN for up to 24 h correlate very well with the blood glucose concentrations measured with a commercial glucometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sharifuzzaman
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Do Shin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Selim Reza
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Rae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Y Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Human IoT Focused Research Center, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Morshed J, Hossain MM, Zebda A, Tsujimura S. A disposable enzymatic biofuel cell for glucose sensing via short-circuit current. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 230:115272. [PMID: 37023550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to construct a biofuel cell-based sensor and develop an effective strategy to detect glucose without any potentiostat circuitry in order to create a simple and miniaturized device. In this report, an enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) is fabricated by the facile design of an anode and cathode on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). To construct the anode, thionine and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) are covalently immobilized via a crosslinker to make a cross-linked redox network. As a cathode, the Pt-free oxygen reduction carbon catalyst is employed alternative to the commonly used bilirubin oxidase. We proposed the importance of EBFC-based sensors through the connection of anode and cathode; they can identify a short-circuit current by means of applied zero external voltage, thereby capable of glucose detection without under the operation of the potentiostat. The result shows that the EBFC-based sensor could be able to detect based on a short-circuit current with a wide range of glucose concentrations from 0.28 to 30 mM. Further, an EBFC is employed as a one-compartment model energy harvester with a maximum power density of (36 ± 3) μW cm- 2 in sample volume 5 μL. In addition, the constructed EBFC-based sensor demonstrates that the physiological range of ascorbic acid and uric acid shows no significant effect on the short-circuit current generation. Moreover, this EBFC can be used as a sensor in artificial plasma without losing its performance and thereby used as a disposable test strip in real blood sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Morshed
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan
| | - Motaher M Hossain
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan
| | - Abdelkader Zebda
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG/CNRS/INSERM, UMR 5525, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan.
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3
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Bollella P. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors: 60 years later … Quo Vadis? Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Masakari Y, Totsuka N, Shinohara Y, Yoshida S, Abe H, Ito K, Nishizawa M. Enzyme electrode for glucose oxidation using low‐solubility 4‐aminodiphenylamine derivatives as electron mediator. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Masakari
- Research and Development Division Kikkoman Corporation Chiba Japan
| | - Naoya Totsuka
- Research and Development Division Kikkoman Corporation Chiba Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroya Abe
- Department of Fine Mechanics Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Kotaro Ito
- Research and Development Division Kikkoman Corporation Chiba Japan
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5
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Masakari Y, Hara C, Nakazawa H, Ichiyanagi A, Umetsu M. Comparison of the stability of Mucor-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and glucose oxidase. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:307-310. [PMID: 35927131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stability at near-body temperature is important for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors. However, the stability of enzymes used in CGM sensors has often been evaluated by measuring their melting temperature (Tm) values and by short heat treatment but not at around 37 °C. Glucose oxidase (GOD) is used in current CGM sensors. In this study, we evaluated the stability of modified Mucor-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (designated Mr144-297) with improved thermal stability at medium to high temperatures and compared it with that of GOD. The Tm value of Mr144-297 was 61.6 ± 0.3 °C and was similar to that of GOD (61.4 ± 1.2 °C). However, Mr144-297 was clearly more stable than GOD at 40 °C and 55 °C. At 37 °C, the stability of a carbon electrode with immobilized Mr144-297 was higher than that of an electrode with GOD. Our data indicate that Mr144-297 is a more suitable enzyme for CGM sensors than is GOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Masakari
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Hara
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ichiyanagi
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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6
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Yan Q, Zhang X, Chen Y, Guo B, Zhou P, Chen B, Huang Q, Wang JB. From Semirational to Rational Design: Developing a Substrate-Coupled System of Glucose Dehydrogenase for Asymmetric Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Qun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jian-bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, P. R. China
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7
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Osuna V, Vega-Rios A, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Estrada-Moreno IA, Dominguez RB. Progress of Polyaniline Glucose Sensors for Diabetes Mellitus Management Utilizing Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12030137. [PMID: 35323407 PMCID: PMC8946794 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucose measurement is a fundamental tool in the daily care of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients and healthcare professionals. While there is an established market for glucose sensors, the rising number of DM cases has promoted intensive research to provide accurate systems for glucose monitoring. Polyaniline (PAni) is a conductive polymer with a linear conjugated backbone with sequences of single C-C and double C=C bonds. This unique structure produces attractive features for the design of sensing systems such as conductivity, biocompatibility, environmental stability, tunable electrochemical properties, and antibacterial activity. PAni-based glucose sensors (PBGS) were actively developed in past years, using either enzymatic or non-enzymatic principles. In these devices, PAni played roles as a conductive material for electron transfer, biocompatible matrix for enzymatic immobilization, or sensitive layer for detection. In this review, we covered the development of PBGS from 2015 to the present, and it is not even exhaustive; it provides an overview of advances and achievements for enzymatic and non-enzymatic PBGB PBGS for self-monitoring and continuous blood glucose monitoring. Additionally, the limitations of PBGB PBGS to advance into robust and stable technology and the challenges associated with their implementation are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia Osuna
- CONACYT-CIMAV, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (V.O.); (I.A.E.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Vega-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (A.V.-R.); (E.A.Z.-C.)
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (A.V.-R.); (E.A.Z.-C.)
| | | | - Rocio B. Dominguez
- CONACYT-CIMAV, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; (V.O.); (I.A.E.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-01-614-4394-835
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8
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Toppo AL, Jujjavarapu SE. New insights for integration of nano particle with microfluidic systems for sensor applications. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:13. [PMID: 35171352 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor is a compact device, which utilizes biological derived recognition component, immobilized on a transducer to analyze an analyte. Nanoparticles with their unique chemical and physical properties are versatile in their applications to develop as sensors. Different nanoparticles play different roles in the sensing systems like metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The application of Gold, Silver and Copper nanoparticles will be discussed in brief. The nanoparticles typically function as substrates for immobilization of biomolecules, as catalytic agent, electron transfer agent between electrode surface and the biomolecules, and as reactants. Microfluidic deals with manipulating very small volumes of fluids (micro and nanoliters). This miniaturized platform enhances control of flow conditions and mixing rate of fluids. The microfluidics improves the sensitivity of the analysis, and reduces the volumes of sample and reagent in the analysis. The review specifically aims at representing microfluidics-based sensors and nanoparticle based sensors. This review will also focus on probable merger of these two fields to take advantage of both the fields and this will help in pushing the boundaries of these fields further more.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Toppo
- Deparment of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India
| | - S E Jujjavarapu
- Deparment of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India.
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9
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Kajisa T, Hosoyamada S. Mesoporous Silica-Based Metal Oxide Electrode for a Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor at a Physiological pH. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13559-13566. [PMID: 34753289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To construct an electrochemical biosensing platform, we propose a glucose sensor whose electrode interface was modified by mesoporous silica (MPSi) as an electronic signal transmission interface between a biomarker and an electrochemical device. We develop an enzyme-free glucose sensor using an MPSi-coated Ta2O5 electrode in an actual biological fluid such as blood serum. MPSi includes a phenylboronic acid (PBA) molecule, in which glucose binds to a synthesized PBA-silane compound in an ca. 150 nm thick MPSi nanolayer, which changes the density of molecular charges of the PBA/glucose complex on the surface of MPSi. The charge changes derived from the equilibrium reaction of PBA with glucose lead to changes in surface potential of the Ta2O5 electrode, and the surface potential changes depending on glucose concentration were measured by a potentiometric detector. As a result, a remarkable surface potential response was observed in the vicinity of neutral pH. Kd = 6.0 mM and Vmax = 194 mV were obtained from the fitting curve of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Finally, we confirmed the glucose response of the PBA-MPSi-coated Ta2O5 substrate in human serum by considering the influence of various contaminants. Although the surface potential change was suppressed by approximately one-third of that in the buffer system, it was suggested that it could be applied to measurements in the blood glucose concentration range. From the results of this study, it was clarified that blood-level glucose response could be monitored using a PBA-MPSi-coated Ta2O5 substrate, which suggests the possibility of using a nonenzymatic glucose sensor as an alternative to the existing enzyme sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Kajisa
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjimacho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shota Hosoyamada
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjimacho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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10
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Kano K. Fundamental insight into redox enzyme-based bioelectrocatalysis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:141-156. [PMID: 34755834 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Redox enzymes can work as efficient electrocatalysts. The coupling of redox enzymatic reactions with electrode reactions is called enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis, which imparts high reaction-specificity to electrode reactions with non-specific characteristics. The key factors required for bioelectrocatalysis are hydride ion/electron transfer characteristics and low specificity for either substrate in redox enzymes. Several theoretical features of steady-state responses are introduced to understand bioelectrocatalysis and to extend the performance of bioelectrocatalytic systems. Applications of the coupling concept to bioelectrochemical devices are also summarized with emphasis on the achievements recorded in the research group of the author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Komori K, Usui M, Hatano K, Hori Y, Hirono K, Zhu D, Tokito F, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y, Kimura H. In vitro enzymatic electrochemical monitoring of glucose metabolism and production in rat primary hepatocytes on highly O 2 permeable plates. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 143:107972. [PMID: 34666223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In situ continuous glucose monitoring under physiological culture conditions is imperative in understanding the dynamics of cell and tissue behaviors and their physiological responses since glucose plays an important role in principal source of biological energy. We therefore examined physiologically relevant dynamic changes in glucose levels based on glucose metabolism and production during aerobic culture (10% O2) of rat primary hepatocytes stimulated with insulin or glucagon on a highly O2 permeable plate, which can maintain the oxygen concentration close to the periportal zone of the liver. As glucose monitoring devices, we used oxygen-independent glucose dehydrogenase-modified single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes placed close to the surface of the hepatocytes. The current response of glucose oxidation slightly decreased after the addition of insulin in the presence of glucose due to the acceleration of glucose uptake by the hepatocytes, whereas that significantly increased after the addition of glucagon and fructose even in the absence of glucose due to the conversion of fructose to glucose based on gluconeogenesis. These phenomena might be consistent relatively with the physiological behaviors of hepatocytes in the periportal region. The present monitoring system would be useful for the studies of glucose homeostasis and diabetes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikuo Komori
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Kindai University, Takaya-Umenobe, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan; Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Masataka Usui
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohei Hatano
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuma Hori
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Kindai University, Takaya-Umenobe, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan
| | - Keita Hirono
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Dongchen Zhu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tokito
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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12
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Buzzetti PHM, Blanchard PY, Girotto EM, Nishina Y, Cosnier S, Le Goff A, Holzinger M. Insights into carbon nanotube-assisted electro-oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for mediated bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8957-8960. [PMID: 34486593 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02958d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of polycyclic aromatics, naphthalene, phenanthrene, perylene, pyrene, 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (pyrene NHS) and coronene, were immobilized via π stacking on carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes and electro-oxidized in aqueous solutions. The obtained quinones were characterized and evaluated for the mediated electron transfer with FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase during catalytic glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique M Buzzetti
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 570 rue de la Chimie, Grenoble 38041, France. michael.holzinger@univ-grenoble-alpes.,Department of Chemistry (DQI), State University of Maringá, Colombo 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Pierre-Yves Blanchard
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 570 rue de la Chimie, Grenoble 38041, France. michael.holzinger@univ-grenoble-alpes
| | - Emerson Marcelo Girotto
- Department of Chemistry (DQI), State University of Maringá, Colombo 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University 3-1-1, Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 570 rue de la Chimie, Grenoble 38041, France. michael.holzinger@univ-grenoble-alpes
| | - Alan Le Goff
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 570 rue de la Chimie, Grenoble 38041, France. michael.holzinger@univ-grenoble-alpes
| | - Michael Holzinger
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Univ. Grenoble Alpes-CNRS, 570 rue de la Chimie, Grenoble 38041, France. michael.holzinger@univ-grenoble-alpes
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13
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Aun TT, Salleh NM, Ali UFM, Manan NSA. Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Involving Copper: An Electrochemical Perspective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:537-593. [PMID: 34477020 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1967720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on the use of copper and its oxides have emerged as promising candidates to replace enzymatic glucose sensors owing to their stability, ease of fabrication, and superior sensitivity. This review explains the theories of the mechanism of glucose oxidation on copper transition metal electrodes. It also presents an overview on the development of among the best non-enzymatic copper-based glucose sensors in the past 10 years. A brief description of methods, interesting findings, and important performance parameters are provided to inspire the reader and researcher to create new improvements in sensor design. Finally, several important considerations that pertain to the nano-structuring of the electrode surface is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Tiek Aun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noordini Mohamad Salleh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umi Fazara Md Ali
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
| | - Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Hossain MM, Morshed J, Tsujimura S. Designing a cross-linked redox network for a mediated enzyme-based electrode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6999-7002. [PMID: 34159977 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bio-conjugated redox network matrix based on glucose dehydrogenase, thionine (diamine-containing mediator), and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (crosslinker) is developed on a glassy carbon electrode through covalent bonding with one-pot crosslinking. Electrons from the enzyme diffuse through the network producing 400 μA cm-2 of glucose oxidation current at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motaher M Hossain
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-5358, Japan.
| | - Jannatul Morshed
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-5358, Japan.
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-5358, Japan.
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15
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Ciogli L, Zumpano R, Poloznikov AA, Hushpulian DM, Tishkov VI, Andreu R, Gorton L, Mazzei F, Favero G, Bollella P. Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Tobacco Peroxidase Immobilized on
p
‐Phenylenediamine Diazonium Cation Grafted Carbon Nanotubes: Preventing Fenton‐like Inactivation at Negative Potential. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Rosaceleste Zumpano
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Andrey A. Poloznikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology National Research University Higher School of Economics 13/4 Myasnitskaya str. Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Dmitry M. Hushpulian
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology National Research University Higher School of Economics 13/4 Myasnitskaya str. Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Tishkov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33, bld. 2 Moscow 119071 Russia
- Department of Chemical Enzymology School of Chemistry M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Rafael Andreu
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Sevilla Profesor García González 1 41012 Sevilla Spain
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology Lund University P.O. Box 124 SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Franco Mazzei
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 United States
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari A. Moro Via E. Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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16
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Orientated Immobilization of FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase on Electrode by Carbohydrate-Binding Module Fusion for Efficient Glucose Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115529. [PMID: 34073858 PMCID: PMC8197230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery or engineering of fungus-derived FAD-dependent glucose 1-dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) is especially important in the fabrication and performance of glucose biosensors. In this study, a novel FAD-GDH gene, phylogenetically distantly with other FAD-GDHs from Aspergillus species, was identified. Additionally, the wild-type GDH enzyme, and its fusion enzyme (GDH-NL-CBM2) with a carbohydrate binding module family 2 (CBM2) tag attached by a natural linker (NL), were successfully heterogeneously expressed. In addition, while the GDH was randomly immobilized on the electrode by conventional methods, the GDH-NL-CBM2 was orientationally immobilized on the nanocellulose-modified electrode by the CBM2 affinity adsorption tag through a simple one-step approach. A comparison of the performance of the two electrodes demonstrated that both electrodes responded linearly to glucose in the range of 0.12 to 40.7 mM with a coefficient of determination R2 > 0.999, but the sensitivity of immobilized GDH-NL-CBM2 (2.1362 × 10−2 A/(M*cm2)) was about 1-fold higher than that of GDH (1.2067 × 10−2 A/(M*cm2)). Moreover, a lower detection limit (51 µM), better reproducibility (<5%) and stability, and shorter response time (≈18 s) and activation time were observed for the GDH-NL-CBM2-modified electrode. This facile and easy immobilization approach used in the preparation of a GDH biosensor may open up new avenues in the development of high-performance amperometric biosensors.
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17
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Morshed J, Nakagawa R, Hossain MM, Nishina Y, Tsujimura S. Disposable electrochemical glucose sensor based on water-soluble quinone-based mediators with flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 189:113357. [PMID: 34051384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose level measurement is essential for the point-of-care diagnosis, primarily for persons with diabetes. A disposable electrochemical glucose sensor is constructed using flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) and redox mediator for electron transfer from the enzyme to the electrode surface. Ideally, a suitable mediator should have high water solubility, high kinetic constant, high stability, and redox potential between -0.2 and 0.1 V vs. Ag|AgCl|sat. KCl. We designed and synthesized two new quinone-based water-soluble mediators: quinoline-5,8-dione (QD) and isoquinoline-5,8-dione (IQD). The formal potentials for both QD and IQD at pH 7.0 were -0.07 V vs. Ag|AgCl|sat. KCl. The logarithms of the electron exchange rate constants (k2/(M-1 s-1)) between QD/IQD and FAD-GDH were 7.7 ± 0.1 and 7.4 ± 0.1 for QD and IQD, respectively, which are the highest value among the water-soluble mediators for FAD-GDH reported to date. Disposable amperometric glucose sensors were fabricated by dropping FAD-GDH and QD or IQD onto a test strip. The sensor achieved a linear response up to glucose concentrations of 55.5 mM. The linear response was obtained even when the mediator loading was low (0.5 nmol/strip); loading was only 0.2 mol% of glucose. The results proved that the response current was primarily controlled by glucose diffusion. In addition, the sensor using QD exhibited high stability over 3 months at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Morshed
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Motaher M Hossain
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Kita, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-5358, Japan.
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18
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Jiaul Haque A, Kwon J, Kim J, Kim G, Lee N, Ho Yoon Y, Yang H. Sensitive and Low‐background Electrochemical Immunosensor Employing Glucose Dehydrogenase and 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Al‐Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Jungwook Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Jihyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Gyeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | | | | | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials Pusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
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19
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Cohen R, Cohen Y, Mukha D, Yehezkeli O. Oxygen insensitive amperometric glucose biosensor based on FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase co-entrapped with DCPIP or DCNQ in a polydopamine layer. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Mathew M, Radhakrishnan S, Vaidyanathan A, Chakraborty B, Rout CS. Flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials: Recent developments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:727-762. [PMID: 33094369 PMCID: PMC7581469 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The research interest in wearable sensors has tremendously increased in recent years. Amid the different biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are unparalleled and ideal for the design and manufacture of such flexible and wearable sensors because of their various benefits, including convenient operation, quick response, portability, and inherent miniaturization. A number of studies on flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors have been reported in recent years for invasive/non-invasive and real-time monitoring of biologically relevant molecules such as glucose, lactate, dopamine, cortisol, and antigens. To attain this, novel two-dimensional nanomaterials and their hybrids, various substrates, and detection methods have been explored to fabricate flexible conductive platforms that can be used to develop flexible electrochemical biosensors. In particular, there are many advantages associated with the advent of two-dimensional materials, such as light weight, high stretchability, high performance, and excellent biocompatibility, which offer new opportunities to improve the performance of wearable electrochemical sensors. Therefore, it is urgently required to study wearable/flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials for health care monitoring and clinical analysis. In this review, we described recently reported flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials. We classified them into specific groups, including enzymatic/non-enzymatic biosensors and affinity biosensors (immunosensors), recent developments in flexible electrochemical immunosensors based on polymer and plastic substrates to monitor biologically relevant molecules. This review will discuss perspectives on flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials for the clinical analysis and wearable biosensing devices, as well as the limitations and prospects of the these electrochemical flexible/wearable biosensors.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Mathew
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain global campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Sithara Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain global campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - Antara Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Matunga, Mumbai, 40085, India
| | - Brahmananda Chakraborty
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 40085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 40094, India.
| | - Chandra Sekhar Rout
- Centre for Nano and Material Science, Jain University, Jain global campus, Jakkasandra, Ramanagara, Bangalore, 562112, India.
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21
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Katz LB, Stewart L, King D, Cameron H. Meeting the New FDA Standard for Accuracy of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Test Systems Intended for Home Use by Lay Users. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14:912-916. [PMID: 32059615 PMCID: PMC7753858 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820906184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The OneTouch Verio Reflect blood glucose monitor (BGM) has market clearance in several countries based in part on fulfilling the lay user and system accuracy criteria described in ISO15197:2015. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not recognize the accuracy criteria in ISO15197 as a basis for gaining regulatory clearance for these devices. The current study evaluates the BGM using the accuracy guidelines issued by the agency for self-monitoring blood glucose test systems for over-the-counter use. Glucose results were accurate vs comparator over a wide glucose range and met lay user and glucose accuracy criteria at extreme glucose values as described in the FDA guidance.Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03851549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence B. Katz
- LifeScan Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
- Laurence B. Katz, PhD, LifeScan Inc., 20 Valley Stream Parkway, PA 19355, USA.
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22
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Adachi T, Kitazumi Y, Shirai O, Kano K. Development Perspective of Bioelectrocatalysis-Based Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4826. [PMID: 32858975 PMCID: PMC7506675 DOI: 10.3390/s20174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis provides the intrinsic catalytic functions of redox enzymes to nonspecific electrode reactions and is the most important and basic concept for electrochemical biosensors. This review starts by describing fundamental characteristics of bioelectrocatalytic reactions in mediated and direct electron transfer types from a theoretical viewpoint and summarizes amperometric biosensors based on multi-enzymatic cascades and for multianalyte detection. The review also introduces prospective aspects of two new concepts of biosensors: mass-transfer-controlled (pseudo)steady-state amperometry at microelectrodes with enhanced enzymatic activity without calibration curves and potentiometric coulometry at enzyme/mediator-immobilized biosensors for absolute determination.
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23
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Jones ARC, Mallon EB. Evidence of capacitation in the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, and its potential role in sex allocation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7212-7220. [PMID: 32760522 PMCID: PMC7391552 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The allocation of resources to the production of one sex or another has been observed in a large variety of animals. Its theoretical basis allows accurate predictions of offspring sex ratios in many species, but the mechanisms by which sex allocation is controlled are poorly understood. Using previously published data, we investigated whether alternative splicing, combined with differential gene expression, was involved with sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. We found that sex allocation is not controlled by alternative splicing but changes in gene and transcript-specific expression, which were identified to be involved with oviposition, were shown to be similar to those involved in sperm motility and capacitation. Genes involved in cholesterol efflux, a key component of capacitation, along with calcium transport, neurotransmission, trypsin, and MAPKinase activity were regulated in ovipositing wasps. The results show evidence for regulation of sperm motility and of capacitation in an insect which, in the context of the physiology of the N. vitripennis spermatheca, could be important for sex allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alun R. C. Jones
- Department of Genetics and Genome BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Eamonn B. Mallon
- Department of Genetics and Genome BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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24
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Toward an ideal platform structure based on MgO-templated carbon for flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase-Os polymer-hydrogel electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Tsuruoka N, Soto SS, Tahar AB, Zebda A, Tsujimura S. Mediated electrochemical oxidation of glucose via poly(methylene green) grafted on the carbon surface catalyzed by flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 192:111065. [PMID: 32361503 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically polymerized phenothiazines (thionine, methylene green, methylene blue, and toluidine blue) on carbon electrodes were investigated as electron transfer mediators of glucose oxidation by flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) for biosensor and biofuel cell applications. Among the tested polyphenothiazines grafted on a glassy carbon electrode, clear redox-mediating activity was observed for poly(methylene green), and the catalytic oxidation current depended on the concentrations of glucose and enzymes and the amount of polymer deposited on the electrode surface. The poly(methylene green)-grafted porous carbon electrodes showed 3 mA cm-2 of glucose oxidation current catalyzed by FAD-GDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Tsuruoka
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-5358, Japan
| | - Silvia Sato Soto
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-5358, Japan
| | - Awatef Ben Tahar
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG/CNRS/INSERM, UMR 5525, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Abdelkader Zebda
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG/CNRS/INSERM, UMR 5525, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-5358, Japan.
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26
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Katz LB, Stewart L, Guthrie B, Cameron H. Patient Satisfaction With a New, High Accuracy Blood Glucose Meter That Provides Personalized Guidance, Insight, and Encouragement. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14:318-323. [PMID: 31375031 PMCID: PMC7196872 DOI: 10.1177/1932296819867396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a key component of effective self-management of glycemic control. METHODS The OneTouch Verio Reflect and OneTouch Ultra Plus Reflect BG monitoring systems were evaluated for accuracy in a clinical setting. Subjects also used the meters for a one-week trial period and reported their level of satisfaction with meter features. RESULTS Both systems were accurate over a wide glucose range and met lay user and system accuracy BG standards described in ISO15197:2015. Subjects felt that the features of a meter with a dynamic color range indicator and personalized guidance, insight, and encouragement could provide significant benefits to them in the management of their diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Both meter systems were accurate over a wide glucose range and the features of the meter and messages were well received by patients in a short take-home trial. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT0351542.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence B. Katz
- LifeScan Global Corp., Wayne, PA,
USA
- LifeScan Inc., Malvern, PA, USA
- Laurence B. Katz, PhD, LifeScan Inc., 20
Valley Stream Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Lorna Stewart
- LifeScan Global Corp., Inverness,
UK
- LifeScan Scotland Ltd., Inverness,
UK
| | - Brian Guthrie
- LifeScan Global Corp., Inverness,
UK
- LifeScan Scotland Ltd., Inverness,
UK
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27
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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Sode K. FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenases - Discovery and engineering of representative glucose sensing enzymes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107414. [PMID: 31838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The history of the development of glucose sensors goes hand-in-hand with the history of the discovery and the engineering of glucose-sensing enzymes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been used for glucose sensing since the development of the first electrochemical glucose sensor. The principle utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor is designated as the first-generation electrochemical enzyme sensors. With increasing demand for hand-held and cost-effective devices for the "self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)", second-generation electrochemical sensor strips employing electron mediators have become the most popular platform. To overcome the inherent drawback of GOx, namely, the use of oxygen as the electron acceptor, various glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) have been utilized in second-generation principle-based sensors. Among the various enzymes employed in glucose sensors, GDHs harboring FAD as the redox cofactor, FADGDHs, especially those derived from fungi, fFADGDHs, are currently the most popular enzymes in the sensor strips of second-generation SMBG sensors. In addition, the third-generation principle, employing direct electron transfer (DET), is considered the most elegant approach and is ideal for use in electrochemical enzyme sensors. However, glucose oxidoreductases capable of DET are limited. One of the most prominent GDHs capable of DET is a bacteria-derived FADGDH complex (bFADGDH). bFADGDH has three distinct subunits; the FAD harboring the catalytic subunit, the small subunit, and the electron-transfer subunit, which makes bFADGDH capable of DET. In this review, we focused on the two representative glucose sensing enzymes, fFADGDHs and bFADGDHs, by presenting their discovery, sources, and protein and enzyme properties, and the current engineering strategies to improve their potential in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Improvement in the thermal stability of Mucor prainii-derived FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase via protein chimerization. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 132:109387. [PMID: 31731974 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH, EC 1.1.5.9) is an enzyme utilized industrially in glucose sensors. Previously, FAD-GDH isolated from Mucor prainii (MpGDH) was demonstrated to have high substrate specificity for glucose. However, MpGDH displays poor thermostability and is inactivated after incubation at 45 °C for only 15 min, which prevents its use in industrial applications, especially in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Therefore, in this study, a chimeric MpGDH (Mr144-297) was engineered from the glucose-specific MpGDH and the highly thermostable FAD-GDH obtained from Mucor sp. RD056860 (MrdGDH). Mr144-297 demonstrated significantly higher heat resistance, with stability at even 55 °C. In addition, Mr144-297 maintained both high affinity and accurate substrate specificity for D-glucose. Furthermore, eight mutation sites that contributed to improved thermal stability and increased productivity in Escherichia coli were identified. Collectively, chimerization of FAD-GDHs can be an effective method for the construction of an FAD-GDH with greater stability, and the chimeric FAD-GDH described herein could be adapted for use in continuous glucose monitoring sensors.
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29
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Adachi T, Tsujimura S. Effects of electrolyte on the mediated electrocatalytic glucose oxidation reaction catalyzed by flavin adenine dinucleotide glucose dehydrogenase. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Xiao X, Xia HQ, Wu R, Bai L, Yan L, Magner E, Cosnier S, Lojou E, Zhu Z, Liu A. Tackling the Challenges of Enzymatic (Bio)Fuel Cells. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9509-9558. [PMID: 31243999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demands for clean and sustainable energy sources combined with rapid advances in biointegrated portable or implantable electronic devices have stimulated intensive research activities in enzymatic (bio)fuel cells (EFCs). The use of renewable biocatalysts, the utilization of abundant green, safe, and high energy density fuels, together with the capability of working at modest and biocompatible conditions make EFCs promising as next generation alternative power sources. However, the main challenges (low energy density, relatively low power density, poor operational stability, and limited voltage output) hinder future applications of EFCs. This review aims at exploring the underlying mechanism of EFCs and providing possible practical strategies, methodologies and insights to tackle these issues. First, this review summarizes approaches in achieving high energy densities in EFCs, particularly, employing enzyme cascades for the deep/complete oxidation of fuels. Second, strategies for increasing power densities in EFCs, including increasing enzyme activities, facilitating electron transfers, employing nanomaterials, and designing more efficient enzyme-electrode interfaces, are described. The potential of EFCs/(super)capacitor combination is discussed. Third, the review evaluates a range of strategies for improving the stability of EFCs, including the use of different enzyme immobilization approaches, tuning enzyme properties, designing protective matrixes, and using microbial surface displaying enzymes. Fourth, approaches for the improvement of the cell voltage of EFCs are highlighted. Finally, future developments and a prospective on EFCs are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xiao
- Institute for Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China.,Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Hong-Qi Xia
- Institute for Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 West seventh Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Lu Bai
- Institute for Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Lu Yan
- Institute for Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Edmond Magner
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Ireland
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Université Grenoble-Alpes , DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble , France.,Département de Chimie Moléculaire , UMR CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Elisabeth Lojou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP, Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR7281 , Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, IMM , FR 3479, 31, chemin Joseph Aiguier 13402 Marseille , Cedex 20 , France
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 32 West seventh Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Area , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China.,College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Qingdao University , 308 Ningxia Road , Qingdao 266071 , China.,School of Pharmacy, Medical College , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266021 , China
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31
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Bollella P, Sharma S, Cass AEG, Antiochia R. Minimally-invasive Microneedle-based Biosensor Array for Simultaneous Lactate and Glucose Monitoring in Artificial Interstitial Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Sanjiv Sharma
- College of Engineering; Swansea University; Swansea Wales
| | | | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
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32
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Iwasa H, Ozawa K, Sasaki N, Kinoshita N, Yokoyama K, Hiratsuka A. Fungal FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenases concerning high activity, affinity, and thermostability for maltose-insensitive blood glucose sensor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Nemoto M, Sugihara K, Adachi T, Murata K, Shiraki K, Tsujimura S. Effect of Electrolyte Ions on the Stability of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide‐Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nemoto
- Division of Material Science Faculty of Pure and Applied ScienceUniversity of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugihara
- Division of Material Science Faculty of Pure and Applied ScienceUniversity of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Tsubasa Adachi
- Division of Material Science Faculty of Pure and Applied ScienceUniversity of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Kazuki Murata
- Division of Material Science Faculty of Pure and Applied ScienceUniversity of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Division of Material Science Faculty of Pure and Applied ScienceUniversity of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Division of Material Science Faculty of Pure and Applied ScienceUniversity of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-5358 Japan
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34
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Ishida K, Orihara K, Muguruma H, Iwasa H, Hiratsuka A, Tsuji K, Kishimoto T. Comparison of Direct and Mediated Electron Transfer in Electrodes with Novel Fungal Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Glucose Dehydrogenase. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:783-787. [PMID: 29998959 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17p613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct and mediated electron transfer (DET and MET) in enzyme electrodes with a novel flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) from fungi are compared for the first time. DET is achieved by placing a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) between GDH and a flat gold electrode where the CNT is close to FAD within the distance for DET. MET is induced by using a free electron transfer mediator, potassium hexacyanoferrate, and shuttles electrons from FAD to the gold electrode. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the onset potential for glucose response current in DET is smaller than in MET, and that the distinct redox current peak pairs in MET are observed whereas no peaks are found in DET. The chronoamperometry with respect to a glucose biosensor shows that (i) the response in DET is more rapid than in MET; (ii) the current at more than +0.45V in DET is larger than the current at the current-peak potential in MET; (iii) a DET electrode covers the glucose concentration range for clinical requirements and is not susceptible to interfering agents at +0.45 V; and (iv) a DET electrode with the novel fungal FAD-GDH does not affect sensing accuracy in the presence of up to 5 mM xylose, while it often shows a similar response level to glucose with other conventionally used fungus-derived FAD-GDHs. It is concluded that our DET system overcomes the disadvantage of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishida
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Kouhei Orihara
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology.,Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hitoshi Muguruma
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology.,Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hisanori Iwasa
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Atsunori Hiratsuka
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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35
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Gholami F, Navaee A, Salimi A, Ahmadi R, Korani A, Hallaj R. Direct Enzymatic Glucose/O 2 Biofuel Cell based on Poly-Thiophene Carboxylic Acid alongside Gold Nanostructures Substrates Derived through Bipolar Electrochemistry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15103. [PMID: 30305656 PMCID: PMC6180125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) has been lately explored as a simple, reliable and novel electrochemical technique for the adjustment of various conductive substrates. Herein, BPE is performed to derive both of cathode and anode electrodes for the development of mediatorless/membraneless biofuel cell (BFC). On one hand, a preferable substrate for immobilization of bilirubin oxidase enzyme is prepared based on the electropolymerization of thiophene-3-carboxcylic acid (TCA) on an Au microfilm as a bipolar electrode. The resulted biocathode as novel bioelectrocatalyst offers a high electrocatalytic activity toward direct oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with onset potential and current density of 0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and 867 μA cm-2, respectively. On the other hand, another analogous Au bipolar electrode is electroplated through BPE to derive Au nanostructures (AuNSs). This modified Au electrode is utilized as an anodic platform for immobilization of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) enzyme aimed at electrocatalytic glucose oxidation. The prepared bioanode displays a current density of 2.7 mA cm-2 with onset potential of -0.03 V. Finally, the proposed bioanode and biocacthode in an assembled membraneless glucose/O2 BFC offers a power output of 146 μW cm-2 with open circuit voltage of 0.54 V. This novel BPE method provides disposable electrochemical platforms for design of novel sensors, biosensors or other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Aso Navaee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Research Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Rezgar Ahmadi
- Research Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Azam Korani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran.,Vice chancellor for Food and Drug, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rahman Hallaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran.,Research Centre for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran
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36
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Zhang L, Gu C, Ma H, Zhu L, Wen J, Xu H, Liu H, Li L. Portable glucose meter: trends in techniques and its potential application in analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:21-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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37
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Tsujimura S. From fundamentals to applications of bioelectrocatalysis: bioelectrocatalytic reactions of FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and bilirubin oxidase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:39-48. [PMID: 30274547 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1527209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I present the main highlights of my works in the development of bioelectrocatalysis, which can be used in widespread applications, particularly for the design of biosensor and biofuel cells. In particular, I focus on research progress made in two key bioelectrocatalytic reactions: glucose oxidation by flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and oxygen reduction by bilirubin oxidase. I demonstrate the fundamental principles of bioelectrocatalysis and the requirements for enhancing the catalytic performance, including the choice of a mediator of redox reactions, immobilization, and electrode materials. These methods can allow for achieving control of the bioelectrocatalytic reaction, thereby overcoming obstacles toward their industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Tsujimura
- a Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
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38
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Ito K, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Mori K, Kojima K, Tsugawa W, Ikebukuro K, Lin CE, La Belle J, Yoshida H, Sode K. Designer fungus FAD glucose dehydrogenase capable of direct electron transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:114-123. [PMID: 30057265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fungi-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide glucose dehydrogenases (FADGDHs) are currently the most popular and advanced enzymes for self-monitoring of blood glucose sensors; however, the achievement of direct electron transfer (DET) with FADGDHs is difficult. In this study, a designer FADGDH was constructed by fusing Aspergillus flavus derived FADGDH (AfGDH) and a Phanerochaete chrisosporium CDH (PcCDH)-derived heme b-binding cytochrome domain to develop a novel FADGDH that is capable of direct electron transfer with an electrode. A structural prediction suggested that the heme in the CDH may exist in proximity to the FAD of AfGDH if the heme b-binding cytochrome domain is fused to the AfGDH N-terminal region. Spectroscopic observations of recombinantly produced designer FADGDH confirmed the intramolecular electron transfer between FAD and the heme. A decrease in pH and the presence of a divalent cation improved the intramolecular electron transfer. An enzyme electrode with the immobilized designer FADGDH showed an increase in current immediately after the addition of glucose in a glucose concentration-dependent manner, whereas those with wild-type AfGDH did not show an increase in current. Therefore, the designer FADGDH was confirmed to be a novel GDH that possesses electrode DET ability. The difference in the surface electrostatic potentials of AfGDH and the catalytic domain of PcCDH might be why their intramolecular electron transfer ability is inferior to that of CDH. These relevant and consistent findings provide us with a novel strategic approach for the improvement of the DET properties of designer FADGDH. (241 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | - Kazushige Mori
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chi-En Lin
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Jeffrey La Belle
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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39
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Bollella P, Gorton L, Antiochia R. Direct Electron Transfer of Dehydrogenases for Development of 3rd Generation Biosensors and Enzymatic Fuel Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1319. [PMID: 29695133 PMCID: PMC5982196 DOI: 10.3390/s18051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrogenase based bioelectrocatalysis has been increasingly exploited in recent years in order to develop new bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors and biofuel cells, with improved performances. In some cases, dehydrogeases are able to directly exchange electrons with an appropriately designed electrode surface, without the need for an added redox mediator, allowing bioelectrocatalysis based on a direct electron transfer process. In this review we briefly describe the electron transfer mechanism of dehydrogenase enzymes and some of the characteristics required for bioelectrocatalysis reactions via a direct electron transfer mechanism. Special attention is given to cellobiose dehydrogenase and fructose dehydrogenase, which showed efficient direct electron transfer reactions. An overview of the most recent biosensors and biofuel cells based on the two dehydrogenases will be presented. The various strategies to prepare modified electrodes in order to improve the electron transfer properties of the device will be carefully investigated and all analytical parameters will be presented, discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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40
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Okurita M, Suzuki N, Loew N, Yoshida H, Tsugawa W, Mori K, Kojima K, Klonoff DC, Sode K. Engineered fungus derived FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase with acquired ability to utilize hexaammineruthenium(III) as an electron acceptor. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:62-69. [PMID: 29727765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungal FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenases (FADGDHs) are considered to be superior enzymes for glucose sensor strips because of their insensitivity to oxygen and maltose. One highly desirable mediator for enzyme sensor strips is hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride because of its low redox potential and high storage stability. However, in contrast to glucose oxidase (GOx), fungal FADGDH cannot utilize hexaammineruthenium(III) as electron acceptor. Based on strategic structure comparison between FADGDH and GOx, we constructed a mutant of Aspergillus flavus-derived FADGDH, capable of utilizing hexaammineruthenium(III) as electron acceptor: AfGDH-H403D. In AfGDH-H403D, a negative charge introduced at the pathway-entrance leading to the FAD attracts the positively charged hexaammineruthenium(III) and guides it into the pathway. The corresponding amino acid in wild-type GOx is negatively charged, which explains the ability of GOx to utilize hexaammineruthenium(III) as electron acceptor. Electrochemical measurements showed a response current of 46.0 μA for 10 mM glucose with AfGDH-H403D and hexaammineruthenium(III), similar to that with wild-type AfGDH and ferricyanide (47.8 μA). Therefore, AfGDH-H403D is suitable for constructing enzyme electrode strips with hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride as sole mediator. Utilization of this new, improved fungal FADGDH should lead to the development of sensor strips for blood glucose monitoring with increased accuracy and less stringent packing requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Okurita
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Nanami Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mori
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan
| | - David C Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, 100 South San Mateo Drive, San Mateo, CA 94401, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Industrial Technology and Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
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41
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Loew N, Tsugawa W, Nagae D, Kojima K, Sode K. Mediator Preference of Two Different FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenases Employed in Disposable Enzyme Glucose Sensors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112636. [PMID: 29144384 PMCID: PMC5712826 DOI: 10.3390/s17112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most commercially available electrochemical enzyme sensor strips for the measurement of blood glucose use an artificial electron mediator to transfer electrons from the active side of the enzyme to the electrode. One mediator recently gaining attention for commercial sensor strips is hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride. In this study, we investigate and compare the preference of enzyme electrodes with two different FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenases (FADGDHs) for the mediators hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride, potassium ferricyanide (the most common mediator in commercial sensor strips), and methoxy phenazine methosulfate (mPMS). One FADGDH is a monomeric fungal enzyme, and the other a hetero-trimeric bacterial enzyme. With the latter, which contains a heme-subunit facilitating the electron transfer, similar response currents are obtained with hexaammineruthenium(III), ferricyanide, and mPMS (6.8 µA, 7.5 µA, and 6.4 µA, respectively, for 10 mM glucose). With the fungal FADGDH, similar response currents are obtained with the negatively charged ferricyanide and the uncharged mPMS (5.9 µA and 6.7 µA, respectively, for 10 mM glucose), however, no response current is obtained with hexaammineruthenium(III), which has a strong positive charge. These results show that access of even very small mediators with strong charges to a buried active center can be almost completely blocked by the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noya Loew
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan.
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan.
| | - Daichi Nagae
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan.
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan.
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42
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Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Simanaityte R, Ramanaviciene A, Glumbokaite L, Ramanavicius A. Reagent-less amperometric glucose biosensor based on a graphite rod electrode layer-by-layer modified with 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and glucose oxidase. Talanta 2017; 171:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Milton RD, Minteer SD. Direct enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis: differentiating between myth and reality. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170253. [PMID: 28637918 PMCID: PMC5493807 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis is being increasingly exploited to better understand oxidoreductase enzymes, to develop minimalistic yet specific biosensor platforms, and to develop alternative energy conversion devices and bioelectrosynthetic devices for the production of energy and/or important chemical commodities. In some cases, these enzymes are able to electronically communicate with an appropriately designed electrode surface without the requirement of an electron mediator to shuttle electrons between the enzyme and electrode. This phenomenon has been termed direct electron transfer or direct bioelectrocatalysis. While many thorough studies have extensively investigated this fascinating feat, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate desirable enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis from electrocatalysis deriving from inactivated enzyme that may have also released its catalytic cofactor. This article will review direct bioelectrocatalysis of several oxidoreductases, with an emphasis on experiments that provide support for direct bioelectrocatalysis versus denatured enzyme or dissociated cofactor. Finally, this review will conclude with a series of proposed control experiments that could be adopted to discern successful direct electronic communication of an enzyme from its denatured counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Milton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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44
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Iwasa H, Hiratsuka A, Yokoyama K, Uzawa H, Orihara K, Muguruma H. Thermophilic Talaromyces emersonii Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase Bioanode for Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1660-1665. [PMID: 30023641 PMCID: PMC6044802 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) was identified and cloned from thermophilic filamentous fungi Talaromyces emersonii using the homology cloning method. A direct electron transfer bioanode composed of T. emersonii FAD-GDH and a single-walled carbon nanotube was produced. Enzymes from thermophilic microorganisms generally have low activity at ambient temperature; however, the T. emersonii FAD-GDH bioanode exhibits a large anodic current due to the enzymatic reaction (1 mA cm-2) at ambient temperature. Furthermore, the T. emersonii FAD-GDH bioanode worked at 70 °C for 12 h. This is the first report of a bioanode with a glucose-catalyzing enzyme from a thermophilic microorganism that has potential for biosensor and biofuel cell applications. In addition, we demonstrate how the glycoforms of T. emersonii FAD-GDHs expressed by various hosts influence the electrochemical properties of the bioanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Iwasa
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Atsunori Hiratsuka
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Yokoyama
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- School
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University
of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Uzawa
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kouhei Orihara
- Graduate
School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura
Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Muguruma
- Graduate
School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura
Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
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45
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González-Guerrero MJ, del Campo FJ, Esquivel JP, Leech D, Sabaté N. Paper-based microfluidic biofuel cell operating under glucose concentrations within physiological range. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:475-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Bimolecular Rate Constants for FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase from Aspergillus terreus and Organic Electron Acceptors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030604. [PMID: 28287419 PMCID: PMC5372620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) from Aspergillus species require suitable redox mediators to transfer electrons from the enzyme to the electrode surface for the application of bioelectrical devices. Although several mediators for FAD-GDH are already in use, they are still far from optimum in view of potential, kinetics, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, we investigated the efficiency of various phenothiazines and quinones in the electrochemical oxidation of FAD-GDH from Aspergillus terreus. At pH 7.0, the logarithm of the bimolecular oxidation rate constants appeared to depend on the redox potentials of all the mediators tested. Notably, the rate constant of each molecule for FAD-GDH was approximately 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than that for glucose oxidase from Aspergillus sp. The results suggest that the electron transfer kinetics is mainly determined by the formal potential of the mediator, the driving force of electron transfer, and the electron transfer distance between the redox active site of the mediator and the FAD, affected by the steric or chemical interactions. Higher k2 values were found for ortho-quinones than for para-quinones in the reactions with FAD-GDH and glucose oxidase, which was likely due to less steric hindrance in the active site in the case of the ortho-quinones.
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47
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Piotrowski P, Jakubow K, Kowalewska B, Kaim A. Dioxygen insensitive C70/AuNPs hybrid system for rapid and quantitative glucose biosensing. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07958c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hybrid system based on NAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase immobilized on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) covered with C70fullerene has been developed for effective biosensing and quantitative detection of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrzej Kaim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
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48
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Asakura Y, Kimura K. Icodextrin and spurious hyperglycemia in peritoneal dialysis patients: a hospital-wide attempt to prevent such errors. Korean J Anesthesiol 2017; 70:479. [PMID: 28794846 PMCID: PMC5548953 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Asakura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nagoya Kyoritsu Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Kimura
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya Kyoritsu Hospital, Aichi, Japan
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49
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MATSUI Y, HAMAMOTO K, KITAZUMI Y, SHIRAI O, KANO K. Diffusion-controlled Mediated Electron Transfer-type Bioelectrocatalysis Using Microband Electrodes as Ultimate Amperometric Glucose Sensors. ANAL SCI 2017; 33:845-851. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.33.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukina MATSUI
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Katsumi HAMAMOTO
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki KITAZUMI
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Osamu SHIRAI
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Kenji KANO
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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50
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Muguruma H, Iwasa H, Hidaka H, Hiratsuka A, Uzawa H. Mediatorless Direct Electron Transfer between Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Muguruma
- Graduate
School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Hisanori Iwasa
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hidaka
- Graduate
School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Atsunori Hiratsuka
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Uzawa
- Nanomaterials
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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