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Drysdale M, Gamberg M, Brammer J, Majowicz SE, Packull-McCormick S, Skinner K, Laird BD. Hexachlorobenzene and omega-3 fatty acid intake from traditional foods in the northern Yukon: A risk and benefit analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169205. [PMID: 38145675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
A human biomonitoring study was conducted in the community of Old Crow, Yukon, in 2019, finding that levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in plasma were elevated in the community relative to the general Canadian population. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary intake of both hexachlorobenzene, and the nutrient omega-3 fatty acids from locally harvested traditional foods in Old Crow, with the aim of identifying possible regional sources of exposure. A stochastic model was constructed to estimate intake of both hexachlorobenzene and the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Average predicted hexachlorobenzene exposure levels from traditional food consumption in Old Crow were below the tolerable daily intake of 1600-1700 ng/kg body weight/day in both average (18 ng/kg body weight/day) and short-term maximum (27 ng/kg body weight/day) exposure models. The primary contributors to average hexachlorobenzene intake were caribou fat, bone marrow, ribs, and kidneys, and Chinook salmon muscle. Average estimated dietary EPA + DHA intake levels from traditional foods were below the recommendation of 2.1 to 3.2 g of EPA + DHA per week in the average (1.6 g/week) exposure model, but above this recommendation in the short-term maximum model (3.3 g/week). The primary contributors to average EPA + DHA intake were the meat of Chinook, coho, and, chum salmon muscle, and whitefish muscle and eggs. The results of this study support the message that traditional foods continue to be an important source of nutrients and other health benefits and that the health benefits of traditional foods generally outweigh contaminant risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Drysdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mary Gamberg
- Gamberg Consulting, P.O. Box 11267, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 6N5, Canada
| | - Jeremy Brammer
- Vuntut Gwitchin Government, Old Crow, Yukon Y0B 1N0, Canada
| | - Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sara Packull-McCormick
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kelly Skinner
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian D Laird
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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2
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Jeong SH, Jang JH, Lee YB. Inter-individual exposure variability interpretation through reflection of biological age algorithm in physiologically based toxicokinetic model: Application to human risk assessment of di-isobutyl-phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122388. [PMID: 37598929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes and interindividual variability in the degree of exposure to hazardous substances in the environment are pertinent factors to be considered in human risk assessment. Existing risk assessments remain in a one-size-fits-all approach, often without due consideration of inter-individual toxicokinetic variability factors, such as age. The purpose of this study was to advance from the existing risk assessment of hazardous substances based on toxicokinetics to a precise human risk assessment by additionally considering the effects of physiologic and metabolic fluctuations and interindividual variability in age. Qualitative age-associated physiologic and metabolic changes in humans, obtained through a meta-analysis, were quantitatively modeled to produce the final biological age algorithm (BAA). The developed BAAs (for males) were extended and applied to the reported testicular reproductive toxicity-focused di-isobutyl-phthalate (DiBP)-mono-isobutyl-phthalate (MiBP) physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model in males. The advanced PBTK model combined with the BAA was applied to the human risk assessment based on MiBP biomonitoring data. As a result, the specialized DiBP external exposure values for each age could be estimated. Additionally, by applying the Monte Carlo simulation, the distribution of internal exposure diversity among individuals according to the same external exposure dose could be estimated. The contributions of physiologic and metabolic factors to the age-dependent toxicokinetic changes were approximately 93.41-99.99 and 0.01-6.59%, respectively. In addition, the relative contribution of metabolic factors was major in infants and continued to decrease as age increased (up to about age 30 years). This study provides a step-by-step platform that can be widely applied to overcome the limitations of existing toxicokinetic models that still require interindividual pharmacokinetic variability explanations. This will be important for the rationalization and explanation of inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetics of many substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, 57922, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon-Si 57922, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Dubbelboer IR, Le Roux-Pullen L, Gehring R. Systematic review of physiologically based kinetic lactation models for transfer of xenobiotic compounds to milk. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 467:116495. [PMID: 36996912 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lactational elimination has been described mathematically for nearly 50 years. Over 40 published articles, containing >50 physiologically based kinetic (PBK) lactation models were included in the systematic review. These PBK models described the lactational elimination of xenobiotic compounds in humans, rats, mice, and dairy cows and goats. A total of 78 compounds have been modelled, ranging from industrial chemicals, pesticides, to pain medication, antibiotics, and caffeine. Few models included several species or compounds, and models were thus generally not translational or generic. Three dairy cow models mechanistically described the intramammary disposition of pharmaceuticals after intramammary administration, including volume changes caused by milking, while empirically describing the remaining pharmacokinetics. The remaining models were semi- or whole body PBK models, describing long-term exposure of environmental pollutants, or short-term exposure of pharmaceuticals. The absolute majority described the disposition to the mammary gland or milk with perfusion limited compartments, but permeability limited models were available as well. With long-term exposure, models often included changes in milk volume and/or consumption by the offspring, and changes in body weight of offspring. Periodic emptying of the mammary gland, as with feeding or milking, was sparsely applied. Rodent models used similar physiological parameters, while values of physiological parameters applied in human models could range widely. When milk composition was included in the models, it most often included the fat content. The review gives an extensive overview of the applied functions and modelling strategies of PBK lactation models.
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Ho V, Pelland-St-Pierre L, Gravel S, Bouchard MF, Verner MA, Labrèche F. Endocrine disruptors: Challenges and future directions in epidemiologic research. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111969. [PMID: 34461123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Public concern about the impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on both humans and the environment is growing steadily. Epidemiologic research provides key information towards our understanding of the relationship between environmental exposures like EDCs and human health outcomes. Intended for researchers in disciplines complementary to epidemiology, this paper highlights the importance and challenges of epidemiologic research in order to present the key elements pertaining to the design and interpretation of an epidemiologic study on EDCs. The conduct of observational studies on EDCs derives from a thoughtful research question, which will help determine the subsequent methodological choices surrounding the careful selection of the study population (including the comparison group), the adequate ascertainment of exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest, and the application of methodological and statistical concepts more specific to epidemiology. The interpretation of epidemiologic results may be arduous due to the latency occurring between EDC exposure and certain outcome(s), the complexity in capturing EDC exposure(s), and traditional methodological and statistical issues that also deserve consideration (e.g., confounding, effect modification, non-monotonic responses). Moving forward, we strongly advocate for an integrative approach of expertise in the fields of epidemiology, exposure science, risk assessment and toxicology to adequately study the health risks associated with EDCs while tackling their challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ho
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - L Pelland-St-Pierre
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal and CIUSSS Centre-Sud, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - S Gravel
- . Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M F Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M-A Verner
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal and CIUSSS Centre-Sud, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - F Labrèche
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal and CIUSSS Centre-Sud, Montréal, Québec, Canada; . Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health (ESPUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Thompson LK, Langholz B, Goldberg DW, Wilson JP, Ritz B, Tayour C, Cockburn M. Area-Based Geocoding: An Approach to Exposure Assessment Incorporating Positional Uncertainty. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000430. [PMID: 34859166 PMCID: PMC8612311 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the spatial resolution of exposure surfaces has greatly improved, our ability to locate people in space remains a limiting factor in accurate exposure assessment. In this case-control study, two approaches to geocoding participant locations were used to study the impact of geocoding uncertainty on the estimation of ambient pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk among women living in California's Central Valley. Residential and occupational histories were collected and geocoded using a traditional point-based method along with a novel area-based method. The standard approach to geocoding uses centroid points to represent all geocoded locations, and is unable to adapt exposure areas based on geocode quality, except through the exclusion of low-certainty locations. In contrast, area-based geocoding retains the complete area to which an address matched (the same area from which the centroid is returned), and therefore maintains the appropriate level of precision when it comes to assessing exposure by geography. Incorporating the total potential exposure area for each geocoded location resulted in different exposure classifications and resulting odds ratio estimates than estimates derived from the centroids of those same areas (using a traditional point-based geocoder). The direction and magnitude of these differences varied by pesticide, but in all cases odds ratios differed by at least 6% and up to 35%. These findings demonstrate the importance of geocoding in exposure estimation and suggest it is important to consider geocode certainty and quality throughout exposure assessment, rather than simply using the best available point geocodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Thompson
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Bryan Langholz
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Daniel W. Goldberg
- Department of GeographyCollege of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringCollege of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - John P. Wilson
- Spatial Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental SciencesFielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Carrie Tayour
- Los Angeles County Department of Public HealthLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Spatial Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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Christensen K, Carlson LM, Lehmann GM. The role of epidemiology studies in human health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110662. [PMID: 33385388 PMCID: PMC7946752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a public health concern given evidence that they persist and accumulate in the environment and can cause toxic effects in animals and humans. However, evaluating adverse effects of PCBs in epidemiologic studies is complicated by the characteristics of PCB exposure. PCBs exist as mixtures in the environment; the mixture changes over time due to degradation, and given physicochemical differences between specific PCB congeners, the mixture that an individual is exposed to (via food, air, or other sources) is likely different from that which can be measured in biological tissues. This is particularly problematic when evaluating toxicity of shorter-lived congeners that may not be measurable by the time biological samples are collected. We review these and other issues that arise when evaluating epidemiologic studies of PCBs and discuss how epidemiology data can still be used to inform both hazard identification and dose-response evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Christensen
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Laura M Carlson
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Geniece M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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7
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Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of RNAi therapeutics: Opportunities and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114468. [PMID: 33577889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a powerful tool with many demonstrated applications in various phases of drug development and regulatory review. RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics are a class of drugs that have unique pharmacokinetic properties and mechanisms of action. With an increasing number of RNAi therapeutics in the pipeline and reaching the market, there is a considerable amount of active research in this area requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The application of PBPK models for RNAi therapeutics is in its infancy and its utility to facilitate the development of this new class of drugs is yet to be fully evaluated. From this perspective, we briefly discuss some of the current computational modeling approaches used in support of efficient development and approval of RNAi therapeutics. Considerations for PBPK model development are highlighted both in a relative context between small molecules and large molecules such as monoclonal antibodies and as it applies to RNAi therapeutics. In addition, the prospects for drawing upon other recognized avenues of PBPK modeling and some of the foreseeable challenges in PBPK model development for these chemical modalities are briefly discussed. Finally, an exploration of the potential application of PBPK model development for RNAi therapeutics is provided. We hope these preliminary thoughts will help initiate a dialogue between scientists in the relevant sectors to examine the value of PBPK modeling for RNAi therapeutics. Such evaluations could help standardize the practice in the future and support appropriate guidance development for strengthening the RNAi therapeutics development program.
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8
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Wolff MS, Teitelbaum SL. Using BMI as a chronometer for persistent chemical exposures and chronic disease. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110588. [PMID: 33307085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Fernández-Martínez NF, Ching-López A, Olry de Labry Lima A, Salamanca-Fernández E, Pérez-Gómez B, Jiménez-Moleón JJ, Sánchez MJ, Rodríguez-Barranco M. Relationship between exposure to mixtures of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and cancer risk: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109787. [PMID: 32798941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risks are responsible for one in five of all deaths worldwide. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances are chemicals that can subsist for decades in human tissues and the environment. They include heavy metals, organochlorines, polychlorinated biphenyls, organobromines, organofluorines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among others. Although humans are often exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously, their negative effects on health have generally been studied for each one separately. Among the most severe of these harmful effects is cancer. Here, to compile and analyze the available evidence on the relationship between exposure to mixtures of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and the risk of developing cancer in the general population, we provide a systematic review based on the main databases (Cochrane, PubMed and Embase), together with complementary sources, using the general methodology of the PRISMA Statement. The articles analyzed were selected by two researchers working independently and their quality was evaluated by reference to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The initial search yielded 2379 results from the main sources of information and 22 from the complementary ones. After the article selection process, 22 were included in the final review (21 case-control studies and one cohort study). Analysis of the selected studies revealed that most of the mixtures analyzed were positively associated with risk of cancer, especially that of the breast, colon-rectum or testis, and more strongly so than each contaminant alone. In view of the possible stronger association observed with the development of cancer for some mixtures of pollutants than when each one is present separately, exposure to mixtures should also be monitored and measured, preferably in cohort designs, to complement the traditional approach to persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals. The results presented should be taken into account in public health policies in order to strengthen the regulatory framework for cancer prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Interniveles de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de La Salud, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Ching-López
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Olry de Labry Lima
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Juan Jiménez-Moleón
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria José Sánchez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Sarigiannis DΑ, Karakitsios SP, Handakas E, Gotti A. Development of a generic lifelong physiologically based biokinetic model for exposome studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109307. [PMID: 32229354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study within the frame of the HEALS project aims at the development of a lifelong physiologically based biokinetic (PBBK) model for exposome studies. The aim was to deliver a comprehensive modelling framework for addressing a large chemical space. Towards this aim, the delivered model can easily adapt parameters from existing ad-hoc models or complete the missing compound specific parameters using advanced quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR). All major human organs are included, as well as arterial, venous, and portal blood compartments. Xenobiotics and their metabolites are linked through the metabolizing tissues. This is mainly the liver, but also other sites of metabolism might be considered (intestine, brain, skin, placenta) based on the presence or not of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of the compound of interest. Each tissue is described by three mass balance equations for (a) red blood cells, (b) plasma and interstitial tissue and (c) cells respectively. The anthropometric parameters of the models are time dependent, so as to provide a lifetime internal dose assessment, as well as to describe the continuously changing physiology of the mother and the developing fetus. An additional component of flexibility is that the biokinetic processes that relate to metabolism are related with either Michaelis-Menten kinetics, as well as intrinsic clearance kinetics. The capability of the model is demonstrated in the assessment of internal exposure and the prediction of expected biomonitored levels in urine for three major compounds within the HEALS project, namely bisphenol A (BPA), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and cadmium (Cd). The results indicated that the predicted urinary levels fit very well with the ones from human biomonitoring (HBM) studies; internal exposure to plasticizers is very low (in the range of ng/L), while internal exposure to Cd is in the range of μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Α Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Science, Technology and Society Department, Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Evangelos Handakas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alberto Gotti
- EUCENTRE, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Domazet SL, Grøntved A, Jensen TK, Wedderkopp N, Andersen LB. Higher circulating plasma polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fit and lean children: The European youth heart study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105481. [PMID: 31964518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipophilic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are primarily stored in adipose tissue, but exercise-induced lipolysis is able to release PCBs from the adipose tissue into the circulation. The plasma concentration, distribution and metabolism of PCBs can thus vary much among individuals due to inter-human variations in lifestyle behavior and pharmacokinetics. OBJECTIVES We examined the observational relationship of circulating plasma PCB concentrations with cardiorespiratory fitness, engagement in vigorous physical activity and fat mass in a healthy Danish child population. METHODS Data on ∑PCB (PCB138, PCB153 and PCB180), cardiorespiratory fitness, skinfold thickness and objectively measured physical activity of 509 children derived from the Danish sub-study of The European Youth Heart Study. RESULTS Higher fitness and greater leanness were associated with elevated plasma ∑PCB in both boys and girls. The associations were independent of each other and persisted after controlling for socio-economic status and duration of breastfeeding. We observed an almost three-fold increase in plasma ∑PCB level in the most fit/least fat children relative to the least fit/most fat children. The association between fatness and ∑PCB was strongest for boys as girls, and especially pubertal girls, displayed lower decrease in plasma ∑PCB with higher fat mass. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that increased lipolysis stimulates the release of PCBs into the vasculature. The consequence is higher plasma levels of PCB in very fit and lean subjects. This scenario is likely to cause negative confounding in epidemiological observations of PCB and cardio-metabolic health. At the same time adipose tissue may play a dual role in promoting adverse health and providing a relatively safe place to store PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel L Domazet
- Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Exercise Epidemiology, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina K Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 17A/2 DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of Southwestern Jutland, Finsensgade 35, DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Lars B Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Røyrgata 6, NO-6856 Sogndal, Norway; Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, NO-0863 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Junqué E, Garcia S, Martínez MÁ, Rovira J, Schuhmacher M, Grimalt JO. Changes of organochlorine compound concentrations in maternal serum during pregnancy and comparison to serum cord blood composition. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108994. [PMID: 31838409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs), including pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180), DDT and metabolites, were measured in maternal serum samples collected at the first trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and in umbilical cord from a cohort of mother-newborn pairs from Tarragona (Spain) (n = 50), representing general population of a Mediterranean area from Southern Europe. The observed concentrations were generally low in comparison with previous studies in other world areas. Higher OC concentrations were observed in the maternal serum collected at delivery than in the first trimester and the cord blood concentrations were lower than the maternal levels. These results show for the first time a small but statistically significant increase in maternal venous concentration of OCs between the first trimester and delivery when measured in ng/ml. HCB, β-HCH and the PCB congeners in cord blood were significantly correlated with the concentrations of these compounds in maternal venous blood and the coefficients were stronger for the samples collected at delivery which was consistent with OC transfer from mother to foetus. In the case of DDT compounds, only 4,4'-DDT showed maternal-cord blood correlation which documented the low metabolic capacity of newborns for OC transformation, e.g. DDT into DDE. Maternal age was the most significant driver of the observed maternal venous OC concentrations in both periods, older ages involving higher concentrations. Higher body mass index was only significantly correlated with higher 4,4'-DDE concentrations in maternal venous blood and cord blood. In some cases, social class and education level were significantly correlated with OC concentrations, e.g. 4,4'-DDE in maternal venous blood from the first trimester and cord blood and PCB153 in maternal venous blood at delivery. In these cases, highest concentrations were found in the women with highest education level and most affluent social class. Comparison of the maternal OC concentrations of this cohort with those observed in 2002 in population of the same geographic area and age range shows decreases between two and ten times over this fourteen-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Junqué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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13
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Guo JY, Wang MZ, Wang MS, Sun T, Wei FH, Yu XT, Wang C, Xu YY, Wang L. The Undervalued Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure on Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2020; 20:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Komprda J, Komprdová K, Domínguez-Romero E, Mikeš O, Řiháčková K, Čupr P, Černá M, Scheringer M. Dynamics of PCB exposure in the past 50 years and recent high concentrations in human breast milk: Analysis of influencing factors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:388-399. [PMID: 31299572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study we reconstruct the long-term exposure of Czech mothers to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and determine the causes of high contamination of breast milk by indicator PCBs (iPCBs). A data set containing information from more than 1000 primiparous women from the Czech Republic was used, including iPCB concentrations in breast milk, individual physiology and living characteristics. The time series of PCB intakes for the whole period from the beginning of PCB production in 1958 until 2011 were reconstructed. We estimated the individual lifetime exposure of mothers for all iPCBs, i.e. congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Various model scenarios were investigated to determine the influence of physiology, age at delivery, past dietary exposure, and food composition on concentrations in breast milk for all iPCBs. The highest contributions to the presence of iPCBs in breast milk were observed for food composition. The main factor determining the concentration of higher-chlorinated PCBs (138, 153 and 180) was past exposure. The most important parameter for identification of children's postnatal exposure through breast milk was the time-span from the maximum of the exposure peak to the birth of the child. The current concentrations of iPCBs in breast milk in the Czech population are still high because the maximum of the exposure peak occurred more than 10 years later than in other European countries and was very broad, e.g. covered more than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Komprda
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Komprdová
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Elena Domínguez-Romero
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Řiháčková
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Černá
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX-Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Codaccioni M, Bois F, Brochot C. Placental transfer of xenobiotics in pregnancy physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: Structure and data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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A case-control study of breast cancer risk and ambient exposure to pesticides. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3:e070. [PMID: 32166211 PMCID: PMC7028467 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: While the estrogenic properties of certain pesticides have been established, associations between pesticide exposure and risk of breast cancer have been inconsistently observed. We investigated the relation between pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk using methods capable of objectively assessing exposure to specific pesticides occurring decades before diagnosis. Methods: A case–control study was conducted to evaluate the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer associated with historic pesticide exposure in California’s Central Valley, the most agriculturally productive region in the United States where pesticide drift poses a major source of nonoccupational exposure. Residential and occupational histories were linked to commercial pesticide reports and land use data to determine exposure to specific chemicals. Cases (N = 155) were recruited from a population-based cancer registry, and controls (N = 150) were obtained from tax assessor and Medicare list mailings. Results: There was no association between breast cancer and exposure to a selected group of organochlorine pesticides thought to have synergistic endocrine-disrupting potential; however, breast cancer was three times as likely to occur among women exposed to chlorpyrifos compared with those not exposed, after adjusting for exposure to other pesticides including organochlorines (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.38, 7.53). Conclusions: Organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, have rarely been evaluated in studies of breast cancer risk. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and to better understand the underlying mechanisms given that chlorpyrifos has been detected in local air monitoring at levels of concern for residents living in the agricultural regions where it is used.
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17
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Critical assessment and integration of separate lines of evidence for risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2741-2757. [PMID: 31520250 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to multiple chemicals on a daily basis instead of to just a single chemical, yet the majority of existing toxicity data comes from single-chemical exposure. Multiple factors must be considered such as the route, concentration, duration, and the timing of exposure when determining toxicity to the organism. The need for adequate model systems (in vivo, in vitro, in silico and mathematical) is paramount for better understanding of chemical mixture toxicity. Currently, shortcomings plague each model system as investigators struggle to find the appropriate balance of rigor, reproducibility and appropriateness in mixture toxicity studies. Significant questions exist when comparing single-to mixture-chemical toxicity concerning additivity, synergism, potentiation, or antagonism. Dose/concentration relevance is a major consideration and should be subthreshold for better accuracy in toxicity assessment. Previous work was limited by the technology and methodology of the time, but recent advances have resulted in significant progress in the study of mixture toxicology. Novel technologies have added insight to data obtained from in vivo studies for predictive toxicity testing. These include new in vitro models: omics-related tools, organs-on-a-chip and 3D cell culture, and in silico methods. Taken together, all these modern methodologies improve the understanding of the multiple toxicity pathways associated with adverse outcomes (e.g., adverse outcome pathways), thus allowing investigators to better predict risks linked to exposure to chemical mixtures. As technology and knowledge advance, our ability to harness and integrate separate streams of evidence regarding outcomes associated with chemical mixture exposure improves. As many national and international organizations are currently stressing, studies on chemical mixture toxicity are of primary importance.
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Abstract
Abstract
Breastfeeding plays an essential role in the healthy development of a newborn, but human milk is obviously compromised by pollutants from our environment. The main contaminants of human milk with endocrine-disrupting compound (EDCs) have raised concern for public and environmental health. Bisphenol A (BPA), which can leach from plastics, are among the most well-studied. Since EDs are known to cross the mammary gland barrier and BPA may accumulate in the neonate, “BPA-free” products have been introduced to the market. However, recent studies have shown that alternative bisphenols (e.g. BPS, BPF) can be detected in breast milk, have ED activities and may have developmental effects similar to BPA.
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19
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Hurley S, Goldberg D, Park JS, Petreas M, Bernstein L, Anton-Culver H, Neuhausen SL, Nelson DO, Reynolds P. A breast cancer case-control study of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) serum levels among California women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:412-419. [PMID: 30954728 PMCID: PMC6522143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are among the most persistent and pervasive global environmental contaminants. Their toxic and endocrine-disrupting properties have made them a focus of concern for breast cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with serum PBDE levels in a case-control study nested within the California Teachers Study. METHODS Participants were 902 women with invasive breast cancer (cases) and 936 with no such diagnosis (controls) who provided 10 mL of blood and were interviewed between 2011 and 2015. Blood samples were collected from cases an average of 35 months after diagnosis. PBDEs were measured in serum using automated solid phase extraction and gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses were restricted to the three congeners with detection frequencies ≥75%: 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153). Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each BDE congener, adjusting for serum lipids and other potential confounders. RESULTS The OR for each of the three BDE congeners was close to unity with a CI that included one. Analyses stratified by menopausal status, tumor hormone responsiveness, BMI, and changes in body weight yielded similarly null results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide no evidence that serum levels of BDE-47, BDE-100 or BDE-153 are associated with breast cancer risk. These results should be interpreted in the context of study limitations which include the reliance on PBDE measurements that may not represent pre-diagnostic, early-life or chronic exposures and a lack of information on genetic polymorphisms and other factors which may affect endogenous estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hurley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Debbie Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Susan L Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - David O Nelson
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peggy Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford, CA, USA
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20
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Sarigiannis DA, Karakitsios S, Dominguez-Romero E, Papadaki K, Brochot C, Kumar V, Schuhmacher M, Sy M, Mielke H, Greiner M, Mengelers M, Scheringer M. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling in the frame of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:216-230. [PMID: 30818231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the opportunities provided by internal dosimetry modelling in the interpretation of human biomonitoring (HBM) data, the assessment of the links between exposure to chemicals and observed HBM data can be effectively supported by PBTK modelling. This paper gives a comprehensive review of available human PBTK models for compounds selected as a priority by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). We highlight their advantages and deficiencies and suggest steps for advanced internal dose modelling. The review of the available PBTK models highlighted the conceptual differences between older models compared to the ones developed recently, reflecting commensurate differences in research questions. Due to the lack of coordinated strategies for deriving useful biomonitoring data for toxicokinetic properties, significant problems in model parameterisation still remain; these are further increased by the lack of human toxicokinetic data due to ethics issues. Finally, questions arise as well as to the extent they are really representative of interindividual variability. QSARs for toxicokinetic properties is a complementary approach for PBTK model parameterisation, especially for data poor chemicals. This approach could be expanded to model chemico-biological interactions such as intestinal absorption and renal clearance; this could serve the development of more complex generic PBTK models that could be applied to newly derived chemicals. Another gap identified is the framework for mixture interaction terms among compounds that could eventually interact in metabolism. From the review it was concluded that efforts should be shifted toward the development of generic multi-compartmental and multi-route models, supported by targeted biomonitoring coupled with parameterisation by both QSAR approach and experimental (in-vivo and in-vitro) data for newly developed and data poor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece.
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | | | - Krystalia Papadaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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21
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LaKind JS, Idri F, Naiman DQ, Verner MA. Biomonitoring and Nonpersistent Chemicals—Understanding and Addressing Variability and Exposure Misclassification. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:16-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-0227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Bachelet D, Verner MA, Neri M, Cordina Duverger É, Charlier C, Arveux P, Haddad S, Guénel P. Breast Cancer and Exposure to Organochlorines in the CECILE Study: Associations with Plasma Levels Measured at the Time of Diagnosis and Estimated during Adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16020271. [PMID: 30669331 PMCID: PMC6351946 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals with hormonal effects, such as organochlorine compounds (OCs), during developmental periods of breast cells may have an impact on the incidence of breast cancer later in life. However, the assessment of exposure to these chemicals that occurred in early life at the time of breast cancer development in adult women is a difficult challenge in epidemiological studies. Plasma levels of the OCs p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl congener 153 (PCB153) were measured in 695 cases and 1055 controls of a population-based case-control study conducted in France (CECILE study). Based on these values, we used a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to estimate PCB153 levels at age 11⁻20 years when the women were adolescents. Overall, there was no clear association between breast cancer risk and measured levels of DDE and PCB153 at the time of diagnosis, but there was a trend of decreasing odds ratios of breast cancer with increasing DDE and PCB153 levels in women aged 50 years and over. The PBPK model revealed that PCB153 concentrations estimated during adolescence were highest in the youngest women born after 1960 who reached adolescence at a time when environmental contamination was maximum, and very low in the oldest women who attained adolescence before the contamination peak. Negative associations between breast cancer and PCB153 estimates during adolescence were also found. The negative associations between DDE and PCB153 levels measured at the time of diagnosis or estimated during adolescence in our study were unexplained. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether this finding is real or related to study artifacts. However, this study suggests that using PBPK models in epidemiological studies to back-estimate OC exposures during early life stages may be useful to address critical questions on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bachelet
- Inserm U 1018, Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), University Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Monica Neri
- Inserm U 1018, Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), University Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Émilie Cordina Duverger
- Inserm U 1018, Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), University Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay, 94807 Villejuif, France.
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Department of Toxicology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman University Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Arveux
- Department of Medical Information, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, IRSPUM, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Inserm U 1018, Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), University Paris-Sud, Paris-Saclay, 94807 Villejuif, France.
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23
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Advancing Chemical Risk Assessment through Human Physiology-Based Biochemical Process Modeling. FLUIDS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Physiology-Based BioKinetic (PBBK) models are of increasing interest in modern risk assessment, providing quantitative information regarding the absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion (ADME). They focus on the estimation of the effective dose at target sites, aiming at the identification of xenobiotic levels that are able to result in perturbations to the biological pathway that are potentially associated with adverse outcomes. The current study aims at the development of a lifetime PBBK model that covers a large chemical space, coupled with a framework for human biomonitoring (HBM) data assimilation. The methodology developed herein was demonstrated in the case of bisphenol A (BPA), where exposure analysis was based on European HBM data. Based on our calculations, it was found that current exposure levels in Europe are below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg_bw/day proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Taking into account age-dependent bioavailability differences, internal exposure was estimated and compared with the biologically effective dose (BED) resulting from translating the EFSA temporary total daily intake (t-TDI) into equivalent internal dose and an alternative internal exposure reference value, namely biological pathway altering dose (BPAD); the use of such a refined exposure metric, showed that environmentally relevant exposure levels are below the concentrations associated with the activation of biological pathways relevant to toxicity based on High Throughput Screening (HTS) in vitro studies.
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24
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Nakayama SF, Isobe T, Iwai-Shimada M, Kobayashi Y, Oguri T, Takeuchi A. [Exposure Assessment in Japan Environment and Children's Study]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:156-163. [PMID: 29848868 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present an initial plan for exposure assessment in the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) by focusing on a biomonitoring technique and discuss the challenges encountered when using the biomonitoring technique for exposure measurements. JECS registered 103,099 pregnant mothers and has been following children born to them. Various biological samples were collected from mothers during pregnancy (blood and urine), at birth (blood and hair) and at check-up one month after birth (breast milk). Samples were also collected from children at birth (cord blood) and at check-up one month after birth (hair and blood spot). Those samples will be used to assess maternal and foetal exposures to chemical substances. Measurement reliability, i.e., intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and attenuation bias related to low ICCs should be taken into consideration when using the biomonitoring results. Along with the biomonitoring technique, simulation models, pharmacokinetic (PK) models and exposomics techniques are under development in JECS. New analytical techniques include deciduous teeth measurements and -omics analyses. In particular, PK models and sensor technologies are one of the most important methodologies for future JECS exposure analyses. Statistical methods for examining the effects of intercorrelated multiple exposures as well as nondetection data should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji F Nakayama
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies.,Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies.,Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Miyuki Iwai-Shimada
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies.,Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Yayoi Kobayashi
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies.,Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Tomoko Oguri
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Ayano Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University
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25
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Mouly TA, Toms LML. Breast cancer and persistent organic pollutants (excluding DDT): a systematic literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22385-22407. [PMID: 27628920 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of heterogeneous compounds of both natural and anthropogenic origin with highly persistent and bioaccumulative properties. They cause a range of adverse effects to human health and the environment around the world. There is growing concern that POPs may increase breast cancer risk due to their xenoestrogenic properties. The aim of this systematic literature review is to summarize and integrate the risks of breast cancer following environmental exposure to POPs (other than DDT) from primary epidemiological studies published between 2006 and 2015. After searching various databases, 14 case-control studies and one cohort study were included. Evidence of an association between increased breast cancer risk and environmental exposure to these chemicals is inconsistent and inadequate to conclude with certainty. However, most of the studies have examined exposure to the pollutants after diagnosis of breast cancer, overlooking exposure during critical windows of vulnerability. They have also largely focused on individual chemicals but ignored the combined effects of different chemicals. Therefore, major data gaps remain in examining exposure during critical windows of vulnerability and assessing combined effects of multiple chemicals. Development of better exposure assessment methods addressing these gaps is required for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafzila Akter Mouly
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree Leontjew Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Integrated exposure and risk characterization of bisphenol-A in Europe. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:134-147. [PMID: 27769850 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims at a comprehensive risk characterization of bisphenol A (BPA) supported by an integrated exposure modelling framework that comprises far field and near field exposure modelling coupled to a dynamic lifetime PBTK model. Exposure analysis was done on European data of BPA food residues and human biomonitoring (HBM). The latter were further assimilated through an advanced exposure reconstruction modelling framework to estimate the corresponding external and internal systemic dose of BPA and its metabolites. Special attention was paid on the assessment of exposure to BPA during critical developmental stages such as gestation by modelling the mother-fetus toxicokinetic interaction. Our findings showed that current exposure levels in Europe are below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg_bw/d proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account age-dependent bioavailability differences, internal exposure of premature neonates hosted in intensive care units was reckoned close to the biologically effective dose (BED) resulting from translating the EFSA temporary total daily intake (t-TDI) into equivalent internal dose. Use of the ToxCast21 Biological Pathway Altering Dose (BPAD) as an alternative internal exposure reference value, resulted in increased margins of safety compared to the conventional exposure/risk characterization scheme.
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Zong G, Grandjean P, Wang X, Sun Q. Lactation history, serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants, and maternal risk of diabetes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:282-288. [PMID: 27336232 PMCID: PMC5003647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactation may help curb diabetes risk and is also known as an excretion route for some environmental pollutants. We evaluated associations of lifetime lactation history with serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006, and examined whether potentially diabetogenic POPs account for associations between lactation and diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Among 4479 parous women, breastfeeding history was defined as the number of children breastfed ≥1 month. Diabetes was identified by self-report or hemoglobin A1c >6.5%. Twenty-four POPs were measured in serum among subsamples of 668 to 1073 participants. RESULTS Compared with women without lactation history, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of having diabetes among those with 1-2 and ≥3 lactation periods were 0.83(0.61, 1.13) and 0.63(0.44, 0.91; P trend=0.03). Lifetime lactation history was inversely associated with serum concentrations of 17 out of the 24 organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (Ptrend<0.05). Comparing the ≥3 lactations group with women without a lactation history, the relative reduction of POPs ranged from 12% (PCB-196) to 30% (oxychlordane). The inverse association between lactation and diabetes was slightly attenuated after adjustment for POPs. Age-stratified analyses showed that the inverse association between lactation periods and serum POP concentrations was observed primarily among participants <60 years, whereas age did not significantly modify the association between lactation history and diabetes prevalence. CONCLUSION Crudely-classified lifetime lactation history was inversely associated with concurrent serum POP concentrations and diabetes prevalence. Prospective studies are needed to clarify how lactation could complement diabetes prevention through decreasing the POP body burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Zong
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wood SA, Armitage JM, Binnington MJ, Wania F. Deterministic modeling of the exposure of individual participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to polychlorinated biphenyls. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1157-1168. [PMID: 27711883 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00424e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A population's exposure to persistent organic pollutants, e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is typically assessed through national biomonitoring programs, such as the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To complement statistical methods, we use a deterministic modeling approach to establish mechanistic links between human contaminant concentrations and factors (e.g. age, diet, lipid mass) deemed responsible for the often considerable variability in these concentrations. Lifetime exposures to four PCB congeners in 6128 participants from NHANES 1999-2004 are simulated using the ACC-Human model supplied with individualized input parameters obtained from NHANES questionnaires (e.g., birth year, sex, body mass index, dietary composition, reproductive behavior). Modeled and measured geometric mean PCB-153 concentrations in NHANES participants of 13.3 and 22.0 ng g-1 lipid, respectively, agree remarkably well, although lower model-measurement agreement for air, water, and food suggests that this is partially due to fortuitous error cancellation. The model also reproduces trends in the measured data with key factors such as age, parity and sex. On an individual level, 62% of all modeled concentrations are within a factor of three of their corresponding measured values (Spearman rs = 0.44). However, the model attributes more of the inter-individual variability to differences in dietary lipid intake than is indicated by the measured data. While the model succeeds in predicting levels and trends on the population level, the accuracy of individual-specific predictions would need to be improved for refined exposure characterization in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wood
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Binnington
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Binnington MJ, Curren MS, Quinn CL, Armitage JM, Arnot JA, Chan HM, Wania F. Mechanistic polychlorinated biphenyl exposure modeling of mothers in the Canadian Arctic: the challenge of reliably establishing dietary composition. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:256-268. [PMID: 27115916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional food (TF) consumption represents the main route of persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure for indigenous Arctic Canadians. Ongoing dietary transitions away from TFs and toward imported foods (IFs) may contribute to decreasing POP exposures observed in these groups. METHODS To explore this issue, we combined the global fate and transport model GloboPOP and the human food chain bioaccumulation model ACC-Human Arctic to simulate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in two indigenous Arctic Canadian communities from the Inuvik region, Northwest Territories and Baffin region, Nunavut. Using dietary survey information from initial (1996-98) and follow-up (2005-07) biomonitoring campaigns in Inuvik and Baffin, we simulated PCB exposures (PCB-118, -138, -153, and -180) for each individual study participant and also whole study populations. RESULTS TF intake rates, particularly of marine mammals (MMs), were the most important predictors of modeled PCB exposure, while TF consumption did not associate consistently with measured PCB exposures. Further, reported mean TF intake increased from baseline to follow-up in both Inuvik (from 8 to 183gd(-1)) and Baffin (from 60 to 134gd(-1)), opposing both the expected dietary transition direction and the observed decrease in human PCB exposures in these communities (ΣPCB Inuvik: from 43 to 29ngglipid(-1), ΣPCB Baffin: from 213 to 82ngglipid(-1)). However dietary questionnaire data are frequently subject to numerous biases (e.g., recall, recency, confirmation), and thus casts doubt on the usefulness of these data. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, our model's capability to reproduce historic PCB exposure data in these two groups was highly sensitive to TF intake, further underscoring the importance of accurate TF consumption reporting, and clarification of the role of dietary transitions in future POP biomonitoring of indigenous Arctic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Binnington
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Meredith S Curren
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 4908D - 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cristina L Quinn
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - James M Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jon A Arnot
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, 36 Sproat Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Nøst TH, Breivik K, Wania F, Rylander C, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Estimating Time-Varying PCB Exposures Using Person-Specific Predictions to Supplement Measured Values: A Comparison of Observed and Predicted Values in Two Cohorts of Norwegian Women. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:299-305. [PMID: 26186800 PMCID: PMC4786984 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the health effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) call for an understanding of past and present human exposure. Time-resolved mechanistic models may supplement information on concentrations in individuals obtained from measurements and/or statistical approaches if they can be shown to reproduce empirical data. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluated the capability of one such mechanistic model to reproduce measured PCB concentrations in individual Norwegian women. We also assessed individual life-course concentrations. METHODS Concentrations of four PCB congeners in pregnant (n = 310, sampled in 2007-2009) and postmenopausal (n = 244, 2005) women were compared with person-specific predictions obtained using CoZMoMAN, an emission-based environmental fate and human food-chain bioaccumulation model. Person-specific predictions were also made using statistical regression models including dietary and lifestyle variables and concentrations. RESULTS CoZMoMAN accurately reproduced medians and ranges of measured concentrations in the two study groups. Furthermore, rank correlations between measurements and predictions from both CoZMoMAN and regression analyses were strong (Spearman's r > 0.67). Precision in quartile assignments from predictions was strong overall as evaluated by weighted Cohen's kappa (> 0.6). Simulations indicated large inter-individual differences in concentrations experienced in the past. CONCLUSIONS The mechanistic model reproduced all measurements of PCB concentrations within a factor of 10, and subject ranking and quartile assignments were overall largely consistent, although they were weak within each study group. Contamination histories for individuals predicted by CoZMoMAN revealed variation between study subjects, particularly in the timing of peak concentrations. Mechanistic models can provide individual PCB exposure metrics that could serve as valuable supplements to measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Knut Breivik
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jon Øyvind Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel Manning Sandanger
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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Kumar J, Lind PM, Salihovic S, van Bavel B, Ingelsson E, Lind L. Persistent organic pollutants and inflammatory markers in a cross-sectional study of elderly Swedish people: the PIVUS cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:977-83. [PMID: 24911359 PMCID: PMC4154217 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds that are generated through various industrial activities and released in the surrounding environment. Different animal studies have shown effects of different POPs on various inflammatory markers. OBJECTIVE Because very few studies have been conducted in humans, we assessed the associations between different POPs and inflammatory markers in a large population-based sample of elderly men and women (all 70 years of age) from Sweden. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated the concentrations of several polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, and brominated diphenyl ether congeners and their association with a number of inflammatory markers [vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total leucocyte count, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)] in 992 individuals. These individuals were recruited from the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) cohort. We used a total toxic equivalency (TEQ) value that measures toxicological effects with the relative potencies of various POPs. RESULTS Following adjustment for potential confounders, the TEQ value (driven mainly by PCB-126) was significantly associated with levels of ICAM-1 (p < 10-5). A similar trend was also observed between sum of PCBs and VCAM-1 (p < 0.001). No significant associations were observed between levels of POPs and other inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS TEQ values were associated with levels of ICAM-1, to a lesser degree also with VCAM-1, but not with CRP and several other inflammatory markers. These findings suggest an activation of vascular adhesion molecules by POPs, and particularly by PCB-126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Parks CG, Miller FW, Pollard KM, Selmi C, Germolec D, Joyce K, Rose NR, Humble MC. Expert panel workshop consensus statement on the role of the environment in the development of autoimmune disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14269-97. [PMID: 25196523 PMCID: PMC4159850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases include 80 or more complex disorders characterized by self-reactive, pathologic immune responses in which genetic susceptibility is largely insufficient to determine disease onset. In September 2010, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) organized an expert panel workshop to evaluate the role of environmental factors in autoimmune diseases, and the state of the science regarding relevant mechanisms, animal models, and human studies. The objective of the workshop was to analyze the existing data to identify conclusions that could be drawn regarding environmental exposures and autoimmunity and to identify critical knowledge gaps and areas of uncertainty for future study. This consensus document summarizes key findings from published workshop monographs on areas in which “confident” and “likely” assessments were made, with recommendations for further research. Transcribed notes and slides were reviewed to synthesize an overview on exposure assessment and questions addressed by interdisciplinary panels. Critical advances in the field of autoimmune disease research have been made in the past decade. Collaborative translational and interdisciplinary research is needed to elucidate the role of environmental factors in autoimmune diseases. A focus on exposure assessment methodology is needed to improve the effectiveness of human studies, and more experimental studies are needed to focus on causal mechanisms underlying observed associations of environmental factors with autoimmune disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Kenneth Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Dori Germolec
- National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, NIH, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA.
| | - Kelly Joyce
- Department of History and Politics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Noel R Rose
- John Hopkins Center for Autoimmune Disease Research, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Michael C Humble
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Overview of the Current State-of-the-Art for Bioaccumulation Models in Marine Mammals. TOXICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/toxics2020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bachelet D, Verner MA, Guihenneuc-Jouyaux C, Charlier C, Charbonneau M, Haddad S, Guénel P. ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BREAST CANCER: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES FOR THE CECILE STUDY. Acta Clin Belg 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/acb.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Weijs L, Roach AC, Yang RSH, McDougall R, Lyons M, Housand C, Tibax D, Manning T, Chapman J, Edge K, Covaci A, Blust R. Lifetime PCB 153 bioaccumulation and pharmacokinetics in pilot whales: Bayesian population PBPK modeling and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:91-96. [PMID: 24080004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for wild animal populations such as marine mammals typically have a high degree of model uncertainty and variability due to the scarcity of information and the embryonic nature of this field. Parameters values used in marine mammals models are usually taken from other mammalian species (e.g. rats or mice) and might not be entirely suitable to properly explain the kinetics of pollutants in marine mammals. Therefore, several parameters for a PBPK model for the bioaccumulation and pharmacokinetics of PCB 153 in long-finned pilot whales were estimated in the present study using the Bayesian approach executed with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. This method uses 'prior' information of the parameters, either from the literature or from previous model runs. The advantage is that this method uses such 'prior' parameters to calculate probability distributions to determine 'posterior' values that best explain the field observations. Those field observations or datasets were PCB 153 concentrations in blubber of long-finned pilot whales from Sandy Cape and Stanley, Tasmania, Australia. The model predictions showed an overall decrease in PCB 153 levels in blubber over the lifetime of the pilot whales. All parameters from the Sandy Cape model were updated using the Stanley dataset, except for the concentration of PCB 153 in the milk. The model presented here is a promising and preliminary start to PBPK modeling in long-finned pilot whales that would provide a basis for non-invasive studies in these protected marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Weijs
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Upson K, De Roos AJ, Thompson ML, Sathyanarayana S, Scholes D, Barr DB, Holt VL. Organochlorine pesticides and risk of endometriosis: findings from a population-based case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:1319-24. [PMID: 24192044 PMCID: PMC3855515 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is considered an estrogen-dependent disease. Persistent environmental chemicals that exhibit hormonal properties, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), may affect endometriosis risk. OBJECTIVE We investigated endometriosis risk in relation to environmental exposure to OCPs. METHODS We conducted the present analyses using data from the Women's Risk of Endometriosis (WREN) study, a population-based case-control study of endometriosis conducted among 18- to 49-year-old female enrollees of a large health care system in western Washington State. OCP concentrations were measured in sera from surgically confirmed endometriosis cases (n = 248) first diagnosed between 1996 and 2001 and from population-based controls (n = 538). We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, reference date year, serum lipids, education, race/ethnicity, smoking, and alcohol intake. RESULTS Our data suggested increased endometriosis risk associated with serum concentrations of β-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (third vs. lowest quartile: OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.8; highest vs. lowest quartile OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.8, 2.4) and mirex (highest vs. lowest category: OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.2). The association between serum β-HCH concentrations and endometriosis was stronger in analyses restricting cases to those with ovarian endometriosis (third vs. lowest quartile: OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.5, 5.2; highest vs. lowest quartile: OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.3). CONCLUSIONS In our case-control study of women enrolled in a large health care system in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, serum concentrations of β-HCH and mirex were positively associated with endometriosis. Extensive past use of environmentally persistent OCPs in the United States or present use in other countries may affect the health of reproductive-age women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Upson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abass K, Huusko A, Nieminen P, Myllynen P, Pelkonen O, Vahakangas K, Rautio A. Estimation of health risk by using toxicokinetic modelling: a case study of polychlorinated biphenyl PCB153. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:1-10. [PMID: 23911823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess potential PCB153-associated human health effects and risks, it is necessary to model past exposure. PCB153 blood concentrations, obtained from the AMAP biomonitoring programme, in Inuit women covering the years 1994-2006 at Disko Bay, 1999-2005 at Nuuk, and 1992-2007 at Nunavik were used to extrapolate body burden and exposure to the whole lifespan of the population by the one-compartment toxicokinetic model. By using risk characterisation modelling, calculated Hazard Quotients were higher than 1 between the years 1955 and 1987 for the 90th population percentile and during 1956-1984 for the 50th population percentile. Cancer risk for overall exposure of PCB153 ranged from 4.6×10(-5) to 1.8×10(-6) for the 90th percentile and 3.6×10(-5) to 1.4×10(-10) for the 50th percentile between 1930 and 2049, when central estimates or upper-bound slope factors were applied. Cancer risk was below 1×10(-6) for the same time period when a lower slope factor was applied. Significant future research requirements to improve health risk characterisation include, among others, larger sample sizes, better analytical accuracy, fewer assumptions in exposure assessment, and consequently, a better choice of the toxicity benchmark used to develop the hazard quotient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Ulaszewska MM, Ciffroy P, Tahraoui F, Zeman FA, Capri E, Brochot C. Interpreting PCB levels in breast milk using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to reconstruct the dynamic exposure of Italian women. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:601-609. [PMID: 22760444 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent contaminants suspected to cause adverse health effects in humans. As PCBs levels in food have not been monitored frequently in the past, modeling approaches based on environmental data have been proposed to predict the human dietary intake. In this work, we propose to improve these approaches by taking into account internal levels of PCBs in humans. This methodology is based on the analysis of biomonitoring data using exposure and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to determine the most probable scenario of exposure. Breast milk concentrations were measured in Italian women for PCB-138, PCB-153 and PCB-180. For each congener, three exposure scenarios were derived and a PBPK model was used to relate the lifetime exposure to the breast milk levels. For the three PCBs, we determined the most probable scenario of exposure. Our results support the adequacy of the exposure and the PBPK models for PCB-180 and PCB-153, whereas we observed discrepancies between the models and the biomonitoring data for PCB-138. Our intake estimates are in good agreement with previous exposure assessments based solely on food contamination demonstrating the relevance of our approach to reconstruct accurately the exposure and to fill in data gaps on exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Ulaszewska
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie, Parc Alata BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Slamecka J, Capcarova M, Jurcik R, Kolesarova A, Ondruska L, Gasparik J, Lukac N, Mertin D. The occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated hydrocarbons in brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in south-western Slovakia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:1217-1223. [PMID: 22540643 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.672068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at obtaining the data on the occurrence, levels and correlations of organic pollutants present in game animals (n = 75, Brown hare, Lepus europaeus Pall.) in the region of south-western Slovakia. The analyses performed included dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorobenzen (HCB), alpha- and beta hexachlorocyclohexane (α+β-HCH), gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-delor, commercial mixture of PCB congeners). A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector was used for the analysis. PCB-delor and DDT were accumulated significantly in the highest level (0.105 ± 0.059 mg/kg; 0.070 mg/kg) in depot fat in brown hares; however maximum permissible limits for the observed pollutants were not exceeded. Significantly higher concentrations of DDT, HCB, γ-HCH, and PCB-delor were found in adult animals when compared with juvenile hares. Gender and season had no effect on the accumulation of observed pollutants. Moderately positive correlation was found between PCB-delor and DDT (r = 0.59). Monitoring of environmental pollution with polychlorinated hydrocarbons is important with regard to public health, as game animals constitute an important part of food chain also for humans.
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40
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Sampling and analytical framework for routine environmental monitoring of organic pollutants. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Long M, Bossi R, Ayotte P, Asmund G, Krüger T, Ghisari M, Mulvad G, Kern P, Nzulumiki P, Dewailly E. Perfluorinated compounds are related to breast cancer risk in Greenlandic Inuit: a case control study. Environ Health 2011; 10:88. [PMID: 21978366 PMCID: PMC3203030 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer for women in the western world. From very few cases an extraordinary increase in BC was observed in the Inuit population of Greenland and Canada although still lower than in western populations. Previous data suggest that exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) might contribute to the risk of BC. Rat studies showed that perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) cause significantly increase in mammary fibroadenomas. This study aimed at evaluating the association between serum levels of POPs/PFCs in Greenlandic Inuit BC cases and their controls, and whether the combined POP related effect on nuclear hormone receptors affect BC risk. METHODS Thirty-one BC cases and 115 controls were sampled during 2000-2003 from various Greenlandic districts. The serum levels of POPs, PFCs, some metals and the combined serum POP related effect on estrogen- (ER), androgen- (AR) and Ah-receptor (AhR) transactivity were determined. Independent student t-test was used to compare the differences and the odds ratios were estimated by unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS We observed for the very first time a significant association between serum PFC levels and the risk of BC. The BC cases also showed a significantly higher concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls at the highest quartile. Also for the combined serum POP induced agonistic AR transactivity significant association to BC risk was found, and cases elicited a higher frequency of samples with significant POP related hormone-like agonistic ER transactivity. The AhR toxic equivalent was lowest in cases. CONCLUSIONS The level of serum POPs, particularly PFCs, might be risk factors in the development of BC in Inuit. Hormone disruption by the combined serum POP related xenoestrogenic and xenoandrogenic activities may contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer in Inuit. Further investigations are needed to document these study conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Bonefeld-Jorgensen
- Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gert Asmund
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Tanja Krüger
- Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Mandana Ghisari
- Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Peder Kern
- Dronning Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk Greenland
| | | | - Eric Dewailly
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Weijs L, Covaci A, Yang RS, Das K, Blust R. A non-invasive approach to study lifetime exposure and bioaccumulation of PCBs in protected marine mammals: PBPK modeling in harbor porpoises. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biomonitoring Equivalents for 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenylether (PBDE-99). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jusko TA, De Roos AJ, Schwartz SM, Lawrence BP, Palkovicova L, Nemessanyi T, Drobna B, Fabisikova A, Kocan A, Jahnova E, Kavanagh TJ, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I. Maternal and early postnatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in relation to total serum immunoglobulin concentrations in 6-month-old infants. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:95-100. [PMID: 21299357 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.549096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal data indicate that developmental tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure alters immune function; however, the potential immunotoxicity of dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the developing infant is an understudied area. The aim of the current study is to examine the association between maternal and early postnatal PCB concentrations in relation to total infant serum immunoglobulin concentrations determined at 6-months-of-age. We selected 384 mother-infant pairs participating in a birth cohort study in Eastern Slovakia. PCB concentrations of several congeners were determined in maternal and cord serum samples and in infant serum samples collected at 6-months-of-age using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Total immunoglobulin (Ig) G, A, and M concentrations were determined by nephelometry, and IgE concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Linear regression models with adjustment for potential confounding factors were used to estimate the associations between maternal, cord, and 6-month infant PCB concentrations and total serum immunoglobulins. The median maternal serum concentration of PCB-153 was 140?ng/g lipid, ?10-fold higher than concentrations in childbearing-age women in the United States during the same period. Maternal, cord, or 6-month infant PCB concentrations were not associated with total serum immunoglobulin levels at 6 months, regardless of the timing of PCB exposure, PCB congener, or specific immunoglobulin. In this population, which has high PCB concentrations relative to most populations in the world today, we did not observe any association between maternal and early postnatal PCB concentrations and total immunoglobulin measures of IgG, IgA, IgM, or IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Jusko
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709-2233, USA.
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Gallo MV, Schell LM, DeCaprio AP, Jacobs A. Levels of persistent organic pollutant and their predictors among young adults. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1374-82. [PMID: 21458024 PMCID: PMC3095889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDE), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) continues to be of concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and high persistence. Current toxicant body burden is still a primary concern within the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation since other studies conducted within the community have shown relationships between these POPs and endocrine disruption. In this article we describe the levels of these toxicants in young adults of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation between the ages of 17 and 21 years of age (mean age 18.1 years), and investigate potential influences of their current body burden. Seventeen congeners in fourteen chromatographic peaks were detected in 50% or more of the individuals sampled (geometric mean [GM] of the sum of these congeners=0.43 ppb). Congeners 118, 138[+163+164] and 153 had the highest rate of detection (≥98%) within the Akwesasne young adults. Of the other organochlorines, HCB (GM=0.04 ppb) and p,p'-DDE (GM=0.38 ppb) were found in 100% and 99% of the sample respectively. Significantly higher levels of PCBs were found among individuals who were breastfed as infants, were first born, or had consumed local fish within the past year. When compared to levels of p,p'-DDE, HCB, and 13 specific congeners reported by the CDC for youth between the ages of 12 and 19 years, the geometric means of several congeners (CBs 99, 105, 110, and 118) among the Akwesasne were higher than the reported CDC 90th percentile. In contrast, levels of CB 28 in Akwesasne young adults were ~50% or less than those of the CDC cohort. p,p'-DDE and HCB levels were generally higher in the CDC cohort (GM of 0.516 and 0.065 ppb, respectively for Mohawks vs. 2.51 and 0.123, respectively, for CDC). Concentrations of non-persistent PCBs among this sample of Akwesasne young adults were higher than those reported by the CDC suggesting continued exposure, but lower than those associated with severe contamination. Additional research into the concentration trends of individual PCB congeners within Akwesasne youth and young adults is warranted to further improve our insight into the determinants and influences of organochlorine concentrations within members of the Akwesasne community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia V Gallo
- University at Albany, Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, A&S 237, Albany, NY, United States.
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Rocheleau CM, Bertke SJ, Deddens JA, Ruder AM, Lawson CC, Waters MA, Hopf NB, Riggs MA, Whelan EA. Maternal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and the secondary sex ratio: an occupational cohort study. Environ Health 2011; 10:20. [PMID: 21418576 PMCID: PMC3070618 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though commercial production of polychlorinated biphenyls was banned in the United States in 1977, exposure continues due to their environmental persistence. Several studies have examined the association between environmental polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and modulations of the secondary sex ratio, with conflicting results. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the association between maternal preconceptional occupational polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and the secondary sex ratio. METHODS We examined primipara singleton births of 2595 women, who worked in three capacitor plants at least one year during the period polychlorinated biphenyls were used. Cumulative estimated maternal occupational polychlorinated biphenyl exposure at the time of the infant's conception was calculated from plant-specific job-exposure matrices. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between maternal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and male sex at birth (yes/no). RESULTS Maternal body mass index at age 20, smoking status, and race did not vary between those occupationally exposed and those unexposed before the child's conception. Polychlorinated biphenyl-exposed mothers were, however, more likely to have used oral contraceptives and to have been older at the birth of their first child than non-occupationally exposed women. Among 1506 infants liveborn to polychlorinated biphenyl-exposed primiparous women, 49.8% were male; compared to 49.9% among those not exposed (n = 1089). Multivariate analyses controlling for mother's age and year of birth found no significant association between the odds of a male birth and mother's cumulative estimated polychlorinated biphenyl exposure to time of conception. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, we find no evidence of altered sex ratio among children born to primiparous polychlorinated biphenyl-exposed female workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Rocheleau
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Mathematical Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James A Deddens
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Mathematical Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Avima M Ruder
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina C Lawson
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Martha A Waters
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Applied Research and Technology; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail/Institute for Work and Health (IST), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margaret A Riggs
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Coordinating Office for Terrorism, Preparedness and Emergency Response (Kentucky Department for Public Health); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Whelan
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Ritter R, Scheringer M, MacLeod M, Moeckel C, Jones KC, Hungerbühler K. Intrinsic human elimination half-lives of polychlorinated biphenyls derived from the temporal evolution of cross-sectional biomonitoring data from the United Kingdom. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:225-31. [PMID: 20934951 PMCID: PMC3040610 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most empirical estimates of human elimination kinetics for persistent chemicals reflect apparent elimination half-lives that represent the aggregated effect of intrinsic elimination, ongoing exposure, and changes in body weight. However, estimates of intrinsic elimination at background levels are required for risk assessments for the general population. OBJECTIVE To estimate intrinsic human elimination half-lives at background levels for nine polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, we used a novel approach based on population data. METHODS We used a population pharmacokinetic model to interpret two sets of congener-specific cross-sectional age-concentration biomonitoring data of PCB concentrations measured in lipid and blood samples that were collected from 229 individuals in 1990 and 2003. Our method is novel because it exploits information about changes in concentration in the human population along two dimensions: age and calendar time. RESULTS Our approach extracted information about both elimination kinetics and exposure trends from biomonitoring data. The longest intrinsic human elimination half-lives estimated in this study are 15.5 years for PCB-170, 14.4 years for PCB-153, and 11.5 years for PCB-180. CONCLUSIONS Our results are further evidence that a maximum intrinsic elimination half-life for persistent chemicals such as PCBs exists and is approximately 10-15 years. A clear conceptual distinction between apparent and intrinsic half-lives is required to reduce the uncertainty in elimination half-lives of persistent chemicals. The method presented here estimates intrinsic elimination half-lives and the exposure trends of persistent pollutants using cross-sectional data available from a large and growing number of biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ritter
- Safety and Environmental Technology Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Safety and Environmental Technology Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to M. Scheringer, Safety and Environmental Technology Group, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Telephone: 41-44-6323062. Fax: 41-44-6321189. E-mail:
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Safety and Environmental Technology Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Moeckel
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Pontillo CA, García MA, Peña D, Cocca C, Chiappini F, Alvarez L, Kleiman de Pisarev D, Randi AS. Activation of c-Src/HER1/STAT5b and HER1/ERK1/2 signaling pathways and cell migration by hexachlorobenzene in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120:284-96. [PMID: 21205633 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a widespread environmental pollutant. It is a dioxin-like compound and a weak ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein. HCB is a tumor cocarcinogen in rat mammary gland and an inducer of cell proliferation and c-Src kinase activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This study was carried out to investigate HCB action on c-Src and the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1) activities and their downstream signaling pathways, Akt, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 5b, as well as on cell migration in a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. We also investigated whether the AhR is involved in HCB-induced effects. We have demonstrated that HCB (0.05μM) produces an early increase of Y416-c-Src, Y845-HER1, Y699-STAT5b, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, our results have shown that the pesticide (15 min) activates these pathways in a dose-dependent manner (0.005, 0.05, 0.5, and 5μM). In contrast, HCB does not alter T308-Akt activation. Pretreatment with a specific inhibitor for c-Src (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl) pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine [PP2]) prevents Y845-HER1 and Y699-STAT5b phosphorylation. AG1478, a specific HER1 inhibitor, abrogates HCB-induced STAT5b and ERK1/2 activation, whereas 4,7-orthophenanthroline and α-naphthoflavone, two AhR antagonists, prevent HCB-induced STAT5b and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. HCB enhances cell migration evaluated by scratch motility and transwell assays. Pretreatment with PP2, AG1478, and 4,7-orthophenanthroline suppresses HCB-induced cell migration. These results demonstrate that HCB stimulates c-Src/HER1/STAT5b and HER1/ERK1/2 signaling pathways in MDA-MB-231. c-Src, HER1, and AhR are involved in HCB-induced increase in cell migration. The present study makes a significant contribution to the molecular mechanism of action of HCB in mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Pontillo
- Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Verner MA, Bachelet D, McDougall R, Charbonneau M, Guénel P, Haddad S. A Case Study Addressing the Reliability of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels Measured at the Time of Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Representing Early-Life Exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 20:281-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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50
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Weijs L, Yang RSH, Covaci A, Das K, Blust R. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for lifetime exposure to PCB 153 in male and female harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): model development and evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7023-7030. [PMID: 20718467 DOI: 10.1021/es101688h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were developed for the most persistent polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB 153) in male and female harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) to elucidate processes such as uptake, distribution, and elimination. Due to its limited metabolic capacities, long life span, and top position in marine food chains, this species is highly sensitive to pollution. The models consist of 5 compartments, liver, blubber, kidney, brain, and a compartment which accounts for the rest of the body, all connected through blood. All physiological and biochemical parameters were extracted from the literature, except for the brain/blood partition coefficient and rate of excretion, which were both fitted to data sets used for validation of the models. These data sets were compiled from our own analyses performed with GC-MS on tissue samples of harbor porpoises. The intake of PCB 153 was from milk from birth to 4 months, and after weaning fish was the main food source. Overall, these models reveal that concentrations of PCB 153 in males increase with age but suggest that, as the animals grow older, metabolic transformation can be a possible pathway for elimination as well. In contrast, the model for females confirms that gestation and lactation are key processes for eliminating PCB 153 as body burdens decrease with age. These PBPK models are capable of simulating the bioaccumulation of PCB 153 during the entire life span of approximately 20 years of the harbor porpoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Weijs
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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