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Zanotelli MR, Miller JP, Wang W, Ortiz I, Tahon E, Bordeleau F, Reinhart-King CA. Tension directs cancer cell migration over fiber alignment through energy minimization. Biomaterials 2024; 311:122682. [PMID: 38959532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration during many fundamental biological processes including metastasis requires cells to traverse tissue with heterogeneous mechanical cues that direct migration as well as determine force and energy requirements for motility. However, the influence of discrete structural and mechanical cues on migration remains challenging to determine as they are often coupled. Here, we decouple the pro-invasive cues of collagen fiber alignment and tension to study their individual impact on migration. When presented with both cues, cells preferentially travel in the axis of tension against fiber alignment. Computational and experimental data show applying tension perpendicular to alignment increases potential energy stored within collagen fibers, lowering requirements for cell-induced matrix deformation and energy usage during migration compared to motility in the direction of fiber alignment. Energy minimization directs migration trajectory, and tension can facilitate migration against fiber alignment. These findings provide a conceptual understanding of bioenergetics during migration through a fibrous matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Zanotelli
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Joseph P Miller
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ismael Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Elise Tahon
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, G1R 3S3, Canada; Département de Biologie Moléculaire, de Biochimie Médicale et de Pathologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
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Zehorai E, Gross Lev T, Shimshoni E, Hadas R, Adir I, Golani O, Molodij G, Eitan R, Kadler KE, Kollet O, Neeman M, Dekel N, Solomonov I, Sagi I. Enhancing uterine receptivity for embryo implantation through controlled collagenase intervention. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402656. [PMID: 39151945 PMCID: PMC11329778 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ineffective endometrial matrix remodeling, a key factor in infertility, impedes embryo implantation in the uterine wall. Our study reveals the cellular and molecular impact of human collagenase-1 administration in mouse uteri, demonstrating enhanced embryo implantation rates. Collagenase-1 promotes remodeling of the endometrial ECM, degrading collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This process releases matrix-bound bioactive factors (e.g., VEGF, decorin), facilitating vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Collagenase-1 elevates embryo implantation regulators, including NK cell infiltration and the key cytokine LIF. Remarkably, uterine tissue maintains structural integrity despite reduced endometrial collagen fiber tension. In-utero collagenase-1 application rescues implantation in heat stress and embryo transfer models, known for low implantation rates. Importantly, ex vivo exposure of human uterine tissue to collagenase-1 induces collagen de-tensioning and VEGF release, mirroring remodeling observed in mice. Our research highlights the potential of collagenases to induce and orchestrate cellular and molecular processes enhancing uterine receptivity for effective embryo implantation. This innovative approach underscores ECM remodeling mechanisms critical for embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldar Zehorai
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Gross Lev
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elee Shimshoni
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Hadas
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Adir
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guillaume Molodij
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ram Eitan
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center; Petah-Tikva and The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Orit Kollet
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Neeman
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nava Dekel
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Solomonov
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- https://ror.org/0316ej306 Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Liu Y, Kamran R, Han X, Wang M, Li Q, Lai D, Naruse K, Takahashi K. Human heart-on-a-chip microphysiological system comprising endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18063. [PMID: 39117679 PMCID: PMC11310341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research on organ-on-a-chip technology has been flourishing, particularly for drug screening and disease model development. Fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells engage in crosstalk through paracrine signaling and direct cell-cell contact, which is essential for the normal development and function of the heart. Therefore, to faithfully recapitulate cardiac function, it is imperative to incorporate fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells into a heart-on-a-chip model. Here, we report the development of a human heart-on-a-chip composed of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells cultured on microfluidic channels responded to the flow of culture medium mimicking blood flow by orienting themselves parallel to the flow direction, akin to in vivo vascular alignment in response to blood flow. Furthermore, the flow of culture medium promoted integrity among vascular endothelial cells, as evidenced by CD31 staining and lower apparent permeability. The tri-culture condition of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells resulted in higher expression of the ventricular cardiomyocyte marker IRX4 and increased contractility compared to the bi-culture condition with iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts alone. Such tri-culture-derived cardiac tissues exhibited cardiac responses similar to in vivo hearts, including an increase in heart rate upon noradrenaline administration. In summary, we have achieved the development of a heart-on-a-chip composed of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells that mimics in vivo cardiac behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rumaisa Kamran
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Daoyue Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama City, 700-8558, Japan.
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Sensini A, Stamati O, Marchiori G, Sancisi N, Gotti C, Giavaresi G, Cristofolini L, Focarete ML, Zucchelli A, Tozzi G. Full-field strain distribution in hierarchical electrospun nanofibrous poly-L(lactic) acid/collagen scaffolds for tendon and ligament regeneration: A multiscale study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26796. [PMID: 38444492 PMCID: PMC10912460 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of injured tendons and ligaments (T/L) is a worldwide need. In this study electrospun hierarchical scaffolds made of a poly-L (lactic) acid/collagen blend were developed reproducing all the multiscale levels of aggregation of these tissues. Scanning electron microscopy, microCT and tensile mechanical tests were carried out, including a multiscale digital volume correlation analysis to measure the full-field strain distribution of electrospun structures. The principal strains (εp1 and εp3) described the pattern of strains caused by the nanofibers rearrangement, while the deviatoric strains (εD) revealed the related internal sliding of nanofibers and bundles. The results of this study confirmed the biomimicry of such electrospun hierarchical scaffolds, paving the way to further tissue engineering and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration and cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gregorio Marchiori
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Sancisi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Gotti
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials – Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration and cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry 'G. Ciamician' and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials – Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing and Materials, School of Engineering, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
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Yamamoto K, Hara K, Kobayashi E, Yuki A, Sakuma I. Tissue histology on the correlation between fracture energy and elasticity. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024; 19:571-579. [PMID: 37855940 PMCID: PMC11358311 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-023-03026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preemptively estimating tissue damage is crucial for a safe surgical procedure. We previously investigated the possibility of estimating the fracture energies of biological tissues based on their elasticities. However, the reason behind the presence of these correlations is poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the effect of a tissue's histology on the correlation between the fracture energy and elasticity. We hypothesize that two tissues with similar fibrous structure will show a similar correlation between the fracture energy and elasticity. METHODS Porcine duodenum were used for this study. Two tensile tests were performed for each porcine duodenum specimen to determine its elasticity and tearing energy. The correlation between fracture energy and elasticity was then investigated using the results from the mechanical tests. Furthermore, duodenum specimens were fixed in 10% formalin while under tension. Microscopic images were then taken to visualize the fibrous structure within the duodenum tissues under tension. RESULTS The results from the tensile test showed that the fracture energy had an isotropic positive and linear correlation with the elasticity to the negative 0.5th power (R2 = 0.89), which was also previously reported in small intestinal (jejunum) specimens. Furthermore, the tearing patterns of the duodenum were identical to the ones reported in the jejunum. Hematoxylin and eosin staining on tissues fixed under tension showed that the endomysium fibers are involved in providing resistance toward traction. CONCLUSION Through mechanical tests, we showed that porcine duodenum tissues also have a correlation between its fracture energy and elasticity. We also discussed that the histological structure of a tissue is an important factor that dictates how the tearing energy of a tissue will correlate to the elasticity. We understood that since the tearing mechanism between the duodenum and jejunum was similar, the correlations between their fracture energies and elasticities were also similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Hara
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akagi Yuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakuma
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Liparoti S, Salomone R, Speranza V, Pantani R. Morphology Distribution in Injection Molded Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:337. [PMID: 38337227 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A more sustainable use of plastic parts makes it necessary to replace current plastic parts with recyclable components, also allowing the modulation of the part properties through the process. Injection molding is one of the most widely used technologies for obtaining rigid plastic parts, so it is crucial to understand how to tailor properties by adopting the correct processing conditions. One way is to perform annealing steps directly inside the mold: in-mold annealing improves the structural integrity and durability of the material, reduces defects, increases the resistance of parts against certain chemicals, reduces wear and tear, increases ductility, and lowers brittleness. In this work, several in-mold annealing steps were conducted, changing the mold temperature and annealing duration selected on the basis of the half crystallization time of the adopted isotactic polypropylene. The typical molded part morphology, composed of oriented layers at the surface, transition zones, and spherulitic core, is strongly affected by in-mold annealing. In particular, the thickness of the oriented layer, which forms in the early phase of the process, decreases, and the spherulites increase in size. Concerning mechanical behavior, the orientation degree mostly determines the elastic modulus value close to the surface, whereas the conditions under which crystallization occurs determine the modulus in the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Liparoti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Rita Salomone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vito Speranza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Ahmad F, Soe S, Albon J, Errington R, Theobald P. Quantifying the microstructural and biomechanical changes in the porcine ventricles during growth and remodelling. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:166-192. [PMID: 37797709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue growth and remodelling (G & R) occur in response to the changing physiological demands of the heart after birth. The early shift to pulmonary circulation produces an immediate increase in ventricular workload, causing microstructural and biomechanical changes that serve to maintain overall physiological homoeostasis. Such cardiac G & R continues throughout life. Quantifying the tissue's mechanical and microstructural changes because of G & R is of increasing interest, dovetailing with the emerging fields of personalised and precision solutions. This study aimed to determine equibiaxial, and non-equibiaxial extension, stress-relaxation, and the underlying microstructure of the passive porcine ventricles tissue at four time points spanning from neonatal to adulthood. The three-dimensional microstructure was investigated via two-photon excited fluorescence and second-harmonic generation microscopy on optically cleared tissues, describing the 3D orientation, rotation and dispersion of the cardiomyocytes and collagen fibrils. The results revealed that during biomechanical testing, myocardial ventricular tissue possessed non-linear, anisotropic, and viscoelastic behaviour. An increase in stiffness and viscoelasticity was noted for the left and right ventricular free walls from neonatal to adulthood. Microstructural analyses revealed concomitant increases in cardiomyocyte rotation and dispersion. This study provides baseline data, describing the biomechanical and microstructural changes in the left and right ventricular myocardial tissue during G & R, which should prove valuable to researchers in developing age-specific, constitutive models for more accurate computational simulations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is a dearth of experimental data describing the growth and remodelling of left and right ventricular tissue. The published literature is fragmented, with data reported via different experimental techniques using tissues harvested from a variety of animals, with different gender and ages. This prevents developing a continuum of data spanning birth to death, so limiting the potential that can be leveraged to aid computational modelling and simulations. In this study, equibiaxial, non-equibiaxial, and stress-relaxation data are presented, describing directional-dependent material responses. The biomechanical data is consolidated with equivalent microstructural data, an important element for the development of future material models. Combined, these data describe microstructural and biomechanical changes in the ventricles, spanning G &R from neonatal to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, UK; School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK.
| | - Shwe Soe
- FET - Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of West of England, UK
| | - Julie Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK; Viva Scientia Bioimaging Laboratories, Cardiff University, UK
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Lebedev M, Chan FY, Lochner A, Bellessem J, Osório DS, Rackles E, Mikeladze-Dvali T, Carvalho AX, Zanin E. Anillin forms linear structures and facilitates furrow ingression after septin and formin depletion. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113076. [PMID: 37665665 PMCID: PMC10548094 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, a contractile ring consisting of unbranched filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II constricts at the cell equator. Unbranched F-actin is generated by formin, and without formin no cleavage furrow forms. In Caenorhabditis elegans, depletion of septin restores furrow ingression in formin mutants. How the cleavage furrow ingresses without a detectable unbranched F-actin ring is unknown. We report that, in this setting, anillin (ANI-1) forms a meshwork of circumferentially aligned linear structures decorated by non-muscle myosin II (NMY-2). Analysis of ANI-1 deletion mutants reveals that its disordered N-terminal half is required for linear structure formation and sufficient for furrow ingression. NMY-2 promotes the circumferential alignment of the linear ANI-1 structures and interacts with various lipids, suggesting that NMY-2 links the ANI-1 network with the plasma membrane. Collectively, our data reveal a compensatory mechanism, mediated by ANI-1 linear structures and membrane-bound NMY-2, that promotes furrowing when unbranched F-actin polymerization is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Lebedev
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Lochner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bellessem
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel S Osório
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabeth Rackles
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamara Mikeladze-Dvali
- Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Zanin
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department Biologie, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Department Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Mandolini T, Chantel J, Merkel S, Le Godec Y, Guignot N, King A, Hosdez J, Henry L, Hilairet N. Deformation of two-phase aggregates with in situ X-ray tomography in rotating Paris-Edinburgh cell at GPa pressures and high temperature. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:962-977. [PMID: 37466969 PMCID: PMC10481265 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523005374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure (>1 GPa) torsion apparatus can be coupled with in situ X-ray tomography (XRT) to study microstructures in materials associated with large shear strains. Here, deformation experiments were carried out on multi-phase aggregates at ∼3-5 GPa and ∼300-500°C, using a rotational tomography Paris-Edinburgh press (RoToPEc) with in situ absorption contrast XRT on the PSICHE beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL. The actual shear strain reached in the samples was quantified with respect to the anvil twisting angles, which is γ ≤ 1 at 90° anvil twist and reaches γ ≃ 5 at 225° anvil twist. 2D and 3D quantifications based on XRT that can be used to study in situ the deformation microfabrics of two-phase aggregates at high shear strain are explored. The current limitations for investigation in real time of deformation microstructures using coupled synchrotron XRT with the RoToPEc are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Mandolini
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Chantel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Merkel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Le Godec
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), UMR CNRS 7590, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, IRD UMR 206, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Guignot
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Jerome Hosdez
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9013 – LaMcube – Laboratoire de Mécanique, Multiphysique, Multiéchelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laura Henry
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Nadège Hilairet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 – UMET – Unité Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
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10
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Putera KH, Kim J, Baek SY, Schlecht SH, Beaulieu ML, Haritos V, Arruda EM, Ashton-Miller JA, Wojtys EM, Banaszak Holl MM. Fatigue-driven compliance increase and collagen unravelling in mechanically tested anterior cruciate ligament. Commun Biol 2023; 6:564. [PMID: 37237052 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 300,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears occur annually in the United States, half of which lead to the onset of knee osteoarthritis within 10 years of injury. Repetitive loading is known to result in fatigue damage of both ligament and tendon in the form of collagen unravelling, which can lead to structural failure. However, the relationship between tissue's structural, compositional, and mechanical changes are poorly understood. Herein we show that repetitive submaximal loading of cadaver knees causes an increase in co-localised induction of collagen unravelling and tissue compliance, especially in regions of greater mineralisation at the ACL femoral enthesis. Upon 100 cycles of 4× bodyweight knee loading, the ACL exhibited greater unravelled collagen in highly mineralized regions across varying levels of stiffness domains as compared to unloaded controls. A decrease in the total area of the most rigid domain, and an increase in the total area of the most compliant domain was also found. The results highlight fatigue-driven changes in both protein structure and mechanics in the more mineralized regions of the ACL enthesis, a known site of clinical ACL failure. The results provide a starting point for designing studies to limit ligament overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Putera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - So Young Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen H Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mélanie L Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Victoria Haritos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ellen M Arruda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James A Ashton-Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Edward M Wojtys
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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11
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Sleboda DA, Geitmann A, Sharif-Naeini R. Multiscale structural anisotropy steers plant organ actuation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:639-646.e3. [PMID: 36608688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf movement in vascular plants is executed by joint-like structures called pulvini. Many structural features of pulvini have been described at subcellular, cellular, and tissue scales of organization; however, how the characteristic hierarchical architecture of plant tissue influences pulvinus-mediated actuation remains poorly understood. To investigate the influence of multiscale structure on turgor-driven pulvinus movements, we visualized Mimosa pudica pulvinus morphology and anatomy at multiple hierarchical scales of organization and used osmotic perturbations to experimentally swell pulvini in incremental states of dissection. We observed directional cellulose microfibril reinforcement, oblong, spindle-shaped primary pit fields, and longitudinally slightly compressed cell geometries in the parenchyma of M. pudica. Consistent with these observations, isolated parenchyma tissues displayed highly anisotropic swelling behaviors indicating a high degree of mechanical anisotropy. Swelling behaviors at higher scales of pulvinus organization were also influenced by the presence of the pulvinus epidermis, which displayed oblong epidermal cells oriented transverse to the pulvinus long axis. Our findings indicate that structural specializations spanning multiple hierarchical scales of organization guide hydraulic deformation of pulvini, suggesting that multiscale mechanics are crucial to the translation of cell-level turgor variations into organ-scale pulvinus motion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sleboda
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Rue Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Rue Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 0B1, Canada
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12
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Wagner A, Upcher A, Maria R, Magnesen T, Zelinger E, Raposo G, Palmer BA. Macromolecular sheets direct the morphology and orientation of plate-like biogenic guanine crystals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:589. [PMID: 36737617 PMCID: PMC9898273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals precisely control the morphology and assembly of guanine crystals to produce diverse optical phenomena in coloration and vision. However, little is known about how organisms regulate crystallization to produce optically useful morphologies which express highly reflective crystal faces. Guanine crystals form inside iridosome vesicles within chromatophore cells called iridophores. By following iridosome formation in developing scallop eyes, we show that pre-assembled, fibrillar sheets provide an interface for nucleation and direct the orientation of the guanine crystals. The macromolecular sheets cap the (100) faces of immature guanine crystals, inhibiting growth along the π-stacking growth direction. Crystal growth then occurs preferentially along the sheets to generate highly reflective plates. Despite their different physical properties, the morphogenesis of iridosomes bears a striking resemblance to melanosome morphogenesis in vertebrates, where amyloid sheets template melanin deposition. The common control mechanisms for melanin and guanine formation inspire new approaches for manipulating the morphologies and properties of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raquel Maria
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel
| | - Thorolf Magnesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, Bergen, N-5020, Norway
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The CSI Center for Scientific Imaging, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin A Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, 8410501, Israel.
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13
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Zhou H, Jung W, Farhana TI, Fujimoto K, Kim T, Yokokawa R. Durability of Aligned Microtubules Dependent on Persistence Length Determines Phase Transition and Pattern Formation in Collective Motion. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14765-14778. [PMID: 36098647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Collective motion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature. The collective motion of cytoskeleton filaments results mainly from dynamic collisions and alignments; however, the detailed mechanism of pattern formation still needs to be clarified. In particular, the influence of persistence length, which is a measure of filament flexibility, on collective motion is still unclear and lacks experimental verifications although it is likely to directly affect the orientational flexibility of filaments. Here, we investigated the collective motion of microtubules with different persistence lengths using a microtubule-kinesin motility system. We showed that local interactions between microtubules significantly vary depending on their persistence length. We demonstrated that the bundling of microtubules is enhanced by more durable alignment, rather than by greater likelihood of alignment. An agent-based computational model confirmed that the rigidity-dependent durability of microtubule alignment dominates their collective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tamanna Ishrat Farhana
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fujimoto
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryuji Yokokawa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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14
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Abello J, Raghavan S, Yien YY, Stratman AN. Peristaltic pumps adapted for laminar flow experiments enhance in vitro modeling of vascular cell behavior. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102404. [PMID: 35988646 PMCID: PMC9508572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are the primary cellular constituent of blood vessels that are in direct contact with hemodynamic forces over their lifetime. Throughout the body, vessels experience different blood flow patterns and rates that alter vascular architecture and cellular behavior. Because of the complexities of studying blood flow in an intact organism, particularly during development, the field has increasingly relied on in vitro modeling of blood flow as a powerful technique for studying hemodynamic-dependent signaling mechanisms in ECs. While commercial flow systems that recirculate fluids exist, many commercially available pumps are peristaltic and best model pulsatile flow conditions. However, there are many important situations in which ECs experience laminar flow conditions in vivo, such as along long straight stretches of the vasculature. To understand EC function under these contexts, it is important to be able to reproducibly model laminar flow conditions in vitro. Here, we outline a method to reliably adapt commercially available peristaltic pumps to study laminar flow conditions. Our proof-of-concept study focuses on 2D models but could be further adapted to 3D environments to better model in vivo scenarios, such as organ development. Our studies make significant inroads into solving technical challenges associated with flow modeling and allow us to conduct functional studies toward understanding the mechanistic role of shear forces on vascular architecture, cellular behavior, and remodeling in diverse physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Abello
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Amber N Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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15
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Customized bioreactor enables the production of 3D diaphragmatic constructs influencing matrix remodeling and fibroblast overgrowth. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:25. [PMID: 35468920 PMCID: PMC9038738 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of skeletal muscle constructs useful for replacing large defects in vivo, such as in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), is still considered a challenge. The standard application of prosthetic material presents major limitations, such as hernia recurrences in a remarkable number of CDH patients. With this work, we developed a tissue engineering approach based on decellularized diaphragmatic muscle and human cells for the in vitro generation of diaphragmatic-like tissues as a proof-of-concept of a new option for the surgical treatment of large diaphragm defects. A customized bioreactor for diaphragmatic muscle was designed to control mechanical stimulation and promote radial stretching during the construct engineering. In vitro tests demonstrated that both ECM remodeling and fibroblast overgrowth were positively influenced by the bioreactor culture. Mechanically stimulated constructs also increased tissue maturation, with the formation of new oriented and aligned muscle fibers. Moreover, after in vivo orthotopic implantation in a surgical CDH mouse model, mechanically stimulated muscles maintained the presence of human cells within myofibers and hernia recurrence did not occur, suggesting the value of this approach for treating diaphragm defects.
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16
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Wright AL, Righelli L, Broomhall TJ, Lamont HC, El Haj AJ. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Orientation of Collagen Hydrogels for Engineering of Tendon-Mimetic Constructs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:797437. [PMID: 35372293 PMCID: PMC8968910 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.797437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of tendon injuries worldwide, an optimal treatment strategy has yet to be defined. A key challenge for tendon repair is the alignment of the repaired matrix into orientations which provide maximal mechanical strength. Using oriented implants for tissue growth combined with either exogenous or endogenous stem cells may provide a solution. Previous research has shown how oriented fiber-like structures within 3D scaffolds can provide a framework for organized extracellular matrix deposition. In this article, we present our data on the remote magnetic alignment of collagen hydrogels which facilitates long-term collagen orientation. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at varying concentrations can be contained within collagen hydrogels. Our data show how, in response to the magnetic field lines, MNPs align and form string-like structures orientating at 90 degrees from the applied magnetic field from our device. This can be visualized by light and fluorescence microscopy, and it persists for 21 days post-application of the magnetic field. Confocal microscopy demonstrates the anisotropic macroscale structure of MNP-laden collagen gels subjected to a magnetic field, compared to gels without MNP dosing. Matrix fibrillation was compared between non- and biofunctionalized MNP hydrogels, and different gels dosed with varying MNP concentrations. Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) seeded within the magnetically aligned gels were observed to align in parallel to MNP and collagen orientation 7 days post-application of the magnetic field. hASCs seeded in isotropic gels were randomly organized. Tenocyte-likeness of the cells 7 days post-seeding in collagen I scaffolds was confirmed by the positive expression of tenomodulin and scleraxis proteins. To summarize, we have developed a convenient, non-invasive protocol to control the collagen I hydrogel architecture. Through the presence or absence of MNP dosing and a magnetic field, collagen can be remotely aligned or randomly organized, respectively, in situ. Tendon-like cells were observed to organize in parallel to unidirectionally aligned collagen fibers and polydirectionally in non-aligned collagen constructs. In this way, we were able to engineer the constructs emulating a physiologically and pathologically relevant tendon niche. This can be considered as an innovative approach particularly useful in tissue engineering or organ-on-a-chip applications for remotely controlling collagen matrix organization to recapitulate the native tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Ma J, Bi L, Spurlin J, Lwigale P. Nephronectin-Integrin α8 signaling is required for proper migration of periocular neural crest cells during chick corneal development. eLife 2022; 11:74307. [PMID: 35238772 PMCID: PMC8916771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cells aggregate at tissue boundaries to form normal tissue architecture of organs. However, how cells are segregated into tissue precursors remains largely unknown. Cornea development is a perfect example of this process whereby neural crest cells aggregate in the periocular region prior to their migration and differentiation into corneal cells. Our recent RNA-seq analysis identified upregulation of nephronectin (Npnt) transcripts during early stages of corneal development where its function has not been investigated. We found that Npnt mRNA and protein are expressed by various ocular tissues, including the migratory periocular neural crest (pNC), which also express the integrin alpha 8 (Itgα8) receptor. Knockdown of either Npnt or Itgα8 attenuated cornea development, whereas overexpression of Npnt resulted in cornea thickening. Moreover, overexpression of Npnt variants lacking RGD-binding sites did not affect corneal thickness. Neither the knockdown nor augmentation of Npnt caused significant changes in cell proliferation, suggesting that Npnt directs pNC migration into the cornea. In vitro analyses showed that Npnt promotes pNC migration from explanted periocular mesenchyme, which requires Itgα8, focal adhesion kinase, and Rho kinase. Combined, these data suggest that Npnt augments cell migration into the presumptive cornea extracellular matrix by functioning as a substrate for Itgα8-positive pNC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ma
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Lian Bi
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - James Spurlin
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Peter Lwigale
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
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18
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OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY CAN CATEGORIZE DIFFERENT SUBGROUPS OF CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2021; 40:2263-2269. [PMID: 32032255 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common complication of patients affected by age-related macular degeneration, showing a highly variable visual outcome. The main aim of the study was, at baseline, to perform a quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography assessment of CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration and to assess posttreatment outcomes. METHODS Seventy-eight naïve age-related macular degeneration-related CNV patients (39 men, mean age 78 ± 8 years) were recruited and underwent complete ophthalmologic evaluation and multimodal imaging. Several OCT and optical coherence tomography angiography parameters were collected, including vessel tortuosity and vessel dispersion (VDisp), measured for each segmented CNV. All patients underwent anti-vascular endothelial growth factor PRN treatment. Vessel tortuosity and VDisp values of CNVs were tested at baseline to establish a cutoff able to distinguish clinically different patient subgroups. RESULTS Mean best-corrected visual acuity was 0.49 ± 0.57 (20/62) at baseline, improving to 0.31 ± 0.29 (20/41) at the 1-year follow-up (P < 0.01), with a mean number of 6.4 ± 1.9 injections. Our cohort included the following CNV types: occult (45 eyes; 58%), classic (14 eyes; 18%), and mixed (19 eyes; 24%). Observing optical coherence tomography angiography parameters, classic, mixed, and occult CNV revealed significantly different values of VDisp, with classic forms showing the highest values and the occult CNVs showing the lowest (P < 0.01); mixed forms displayed intermediate VDisp values. The ROC analysis revealed that a CNV vessel tortuosity cut-off of 8.40, calculated at baseline, enabled two patient subgroups differing significantly in visual outcomes after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment to be distinguished. CONCLUSION A baseline quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography-based parameter could provide information regarding both clinical and functional outcomes after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in age-related macular degeneration-related CNV.
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Torrino S, Grasset EM, Audebert S, Belhadj I, Lacoux C, Haynes M, Pisano S, Abélanet S, Brau F, Chan SY, Mari B, Oldham WM, Ewald AJ, Bertero T. Mechano-induced cell metabolism promotes microtubule glutamylation to force metastasis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1342-1357.e10. [PMID: 34102109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical signals from the tumor microenvironment modulate cell mechanics and influence cell metabolism to promote cancer aggressiveness. Cells withstand external forces by adjusting the stiffness of their cytoskeleton. Microtubules (MTs) act as compression-bearing elements. Yet how cancer cells regulate MT dynamic in response to the locally constrained environment has remained unclear. Using breast cancer as a model of a disease in which mechanical signaling promotes disease progression, we show that matrix stiffening rewires glutamine metabolism to promote MT glutamylation and force MT stabilization, thereby promoting cell invasion. Pharmacologic inhibition of glutamine metabolism decreased MT glutamylation and affected their mechanical stabilization. Similarly, decreased MT glutamylation by overexpressing tubulin mutants lacking glutamylation site(s) decreased MT stability, thereby hampering cancer aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results decipher part of the enigmatic tubulin code that coordinates the fine-tunable properties of MT and link cell metabolism to MT dynamics and cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloise M Grasset
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephane Audebert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Ilyes Belhadj
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | | | - Meagan Haynes
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina Pisano
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | - Frederic Brau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France
| | - William M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Iguchi T, Oka Y, Yasumura M, Omi M, Kuroda K, Yagi H, Xie MJ, Taniguchi M, Bastmeyer M, Sato M. Mutually Repulsive EphA7-EfnA5 Organize Region-to-Region Corticopontine Projection by Inhibiting Collateral Extension. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4795-4808. [PMID: 33906900 PMCID: PMC8260171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0367-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of skilled movements and motor planning relies on the formation of regionally restricted brain circuits that connect cortex with subcortical areas during embryonic development. Layer 5 neurons that are distributed across most cortical areas innervate the pontine nuclei (basilar pons) by protrusion and extension of collateral branches interstitially along their corticospinal extending axons. Pons-derived chemotropic cues are known to attract extending axons, but molecules that regulate collateral extension to create regionally segregated targeting patterns have not been identified. Here, we discovered that EphA7 and EfnA5 are expressed in the cortex and the basilar pons in a region-specific and mutually exclusive manner, and that their repulsive activities are essential for segregating collateral extensions from corticospinal axonal tracts in mice. Specifically, EphA7 and EfnA5 forward and reverse inhibitory signals direct collateral extension such that EphA7-positive frontal and occipital cortical areas extend their axon collaterals into the EfnA5-negative rostral part of the basilar pons, whereas EfnA5-positive parietal cortical areas extend their collaterals into the EphA7-negative caudal part of the basilar pons. Together, our results provide a molecular basis that explains how the corticopontine projection connects multimodal cortical outputs to their subcortical targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings put forward a model in which region-to-region connections between cortex and subcortical areas are shaped by mutually exclusive molecules to ensure the fidelity of regionally restricted circuitry. This model is distinct from earlier work showing that neuronal circuits within individual cortical modalities form in a topographical manner controlled by a gradient of axon guidance molecules. The principle that a shared molecular program of mutually repulsive signaling instructs regional organization-both within each brain region and between connected brain regions-may well be applicable to other contexts in which information is sorted by converging and diverging neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Busek M, Nøvik S, Aizenshtadt A, Amirola-Martinez M, Combriat T, Grünzner S, Krauss S. Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Hybrid Devices for Active Pumping PDMS-Free Organ-on-a-Chip Systems. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:162. [PMID: 34069506 PMCID: PMC8160665 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used in microfluidic systems for years, as it can be easily structured and its flexibility makes it easy to integrate actuators including pneumatic pumps. In addition, the good optical properties of the material are well suited for analytical systems. In addition to its positive aspects, PDMS is well known to adsorb small molecules, which limits its usability when it comes to drug testing, e.g., in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems. Therefore, alternatives to PDMS are in high demand. In this study, we use thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) films thermally bonded to laser-cut poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets to build up multilayered microfluidic devices with integrated pneumatic micro-pumps. We present a low-cost manufacturing technology based on a conventional CO2 laser cutter for structuring, a spin-coating process for TPE film fabrication, and a thermal bonding process using a pneumatic hot-press. UV treatment with an Excimer lamp prior to bonding drastically improves the bonding process. Optimized bonding parameters were characterized by measuring the burst load upon applying pressure and via profilometer-based measurement of channel deformation. Next, flow and long-term stability of the chip layout were measured using microparticle Image Velocimetry (uPIV). Finally, human endothelial cells were seeded in the microchannels to check biocompatibility and flow-directed cell alignment. The presented device is compatible with a real-time live-cell analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busek
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Steffen Nøvik
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1080, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Mikel Amirola-Martinez
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Thomas Combriat
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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22
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Sensini A, Santare MH, Eichenlaub E, Bloom E, Gotti C, Zucchelli A, Cristofolini L. Tuning the Structure of Nylon 6,6 Electrospun Bundles to Mimic the Mechanical Performance of Tendon Fascicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:626433. [PMID: 33889568 PMCID: PMC8056020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.626433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are triggered by mechanical loading, but the specific mechanisms are not yet clearly identified. It is well established however, that the inflection and transition points in tendon stress-strain curves represent thresholds that may signal the onset of irreversible fibrillar sliding. This phenomenon often results in a progressive macroscopic failure of these tissues. With the aim to simulate and replace tendons, electrospinning has been demonstrated to be a suitable technology to produce nanofibers similar to the collagen fibrils in a mat form. These nanofibrous mats can be easily assembled in higher hierarchical levels to reproduce the whole tissue structure. Despite the fact that several groups have developed electrospun tendon-inspired structures, an investigation of the inflection and transition point mechanics is missing. Comparing their behavior with that of the natural counterpart is important to adequately replicate their behavior at physiological strain levels. To fill this gap, in this work fascicle-inspired electrospun nylon 6,6 bundles were produced with different collector peripheral speeds (i.e., 19.7 m s–1; 13.7 m s–1; 7.9 m s–1), obtaining different patterns of nanofibers alignment. The scanning electron microcopy revealed a fibril-inspired structure of the nanofibers with an orientation at the higher speed similar to those in tendons and ligaments (T/L). A tensile mechanical characterization was carried out showing an elastic-brittle biomimetic behavior for the higher speed bundles with a progressively more ductile behavior at slower speeds. Moreover, for each sample category the transition and the inflection points were defined to study how these points can shift with the nanofiber arrangement and to compare their values with those of tendons. The results of this study will be of extreme interest for the material scientists working in the field, to model and improve the design of their electrospun structures and scaffolds and enable building a new generation of artificial tendons and ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael H Santare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Emily Eichenlaub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Ellen Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Carlo Gotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Czarnecka K, Wojasiński M, Ciach T, Sajkiewicz P. Solution Blow Spinning of Polycaprolactone-Rheological Determination of Spinnability and the Effect of Processing Conditions on Fiber Diameter and Alignment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1463. [PMID: 33802725 PMCID: PMC8002481 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The growing popularity of solution blow spinning as a method for the production of fibrous tissue engineering scaffolds and the vast range of polymer-solvent systems available for the method raises the need to study the effect of processing conditions on fiber morphology and develop a method for its qualitative assessment. Rheological approaches to determine polymer solution spinnability and image analysis approaches to describe fiber diameter and alignment have been previously proposed, although in a separate manner and mostly for the widely known, well-researched electrospinning method. In this study, a series of methods is presented to determine the processing conditions for the development of submicron fibrous scaffolds. Rheological methods are completed with extensive image analysis to determine the spinnability window for a polymer-solvent system and qualitatively establish the influence of polymer solution concentration and collector rotational speed on fiber morphology, diameter, and alignment. Process parameter selection for a tissue engineering scaffold target application is discussed, considering the varying structural properties of the native extracellular matrix of the tissue of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czarnecka
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Wojasiński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (T.C.)
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (T.C.)
- Warsaw University of Technology, CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sajkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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24
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Raguin E, Rechav K, Shahar R, Weiner S. Focused ion beam-SEM 3D analysis of mineralized osteonal bone: lamellae and cement sheath structures. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:497-513. [PMID: 33217569 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and hence is the key to understanding bone structure and function. Here we report imaging of mineralized pig bone samples in 3D using the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) under conditions that reveal the 67 nm D-banding of mineralized collagen fibrils. We show that in adult pig osteons, the lamellar bone comprises alternating layers with either collagen fibrils predominantly aligned in one direction, and layers in which fibrils are predominantly aligned in two directions. The cement sheath contains thin layers of both these motifs, but its dominant structural component comprises a very complex layer of fibrils predominantly aligned in three or more directions. The degree of mineralization of the cement sheath is comparable to that of the osteon interior. The extent of alignment (dispersion) of the collagen fibrils in the osteonal lamellar bone is significantly higher than in the cement sheath. Canaliculi within the cement sheath are mainly aligned parallel to the cement sheath boundary, whereas in the lamellar bone they are mainly aligned perpendicular to the lamellar boundaries. This study further characterizes the presence of two types of collagen fibril arrangements previously identified in demineralized lamellar bone from other species. The simple sample preparation procedure for mineralized bone and the lower risk of introducing artifacts opens the possibility of using FIB-SEM to study more samples, to obtain automatic quantitative information on collagen fibril organization and to evaluate the degrees of mineralization all in relatively large volumes of bone.
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25
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Macropinocytosis-mediated membrane recycling drives neural crest migration by delivering F-actin to the lamellipodium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27400-27411. [PMID: 33087579 PMCID: PMC7959501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007229117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics are critical to cell motility. Extensively studied in cell culture, their roles in cell movement in vivo are less understood, especially in higher vertebrates. We use dynamic imaging to visualize membrane and cytoskeletal behavior in migrating neural crest cells in living tissue. We found that forward movement of individual neural crest cells is accompanied by circular membrane flow, from anterior-to-posterior apically and posterior-to-anterior basally, coupled with internalization of lipid vesicles via macropinocytosis in the soma. Macropinosomes become wrapped with actin, then undergo anterograde translocation via microtubules toward the lamellipodium, resulting in its expansion. We elucidate how actin dynamics and membrane flow are interacted to drive forward locomotion of individual cells. Individual cell migration requires front-to-back polarity manifested by lamellipodial extension. At present, it remains debated whether and how membrane motility mediates this cell morphological change. To gain insights into these processes, we perform live imaging and molecular perturbation of migrating chick neural crest cells in vivo. Our results reveal an endocytic loop formed by circular membrane flow and anterograde movement of lipid vesicles, resulting in cell polarization and locomotion. Rather than clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinosomes encapsulate F-actin in the cell body, forming vesicles that translocate via microtubules to deliver actin to the anterior. In addition to previously proposed local conversion of actin monomers to polymers, we demonstrate a surprising role for shuttling of F-actin across cells for lamellipodial expansion. Thus, the membrane and cytoskeleton act in concert in distinct subcellular compartments to drive forward cell migration.
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26
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Arrigo A, Aragona E, Di Nunzio C, Bandello F, Parodi MB. Quantitative Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters in Type 1 Macular Neovascularization Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:48. [PMID: 32934898 PMCID: PMC7463176 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to study type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) features by means of advanced postprocessing analyses. Methods We recruited patients affected by naïve type 1 MNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and age-matched controls. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination and multimodal imaging. They were treated with pro-re-nata anti-VEGF injections. The ensuing follow-up lasted 24 months. Quantitative OCT and OCTA parameters were statistically analyzed to obtain cutoff values able to distinguish two clinically different patient subgroups. Main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness, vessel density of superficial, deep and choriocapillaris plexa, vessel tortuosity (VT) of MNV, vessel dispersion of MNV, number of injections, blooding, pigment epithelium detachment, subretinal fluid, photoreceptor elongation, subretinal fibrosis, and outer retinal atrophy. Results Ninety-one eyes (91 patients; 49 men; mean age 78 ± 7 years) and 91 control eyes were included. Mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA was 0.46 ± 0.56 at baseline, increasing up to 0.29 ± 0.30 after 2 years of treatment (P < 0.01). The mean number of intravitreal injections was 7.1 ± 2.0 during the first year and 4.5 ± 1.4 during the second year. A baseline VT cutoff of 8.40 detected two patients’ subgroups differing significantly in terms of BCVA improvement after 2 years of treatment. Conclusions OCTA-based classification of type 1 MNV, performed at baseline, provided useful information in terms of the functional outcome achievable after 24 months of anti-VEGF treatment. Translational Relevance Quantitative OCTA-based classification of type 1 MNV, performed at baseline, provided useful information in terms of the functional outcome achievable after 24 months of anti-VEGF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Nunzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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27
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Liu C, Spinozzi S, Feng W, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhu S, Wu T, Fang X, Ouyang K, Evans SM, Chen J. Homozygous G650del nexilin variant causes cardiomyopathy in mice. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138780. [PMID: 32814711 PMCID: PMC7455123 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nexilin (NEXN) was recently identified as a component of the junctional membrane complex required for development and maintenance of cardiac T-tubules. Loss of Nexn in mice leads to a rapidly progressive dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and premature death. A 3 bp deletion (1948-1950del) leading to loss of the glycine in position 650 (G650del) is classified as a variant of uncertain significance in humans and may function as an intermediate risk allele. To determine the effect of the G650del variant on cardiac structure and function, we generated a G645del-knockin (G645del is equivalent to human G650del) mouse model. Homozygous G645del mice express about 30% of the Nexn expressed by WT controls and exhibited a progressive DCM characterized by reduced T-tubule formation, with disorganization of the transverse-axial tubular system. On the other hand, heterozygous Nexn global KO mice and genetically engineered mice encoding a truncated Nexn missing the first N-terminal actin-binding domain exhibited normal cardiac function, despite expressing only 50% and 20% of the Nexn, respectively, expressed by WT controls, suggesting that not only quantity but also quality of Nexn is necessary for a proper function. These findings demonstrated that Nexn G645 is crucial for Nexn's function in tubular system organization and normal cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canzhao Liu
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Wei Feng
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ze’e Chen
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lunfeng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Siting Zhu
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongbin Wu
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sylvia M. Evans
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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28
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Kakani V, Kim H, Basivi PK, Pasupuleti VR. Surface Thermo-Dynamic Characterization of Poly (Vinylidene Chloride-Co-Acrylonitrile) (P(VDC-co-AN)) Using Inverse-Gas Chromatography and Investigation of Visual Traits Using Computer Vision Image Processing Algorithms. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081631. [PMID: 32717780 PMCID: PMC7465619 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) technique has been employed for the surface thermo-dynamic characterization of the polymer Poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile) (P(VDC-co-AN)) in its pure form. IGC attributes, such as London dispersive surface energy, Gibbs free energy, and Guttman Lewis acid-base parameters were analyzed for the polymer (P(VDC-co-AN)). The London dispersive surface free energy (γSL) was calculated using the Schultz and Dorris–Gray method. The maximum surface energy value of (P(VDC-co-AN )) is found to be 29.93 mJ·m−2 and 24.15 mJ·m−2 in both methods respectively. In our analysis, it is observed that the γSL values decline linearly with an increase in temperature. The Guttman–Lewis acid-base parameter Ka,Kb values were estimated to be 0.13 and 0.49. Additionally, the surface character S value and the correlation coefficient were estimated to be 3.77 and 0.98 respectively. After the thermo-dynamic surface characterization, the (P(VDC-co-AN)) polymer overall surface character is found to be basic. The substantial results revealed that the (P(VDC-co-AN)) polymer surface contains more basic sites than acidic sites and, hence, can closely associate in acidic media. Additionally, visual traits of the polymer (P(VDC-co-AN)) were investigated by employing Computer Vision and Image Processing (CVIP) techniques on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images captured at resolutions ×50, ×200 and ×500. Several visual traits, such as intricate patterns, surface morphology, texture/roughness, particle area distribution (DA), directionality (DP), mean average particle area (μavg) and mean average particle standard deviation (σavg), were investigated on the polymer’s purest form. This collective study facilitates the researches to explore the pure form of the polymer Poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile) (P(VDC-co-AN )) in both chemical and visual perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kakani
- Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, 100 inharo, Nam-gu Incheon 22212, Korea; (V.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Hakil Kim
- Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, 100 inharo, Nam-gu Incheon 22212, Korea; (V.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Praveen Kumar Basivi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502, India
- Correspondence: (P.K.B.); (V.R.P.); Tel.: +91-9494208338 (P.K.B.); +60-189018799 (V.R.P.)
| | - Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu Sabah 88400, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abdurrab University, Jl Riau Ujung No. 73, Pekanbaru 28292, Riau, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (P.K.B.); (V.R.P.); Tel.: +91-9494208338 (P.K.B.); +60-189018799 (V.R.P.)
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Gotti C, Sensini A, Fornaia G, Gualandi C, Zucchelli A, Focarete ML. Biomimetic Hierarchically Arranged Nanofibrous Structures Resembling the Architecture and the Passive Mechanical Properties of Skeletal Muscles: A Step Forward Toward Artificial Muscle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:767. [PMID: 32766220 PMCID: PMC7379046 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are considered to date the best existing actuator in nature thanks to their hierarchical multiscale fibrous structure capable to enhance their strength and contractile performances. In recent years, driven by the growing of the soft robotics and tissue-engineering research field, many biomimetic soft actuators and scaffolds were designed by taking inspiration from the biological skeletal muscle. In this work we used the electrospinning technique to develop a hierarchically arranged nanofibrous structure resembling the morphology and passive biomechanical properties of skeletal muscles. To mimic the passive properties of muscle, a low-modulus polyurethane was used. Several electrospun structures (mats, bundles, and a muscle-like assembly) were produced with different internal 3D arrangements of the nanofibers. A thermal characterization through thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analysis investigated the physico-chemical properties of the material. The multiscale morphological similarities with the biological counterpart were verified by means of scanning electron microscopy investigation. The tensile tests on the different electrospun samples revealed that the muscle-like assembly presented slightly higher strength and stiffness compared to the skeletal muscle ones. Moreover, mathematical models of the mechanical behavior of the nanofibrous structures were successfully developed, allowing to better investigate the relationships between structure and mechanics of the samples. The promising results suggest the suitability of this hierarchical electrospun nanofibrous structure for applications in regenerative medicine and, if combined with active materials, in soft actuators for robotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Gotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Sensini
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials–Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Fornaia
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Bologna Research Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials–Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Bologna Research Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Mechanics and Materials–Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” and National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Bologna Research Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies–Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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30
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Spinozzi S, Liu C, Chen Z, Feng W, Zhang L, Ouyang K, Evans SM, Chen J. Nexilin Is Necessary for Maintaining the Transverse-Axial Tubular System in Adult Cardiomyocytes. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13:e006935. [PMID: 32635769 PMCID: PMC7583668 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.006935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NEXN (nexilin) is a protein of the junctional membrane complex required for development of cardiac T-tubules. Global and cardiomyocyte-specific loss of Nexn in mice leads to a rapidly progressive dilated cardiomyopathy and premature death. Therefore, little is known as to the role of NEXN in adult cardiomyocytes. Transverse-axial tubular system remodeling are well-known features in heart failure. Although NEXN is required during development for T-tubule formation, its role, if any, in mature T-tubules remains to be addressed. METHODS Nexn inducible adult cardiomyocyte-specific KO mice were generated. Comprehensive morphological and functional analyses were performed. Heart samples (n>3) were analyzed by molecular, biochemical, and electron microscopy analyses. Isolated single adult cardiomyocytes were analyzed by confocal microscopy, and myocyte shortening/re-lengthening and Ca2+ transient studies were conducted. RESULTS Inducible cardiomyocyte-specific loss of Nexn in adult mice resulted in a dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced cardiac function (13% reduction in percentage fractional shortening; P<0.05). In vivo and in vitro analyses of adult mouse heart samples revealed that NEXN was essential for optimal contraction and calcium handling and was required for maintenance of T-tubule network organization (transverse tubular component in Nexn inducible adult cardiomyocyte-specific KO mice reduced by 40% with respect to controls, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results here reported reveal NEXN to be a pivotal component of adult junctional membrane complexes required for maintenance of transverse-axial tubular architecture. These results demonstrate that NEXN plays an essential role in the adult cardiomyocyte and give further understanding of pathological mechanisms responsible for cardiomyopathy in patients carrying mutations in the NEXN gene.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Microfilament Proteins/physiology
- Microtubules/metabolism
- Microtubules/physiology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Spinozzi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ze’e Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lunfeng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Drug Discovery Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sylvia M. Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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31
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Zajdel TJ, Shim G, Wang L, Rossello-Martinez A, Cohen DJ. SCHEEPDOG: Programming Electric Cues to Dynamically Herd Large-Scale Cell Migration. Cell Syst 2020; 10:506-514.e3. [PMID: 32684277 PMCID: PMC7779114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is critical across biological processes spanning healing to cancer invasion, yet no existing tools allow real-time interactive guidance over such migration. We present a new bioreactor that harnesses electrotaxis-directed cell migration along electric field gradients-by integrating four independent electrodes under computer control to dynamically program electric field patterns, and hence steer cell migration. Using this platform, we programmed and characterized multiple precise, two-dimensional collective migration maneuvers in renal epithelia and primary skin keratinocyte ensembles. First, we demonstrated on-demand, 90-degree collective turning. Next, we developed a universal electrical stimulation scheme capable of programming arbitrary 2D migration maneuvers such as precise angular turns and migration in a complete circle. Our stimulation scheme proves that cells effectively time-average electric field cues, helping to elucidate the transduction timescales in electrotaxis. Together, this work represents an enabling platform for controlling cell migration with broad utility across many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Zajdel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Gawoon Shim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Linus Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alejandro Rossello-Martinez
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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32
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Liu J, Miller K, Ma X, Dewan S, Lawrence N, Whang G, Chung P, McCulloch AD, Chen S. Direct 3D bioprinting of cardiac micro-tissues mimicking native myocardium. Biomaterials 2020; 256:120204. [PMID: 32622020 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heart possesses a complex three-dimensional (3D) laminar myofiber organization; however, because engineering physiologically relevant 3D tissues remains a technical challenge, the effects of cardiomyocyte alignment on excitation-contraction coupling, shortening and force development have not been systematically studied. Cellular shape and orientations in 3D can be controlled by engineering scaffold microstructures and encapsulating cells near these geometric cues. Here, we show that a novel method of cell encapsulation in 3D methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) scaffolds patterned via Microscale Continuous Optical Printing (μCOP) can rapidly micropattern neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVCMs) in photocrosslinkable hydrogels. Encapsulated cardiomyocytes preferentially align with the engineered microarchitecture and can display morphology and myofibril alignment phenotypic of myocardium in vivo. Utilizing the μCOP system, an asymmetric, multi-material, cantilever-based scaffold was directly printed, so that the force produced by the microtissue was transmitted onto a single deformable pillar. Aligned 3D encapsulated NMVCM scaffolds produced nearly 2 times the force compared to aligned 2D seeded samples. To further highlight the flexibility of μCOP, NMVCMs were encapsulated in several patterns to compare the effects of varying degrees of alignment on tissue displacement and synchronicity. Well aligned myofiber cultured patterns generated 4-10 times the contractile force of less anisotropically patterned constructs. Finally, normalized fluo-4 fluorescence of NMVCM-encapsulated structures showed characteristic calcium transient waveforms that increased in magnitude and rate of decline during treatment with 100 nM isoproterenol. This novel instrumented 3D cardiac microtissue serves as a physiologically relevant in vitro model system with great potential for use in cardiac disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Kathleen Miller
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Xuanyi Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Sukriti Dewan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Natalie Lawrence
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Grace Whang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Peter Chung
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, USA.
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33
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Nava MM, Miroshnikova YA, Biggs LC, Whitefield DB, Metge F, Boucas J, Vihinen H, Jokitalo E, Li X, García Arcos JM, Hoffmann B, Merkel R, Niessen CM, Dahl KN, Wickström SA. Heterochromatin-Driven Nuclear Softening Protects the Genome against Mechanical Stress-Induced Damage. Cell 2020; 181:800-817.e22. [PMID: 32302590 PMCID: PMC7237863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires maintenance of functional integrity under stress. A central source of stress is mechanical force that acts on cells, their nuclei, and chromatin, but how the genome is protected against mechanical stress is unclear. We show that mechanical stretch deforms the nucleus, which cells initially counteract via a calcium-dependent nuclear softening driven by loss of H3K9me3-marked heterochromatin. The resulting changes in chromatin rheology and architecture are required to insulate genetic material from mechanical force. Failure to mount this nuclear mechanoresponse results in DNA damage. Persistent, high-amplitude stretch induces supracellular alignment of tissue to redistribute mechanical energy before it reaches the nucleus. This tissue-scale mechanoadaptation functions through a separate pathway mediated by cell-cell contacts and allows cells/tissues to switch off nuclear mechanotransduction to restore initial chromatin state. Our work identifies an unconventional role of chromatin in altering its own mechanical state to maintain genome integrity in response to deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Nava
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leah C Biggs
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel B Whitefield
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Franziska Metge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jorge Boucas
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xinping Li
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel García Arcos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144 and Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing-2: Mechanobiology, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Biological Information Processing-2: Mechanobiology, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carien M Niessen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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34
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Rajpar I, Barrett JG. Multi-differentiation potential is necessary for optimal tenogenesis of tendon stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:152. [PMID: 32272975 PMCID: PMC7146987 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tendon injury is a significant clinical problem due to poor healing and a high reinjury rate; successful treatment is limited by our poor understanding of endogenous tendon stem cells. Recent evidence suggests that adult stem cells are phenotypically diverse, even when comparing stem cells isolated from the same tissue from the same individual, and may in fact exist on a spectrum of proliferation and differentiation capacities. Additionally, the relationships between and clinical relevance of this phenotypic variation are poorly understood. In particular, tenogenic capacity has not been studied in comparison to tenogenic differentiation and cell proliferation. Toward this end, we performed a comprehensive assessment of cell proliferation and differentiation capacity toward four connective tissue lineages (tendon, cartilage, bone, and adipose) using tendon stem cell lines derived from single cells released directly from tendon tissue to (1) evaluate the differences, if any, in tenogenic potential, and (2) identify the relationships between differentiation phenotypes and proliferation capacity. Methods Tendon stem cells were derived from the endotenon of superficial digital flexor tendon from 3 horses. The cell suspension from each horse was separately plated simultaneously (1) at moderate density to generate a heterogenous population of cells—parent tendon cell line—and (2) at low density to separate single cells from each other to allow isolation of colonies that derive from single mother cells—clonal tendon stem cell lines. Thirty clonal tendon stem cell lines—10 from each horse—and each parent tendon cell line were assessed for tenogenesis, tri-lineage differentiation, and cell proliferation. Differentiation was confirmed by lineage-specific cell staining and quantified by the relative gene expression of lineage-specific markers. Statistical significance was determined using analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey’s tests. Results Three distinct differentiation phenotypes—differentiation potency toward all 4 tissue lineages and two tri-lineage differentiation potencies—were identified in tendon clonal stem cell lines. These phenotypes were differentiation toward (1) tendon, cartilage, bone, and adipose (TCOA); (2) tendon, cartilage, and bone (TCO); and (3) tendon, cartilage, and adipose (TCA). Further, clonal cell lines that differentiated toward all four lineages had the highest expression of scleraxis and mohawk upon tenogenesis. Moreover, cell proliferation was significantly different between phenotypic groups, as evidenced by increased numbers of cumulative cell population doublings in clonal cell lines that did not differentiate toward adipose. Conclusions Our study provides evidence of the heterogenous character of adult stem cells and identifies key differences in tendon stem cell differentiation and proliferative potentials from the same individual and from the same tendon. Isolation of tendon stem cell lines with the capacity to differentiate into all four connective tissue lineages may yield improved therapeutic benefits in clinical models of repair and promote a native, regenerative phenotype in engineered tendons. Future studies may be targeted to understanding the functional contributions of each tendon stem cell phenotype in vivo and identifying additional cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam Rajpar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, 17690 Old Waterford Road, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA
| | - Jennifer G Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, 17690 Old Waterford Road, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA.
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35
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Mostaço-Guidolin LB, Osei ET, Ullah J, Hajimohammadi S, Fouadi M, Li X, Li V, Shaheen F, Yang CX, Chu F, Cole DJ, Brandsma CA, Heijink IH, Maksym GN, Walker D, Hackett TL. Defective Fibrillar Collagen Organization by Fibroblasts Contributes to Airway Remodeling in Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:431-443. [PMID: 30950644 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1855oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Histologic stains have been used as the gold standard to visualize extracellular matrix (ECM) changes associated with airway remodeling in asthma, yet they provide no information on the biochemical and structural characteristics of the ECM, which are vital to understanding alterations in tissue function.Objectives: To demonstrate the use of nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) and texture analysis algorithms to image fibrillar collagen (second harmonic generation) and elastin (two-photon excited autofluorescence), to obtain biochemical and structural information on the remodeled ECM environment in asthma.Methods: Nontransplantable donor lungs from donors with asthma (n = 13) and control (n = 12) donors were used for the assessment of airway collagen and elastin fibers by NLOM, and extraction of lung fibroblasts for in vitro experiments.Measurements and Main Results: Fibrillar collagen is not only increased but also highly disorganized and fragmented within large and small asthmatic airways compared with control subjects, using NLOM imaging. Furthermore, such structural alterations are present in pediatric and adult donors with asthma, irrespective of fatal disease. In vitro studies demonstrated that asthmatic airway fibroblasts are deficient in their packaging of fibrillar collagen-I and express less decorin, important for collagen fibril packaging. Packaging of collagen fibrils was found to be more disorganized in asthmatic airways compared with control subjects, using transmission electron microscopy.Conclusions: NLOM imaging enabled the structural assessment of the ECM, and the data suggest that airway remodeling in asthma involves the progressive accumulation of disorganized fibrillar collagen by airway fibroblasts. This study highlights the future potential clinical application of NLOM to assess airway remodeling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila B Mostaço-Guidolin
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emmanuel T Osei
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jari Ullah
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soheil Hajimohammadi
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - May Fouadi
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xian Li
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vicky Li
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Furquan Shaheen
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chen Xi Yang
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fanny Chu
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darren J Cole
- 3School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; and
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- 4Department of Pathology and Medical Biology.,5Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD, and
| | - Irene H Heijink
- 4Department of Pathology and Medical Biology.,5Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD, and.,6Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey N Maksym
- 3School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; and
| | - David Walker
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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36
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Barlow AM, Mostaço-Guidolin LB, Osei ET, Booth S, Hackett TL. Super resolution measurement of collagen fibers in biological samples: Validation of a commercial solution for multiphoton microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229278. [PMID: 32059025 PMCID: PMC7021303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy is a powerful, non-invasive technique to image biological specimens. One current limitation of multiphoton microscopy is resolution as many of the biological molecules and structures investigated by research groups are similar in size or smaller than the diffraction limit. To date, the combination of multiphoton and super-resolution imaging has proved technically challenging for biology focused laboratories to implement. Here we validate that the commercial super-resolution Airyscan detector from ZEISS, which is based on image scanning microscopy, can be integrated under warranty with a pulsed multi-photon laser to enable multiphoton microscopy with super-resolution. We demonstrate its biological application in two different imaging modalities, second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), to measure the fibre thicknesses of collagen and elastin molecules surpassing the diffraction limit by a factor of 1.7±0.3x and 1.4±0.3x respectively, in human heart and lung tissues, and 3-dimensional in vitro models. We show that enhanced resolution and signal-to-noise of SHG using the Airyscan compared to traditional GaAs detectors allows for automated and precise measurement of collagen fibres using texture analysis in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Barlow
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leila B. Mostaço-Guidolin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Emmanuel T. Osei
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Booth
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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37
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Jany BR, Janas A, Krok F. Automatic microscopic image analysis by moving window local Fourier Transform and Machine Learning. Micron 2019; 130:102800. [PMID: 31855656 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of microscope images is a tedious work which requires patience and time, usually done manually by the microscopist after data collection. The results obtained in such a way might be biased by the human who performed the analysis. Here we introduce an approach of automatic image analysis, which is based on locally applied Fourier Transform and Machine Learning methods. In this approach, a whole image is scanned by a local moving window with defined size and the 2D Fourier Transform is calculated for each window. Then, all the Local Fourier Transforms are fed into Machine Learning processing. Firstly, a number of components in the data is estimated from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Scree Plot performed on the data. Secondly, the data are decomposed blindly by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) into interpretable spatial maps (loadings) and corresponding Fourier Transforms (factors). As a result, the microscopic image is analyzed and the features on the image are automatically discovered, based on the local changes in Fourier Transform, without human bias. The user selects only a size and movement of the scanning local window which defines the final analysis resolution. This automatic approach was successfully applied to analysis of various microscopic images with and without local periodicity i.e. atomically resolved High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) image of Au nanoisland of fcc and Au hcp phases, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) image of Au-induced reconstruction on Ge(001) surface, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of metallic nanoclusters grown on GaSb surface, and Fluorescence microscopy image of HeLa cell line of cervical cancer. The proposed approach could be used to automatically analyze the local structure of microscopic images within a time of about a minute for a single image on a modern desktop/notebook computer and it is freely available as a Python analysis notebook and Python program for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt R Jany
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, The Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Janas
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, The Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Franciszek Krok
- The Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, The Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30348 Krakow, Poland
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38
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Silantyeva EA, Willits RK, Becker ML. Postfabrication Tethering of Molecular Gradients on Aligned Nanofibers of Functional Poly(ε-caprolactone)s. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4494-4501. [PMID: 31721566 PMCID: PMC7546418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Substrates with combinations of topographical and biochemical cues are highly useful for a number of fundamental biological investigations. Tethered molecular concentration gradients in particular are highly desired for a number of biomedical applications including cell migration. Herein, we report a versatile method for the fabrication of aligned nanofiber substrates with a tunable concentration gradient along the fiber direction. 4-Dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO) was used as an initiator for the ring-opening copolymerization of ε-caprolactone (εCL) and allyl-functionalized ε-caprolactone (AεPCL), which yielded a well-defined polymer with orthogonal functional handles. These materials were fabricated into aligned nanofiber substrates via touch-spinning. Fibers were modified post-spinning with a concentration gradient of fluorescently labeled dye via a light activated thiol-ene reaction through a photomask. As a demonstration, the cell adhesive peptide RGD was chemically tethered to the fiber surface at a second functionalization site via strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). This novel approach affords fabrication of dual functional nanofiber substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Silantyeva
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Rebecca K. Willits
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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39
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Chang W, Callan KT, Dragoo JL. The Behavior of Tendon Progenitor Cells from Tendinopathic Tendons: Implications for Treatment. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:38-46. [PMID: 31111771 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy remains a significant clinical challenge. Although there is some evidence that leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma can improve the symptoms of tendinopathy, more efficacious treatments will be required in the future to improve probability of successfully resolving this condition in athletes. Because optimal treatments are not currently available, there is a need to better understand the pathology of tendinopathy from the perspective of tendon progenitor cells (TPCs). TPCs isolated from normal and tendinopathy donors were characterized by their stem cell properties and proliferation capacities, along with their ability to become tenocytes under mechanical loading. The results showed a significant 2.6-fold increase in the viable cell population in tendinopathy versus normal donors. Although the percentage of self-renewing cells was similar, the total number of TPCs in tendinopathy was significantly higher (1.6-fold) than normal TPCs based on the colony formation assays. In contrast, TPCs from tendinopathy tissue showed significantly lower cellular proliferation rate by cumulative population doublings. Next, the expanded TPCs from both tissues successfully demonstrated the trilineage differentiation capabilities with specific gene markers, staining, and biochemical assays. To induce tenogenic differentiation, stretchable silicone wells were designed and fabricated, plus the creation of an adaptor platform used on a syringe pump for mechanical stretch. This economic design provided the adequate cyclic loading to drive tenogenic differentiation. With these devices, the stretch duration was optimized and showed the significant increase in scleraxis (SCX) and tenomodulin (TNMD) expression at 2.60 (fold change) and 3.86 (fold change in logarithm), respectively, by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in normal TPCs after stretch. This assay also demonstrated the widespread cell reorientation following stretch in normal TPCs. In contrast, the mechanical loading did not increase the SCX gene expression; TNMD expression remained undetectable, and cell realignment was significantly less in tendinopathy TPCs. In addition, western blot analysis confirmed the elevated TNMD protein expression in normal TPCs following stretch and the lack of expression in tendinopathy TPCs. In summary, tendinopathy TPCs were unable to differentiate into tenocytes following mechanical stretch. Future studies may aim to reprogram tendinopathy TPCs to allow tenogenic induction. Impact Statement This article presents a model to distinguish between normal and tendinopathy progenitor cell behavior, which reveals insight into the pathophysiology of tendinopathy. With the design of a platform adaptor, mechanical stretch was applied to tendon progenitor cells (TPCs) that promoted tenogenic differentiation. This design provided programmable features for more flexible application with low cost. These devices successfully stimulated tenogenic differentiation of TPCs from normal, but not tendinopathic tendons under cyclic stretch. The scientific method provided in this article will allow testing of biologics, exosomes, and other treatment strategies to derive new, more efficient treatment of tendinopathy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenteh Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Kylie T Callan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
| | - Jason L Dragoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California
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Arrigo A, Romano F, Albertini G, Aragona E, Bandello F, Battaglia Parodi M. Vascular Patterns in Retinitis Pigmentosa on Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091425. [PMID: 31510025 PMCID: PMC6780333 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) represents a retinal dystrophy with an extremely complex pathogenesis further worsened by the impairment of the retinal vascular supply. The main goal of this study was to identify different vascular patterns in RP, by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: A total of 32 RP patients (16 males, 50%; mean age 45.93 ± 11.4) and 32 healthy age-matched controls (16 males, 50%; age 42.8 ± 11.2). High resolution OCT and OCTA images were obtained from all participants. Several quantitative parameters were extracted both from structural OCT and OCTA images. A post-hoc analysis assessed the relationship between the quantitative OCTA parameters adopted and the following measures: best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Results: Mean LogMAR BCVA was 0.24 ± 0.32 for RP patients and 0.0 ± 0.0 for controls (p < 0.01). CMT, choroidal thickness and RNFL were statistically different between RP and controls (p < 0.01). OCTA parameters showed strong alterations of the retinal vascular network in RP (all p < 0.01). Several statistically significant correlations were also found. Furthermore, a vessel tortuosity cut-off of 4.80 and a vessel rarefaction cut-off of 0.62 enabled the RP cohort to be divided into two significantly different sub-groups in terms of BCVA, RNFL and CMT. Conclusions: Quantitative OCTA parameters help identify vascular abnormalities in RP, separating two different vascular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arrigo
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Romano
- Eye Clinic, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Albertini
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Aragona
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Sensini A, Cristofolini L, Zucchelli A, Focarete ML, Gualandi C, DE Mori A, Kao AP, Roldo M, Blunn G, Tozzi G. Hierarchical electrospun tendon-ligament bioinspired scaffolds induce changes in fibroblasts morphology under static and dynamic conditions. J Microsc 2019; 277:160-169. [PMID: 31339556 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging because the scaffolds needs proper mechanical properties and a biomimetic morphology. In particular, the morphological arrangement of scaffolds is a key point to drive the cells growth to properly regenerate the collagen extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is a promising technique to produce hierarchically structured nanofibrous scaffolds able to guide cells in the regeneration of the injured tissue. Moreover, the dynamic stretching in bioreactors of electrospun scaffolds had demonstrated to speed up cell shape modifications in vitro. The aim of the present study was to combine different imaging techniques such as high-resolution X-ray tomography (XCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy and histology to investigate if hierarchically structured poly (L-lactic acid) and collagen electrospun scaffolds can induce morphological modifications in human fibroblasts, while cultured in static and dynamic conditions. After 7 days of parallel cultures, the results assessed that fibroblasts had proliferated on the external nanofibrous sheath of the static scaffolds, elongating themselves circumferentially. The dynamic cultures revealed a preferential axial orientation of fibroblasts growth on the external sheath. The aligned nanofibre bundles inside the hierarchical scaffolds instead, allowed a physiological distribution of the fibroblasts along the nanofibre direction. Inside the dynamic scaffolds, cells appeared thinner compared with the static counterpart. This study had demonstrated that hierarchically structured electrospun scaffolds can induce different fibroblasts morphological modifications during static and dynamic conditions, modifying their shape in the direction of the applied loads. LAY DESCRIPTION: To enhance the regeneration of injured tendons and ligaments cells need to growth on dedicated structures (scaffolds) with mechanical properties and a fibrous morphology similar to the natural tissue. In particular, the morphological organisation of scaffolds is fundamental in leading cells to colonise them, regenerating the collagen extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is a promising technique to produce fibres with a similar to the human collagen fibres, suitable to design complex scaffolds able to guide cells in the reconstruction of the natural tissue. Moreover, it is well established that the cyclic stretching of these scaffolds inside dedicated systems called bioreactors, can speed up cells growth and their shape modification. The aim of the present study was to investigate how hierarchically structured electrospun scaffolds, made of resorbable material such as poly(L-lactic acid) and collagen, could induce morphological changes in human fibroblasts, while cultured during static and dynamic conditions. These scaffolds were composed by an external electrospun membrane that grouped inside it a ring-shaped bundle, made of axially aligned nanofibres, resembling the morphological arrangement of tendon and ligament tissue. After 7 days of parallel cultures, the scaffolds were investigated using the following imaging techniques: (i) high-resolution X-ray tomography (XCT); (ii) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); (iii) fluorescence microscopy and (iv) histology. The results showed that fibroblasts were able to grow on the external nanofibrous sheath of the static scaffolds, by elongating themselves along their circumference. The dynamic cultures revealed instead a preferential axial orientation of fibroblasts grown on the external sheath. The aligned nanofibre bundles inside the hierarchical scaffolds allowed an axial distribution of the fibroblasts along the nanofibres direction. This study has demonstrated that the electrospun hierarchically structured scaffolds investigated can modify the fibroblasts morphology both in static and dynamic conditions, in relation with the direction of the applied loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sensini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M L Focarete
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Chemistry 'G. Ciamician' and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry 'G. Ciamician' and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A DE Mori
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth - St Michael's Building, Portsmouth, U.K
| | - A P Kao
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K
| | - M Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth - St Michael's Building, Portsmouth, U.K
| | - G Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth - St Michael's Building, Portsmouth, U.K
| | - G Tozzi
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K
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Sayegh MN, Fernandez N, Cho HC. Strength-duration relationship as a tool to prioritize cardiac tissue properties that govern electrical excitability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H13-H25. [PMID: 30925072 PMCID: PMC7199233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00161.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Engineered cardiac tissue and cardiomyocyte cell cultures offer wide opportunities for improved therapeutic intervention and laboratory heart models. Electrical field excitation is a common intervention in the production of engineered tissue and the investigation of the electrical properties of in vitro cell cultures. In this work, we use strength-duration relationships to investigate systematically factors influencing electrical excitability of two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) neonatal rat ventricular myocyte cultures. We find that the strength of the voltage pulse is negatively correlated with the threshold duration, as predicted by the Lapicque-Hill equation, and show that higher pacing frequencies require higher thresholds to capture paced cultures. We also study the impact of properties intrinsic to the 2D and 3D cultures on strength-duration relationships. We show that a smaller culture dimension, perpendicular anisotropic culture orientation with respect to electrical field, higher proportion of added fibroblasts, and TBX18-induced pacemaker reprogramming independently result in higher stimulation thresholds. These properties reflect the characteristics of the well-insulated endogenous pacemaking tissue in the heart (sinoatrial node) and should guide the engineering of biological pacemakers for improved outcomes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gaps exist in the availability of in vitro functional assessment tools that can emulate the integration of regenerative cells and tissues to the host myocardium. We use strength-duration relationships of electrically stimulated two- and three-dimensional myocardial constructs to study the effects of pacing frequency, culture dimensions, anisotropic cell alignment, fibroblast content, and pacemaker phenotype on electrical excitability. Our study delivers electrical strength-duration as a quantifiable parameter to evaluate design parameters of engineered cardiac tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Sayegh
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,2Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Natasha Fernandez
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,2Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sensini A, Gotti C, Belcari J, Zucchelli A, Focarete ML, Gualandi C, Todaro I, Kao AP, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L. Morphologically bioinspired hierarchical nylon 6,6 electrospun assembly recreating the structure and performance of tendons and ligaments. Med Eng Phys 2019; 71:79-90. [PMID: 31262555 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructions of ruptured tendons and ligaments currently have dissatisfactory failure rate. Failures are mainly due to the mechanical mismatch of commercial implants with respect to the host tissue. In fact, it is crucial to replicate the morphology (hierarchical in nature) and mechanical response (highly-nonlinear) of natural tendons and ligaments. The aim of this study was to develop morphologically bioinspired hierarchical Nylon 6,6 electrospun assemblies recreating the structure and performance of tendons and ligaments. First, we built different electrospun bundles to find the optimal orientation of the nanofibers. A 2nd-level hierarchical assembly was fabricated with a dedicated process that allowed tightly joining the bundles one next to the other with an electrospun sheath, so as to improve the mechanical performance. Finally, a further hierarchical 3rd-level assembly was constructed by grouping several 2nd-level assemblies. The morphology of the different structures was assessed with scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution X-ray tomography, which allowed measuring the directionality of the nanofibers in the bundles and in the sheaths. The mechanical properties of the single bundles and of the 2nd-level assemblies were measured with tensile tests. The single bundles and the hierarchical assemblies showed morphology and directionality of the nanofibers similar to the tendons and ligaments. The strength and stiffness were comparable to that of tendons and ligaments. In conclusion, this work showed an innovative electrospinning production process to build nanofibrous Nylon 6,6 hierarchical assemblies which are suitable as future implantable devices and able to mimic the multiscale morphology and the biomechanical properties of tendons and ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Gotti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juri Belcari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry 'G. Ciamician' and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry 'G. Ciamician' and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; Advanced Mechanics and Materials - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40123 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivan Todaro
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alexander P Kao
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40131 Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-HST), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, I-40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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Sensini A, Gualandi C, Focarete ML, Belcari J, Zucchelli A, Boyle L, Reilly GC, Kao AP, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L. Multiscale hierarchical bioresorbable scaffolds for the regeneration of tendons and ligaments. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035026. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab20ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rajpar I, Barrett JG. Optimizing growth factor induction of tenogenesis in three-dimensional culture of mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419848776. [PMID: 31205672 PMCID: PMC6535701 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419848776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult tissue stem cells have shown promise for the treatment of debilitating tendon injuries. However, few comparisons of stem cells from different tissue sources have been made to determine the optimum stem cell source for treating tendon. Moreover, it is likely that the application of tenogenic growth factors will improve tendon stem cell treatments further, and a comprehensive comparison of a number of growth factors is needed. Thus far, different types of stem cells cannot be evaluated in a high-throughput manner. To this end, we have developed an approach to culture mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow in collagen type I hydrogels with tenogenic growth factors using economical, commercially available supplies. To optimize growth factors for this assay, FGF-2, TGF-β1, IGF-1, and/or BMP-12 were tested singly and in novel combinations of (1) BMP-12 and IGF-1, (2) TGF-β1 and IGF-1, and/or (3) BMP-12 and FGF-2 over 10 days. Our data suggest that BMP-12 supplementation alone results in the strongest expression of tendon marker genes, controlled contractility of constructs, a higher degree of cell alignment, and tendon-like tissue morphology. This easy-to-use benchtop assay can be used to screen novel sources of stem cells and cell lines for tissue engineering and tendon healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam Rajpar
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Barrett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, VA, USA
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Liu C, Cabahug-Zuckerman P, Stubbs C, Pendola M, Cai C, Mann KA, Castillo AB. Mechanical Loading Promotes the Expansion of Primitive Osteoprogenitors and Organizes Matrix and Vascular Morphology in Long Bone Defects. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:896-910. [PMID: 30645780 PMCID: PMC8263903 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the effects of mechanical stimulation on bone repair is crucial for optimization of the healing process. Specifically, the regulatory role that mechanical loading exerts on the osteogenic stem cell pool and vascular morphology during healing is incompletely understood. Because dynamic loading has been shown to enhance osteogenesis and repair, we hypothesized that loading induces the expansion of the osteoprogenitor cell population within a healing bone defect, leading to an increased presence of osteogenic cells. We further hypothesized that loading during the repair process regulates vascular and collagen matrix morphology and spatial interactions between vessels and osteogenic cells. To address these hypotheses, we used a mechanobiological bone repair model, which produces a consistent and reproducible intramembranous repair response confined in time and space. Bilateral tibial defects were created in adult C57BL/6 mice, which were subjected to axial compressive dynamic loading either during the early cellular invasion phase on postsurgical days (PSDs) 2 to 5 or during the matrix deposition phase on PSD 5 to 8. Confocal and two-photon microscopy was used to generate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) renderings of longitudinal thick sections of the defect on PSD 10. Endomucin (EMCN)-positive vessels, Paired related homeobox 1 (Prrx1+) stem cell antigen-1 positive (Sca-1+) primitive osteoprogenitors (OPCs), and osterix positive (Osx+) preosteoblasts were visualized and quantified using deep tissue immunohistochemistry. New bone matrix was visualized with second harmonic generation autofluorescence of collagen fibers. We found that mechanical loading during the matrix deposition phase (PSD 5 to 8) increased vessel volume and number, and aligned vessels and collagen fibers to the load-bearing direction of bone. Furthermore, loading led to a significant increase in the proliferation and number of Prrx1+ Sca-1+ primitive OPCs, but not Osx+ preosteoblasts within the defect. Together, these data illustrate the adaptation of both collagen matrix and vascular morphology to better withstand mechanical load during bone repair, and that the mechanoresponsive cell population consists of the primitive osteogenic progenitors. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10010
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10010
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Pamela Cabahug-Zuckerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10010
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10010
| | - Christopher Stubbs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10010
| | - Martin Pendola
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10010
| | - Cinyee Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10010
| | - Kenneth A. Mann
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical University, New York, NY 13210
| | - Alesha B. Castillo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10010
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10010
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
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Normal trabecular vertebral bone is formed via rapid transformation of mineralized spicules: A high-resolution 3D ex-vivo murine study. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:429-440. [PMID: 30605771 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At birth, mouse vertebrae have a reticular fine spongy morphology, yet in the adult animal they exhibit elaborate trabecular architectures. Here, we characterize the physiological microstructural transformations in growing young female mice of the widely used C57BL/6 strain. Extensive architectural changes lead to the establishment of mature cancellous bone in the spine. Vertebrae were mapped in 3D by high resolution microcomputed tomography (µCT), backed by conventional histology. Three different phases are observed in the natural bony biomaterial: In a prenatal templating phase, early vertebrae are composed of foamy, loosely-packed mineralized spicules. During a consolidation phase in the first 7 days after birth, bone material condenses into struts and forms primitive trabeculae accompanied by a significant (>50%) reduction in bone volume/tissue volume ratio (BV/TV). After day 7, the trabeculae expand, reorient and increase in mineral density. Swift growth ensues such that by day 14 the young lumbar spine exhibits all morphological features observed in the mature animal. The greatly varied micro-morphologies of normal trabecular bone observed in 3D within a short timespan are typical for rodent and presumably for other mammalian forming spines. This suggests that fully structured cancellous bone emerges through rapid post-natal restructuring of a foamy mineralized scaffold. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cancellous bone develops in stages that are not well documented. Using a mouse model, we provide an observer-independent quantification of normal bone formation in the spine. We find that within 14 days, the cancellous bone transforms in 3 phases from a scaffold of spicules into well organized, fully mineralized trabeculae in a functional spine. Detailed knowledge of the physiological restructuring of mineralized material may help to better understand bone formation and may serve as a blueprint for studies of pharmaceuticals effects, tissue healing and regeneration.
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Mostaço-Guidolin LB, Smith MSD, Hewko M, Schattka B, Sowa MG, Major A, Ko ACT. Fractal dimension and directional analysis of elastic and collagen fiber arrangement in unsectioned arterial tissues affected by atherosclerosis and aging. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:638-646. [PMID: 30629475 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00497.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural proteins like collagen and elastin are major constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM degradation and remodeling in diseases significantly impact the microorganization of these structural proteins. Therefore, tracking the changes of collagen and elastin fiber morphological features within ECM impacted by disease progression could provide valuable insight into pathological processes such as tissue fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Benefiting from its intrinsic high-resolution imaging power and superior biochemical specificity, nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) is capable of providing information critical to the understanding of ECM remodeling. In this study, alterations of structural fibrillar proteins such as collagen and elastin in arteries excised from atherosclerotic rabbits were assessed by the combination of NLOM images and textural analysis methods such as fractal dimension (FD) and directional analysis (DA). FD and DA were tested for their performance in tracking the changes of extracellular elastin and fibrillar collagen remodeling resulting from atherosclerosis progression/aging. Although other methods of image analysis to study the organization of elastin and collagen structures have been reported, the simplified calculations of FD and DA presented in this work prove that they are viable strategies for extracting and analyzing fiber-related morphology from disease-impacted tissues. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates the potential utility of FD and DA in studying ECM remodeling caused by other pathological processes such as respiratory diseases, several skin conditions, or even cancer. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Textural analyses such as fractal dimension (FD) and directional analysis (DA) are straightforward and computationally viable strategies to extract fiber-related morphological data from optical images. Therefore, objective, quantitative, and automated characterization of protein fiber morphology in extracellular matrix can be realized by using these methods in combination with digital imaging techniques such as nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM), a highly effective visualization tool for fibrillar collagen and elastic network. Combining FD and DA with NLOM is an innovative approach to track alterations of structural fibrillar proteins. The results illustrated in this study not only prove the effectiveness of FD and DA methods in extracellular protein characterization but also demonstrate their potential value in clinical and basic biomedical research where protein microstructure characterization is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila B Mostaço-Guidolin
- Medical Devices Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Michael S D Smith
- Medical Devices Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Mark Hewko
- Medical Devices Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Bernie Schattka
- Medical Devices Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Michael G Sowa
- Medical Devices Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Arkady Major
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Alex C-T Ko
- Medical Devices Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
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Clendenon SG, Fu X, Von Hoene RA, Clendenon JL, Sluka JP, Winfree S, Mang H, Martinez M, Filson AJ, Klaunig JE, Glazier JA, Dunn KW. A simple automated method for continuous fieldwise measurement of microvascular hemodynamics. Microvasc Res 2018; 123:7-13. [PMID: 30502365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular perfusion dynamics are vital to physiological function and are frequently dysregulated in injury and disease. Typically studies measure microvascular flow in a few selected vascular segments over limited time, failing to capture spatial and temporal variability. To quantify microvascular flow in a more complete and unbiased way we developed STAFF (Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow), a macro for FIJI open-source image analysis software. Using high-speed microvascular flow movies, STAFF generates kymographs for every time interval for every vascular segment, calculates flow velocities from red blood cell shadow angles, and outputs the data as color-coded velocity map movies and spreadsheets. In untreated mice, analyses demonstrated profound variation even between adjacent sinusoids over seconds. In acetaminophen-treated mice we detected flow reduction localized to pericentral regions. STAFF is a powerful new tool capable of providing novel insights by enabling measurement of the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of microvascular flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G Clendenon
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Xiao Fu
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Robert A Von Hoene
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - James P Sluka
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henry Mang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Adele J Filson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James E Klaunig
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James A Glazier
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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50
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Sensini A, Gualandi C, Zucchelli A, Boyle LA, Kao AP, Reilly GC, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L, Focarete ML. Tendon Fascicle-Inspired Nanofibrous Scaffold of Polylactic acid/Collagen with Enhanced 3D-Structure and Biomechanical Properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17167. [PMID: 30464300 PMCID: PMC6249227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical treatment of tendon lesions still yields unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. The use of bioresorbable scaffolds represents a way forward to improve tissue repair. Scaffolds for tendon reconstruction should have a structure mimicking that of the natural tendon, while providing adequate mechanical strength and stiffness. In this paper, electrospun nanofibers of two crosslinked PLLA/Collagen blends (PLLA/Coll-75/25, PLLA/Coll-50/50) were developed and then wrapped in bundles, where the nanofibers are predominantly aligned along the bundles. Bundle morphology was assessed via SEM and high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (XCT). The 0.4-micron resolution in XCT demonstrated a biomimetic morphology of the bundles for all compositions, with a predominant nanofiber alignment and some scatter (50-60% were within 12° from the axis of the bundle), similar to the tendon microstructure. Human fibroblasts seeded on the bundles had increased metabolic activity from day 7 to day 21 of culture. The stiffness, strength and toughness of the bundles are comparable to tendon fascicles, both in the as-spun condition and after crosslinking, with moderate loss of mechanical properties after ageing in PBS (7 and 14 days). PLLA/Coll-75/25 has more desirable mechanical properties such as stiffness and ductility, compared to the PLLA/Coll-50/50. This study confirms the potential to bioengineer tendon fascicles with enhanced 3D structure and biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sensini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Zucchelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liam A Boyle
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P Kao
- ZEISS Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Materials Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- ZEISS Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40131, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, Bologna RU), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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