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Nigro SC, Gernant SA, Csere M, Sobieraj DM. Determining preceptor perceptions of APPE readiness through the use of entrustable professional activities. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2023; 15:956-960. [PMID: 37718222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy programs are required to demonstrate that students are advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) ready, but neither a professionally recognized definition of nor a consistent approach to assess APPE readiness exists. METHODS APPE preceptors were surveyed about the relationship of EPAs to APPE readiness in three domains, including: (1) each EPA's relative importance, (2) indicators that a student is not ready to begin APPEs, and (3) each EPA's expected level of entrustment on the first day of the first APPE. We determined consensus of EPA importance and expected level of entrustment by adapting previously published thresholds. We analyzed the association between preceptor or practice setting characteristics with ranking of EPA importance. RESULTS Of the 431 preceptors queried, 31% responded. Ten EPAs, primarily those reflecting the first three steps of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process (PPCP), were identified as important with strong consensus. Ambulatory care preceptors placed higher importance on EPAs, primarily in the final steps of the PPCP and within the public health domain. Professionalism issues were most often cited as reasons for a lack of APPE readiness. There was considerable variability (weak or moderate consensus) in preceptors' expected level of entrustment per EPA. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacy programs can consider prioritizing EPAs in the domains of patient care and information master when developing APPE readiness plans; professionalism should also be emphasized. Further work is needed to better understand what level of entrustment preceptors expect of an APPE ready student.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Nigro
- Associate Clinical Professor, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Stephanie A Gernant
- Assistant Professor, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Molly Csere
- PharmD Candidate, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Diana M Sobieraj
- Director of Assessment and Associate Professor, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 N Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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Watanabe AH, Veettil SK, Le LM, Bald E, Tak C, Chaiyakunapruk N. Clinical and economic implications of increasing access to herpes zoster vaccination rate in community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:1530-1538. [PMID: 37207710 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A community pharmacist plays an important role in providing vaccination to the general public in the United States. No economic models have been used to assess the impact of these services on public health and economic benefits. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the clinical and economic implications of community pharmacy-based herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination services with a hypothetical scenario of nonpharmacy-based vaccination in the State of Utah. METHODS A hybrid model of decision tree and Markov models was used to estimate lifetime cost and health outcomes. This open-cohort model was populated based on Utah population statistics and included a population of 50 years and older who were eligible for HZ vaccination between the years 2010 and 2020. Data were derived from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Utah Immunization Coverage Report, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the CDC National Health Interview Survey, and existing literature. The analysis was performed from a societal perspective. A lifetime time horizon was used. The primary outcomes were the number of vaccination cases increased and the number of shingles and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) cases averted. Total costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were also estimated. RESULTS Based on a cohort of 853,550 people eligible for HZ vaccination in Utah, an additional 11,576 individuals were vaccinated in the community pharmacy-based scenario compared with the nonpharmacy-based vaccination, resulting in 706 averted cases of shingles and 143 averted cases of PHN. Community pharmacy-based HZ vaccination was less costly (-$131,894) and gained more QALYs (52.2) compared with the nonpharmacy-based vaccination. A series of sensitivity analyses showed that the findings were robust. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacy-based HZ vaccination was less costly and gained more QALYs and was associated with improved other clinical outcomes in the State of Utah. This study might be used as a model for future evaluations of other community pharmacy-based vaccination programs in the United States.
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Sakr F, Dabbous M, Rahal M, Salameh P, Akel M. Challenges and opportunities to provide immunization services: Analysis of data from a cross-sectional study on a sample of pharmacists in a developing country. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1206. [PMID: 37064320 PMCID: PMC10098443 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Vaccine-preventable illnesses continue to be a global health concern as immunization coverage remains below its targets. National plans emphasize on the essential role of multidisciplinary efforts and approaches to vaccination programs. Pharmacists are globally getting involved in immunization services as important members of the healthcare team. This study aimed to determine barriers, and assess challenges and possible opportunities to provide immunization in the Lebanese pharmacy practice. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that included pharmacists from all over Lebanon, as part of a national research to assess the role of pharmacists as immunizers. All registered pharmacists in Lebanon practicing in community, hospital, or other clinical settings were considered eligible for participation. A web-based self-administered validated questionnaire, which is initially developed by the American Pharmacists Association, was adapted with permission. Results A total of 315 pharmacists responded to the survey. Only 23.1% declared completing an immunization training program. Over half of pharmacists (58.4%) administer vaccines to patients. A significant association between lack of support from physicians to pharmacists (adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 2.099, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.290-3.414, p = 0.003) and vaccine administration was found, while cost associated with professional development and additional training (ORa = 0.533, 95% CI = 0.287-0.989, p = 0.046) was inversely associated to it. Logistic, financial, and legislative requirements as essential necessities were determined to successfully expand pharmacist-led immunization services. Conclusions The major barriers and challenges to vaccine administration by pharmacists comprised a lack of physicians' support and expenses associated with professional development and additional training. Pharmacists administer more vaccination despite lack of support from physicians; whereas they administer less vaccination due to cost associated with professional development and further training. The scope of pharmacy practice in Lebanon is not well recognized by other healthcare providers and stakeholders to include immunization services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Sakr
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
- École Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Université Paris‐Est CréteilCréteilFrance
- UMR U955 INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris‐Est CréteilCréteilFrance
- INSPECT‐LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie‐Liban)BeirutLebanon
| | - Mariam Dabbous
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Mohamad Rahal
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT‐LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie‐Liban)BeirutLebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American UniversityByblosLebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese UniversityBeirutLebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population HealthUniversity of Nicosia Medical SchoolNicosiaCyprus
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
- INSPECT‐LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie‐Liban)BeirutLebanon
- School of Education, Lebanese International UniversityBeirutLebanon
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Weatherspoon DJ, Dye BA. Firmly establishing oral health care professionals' roles as vaccinators within the health care system. J Am Dent Assoc 2022; 153:925-928. [PMID: 35985882 PMCID: PMC9385764 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Le LM, Veettil SK, Donaldson D, Kategeaw W, Hutubessy R, Lambach P, Chaiyakunapruk N. The impact of pharmacist involvement on immunization uptake and other outcomes: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1499-1513.e16. [PMID: 35961937 PMCID: PMC9448680 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The underutilization of immunization services remains a big public health concern. Pharmacists can address this concern by playing an active role in immunization administration. Objective We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of pharmacist-involved interventions on immunization rates and other outcomes indirectly related to vaccine uptake. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to February 2022 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies in which pharmacists were involved in the immunization process. Studies were excluded if no comparator was reported. Two reviewers independently completed data extraction and bias assessments using standardized forms. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Results A total of 14 RCTs and 79 observational studies were included. Several types of immunizations were provided, including influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, Tdap, and others in a variety of settings (community pharmacy, hospital, clinic, others). Pooled analyses from RCTs indicated that a pharmacist as immunizer (risk ratio 1.14 [95% CI 1.12–1.15]), advocator (1.31 [1.17–1.48]), or both (1.14 [1.12–1.15]) significantly increased immunization rates compared with usual care or non–pharmacist-involved interventions. The quality of evidence was assessed as moderate or low for those meta-analyses. Evidence from observational studies was consistent with the results found in the analysis of the RCTs. Conclusion Pharmacist involvement as immunizer, advocator, or both roles has favorable effects on immunization uptake, especially with influenza vaccines in the United States and some high-income countries. As the practice of pharmacists in immunization has been expanded globally, further research on investigating the impact of pharmacist involvement in immunization in other countries, especially developing ones, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Correspondence: Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, PharmD, PhD, Professor. Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, 30 S 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.
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Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Vaccination Acceptance/Hesitancy among the Community Pharmacists of Palermo’s Province, Italy: From Influenza to COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030475. [PMID: 35335106 PMCID: PMC8949300 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, following the start of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign, community pharmacies (CPs) were recruited on a voluntary basis in order to administer COVID-19 vaccines as part of their activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention, and vaccine acceptance/hesitancy towards COVID-19 and influenza vaccinations among the community pharmacists operating in the Palermo Province. A cross-sectional study was conducted, with two different questionnaires administered before and after the conduction of the vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 at the COVID-19 vaccination center of the Palermo University Hospital (PUH). The baseline survey showed that 64% of community pharmacists (CPs) declared that they planned to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2, and 58% were vaccinated against influenza during the 2020/2021 season. Factors significantly associated with willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccination were confidence in vaccines (adjOR 1.76; CI 1.11–2.80), fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection (adjOR 1.50; CI 1.06–2.11), considering COVID-19 vaccination to be the best strategy to counteract SARS-CoV-2 (adjOR 1.79; CI 1.39–2.29), and adherence to influenza vaccination during the 2020/2021 season (adjOR 3.25; CI 2.23–4.25). The adherence among CPs of the Palermo Province to COVID-19 vaccination was 96.5%. From the post-vaccination survey, the main reasons for changing opinions on vaccination adherence were the introduction of mandatory vaccinations, fear of contracting COVID-19, and limitations on work activities in the case of vaccine refusal. The achievement of very high COVID-19 vaccination coverage rates among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in the present study was mainly due to the mandatory vaccination policies; nevertheless, a willingness for COVID-19 vaccination was relatively high among pharmacists before the beginning of the vaccination campaign. HCPs and CPs should receive training on vaccination, which is recommended in the national immunization plan and is also suggested by the respondents in our study, in order to routinely re-evaluate their own vaccination profiles, as well as those of their patients.
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Anderson JR, Gonzalez LDJ, Sarangarm P, Marshik PL, Hunter TS, Duran NL, Ray GM. Awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward community pharmacist clinical services: An analysis of data from 2004 and 2018. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:1364-1368. [PMID: 34996713 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe and compare the public's change in awareness and perceptions of, willingness to use, willingness to pay, and interest in insurance coverage for community pharmacist prescriptive authority services and point of care testing over a time span of 14 years. METHODS This was a retrospective review of anonymous questionnaires administered by student pharmacists in 2004 and in 2018. Questionnaires were administered to individuals who presented to University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy sponsored health fair screenings and at various community pharmacies throughout the state of New Mexico (NM). RESULTS In total, 545 (2004) and 659 (2017-2018) participants completed the questionnaire. Awareness of community pharmacist clinical services increased from 2004 to 2018. In 2018, awareness of newer prescriptive authority services provided by pharmacists in NM was low relative to the services assessed in previous years. Most respondents indicated a willingness to use and pay for pharmacist-provided clinical services and felt that pharmacists should receive compensation by their insurance for these services. Trust in pharmacist advice grew from 2004 to 2018. CONCLUSION Overall rates of awareness of community pharmacist clinical services were low with the exception of immunizations; however, most participants indicated interest in and willingness to use these services. Most participants believed pharmacists should receive reimbursement from insurance companies for clinical services and were also willing to pay a copay or out-of-pocket cost for these services.
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Toth JM, Nsiah I, Nair S, Ramachandran S. Association between a usual source of care and influenza vaccination rates among pregnant women. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 31:361-369. [PMID: 34888983 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pregnant women and infants less than 6 months of age have a higher risk of complications from influenza. Vaccination is recommended for pregnant women to decrease risk of infection and hospitalizations between both the women themselves and infants. However, vaccination rates remain low in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to determine the association between having a usual source of care and seasonal influenza vaccination rates among women who were pregnant between 2012 and 2016. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted using pooled data from the 2012-2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Frequencies of seasonal influenza vaccinations and other sociodemographic factors were estimated. A multivariable log-binomial regression model was used to examine the association between having a usual source of care and seasonal influenza vaccination rates. RESULTS The weighted influenza vaccination rate among pregnant women was 54.5%. About one third did not have a usual source of care. The adjusted prevalence ratio of receiving an influenza vaccine for pregnant women without a usual source of care was 0.76 (95% confidence interval = 0.60-0.98). The top three main reasons for not having a usual source of care were being seldom or never sick (55.7%), not having health insurance (10.6%), and having recently moved to an area (9.9%). CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women without a usual source of care had significantly lower probability of being vaccinated against seasonal influenza. Improving access to care through greater insurance coverage, addressing cost barriers, and providing patient education may help improve vaccination rates in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Toth
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Irene Nsiah
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sonam Nair
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.,ICON plc, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sujith Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
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Providing a sense of hope and relief during the pandemic. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8031469 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dudley MZ, Taitel MS, Smith-Ray R, Singh T, Limaye RJ, Salmon DA. Effect of educational and financial incentive-based interventions on immunization attitudes, beliefs, intentions and receipt among close contacts of pregnant women. Vaccine 2021; 39:961-967. [PMID: 33423837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocooning, the vaccination of close contacts of a newborn, is a strategy to limit the risk of pertussis and influenza infection among vulnerable infants. METHODS Pregnant women in Colorado and Georgia referred close contacts to an app that provided tailored educational videos about vaccines along with a small pharmacy-based financial incentive for vaccine receipt. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing this app-based cocooning intervention. RESULTS Two hundred seventy seven contacts were enrolled in this study. Of those who received the educational videos, 96% found them interesting, 100% found them clear to understand, 97% found them helpful, and 99% trusted them. Completion of the videos led to significant increases in influenza vaccine knowledge (p = 0.025), Tdap vaccine knowledge (p < 0.001), and intention to receive these vaccines (p = 0.046). Of the 136 participants who reported receiving influenza vaccine, 41 (30%) reported receiving it at a pharmacy, and of the 66 who reported receiving Tdap vaccine, 15 (23%) reported receiving it at a pharmacy. Of all participants, 80% reported being comfortable receiving vaccines at a pharmacy instead of a doctor's office. The provision of small pharmacy-based financial incentives combined with individually-tailored educational videos about vaccines led to 6.97 (95%CI: 2.25-21.64) times higher odds of self-reported receipt of influenza vaccine than providing small pharmacy-based financial incentives without these videos. No significant difference was found for Tdap vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Tailored vaccine education can positively impact vaccine knowledge and intentions among adults. An app-based referral program providing education and financial incentives for cocooning vaccination at pharmacies is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Dudley
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Michael S Taitel
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Renae Smith-Ray
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Tanya Singh
- Walgreens Center for Health and Wellbeing Research, Walgreen Company, 200 Wilmot Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Rupali J Limaye
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the roles that community pharmacists in the United States (US) can play to support public health measures during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic (COVID-19). Community pharmacists in the US are highly visible and accessible to the public and have long been regarded as a source for immunization services as well as other public health activities. In the US, the scope of pharmacy practice continues to expand and incorporate various health services on a state-by-state level. For the purposes of this article, a PubMed literature search was undertaken to identify published articles on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, pharmacist- and pharmacy-based immunization and other public health care activities in the US in order to identify and discuss roles that community pharmacists can play during this pandemic including as vaccinators, screeners and testers. In conclusion, community pharmacists are knowledgeable and capable providers of public health services and are easily accessible and well regarded by the public. The incorporation of community pharmacists into this nation's COVID-19 pandemic response plan can help aid recovery efforts in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hess
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 154155Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Albert Bach
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 154155Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly Won
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 154155Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sheila M Seed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 116695MCPHS University (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences), School of Pharmacy-Worcester/Manchester, Worcester, MA, USA
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Influenza vaccination coverage at community pharmacies: Positioning, needs, expectations and involvement of community pharmacists in the Franche-Comté region. Infect Dis Now 2020; 51:285-289. [PMID: 33075402 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza vaccination coverage currently remains below the 75% recommended threshold by the World Health Organization. To correct this situation, experiments have been successively carried out in France to enable community pharmacists to vaccinate at-risk populations. In this context, a study was conducted with pharmacists from the French Franche-Comté region to evaluate their positioning, needs and expectations regarding influenza vaccination at community pharmacies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was created and sent to licensed pharmacists in March of 2018. This consisted of 4 parts: characteristics of the community pharmacy; positioning of the pharmacist regarding vaccinations carried out at the pharmacy; training needs and expectations; and willingness to implement vaccinations. RESULTS The participation rate in this survey was 32% (137/427). More than 90% of the pharmacists agreed that community pharmacies' assets were adequate for the implementation of these vaccinations (accessibility and availability), although 52% considered this complicated. Their main fears were reluctance from patients and conflicts of interest with other health professionals authorized to vaccinate (58%). The needs and expectations regarding pharmacy student training were essential for 94% of them as well as continuous training of practicing pharmacists (96%). The willingness of pharmacists to vaccinate stemmed from the fact that influenza vaccination coverage would increase for at-risk subjects (36%). CONCLUSION This survey allowed us to assess the favorable positioning and the real interest of pharmacists from Franche-Comté regarding the influenza vaccination done at community pharmacies, given the proviso that they were given relevant training and allocated adequate resources.
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Page A, Harrison A, Nadpara P, Goode JVR. Pharmacist impact on pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination rates in patients with diabetes in a national grocery chain pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:S51-S55.e1. [PMID: 32192948 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of pharmacist education and intervention on pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) vaccination rates in patients with diabetes in a national grocery chain pharmacy and assess patient awareness and barriers to receiving the PPSV23 vaccine. METHODS Prospective interventional 4-month study in 3 grocery chain pharmacies targeted patients aged between 19 years and 64 years who filled a medication for diabetes 90 days before the study period. Immunization status was verified with pharmacy records and the Virginia Immunization Information System. A note was added to the profile of patients who did not have a record of PPSV23 immunization to alert the pharmacist to provide patient education about the vaccine the next time the patient presented to the pharmacy. Patients who received education either accepted or declined the recommendation for the vaccine and completed a voluntary survey assessing awareness and barriers to receiving the vaccine. Vaccination rates were calculated before and after pharmacist intervention. RESULTS Pharmacists provided education to 126 out of the 321 patients potentially eligible to receive the vaccine. For patients receiving the intervention, 51 patients were excluded, 7 patients refused the survey, and 68 patients completed the survey. Twelve patients accepted the pharmacist's recommendation to receive the vaccine. Of patients who completed the survey, 83.6% had type 2 diabetes, 61.8% were men, 77.9% were Caucasian, and the mean age was 51.5 years. More than one-half of the patients (54%) were not aware of the recommendation to receive the PPSV23 vaccine, and 46% of patients wanted to discuss it with their primary care provider. The PPSV23 vaccination rate was 28.6% before pharmacist education and increased to 31.8% after intervention. CONCLUSION Pharmacist education increased PPSV23 vaccination rates at the pharmacy, and the primary barrier identified for patients receiving the vaccine was that the patients wanted to discuss the recommendation with their provider.
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Stewart-Lynch AL, Albert B, Bryan C, Graveno M, Roper RI, Schneider S, Thomas C, Covvey JR. The impact of clinical pharmacy services on pneumococcal vaccine frequency and appropriateness in a family medicine clinic. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:362-367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Omecene NE, Patterson JA, Bucheit JD, Anderson AN, Rogers D, Goode JV, Caldas LM. Implementation of pharmacist-administered pediatric vaccines in the United States: major barriers and potential solutions for the outpatient setting. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1581. [PMID: 31275506 PMCID: PMC6594428 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.2.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Omecene
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Julie A Patterson
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - John D Bucheit
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Apryl N Anderson
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Danielle Rogers
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Jean V Goode
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
| | - Lauren M Caldas
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA (United States).
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Isenor JE, Slayter KL, Halperin DM, Mcneil SA, Bowles SK. Pharmacists' immunization experiences, beliefs, and attitudes in New Brunswick, Canada. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 16:1310. [PMID: 30637033 PMCID: PMC6322983 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2018.04.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The expansion of pharmacist scope of practice to include provision of
immunizations has occurred or is being considered in various countries.
There are limited data evaluating the experiences of Canadian pharmacists in
their role as immunizers. Objective: To describe the experiences of pharmacists in the Canadian province of New
Brunswick as immunizers, including vaccines administered and perceived
barriers and facilitators to providing immunizations. Methods: An anonymous, self-administered, web-based questionnaire was offered via
email by the New Brunswick Pharmacists’ Association to all its
members. The survey tool was adapted, with permission, from a tool
previously used by the American Pharmacists Association and validated using
content validity and test-retest reproducibility. Pharmacist reported
immunization activities and perceived facilitators and barriers to providing
immunization services were assessed. Results: Responses from 168 (response rate of 26%) were evaluable.
Approximately 90% of respondents worked in community practice full
time, 65% were female and 44% were practicing for 20 or more
years. Greater than 75% reported administering: hepatitis A and B,
influenza, and zoster vaccines. The majority of respondents felt fully
accepted (agreed or strongly agreed) as immunization providers by patients,
local physicians, and the provincial health department (97%,
70%, and 78%, respectively). Most commonly reported barriers
were: lack of a universally funded influenza immunization program,
insufficient staffing and space, and concerns around reimbursement for
services. Conclusions: Pharmacists in New Brunswick, Canada are actively participating in the
provision of a variety of immunizations and felt fully supported by patients
and other healthcare providers. Barriers identified may provide insight to
other jurisdictions considering expanding the role of pharmacists as
immunizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Isenor
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University. Halifax (Canada).
| | - Kathryn L Slayter
- Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University. Halifax (Canada).
| | - Donna M Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University; & Elizabeth and Thomas Rankin School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University. Antigonish (Canada).
| | - Shelly A Mcneil
- Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University. Halifax (Canada).
| | - Susan K Bowles
- Department of Pharmacy, Nova Scotia Health Authority; & College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre and Nova Scotia Health Authority, Dalhousie University. Halifax (Canada).
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Meyers R, Weilnau J, Holmes A, Girotto JE. Position Paper: Pharmacists and Childhood Vaccines. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2018; 23:343-346. [PMID: 30181727 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-23.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination rates of children in the United States remain below the target coverage levels identified in the Healthy People 2020 objectives. Given the success of pharmacists in providing adult vaccinations and the accessibility of pharmacists to the public, expanding pharmacists' authority to vaccinate children may improve vaccination rates of children, particularly in key disease states. This article serves as a Position Statement of the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group (PPAG), who supports the expansion of pharmacists' authority to vaccinate children. PPAG also believes that increased use of state vaccination registries by pharmacists will help improve communication and documentation of vaccines between providers. PPAG also recommends that continued education and maintaining current knowledge of vaccines and vaccine schedules are vital for pharmacist immunizers. Finally, PPAG believes that pharmacists should be advocates for childhood vaccinations.
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Lynch SE, Griffin BL, Vest KM. Assessment of a simulated contraceptive prescribing activity for pharmacy students. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:178-184. [PMID: 29706273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of the pharmacist has been shifting rapidly. One example of change is the passage of legislation allowing pharmacists to independently initiate self-administered hormonal contraceptives in several states. There is no evidence of this specific topic being covered in pharmacy school curricula, and many states are requiring additional post-graduate training. This activity was designed to determine the utility of a contraceptive prescribing simulation activity for pharmacy students. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Pharmacy students enrolled in a women's health elective learned about relevant state legislation and attended a clinical skills center simulation activity where they utilized an available prescribing algorithm. Students completed two scenarios and received grades based on their clinical decision-making and patient interaction skills. An electronic survey was distributed post-activity to assess student satisfaction and confidence when prescribing contraceptives. Responses and grades on the assignment were analyzed to determine the activity's utility. FINDINGS Students finished with median scores of 15, 14.8, and 14.5 out of 15 possible points for the three scenarios. Students reported overall satisfaction with the activity, with general agreement that the activity was realistic and made them feel like they were prepared to prescribe contraceptives. SUMMARY Independently initiating contraceptives is a novel practice area for pharmacists. This activity introduced students to the process of prescribing using realistic forms and scenarios. The utility of the activity was twofold - it introduced students to the changing environment of pharmacy practice and allowed students to apply their knowledge of contraceptives and women's health. Students performed well on the activity and reported high levels of satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lynch
- Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13905, United States.
| | - Brooke L Griffin
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
| | - Kathleen M Vest
- Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
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Beresford SE, Crawshaw JP, Bowles SK, Isenor JE. The impact of pharmacists as immunizers in Collaborative cOmmunity Offsite Pharmacy Practice (CO-OPP Phase 1). Can Pharm J (Ott) 2018; 151:29-32. [PMID: 29317934 DOI: 10.1177/1715163517742163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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MacDougall D, Halperin BA, Isenor J, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Li L, McNeil SA, Langley JM, Halperin SA. Routine immunization of adults by pharmacists: Attitudes and beliefs of the Canadian public and health care providers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:623-31. [PMID: 26810485 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1093714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine coverage among adults for recommended vaccines is generally low. In Canada and the US, pharmacists are increasingly becoming involved in the administration of vaccines to adults. This study measured the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of Canadian adults and health care providers regarding pharmacists as immunizers. Geographically representative samples of Canadian adults (n = 4023) and health care providers (n = 1167) were surveyed, and 8 focus groups each were conducted nationwide with adults and health care providers. Provision of vaccines by pharmacists was supported by 64.6% of the public, 82.3% of pharmacists, 57.4% of nurses, and 38.9% of physicians; 45.7% of physicians opposed pharmacist-delivered vaccination. Pharmacists were considered a trusted source of vaccination information by 75.0% of the public, exceeding public health officials (68.3%) and exceeded only by doctors and nurses (89.2%). Public concerns about vaccination in pharmacies centered on safety (management of adverse events), record keeping (ensuring their family physician was informed), and cost (should be no more expensive than vaccination at public health or physicians' offices). Concerns about the logistics of vaccination delivery were expressed more frequently in regions where pharmacists were not yet immunizing than in jurisdictions with existing pharmacist vaccination programs. These results suggest that the expansion of pharmacists' scope of practice to include delivery of adult vaccinations is generally accepted by Canadian health care providers and the public. Acceptance of this expanded scope of pharmacist practice may contribute to improvements in vaccine coverage rates by improving vaccine accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D MacDougall
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,b School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University , Antigonish , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - B A Halperin
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,c School of Nursing, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,d Department of Pediatrics , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - J Isenor
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,e College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - D MacKinnon-Cameron
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - L Li
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - S A McNeil
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,f Department of Medicine , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - J M Langley
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,d Department of Pediatrics , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,g Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - S A Halperin
- a Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,d Department of Pediatrics , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada.,h Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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The impact of pharmacist immunization programs on adult immunization rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 56:418-26. [PMID: 27450138 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the impact that pharmacist immunization programs have on immunization rates. DATA SOURCES Pubmed, Ovid/Medline, and Google Scholar were searched. References were checked and citation searches using identified studies conducted. STUDY SELECTION Studies were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis if the study compared pharmacist as immunizer versus usual care. Any study design that involved a comparison group was acceptable. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted by 2 investigators independently with the use of a standardized data extraction form; any differences were resolved by consensus. RESULTS A total of 8 studies with 11 study arms met inclusion criteria. A wide variety of immunizations were provided, including influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal, Tdap, hepatitis A and B, MMR, varicella, meningococcal, and human papillomavirus. Immunizations were provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, single community sites, multiple sites, and a university. The overall risk ratio (RR) for immunizations was 2.95 (P <0.001) but varied substantially based on type of vaccine administered (heterogeneity: I(2) = 93.28%). For influenza, the RR was 2.23 (P <0.001), for herpes RR was 4.78 (P <0.001), and for other vaccines RR was 3.44 (P <0.001). The RR for comparisons by type of vaccine and sample size was significant (P = 0.010 and P <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Pharmacist immunization programs can have a substantial impact on immunization rates, but the impact varied widely. Widespread implementation of pharmacist immunization programs that include an advocacy component could help in the reaching of Healthy People 2020 immunization goals.
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Schmit CD, Penn MS. Expanding state laws and a growing role for pharmacists in vaccination services. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:661-669. [PMID: 28807659 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gaps in vaccination coverage leave populations vulnerable to illnesses. Since the 1990s, there has been a growing movement to improve vaccination access by giving pharmacists the authority to administer vaccines according to state laws. Understanding the variation of pharmacist vaccination laws over time is critical to understanding the effect of improving access to vaccination services. METHODS We identified relevant statutes and regulations with the use of Westlaw legal databases. A 4-stage coding process identified 220 legal variables of pharmacist vaccination authority. Each jurisdiction's laws were coded against these 220 legal variables. The resulting legal dataset was then evaluated to determine whether jurisdictions expanded or restricted pharmacist vaccination authorities over time. RESULTS From 1971 to 2016, jurisdictions made 627 changes to statutes and regulations relating to pharmacist vaccination authority. There were 85 expansions, 3 restrictions, and 22 regulatory clarifications. Eight changes were deemed to be unclear, and 479 changes did not substantively alter the scope of pharmacist vaccination authority. CONCLUSION Collectively, the laws in 50 states and DC paint a clear picture: the scope of pharmacists' vaccination authority is expanding. Jurisdictions are allowing pharmacists to administer more vaccines to younger patients with less direct prescriber oversight. This clear expansion of pharmacist vaccination authority stands in contrast to the reservations expressed by some physician groups for pharmacists as vaccination providers. However, laws in some states still do not permit pharmacists to vaccinate according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations.
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Fava JP, Colleran J, Bignasci F, Cha R, Kilgore PE. Adolescent human papillomavirus vaccination in the United States: Opportunities for integrating pharmacies into the immunization neighborhood. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1844-1855. [PMID: 28605256 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1325980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination faces several barriers, including a social stigma which carries religious and philosophical implications among parents of adolescents as well as young adults. Hundreds of immunization interventions and programs have been developed to address these factors and boost HPV vaccination rates in the United States. We sought to review the existing literature highlighting barriers to HPV immunization, as well as programs targeting increased HPV vaccine uptake in effort to develop novel vaccination initiatives. The most impactful barriers identified were parental stigma and low quality of provider recommendations for the vaccine. Despite the implementation of many HPV initiatives, outcomes of these programs are largely limited to modest improvements in vaccine uptake in small, homogeneous populations. We describe pharmacies as distinctly advantageous but underutilized resources within the immunization neighborhood and propose a novel concept to improve vaccination rates as well as reduce HPV-related disease burden in all demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Fava
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Jacob Colleran
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Francesca Bignasci
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Raymond Cha
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Paul E Kilgore
- a Department of Pharmacy Practice , Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit , MI , USA
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Rhodes LA, Branham AR, Dalton EE, Moose JS, Marciniak MW. Implementation of a vaccine screening program at an independent community pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2017; 57:222-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Influenza vaccination for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Implications for pharmacists. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:162-169. [PMID: 28533080 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. Specific populations are at higher risk for exacerbations from influenza virus, such as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Influenza vaccination coverage among COPD patients is low. Pharmacists can improve influenza vaccination among COPD patients by recognizing factors that influence vaccination and addressing these factors. OBJECTIVES To (1) determine the recent influenza vaccination coverage among patients with COPD, (2) identify factors that were associated with immunization, and (3) interpret the results based upon Andersen's healthcare utilization model. METHODS The 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) was accessed for the study. Among respondents age ≥ 25 years with COPD, presence of influenza vaccination was captured along with demographic, provider, insurance, and clinical variables. Weighted multiple logistic regression was used to identify significant factors associated with receiving influenza vaccination. The findings were interpreted according to predisposing, enabling, and need factors relevant to Anderson's model. RESULTS Influenza vaccination rate was 53% among COPD patients. Older age was a significant predisposing factor that increased vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4; 95% CI:2.02-2.88). Predisposing factors that decreased vaccination were being Black or Hispanic (AOR = 0.72, 95% CI:0.59-0.86, and AOR = 0.78, 95% CI:0.61-0.98 respectively), and being a non smoker (former and never smokers had higher vaccination rates [AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.3-1.72, and AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19-1.55 respectively]). Significant enabling factors included having health insurance (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.37-2.06), a primary physician (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.30-2.02), and the ability to see a physician regardless of cost (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.17-1.52). Significant need factors included the presence of comorbidities such as asthma (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.1-1.3), or diabetes (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.20-1.53), activity limitation (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04-1.29), and having the last medical checkup within less than one year (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.31-1.70). CONCLUSION Influenza vaccination coverage among COPD patients is far below the Healthy People 2020 national goal. Several predisposing, enabling, and need factors influenced vaccination rate among COPD patients. Pharmacists can improve vaccination rate among COPD patients by recognizing these influencing factors and by acting as advocates, counselors, and administrators of influenza vaccine. Ultimately, with the collaborative efforts of other healthcare providers and public health initiatives, pharmacists can help achieve Healthy People 2020 objectives related to influenza vaccination.
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Isenor JE, Edwards NT, Alia TA, Slayter KL, MacDougall DM, McNeil SA, Bowles SK. Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on vaccination rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2016; 34:5708-5723. [PMID: 27765379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underutilization of vaccination programs remains a significant public health concern. Pharmacists serve as educators, facilitators, and in some jurisdictions, as administrators of vaccines. Though pharmacists have been involved with immunizations in various ways for many years, there has yet to be a systematic review assessing the impact of pharmacists as immunizers in these three roles. OBJECTIVE To complete a systematic review of the literature on the impact of pharmacists as educators, facilitators, and administrators of vaccines on immunization rates. METHODS We identified 2825 articles searching the following databases from inception until October 2015: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google Scholar. Grey literature was identified through use of the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health "Grey Matters" search tool. Content from relevant journals and references of included studies were also searched. Inclusion criteria were clinical or epidemiologic studies in which pharmacists were involved in the immunization process. Studies were excluded if no comparator was reported. Two reviewers independently completed data extraction and bias assessments using standardized forms. RESULTS Thirty-six studies were included in the review, 22 assessed the role of pharmacists as educators and/or facilitators and 14 assessed their role as administrators of vaccines. All studies reviewed found an increase in vaccine coverage when pharmacists were involved in the immunization process, regardless of role (educator, facilitator, administrator) or vaccine administered (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal), when compared to vaccine provision by traditional providers without pharmacist involvement. Limitations of the results include the large number of non-randomized trials and the heterogeneity between study designs. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacist involvement in immunization, whether as educators, facilitators, or administrators of vaccines, resulted in increased uptake of immunizations. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42013005067.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Isenor
- College of Pharmacy, 5968 College St, PO Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, 5850/5980 University Ave, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, 1459 Oxford St, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - N T Edwards
- College of Pharmacy, 5968 College St, PO Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - T A Alia
- College of Pharmacy, 5968 College St, PO Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - K L Slayter
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, 5850/5980 University Ave, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, 1459 Oxford St, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - D M MacDougall
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, 5850/5980 University Ave, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada; School of Nursing, 1 West Street, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - S A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, 5850/5980 University Ave, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, 1459 Oxford St, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Medicine, 1276 South Park St, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2Y9, Canada
| | - S K Bowles
- College of Pharmacy, 5968 College St, PO Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada; Canadian Center for Vaccinology, 5850/5980 University Ave, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 6R8, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, 1459 Oxford St, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, 1796 Summer St, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3A6, Canada; Centre for Health Care for the Elderly, 5955 Veterans Memorial Lane, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2E1, Canada
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Hattingh HL, Sim TF, Parsons R, Czarniak P, Vickery A, Ayadurai S. Evaluation of the first pharmacist-administered vaccinations in Western Australia: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011948. [PMID: 27650763 PMCID: PMC5051390 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the uptake of Western Australian (WA) pharmacist vaccination services, the profiles of consumers being vaccinated and the facilitators and challenges experienced by pharmacy staff in the preparation, implementation and delivery of services. DESIGN Mixed-methods methodology with both quantitative and qualitative data through surveys, pharmacy computer records and immuniser pharmacist interviews. SETTING Community pharmacies in WA that provided pharmacist vaccination services between March and October 2015. PARTICIPANTS Immuniser pharmacists from 86 pharmacies completed baseline surveys and 78 completed exit surveys; computer records from 57 pharmacies; 25 immuniser pharmacists were interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacy and immuniser pharmacist profiles; pharmacist vaccination services provided and consumer profiles who accessed services. RESULTS 15 621 influenza vaccinations were administered by immuniser pharmacists at 76 WA community pharmacies between March and October 2015. There were no major adverse events, and <1% of consumers experienced minor events which were appropriately managed. Between 12% and 17% of consumers were eligible to receive free influenza vaccinations under the National Immunisation Program but chose to have it at a pharmacy. A high percentage of vaccinations was delivered in rural and regional areas indicating that provision of pharmacist vaccination services facilitated access for rural and remote consumers. Immuniser pharmacists reported feeling confident in providing vaccination services and were of the opinion that services should be expanded to other vaccinations. Pharmacists also reported significant professional satisfaction in providing the service. All participating pharmacies intended to continue providing influenza vaccinations in 2016. CONCLUSIONS This initial evaluation of WA pharmacist vaccination services showed that vaccine delivery was safe. Convenience and accessibility were important aspects in usage of services. There is scope to expand pharmacist vaccination services to other vaccines and younger children; however, government funding to pharmacists needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laetitia Hattingh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T Fei Sim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Parsons
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Occupational Health & Social Work and School Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Czarniak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Vickery
- Department of General Practice, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Ayadurai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Queeno BV. Evaluation of Inpatient Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Acceptance Rates With Pharmacist Education. J Pharm Pract 2016; 30:202-208. [PMID: 26880320 DOI: 10.1177/0897190016628963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To detail the implementation of a pharmacist-driven education program targeting patients who originally declined pneumococcal or influenza vaccination upon hospital admission and to evaluate the results. METHODS Patients admitted to a small community hospital who qualified to receive pneumococcal polysaccharide or influenza vaccination but declined upon admission were educated in person by pharmacists or pharmacy interns and reoffered vaccination. Patient education sheets were provided. Data were obtained via pharmacy intervention documentation in the pharmacy order entry system. Staff documented the outcome of counseling for each patient. RESULTS A total of 214 and 83 patients receiving influenza and pneumococcal vaccination counseling, respectively, were evaluated. As a result, 23.4% ( P = .06) and 26.5% (n = 83, P = .18) of patients agreed to receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, respectively. An unanticipated subset of patients were undecided after counseling and wanted to consider the information further before making a final decision. Taken together with those who consented to receive the vaccine after counseling, 39.2% ( P = .001) and 45.8% ( P = .01) of patients were influenced by the influenza and pneumococcal vaccination counseling, respectively. CONCLUSION Patient education performed by a pharmacist or pharmacy intern showed a trend toward increased pneumococcal and influenza vaccination acceptance rates for inpatients who had initially declined.
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Schafer JJ, Gill TK, Sherman EM, McNicholl IR. ASHP Guidelines on Pharmacist Involvement in HIV Care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2016; 73:468-94. [PMID: 26892679 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp150623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Schafer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Taylor K Gill
- Internal Medicine, Via Christi Hospitals Wichita, Wichita, KS
| | - Elizabeth M Sherman
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, and South Broward Community Health Services, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL
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30
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Isenor JE, Alia TA, Killen JL, Billard BA, Halperin BA, Slayter KL, McNeil SA, MacDougall D, Bowles SK. Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on influenza vaccination coverage in Nova Scotia, Canada. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1225-8. [PMID: 26863888 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1127490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization coverage in Canada has continued to fall below national goals. The addition of pharmacists as immunizers may increase immunization coverage. This study aimed to compare estimated influenza vaccine coverage before and after pharmacists began administering publicly funded influenza immunizations in Nova Scotia, Canada. Vaccination coverage rates and recipient demographics for the influenza vaccination seasons 2010-2011 to 2012-2013 were compared with the 2013-2014 season, the first year pharmacists provided immunizations. In 2013-2014, the vaccination coverage rate for those ≥5 years of age increased 6%, from 36% in 2012-2013 to 42% (p<0.001). Pharmacists administered over 78,000 influenza vaccinations, nearly 9% of the province's population over the age of five. Influenza vaccine coverage rates for those ≥65 increased by 9.8% (p<0.001) in 2013-2014 compared to 2012-2013. Influenza vaccination coverage in Nova Scotia increased in 2013-2014 compared to previous years with a universal influenza program. Various factors may have contributed to the increased coverage, including the addition of pharmacists as immunizers and media coverage of influenza related fatalities. Future research will be necessary to fully determine the impact of pharmacists as immunizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Isenor
- a College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,c Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia
| | - Tania A Alia
- d Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia
| | - Jessica L Killen
- a College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia
| | - Beverly A Billard
- e Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness , Halifax , Nova Scotia
| | - Beth A Halperin
- b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,c Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,f School of Nursing, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia
| | - Kathryn L Slayter
- a College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,c Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,g IWK Health Centre , Halifax , Nova Scotia
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,c Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,h Department of Medicine , Nova Scotia Health Authority - Central Zone , Halifax , Nova Scotia
| | - Donna MacDougall
- b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,i School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University , Antigonish , Nova Scotia
| | - Susan K Bowles
- a College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,b Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, and Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,c Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,h Department of Medicine , Nova Scotia Health Authority - Central Zone , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,j Centre for Health Care for the Elderly, Nova Scotia Health Authority , Halifax , Nova Scotia.,k Department of Pharmacy , Nova Scotia Health Authority - Central Zone , Halifax , Nova Scotia
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31
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Bach AT, Goad JA. The role of community pharmacy-based vaccination in the USA: current practice and future directions. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 4:67-77. [PMID: 29354521 PMCID: PMC5741029 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s63822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacy-based provision of immunizations in the USA has become commonplace in the last few decades, with success in increasing rates of immunizations. Community pharmacy-based vaccination services are provided by pharmacists educated in the practice of immunization delivery and provide a convenient and accessible option for receiving immunizations. The pharmacist’s role in immunization practice has been described as serving in the roles of educator, facilitator, and immunizer. With a majority of pharmacist-provided vaccinations occurring in the community pharmacy setting, there are many examples of community pharmacists serving in these immunization roles with successful outcomes. Different community pharmacies employ a number of different models and workflow practices that usually consist of a year-round in-house service staffed by their own immunizing pharmacist. Challenges that currently exist in this setting are variability in scopes of immunization practice for pharmacists across states, inconsistent reimbursement mechanisms, and barriers in technology. Many of these challenges can be alleviated by continual education; working with legislators, state boards of pharmacy, stakeholders, and payers to standardize laws; and reimbursement design. Other challenges that may need to be addressed are improvements in communication and continuity of care between community pharmacists and the patient centered medical home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert T Bach
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeffery A Goad
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, USA
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Huston JE, Mekaru SR, Kluberg S, Brownstein JS. Searching the Web for Influenza Vaccines: HealthMap Vaccine Finder. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e134-9. [PMID: 25880945 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of the HealthMap Vaccine Finder is to provide a free, comprehensive, online service where users can search for locations that offer immunizations. In this article, we describe the data and systems underlying the HealthMap Vaccine Finder (HVF) and summarize the project's first year of operations. METHODS We collected data on vaccination services from a variety of providers for 2012-2013. Data are used to populate an online, public, searchable map. RESULTS In its first year, HVF collected information from 1256 providers representing 46 381 locations. The public Web site received 625 124 visits during the 2012-2013 influenza vaccination season. CONCLUSIONS HVF is a unique tool that connects the public to vaccine providers in their communities. During the 2012-2013 influenza season, HVF experienced significant usage and was able to respond to user feedback with new features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Huston
- Jane E. Huston, Sumiko R. Mekaru, Sheryl Kluberg, and John S. Brownstein are with the Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Sheryl Kluberg is also with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. John S. Brownstein is also with the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sumiko R Mekaru
- Jane E. Huston, Sumiko R. Mekaru, Sheryl Kluberg, and John S. Brownstein are with the Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Sheryl Kluberg is also with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. John S. Brownstein is also with the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sheryl Kluberg
- Jane E. Huston, Sumiko R. Mekaru, Sheryl Kluberg, and John S. Brownstein are with the Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Sheryl Kluberg is also with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. John S. Brownstein is also with the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John S Brownstein
- Jane E. Huston, Sumiko R. Mekaru, Sheryl Kluberg, and John S. Brownstein are with the Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Sheryl Kluberg is also with the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. John S. Brownstein is also with the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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33
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Bushell MJA, Yee KC, Ball PA, Ball PA. Case for Pharmacist Administered Vaccinations in Australia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2013.tb00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick A Ball
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Health Science and the Environment; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory
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34
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Padilla ME, Jiang S, Barner JC, Rivera JO. A comparison of national immunization rates to immunization rates of Latino diabetic patients receiving clinical pharmacist interventions in a federally qualified community health centre (FQHC). JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margie E. Padilla
- College of Health Sciences; The University of Texas at El Paso, UTEP/UT Austin Cooperative Pharmacy Program, El Paso
- Centro San Vicente Health Clinics; El Paso
- College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Jamie C. Barner
- College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Jose O. Rivera
- College of Health Sciences; The University of Texas at El Paso, UTEP/UT Austin Cooperative Pharmacy Program, El Paso
- College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
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Fletcher A, Marra F, Kaczorowski J. Pharmacists as vaccination providers: Friend or foe? Can Pharm J (Ott) 2014; 147:141-2. [PMID: 24847364 DOI: 10.1177/1715163514529725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fletcher
- Department of Family Medicine (Fletcher), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Fawziah Marra
- Department of Family Medicine (Fletcher), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Janusz Kaczorowski
- Department of Family Medicine (Fletcher), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
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Chou TIF, Lash DB, Malcolm B, Yousify L, Quach JY, Dong S, Yu J. Effects of a student pharmacist consultation on patient knowledge and attitudes about vaccines. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2014; 54:130-7. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2014.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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