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Iftekharul Ferdous AHM, Islam MS, Noor KS, Bani MM, Badhon NU, Enzamam-Ul-Haque M. Harnessing THz Technology: Biosensor for Highly Accurate Cervical Cancer Cell Detection via Refractive Index. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:2095-2106. [PMID: 38789661 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In order to rapidly identify various species of cancer cells in the tissues of person, a unique diamond shaped hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-formed by optical waveform is developed and computationally studied. In this investigation, we found the most prevalent cancers, such as HeLa-derived cervical carcinoma. Since normal and cancer cells differ in their refractive indices (RIs), other significant optical properties can be assessed using this information. With the use of the finite element method, a computational tool for solving simultaneous equations, the defining characteristics the suggested cancer cell sensor are examined using COMSOL-Multiphysics software. Additionally, strict mesh parts are used to preserve the utmost level of modeling realism. At 2.4 THz, the PCF detector attains a Relative Sensitivity of around 97.51% and 96.29%, Confinement Loss of 6.1 × 10 -09db/m and 4.39 × 10-07db/m with respect to cervical carcinoma cell and cervical normal cell. The straightforward PCF structure provides a wide chance of application using the continuing fabrication technique, based on these conventional values of performance indices. This biosensor utilizes the distinctive refractive characteristics of cancer cells, providing a highly accurate and dependable approach for the early identification of cervical cancer. This has the potential to significantly transform the process of cervical cancer screening. The novel method boosts the ability to detect and identify certain conditions, leading to increased diagnostic capabilities for early treatment and better results for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H M Iftekharul Ferdous
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Pabna, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Safiul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Khalid Sifulla Noor
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Most Momtahina Bani
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Nasir Uddin Badhon
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Pabna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Enzamam-Ul-Haque
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, 6600, Pabna, Bangladesh
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2
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Camli B, Andrus L, Roy A, Mishra B, Xu C, Georgakoudi I, Tkaczyk T, Ben-Yakar A. Two photon imaging probe with highly efficient autofluorescence collection at high scattering and deep imaging conditions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3163-3182. [PMID: 38855663 PMCID: PMC11161376 DOI: 10.1364/boe.520729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a 2-photon imaging probe system featuring a novel fluorescence collection method with improved and reliable efficiency. The system aims to miniaturize the potential of 2-photon imaging in the metabolic and morphological characterization of cervical tissue at sub-micron resolution over large imaging depths into a flexible and clinically viable platform towards the early detection of cancers. Clinical implementation of such a probe system is challenging due to inherently low levels of autofluorescence, particularly when imaging deep in highly scattering tissues. For an efficient collection of fluorescence signals, our probe employs 12 0.5 NA collection fibers arranged around a miniaturized excitation objective. By bending and terminating a multitude of collection fibers at a specific angle, we increase collection area and directivity significantly. Positioning of these fibers allows the collection of fluorescence photons scattered away from their ballistic trajectory multiple times, which offers a system collection efficiency of 4%, which is 55% of what our bench-top microscope with 0.75 NA objective achieves. We demonstrate that the collection efficiency is largely maintained even at high scattering conditions and high imaging depths. Radial symmetry of arrangement maintains uniformity of collection efficiency across the whole FOV. Additionally, our probe can image at different tissue depths via axial actuation by a dc servo motor, allowing depth dependent tissue characterization. We designed our probe to perform imaging at 775 nm, targeting 2-photon autofluorescence from NAD(P)H and FAD molecules, which are often used in metabolic tissue characterization. An air core photonic bandgap fiber delivers laser pulses of 100 fs duration to the sample. A miniaturized objective designed with commercially available lenses of 3 mm diameter focuses the laser beam on tissue, attaining lateral and axial imaging resolutions of 0.66 µm and 4.65 µm, respectively. Characterization results verify that our probe achieves collection efficiency comparable to our optimized bench-top 2-photon imaging microscope, minimally affected by imaging depth and radial positioning. We validate autofluorescence imaging capability with excised porcine vocal fold tissue samples. Images with 120 µm FOV and 0.33 µm pixel sizes collected at 2 fps confirm that the 300 µm imaging depth was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Camli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Liam Andrus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Aditya Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomasz Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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3
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Szwaj M, Davidson IA, Johnson PB, Jasion G, Jung Y, Sandoghchi SR, Herdzik KP, Bourdakos KN, Wheeler NV, Mulvad HC, Richardson DJ, Poletti F, Mahajan S. Double-Clad Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber and Its Comparison with Other Fibers for Multiphoton Micro-Endoscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2482. [PMID: 38676099 PMCID: PMC11054428 DOI: 10.3390/s24082482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Label-free and multiphoton micro-endoscopy can transform clinical histopathology by providing an in situ tool for diagnostic imaging and surgical treatment in diseases such as cancer. Key to a multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopic device is the optical fiber, for distortion-free and efficient delivery of ultra-short laser pulses to the sample and effective signal collection. In this work, we study a new hollow-core (air-filled) double-clad anti-resonant fiber (DC-ARF) as a high-performance candidate for multiphoton micro-endoscopy. We compare the fiber characteristics of the DC-ARF with a single-clad anti-resonant fiber (SC-ARF) and a solid core fiber (SCF). In this work, while the DC-ARF and the SC-ARF enable low-loss (<0.2 dBm-1), close to dispersion-free excitation pulse delivery (<10% pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber) without any induced non-linearities, the SCF resulted in spectral broadening and pulse-stretching (>2000% of pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber). An ideal optical fiber endoscope needs to be several meters long and should enable both excitation and collection through the fiber. Therefore, we performed multiphoton imaging on endoscopy-compatible 1 m and 3 m lengths of fiber in the back-scattered geometry, wherein the signals were collected either directly (non-descanned detection) or through the fiber (descanned detection). Second harmonic images were collected from barium titanate crystals as well as from biological samples (mouse tail tendon). In non-descanned detection conditions, the ARFs outperformed the SCF by up to 10 times in terms of signal-to-noise ratio of images. Significantly, only the DC-ARF, due to its high numerical aperture (NA) of 0.45 and wide-collection bandwidth (>1 µm), could provide images in the de-scanned detection configuration desirable for endoscopy. Thus, our systematic characterization and comparison of different optical fibers under different image collection configurations, confirms and establishes the utility of DC-ARFs for high-performing label-free multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzanna Szwaj
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ian A. Davidson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Peter B. Johnson
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Greg Jasion
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yongmin Jung
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Seyed Reza Sandoghchi
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Krzysztof P. Herdzik
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Konstantinos N. Bourdakos
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Natalie V. Wheeler
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hans Christian Mulvad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David J. Richardson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesco Poletti
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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4
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Kunze K, Gossler C, Reinhardt M, Arnold M, Schwenzer F, Helke C, Reuter D, Keppeler D, Moser T, Schwarz UT. Multichannel laser diode to polymer waveguide array coupling with a double-aspheric lens. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:9353-9360. [PMID: 38108707 DOI: 10.1364/ao.505167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
An optical system for multichannel coupling of laser arrays to polymer waveguide array probes with a single biconvex lens is developed. The developed cylindrical module with 13 mm and 20 mm in diameter and length, respectively, enables coupling of eight individual optical channels using an aspheric lens. Specific coupling with crosstalk below -13d B for each channel and quasi-uniform coupling over all channels is achieved for a waveguide array with 100 µm lateral facet pitch at the incoupling site. The polymer waveguide technology allows for tapering of the lateral waveguide pitch to 25 µm toward the tip of the flexible waveguide array. SU-8 and PMMA are used as the waveguide core and cladding, respectively. The optical coupling module is designed as a prototype for preclinical evaluation of optical neural stimulators.
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5
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Kučikas V, Werner MP, Schmitz-Rode T, Louradour F, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Two-Photon Endoscopy: State of the Art and Perspectives. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:3-17. [PMID: 34779969 PMCID: PMC9971078 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for non-destructive deep-tissue imaging modalities has led to interest in multiphoton endoscopy. In contrast to bench top systems, multiphoton endoscopy enables subcellular resolution imaging in areas not reachable before. Several groups have recently presented their development towards the goal of producing user friendly plug and play system, which could be used in biological research and, potentially, clinical applications. We first present the technological challenges, prerequisites, and solutions in two-photon endoscopic systems. Secondly, we focus on the applications already found in literature. These applications mostly serve as a quality check of the built system, but do not answer a specific biomedical research question. Therefore, in the last part, we will describe our vision on the enormous potential applicability of adult two-photon endoscopic systems in biological and clinical research. We will thus bring forward the concept that two-photon endoscopy is a sine qua non in bringing this technique to the forefront in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Kučikas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,XLIM Research Institute, Limoges University, CNRS, Limoges, France.
| | - Maximilian P Werner
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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6
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Wang C, Liu H, Cui H, Ma J, Li Y, Tian J, Jin C, Chen Y, Gao Y, Fu Q, Hu Y, Wu D, Yu F, Wu R, Wang A, Feng L. Two-photon endomicroscopy with microsphere-spliced double-cladding antiresonant fiber for resolution enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26090-26101. [PMID: 36236806 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a miniature fiber-optic two two-photon endomicroscopy with microsphere-spliced double-cladding antiresonant fiber for resolution enhancement. An easy-to-operate process for fixing microsphere permanently in an antiresonant fiber core, by arc discharge, is proposed. The flexible fiber-optic probe is integrated with a parameter of 5.8 mm × 49.1 mm (outer diameter × rigid length); the field of view is 210 µm, the resolution is 1.3 µm, and the frame rate is 0.7 fps. The imaging ability is verified using ex-vivo mouse kidney, heart, stomach, tail tendon, and in-vivo brain neural imaging.
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7
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Zhang H, Wang X, Du H, Yu H, Wu J, Meng Y, Qiu Y, Mao B, Zhou P, Li Y. Machine learning enabled self-calibration single fiber endoscopic imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3673-3676. [PMID: 34329253 DOI: 10.1364/ol.432336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single fiber scanners (SFSs), with the advantages of compact size, versatility, large field of view, and high resolution, have been applied in many areas. However, image distortions persistently impair the imaging quality of the SFS, although many efforts have been made to address the problem. In this Letter, we propose a simple and complete solution by combining the piezoelectric (PZT) self-induction sensor and machine learning algorithms. The PZT tube was utilized as both the actuator and the fiber position sensor. Additionally, the feedback sensor signal was interrogated by a convolution neural network to eliminate the noise. The experimental results show that the predicted fiber trajectory error was below 0.1%. Moreover, this self-calibration SFS has an excellent robustness to temperature changes (20-50°C). It is believed that the proposed solution has removed the biggest barrier for the SFS and greatly improved its performance and stability in complex environments.
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8
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Sahu SP, Liu Q, Prasad A, Hasan SMA, Liu Q, Rodriguez MXB, Mukhopadhyay O, Burk D, Francis J, Mukhopadhyay S, Fu X, Gartia MR. Characterization of fibrillar collagen isoforms in infarcted mouse hearts using second harmonic generation imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:604-618. [PMID: 33520391 PMCID: PMC7818962 DOI: 10.1364/boe.410347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We utilized collagen specific second harmonic generation (SHG) signatures coupled with correlative immunofluorescence imaging techniques to characterize collagen structural isoforms (type I and type III) in a murine model of myocardial infarction (MI). Tissue samples were imaged over a four week period using SHG, transmitted light microscopy and immunofluorescence imaging using fluorescently-labeled collagen antibodies. The post-mortem cardiac tissue imaging using SHG demonstrated a progressive increase in collagen deposition in the left ventricle (LV) post-MI. We were able to monitor structural morphology and LV remodeling parameters in terms of extent of LV dilation, stiffness and fiber dimensions in the infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant P Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Qianglin Liu
- LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alisha Prasad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Syed Mohammad Abid Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | | | - David Burk
- Shared Instrumentation Facility and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Supratik Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Xing Fu
- LSU AgCenter, School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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9
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Liang W, Park HC, Li K, Li A, Chen D, Guan H, Yue Y, Gau YTA, Bergles DE, Li MJ, Lu H, Li X. Throughput-Speed Product Augmentation for Scanning Fiber-Optic Two-Photon Endomicroscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3779-3787. [PMID: 32746124 PMCID: PMC7773217 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3005067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compactness, among several others, is one unique and very attractive feature of a scanning fiber-optic two-photon endomicroscope. To increase the scanning area and the total number of resolvable pixels (i.e., the imaging throughput), it typically requires a longer cantilever which, however, leads to a much undesired, reduced scanning speed (and thus imaging frame rate). Herein we introduce a new design strategy for a fiber-optic scanning endomicroscope, where the overall numerical aperture (NA) or beam focusing power is distributed over two stages: 1) a mode-field focuser engineered at the tip of a double-clad fiber (DCF) cantilever to pre-amplify the single-mode core NA, and 2) a micro objective of a lower magnification (i.e., ∼ 2× in this design) to achieve final tight beam focusing. This new design enables either an ~9-fold increase in imaging area (throughput) or an ~3-fold improvement in imaging frame rate when compared to traditional fiber-optic endomicroscope designs. The performance of an as-designed endomicroscope of an enhanced throughput-speed product was demonstrated by two representative applications: (1) high-resolution imaging of an internal organ (i.e., mouse kidney) in vivo over a large field of view without using any fluorescent contrast agents, and (2) real-time neural imaging by visualizing dendritic calcium dynamics in vivo with sub-second temporal resolution in GCaMP6m-expressing mouse brain. This cascaded NA amplification strategy is universal and can be readily adapted to other types of fiber-optic scanners in compact linear or nonlinear endomicroscopes.
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10
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Kudlinski A, Cassez A, Vanvincq O, Septier D, Pastre A, Habert R, Baudelle K, Douay M, Mytskaniuk V, Tsvirkun V, Rigneault H, Bouwmans G. Double clad tubular anti-resonant hollow core fiber for nonlinear microendoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15062-15070. [PMID: 32403539 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication and characterization of the first double clad tubular anti-resonant hollow core fiber. It allows to deliver ultrashort pulses without temporal nor spectral distortions in the 700-1000 nm wavelength range and to efficiently collect scattered light in a high numerical aperture double clad. The output fiber mode is shaped with a silica microsphere generating a photonic nanojet, making it well suitable for nonlinear microendoscopy application. Additionally, we provide an open access software allowing to find optimal drawing parameters for the fabrication of tubular hollow core fibers.
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11
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Loewke NO, Qiu Z, Mandella MJ, Ertsey R, Loewke A, Gunaydin LA, Rosenthal EL, Contag CH, Solgaard O. Software-Based Phase Control, Video-Rate Imaging, and Real-Time Mosaicing With a Lissajous-Scanned Confocal Microscope. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:1127-1137. [PMID: 31567074 PMCID: PMC8837204 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2942552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present software-based methods for automatic phase control and for mosaicing high-speed, Lissajous-scanned images. To achieve imaging speeds fast enough for mosaicing, we first increase the image update rate tenfold from 3 to 30 Hz, then vertically interpolate each sparse image in real-time to eliminate fixed pattern noise. We validate our methods by imaging fluorescent beads and automatically maintaining phase control over the course of one hour. We then image fixed mouse brain tissues at varying update rates and compare the resulting mosaics. Using reconstructed image data as feedback for phase control eliminates the need for phase sensors and feedback controllers, enabling long-term imaging experiments without additional hardware. Mosaicing subsampled images results in video-rate imaging speeds, nearly fully recovered spatial resolution, and millimeter-scale fields of view.
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12
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Zhao Y, Maguluri G, Ferguson RD, Tu H, Paul K, Boppart SA, Llano DA, Iftimia N. Two-photon microscope using a fiber-based approach for supercontinuum generation and light delivery to a small-footprint optical head. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:909-912. [PMID: 32058502 PMCID: PMC7316260 DOI: 10.1364/ol.381571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report a low-cost, portable, two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy imager that uses a fiber-based approach for both femtosecond supercontinuum (SC) generation and light delivery to the optical head. The SC generation is based on a tapered polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber that uses pre-chirped femtosecond narrowband pulses to generate a coherent SC spectrum with a bandwidth of approximately 300 nm. Using this approach, high-power, near-transform-limited, wavelength-selectable SC pulses are generated and directly delivered to the imaging optical head. Preliminary testing of this imager on brain slices is presented, demonstrating a high signal-to-noise ratio and sub-cellular imaging capabilities to a depth of approximately 200 µm. These results demonstrate the suitability of the technology for ex vivo and potentially in vivo cellular-level biomedical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
| | - Gopi Maguluri
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
| | - R. Daniel Ferguson
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Kush Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Daniel A. Llano
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61822, USA
| | - Nicusor Iftimia
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center Dr., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
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13
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Kapsokalyvas D, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Molecular Imaging in Oncology: Advanced Microscopy Techniques. Recent Results Cancer Res 2020; 216:533-561. [PMID: 32594398 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42618-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies usually require high levels of morphological, functional, and biochemical information at subcellular resolution. This type of information cannot be obtained from clinical imaging techniques, such as MRI, PET/CT, or US. Luckily, many microscopy techniques exist that can offer this information, also for malignant tissues and therapeutic approaches. In this overview, we discuss the various advanced optical microscopy techniques and their applications in oncological research. After a short introduction in Sect. 16.1, we continue in Sect. 16.2 with a discussion on fluorescent labelling strategies, followed in Sect. 16.3 by an in-depth description of confocal, light-sheet, two-photon, and super-resolution microscopy. We end in Sect. 16.4 with a focus on the applications, specifically in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kapsokalyvas
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology GROW and School for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institut für Molekulare Kreislaufforschung, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Chen S, Hao R. Micro-optical Components for Bioimaging on Tissues, Cells and Subcellular Structures. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E405. [PMID: 31248115 PMCID: PMC6630880 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioimaging generally indicates imaging techniques that acquire biological information from living forms. Among different imaging techniques, optical microscopy plays a predominant role in observing tissues, cells and biomolecules. Along with the fast development of microtechnology, developing miniaturized and integrated optical imaging systems has become essential to provide new imaging solutions for point-of-care applications. In this review, we will introduce the basic micro-optical components and their fabrication technologies first, and further emphasize the development of integrated optical systems for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, respectively. We will conclude by giving our perspectives on micro-optical components for bioimaging applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Sihui Chen
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Hao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microsystems and Nano Devices, Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Huang L, Zhou X, Tang S. Optimization of frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser for miniature multiphoton endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 30574695 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.126503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser is a low-cost and portable excitation source suitable for multiphoton endoscopy. The frequency-doubled wavelength at 780 nm is used to excite the intrinsic fluorescence signal. The frequency-doubling with a periodically poled MgO : LiNbO3 (PPLN) is integrated in the distal end of the imaging head to achieve fiber connection. The imaging speed is further improved by optimizing the excitation laser source. A 0.3-mm length of PPLN crystal is selected and the Er-doped fiber laser is manipulated to match its bandwidth with the acceptance bandwidth of the PPLN. Through this optimization, a reduced pulsewidth of 80 fs of the frequency-doubled pulse is achieved. All-fiber dispersion compensation and pulse compression by single mode fiber is conducted, which makes the fiber laser directly fiber-coupled to the imaging head. An imaging speed of 4 frames / s is demonstrated on ex vivo imaging of unstained biological tissues, which is 10 times faster than our previous study using a 1-mm-long PPLN. The results show that miniature multiphoton endoscopy using frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser has great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Liang W, Hall G, Li X. Spectro-temporal dispersion management of femtosecond pulses for fiber-optic two-photon endomicroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:22877-22893. [PMID: 30184945 PMCID: PMC6238828 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.022877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The emerging fiber-optic two-photon endomicroscopy technology holds a strong promise for enabling translational applications of nonlinear optical imaging. Effective femtosecond pulse dispersion management is critical for achieving high-quality imaging. Here we report systematic analyses and performance characterization of a dual-fiber spectro-temporal dispersion management scheme involving a grating pair as the pulse stretcher. Compared with conventional linear-only compensation, the grating-based spectro-temporal compensation also takes into account nonlinear effects and enhances the two-photon signal by ~3-fold as experimentally demonstrated. Numerical simulations were carried out to systematically investigate the influence of several key design parameters on the overall compensation efficacy. Furthermore, comprehensive performance comparison with an ideal grism-pair counterpart reveals that a grating-pair stretcher affords much higher power throughput and thus is preferable for portable endomicroscopy systems with limited laser source power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Gunnsteinn Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
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Akhoundi F, Qin Y, Peyghambarian N, Barton JK, Kieu K. Compact fiber-based multi-photon endoscope working at 1700 nm. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2326-2335. [PMID: 29760991 PMCID: PMC5946792 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, implementation and performance analysis of a compact multi-photon endoscope based on a piezo electric scanning tube. A miniature objective lens with a long working distance and a high numerical aperture (≈ 0.5) is designed to provide a diffraction limited spot size. Furthermore, a 1700 nm wavelength femtosecond fiber laser is used as an excitation source to overcome the scattering of biological tissues and reduce water absorption. Therefore, the novel optical system along with the unique wavelength allows us to increase the imaging depth. We demonstrate that the endoscope is capable of performing third and second harmonic generation (THG/SHG) and three-photon excitation fluorescence (3PEF) imaging over a large field of view (> 400 μm) with high lateral resolution (2.2 μm). The compact and lightweight probe design makes it suitable for minimally-invasive in-vivo imaging as a potential alternative to surgical biopsies.
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18
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Liang W, Hall G, Messerschmidt B, Li MJ, Li X. Nonlinear optical endomicroscopy for label-free functional histology in vivo. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17082-. [PMID: 29854567 PMCID: PMC5972527 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reports on the first two-photon, label-free, metabolic imaging of biological tissues in vivo at histological resolution on an extremely compact, fiber-optic endomicroscopy platform. This system provides new opportunities for performing non-invasive and functional histological imaging of internal organs in vivo, in situ and in real time. As a routine clinical procedure, traditional histology has made significant impacts on medicine. However, the procedure is invasive and time consuming, suffers random sampling errors, and cannot provide in vivo functional information. The technology reported here features an extremely compact and flexible fiber-optic probe ~2 mm in diameter, enabling direct access to internal organs. Unprecedented two-photon imaging quality comparable to a large bench-top laser scanning microscope was achieved through technological innovations in double-clad fiber optics and miniature objective lenses (among many others). In addition to real-time label-free visualization of biological tissues in situ with subcellular histological detail, we demonstrated for the first time in vivo two-photon endomicroscopic metabolic imaging on a functioning mouse kidney model. Such breakthroughs in nonlinear endoscopic imaging capability present numerous promising opportunities for paradigm-shifting applications in both clinical diagnosis and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gunnsteinn Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Ming-Jun Li
- Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- E-mail:
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19
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Ducourthial G, Leclerc P, Mansuryan T, Fabert M, Brevier J, Habert R, Braud F, Batrin R, Vever-Bizet C, Bourg-Heckly G, Thiberville L, Druilhe A, Kudlinski A, Louradour F. Development of a real-time flexible multiphoton microendoscope for label-free imaging in a live animal. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18303. [PMID: 26673905 PMCID: PMC4682136 DOI: 10.1038/srep18303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a two-photon microendoscope capable of in vivo label-free deep-tissue high-resolution fast imaging through a very long optical fiber. First, an advanced light-pulse spectro-temporal shaping device optimally precompensates for linear and nonlinear distortions occurring during propagation within the endoscopic fiber. This enables the delivery of sub-40-fs duration infrared excitation pulses at the output of 5 meters of fiber. Second, the endoscopic fiber is a custom-made double-clad polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber specifically designed to optimize the imaging resolution and the intrinsic luminescence backward collection. Third, a miniaturized fiber-scanner of 2.2 mm outer diameter allows simultaneous second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited autofluorescence (TPEF) imaging at 8 frames per second. This microendoscope’s transverse and axial resolutions amount respectively to 0.8 μm and 12 μm, with a field-of-view as large as 450 μm. This microendoscope’s unprecedented capabilities are validated during label-free imaging, ex vivo on various fixed human tissue samples, and in vivo on an anesthetized mouse kidney demonstrating an imaging penetration depth greater than 300 μm below the surface of the organ. The results reported in this manuscript confirm that nonlinear microendoscopy can become a valuable clinical tool for real-time in situ assessment of pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Fabert
- XLIM, UMR-CNRS 7252, Université de Limoges, France
| | | | - Rémi Habert
- PhLAM, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Flavie Braud
- PhLAM, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Christine Vever-Bizet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8237, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Bourg-Heckly
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8237, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Thiberville
- Laboratoire LITIS-QuantIF, EA 4108, Clinique Pneumologique, CHU de Rouen, France
| | - Anne Druilhe
- CRIBL, UMR-CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, France
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20
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Park J, Zhang Q, Chen P, Cosgriff MP, Tilka JA, Adamo C, Schlom DG, Wen H, Zhu Y, Evans PG. Spatially confined low-power optically pumped ultrafast synchrotron x-ray nanodiffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:083904. [PMID: 26329208 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The combination of ultrafast optical excitation and time-resolved synchrotron x-ray nanodiffraction provides unique insight into the photoinduced dynamics of materials, with the spatial resolution required to probe individual nanostructures or small volumes within heterogeneous materials. Optically excited x-ray nanobeam experiments are challenging because the high total optical power required for experimentally relevant optical fluences leads to mechanical instability due to heating. For a given fluence, tightly focusing the optical excitation reduces the average optical power by more than three orders of magnitude and thus ensures sufficient thermal stability for x-ray nanobeam studies. Delivering optical pulses via a scannable fiber-coupled optical objective provides a well-defined excitation geometry during rotation and translation of the sample and allows the selective excitation of isolated areas within the sample. Experimental studies of the photoinduced lattice dynamics of a 35 nm BiFeO3 thin film on a SrTiO3 substrate demonstrate the potential to excite and probe nanoscale volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonkyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Pice Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Margaret P Cosgriff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jack A Tilka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Carolina Adamo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Haidan Wen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Paul G Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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21
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Hamzeh H, Lefort C, Pain F, Abi Haidar D. Optimization and characterization of nonlinear excitation and collection through a gradient-index lens for high-resolution nonlinear endomicroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:808-811. [PMID: 25723438 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of gradient index (GRIN) lenses as a miniaturized micro-objective for in vivo imaging in the context of the development of a nonlinear endomicroscope. A numerical study of the parameters influencing the lateral resolution, excitation, and collection efficiency, when GRIN lens is coupled with a double clad fiber (DCF), is exposed. Four commercial DCFs, previously identified from the literature as potential endoscopic fibers, are simulated. Then, an experimental study characterizes two GRIN lenses (one commercial, one homemade) by their dispersion and nonlinear effects, potential intrinsic fluorescence, and use for fluorescence lifetime measurements. Images of neural cells from brain tissues of mice through a GRIN lens are presented.
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22
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Zhao Y, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, Graf BW, Mahmassani Z, Boppart MD, Boppart SA. Longitudinal label-free tracking of cell death dynamics in living engineered human skin tissue with a multimodal microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3699-716. [PMID: 25360383 PMCID: PMC4206335 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate real-time, longitudinal, label-free tracking of apoptotic and necrotic cells in living tissue using a multimodal microscope. The integrated imaging platform combines multi-photon microscopy (MPM, based on two-photon excitation fluorescence), optical coherence microscopy (OCM), and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Three-dimensional (3-D) co-registered images are captured that carry comprehensive information of the sample, including structural, molecular, and metabolic properties, based on light scattering, autofluorescence intensity, and autofluorescence lifetime, respectively. Different cell death processes, namely, apoptosis and necrosis, of keratinocytes from different epidermal layers are longitudinally monitored and investigated. Differentiation of the two cell death processes in a complex living tissue environment is enabled by quantitative image analysis and high-confidence classification processing based on the multidimensional, cross-validating imaging data. These results suggest that despite the limitations of each individual label-free modality, this multimodal imaging approach holds the promise for studies of different cell death processes in living tissue and in vivo organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Benedikt W. Graf
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ziad Mahmassani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Klimas A, Entcheva E. Toward microendoscopy-inspired cardiac optogenetics in vivo: technical overview and perspective. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:080701. [PMID: 25117076 PMCID: PMC4161000 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.080701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform precise, spatially localized actuation and measurements of electrical activity in the heart is crucial in understanding cardiac electrophysiology and devising new therapeutic solutions for control of cardiac arrhythmias. Current cardiac imaging techniques (i.e. optical mapping) employ voltage- or calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes to visualize the electrical signal propagation through cardiac syncytium in vitro or in situ with very high-spatiotemporal resolution. The extension of optogenetics into the cardiac field, where cardiac tissue is genetically altered to express light-sensitive ion channels allowing electrical activity to be elicited or suppressed in a precise cell-specific way, has opened the possibility for all-optical interrogation of cardiac electrophysiology. In vivo application of cardiac optogenetics faces multiple challenges and necessitates suitable optical systems employing fiber optics to actuate and sense electrical signals. In this technical perspective, we present a compendium of clinically relevant access routes to different parts of the cardiac electrical conduction system based on currently employed catheter imaging systems and determine the quantitative size constraints for endoscopic cardiac optogenetics. We discuss the relevant technical advancements in microendoscopy, cardiac imaging, and optogenetics and outline the strategies for combining them to create a portable, miniaturized fiber-based system for all-optical interrogation of cardiac electrophysiology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimas
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Stony Brook University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Stony Brook University, Institute for Molecular Cardiology, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Emilia Entcheva, E-mail:
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Chung HY, Kuo WC, Cheng YH, Yu CH, Chia SH, Lin CY, Chen JS, Tsai HJ, Fedotov AB, Ivanov AA, Zheltikov AM, Sun CK. Blu-ray disk lens as the objective of a miniaturized two-photon fluorescence microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:31604-31614. [PMID: 24514733 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.031604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the performance of a Blu-ray disk (BD) aspheric lens as the objective of a miniaturized scanning nonlinear optical microscope. By combining a single 2D micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) mirror as the scanner and with different tube lens pairs, the field of view (FOV) of the studied microscope varies from 59 μm × 93 μm up to 178 μm × 280 μm, while the corresponding lateral resolution varies from 0.6 μm to 2 μm for two-photon fluorescence (2PF) signals. With a 34/s video frame rate, in vivo dynamic observation of zebrafish heartbeat through 2PF of the excited green fluorescence protein (GFP) is demonstrated.
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25
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Kyrish M, Tkaczyk TS. Achromatized endomicroscope objective for optical biopsy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:287-297. [PMID: 23412009 PMCID: PMC3567715 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, researchers and clinicians lack achromatized endomicroscope objectives that are as narrow as biopsy needles. We present a proof-of-concept prototype that validates the optical design of an NA0.4 objective. The objective, built with plastic lenses, has a 0.9 mm clear aperture and is achromatized from 452 nm to 623 nm. The objective's measured Strehl ratio is 0.74 ± 0.05 across a 250 μm FOV. We perform optical sectioning via structured illumination through the objective while capturing fluorescence images of breast carcinoma cells stained with proflavine and cresyl violet. This technology has the potential to improve optical biopsies and provide the next step forward in cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kyrish
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Tomasz S. Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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26
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Kalashyan M, Lefort C, Martínez-León L, Mansuryan T, Mouradian L, Louradour F. Ultrashort pulse fiber delivery with optimized dispersion control by reflection grisms at 800 nm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012. [PMID: 23187381 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.025624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a compact and efficient arrangement for fiber delivery of sub-30 fs energetic light pulses at 800 nm. Pulses coming from a broadband Ti:Sapphire oscillator are negatively pre-chirped by a grism-pair stretcher that allows for the control of second and third orders of dispersion. At the direct exit of a 2.7-m long large mode area (LMA) photonic crystal fiber 1-nJ pulses are temporally compressed to 29 fs producing close to 30 kW of peak power. The tunability of the device is studied. Comparison between LMA fibers and standard SMF fibers is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Kalashyan
- Ultrafast Optics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, Yerevan State University 1, Alex Manoogian Street, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
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Brown CM, Rivera DR, Pavlova I, Ouzounov DG, Williams WO, Mohanan S, Webb WW, Xu C. In vivo imaging of unstained tissues using a compact and flexible multiphoton microendoscope. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:040505. [PMID: 22559671 PMCID: PMC3382343 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.4.040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We use a compact and flexible multiphoton microendoscope (MPME) to acquire in vivo images of unstained liver, kidney, and colon from an anesthetized rat. The device delivers femtosecond pulsed 800 nm light from the core of a raster-scanned dual-clad fiber (DCF), which is focused by a miniaturized gradient-index lens assembly into tissue. Intrinsic fluorescence and second-harmonic generation signal from the tissue is epi-collected through the core and inner clad of the same DCF. The MPME has a rigid distal tip of 3 mm in outer diameter and 4 cm in length. The image field-of-view measures 115 μm by 115 μm and was acquired at 4.1 frames/s with 75 mW illumination power at the sample. Organs were imaged after anesthetizing Sprague-Dawley rats with isofluorane gas, accessing tissues via a ventral-midline abdominal incision, and isolating the organs with tongue depressors. In vivo multiphoton images acquired from liver, kidney, and colon using this device show features similar to that of conventional histology slides, without motion artifact, in ~75% of imaged frames. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of multiphoton imaging of unstained tissue from a live subject using a compact and flexible MPME device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Brown
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
- Address all correspondence to: Christopher M. Brown, Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501; Tel: (607)255-8034; E-mail:
| | - David R. Rivera
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
| | - Ina Pavlova
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, 6500 Main Street Suite 135, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dimitre G. Ouzounov
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
| | - Wendy O. Williams
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
| | - Sunish Mohanan
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
| | - Watt W. Webb
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
| | - Chris Xu
- Cornell University, School of Applied and Engineering Physics, 271 Clark Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501
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Kerr JND, Nimmerjahn A. Functional imaging in freely moving animals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:45-53. [PMID: 22237048 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the relationships between animal behavior and cellular activity in the brain has been one of the key aims of neuroscience research for decades, and still remains so. Electrophysiological approaches have enabled sparse sampling from electrically excitable cells in freely moving animals that has led to the identification of important phenomena such as place, grid and head-direction cells. Optical imaging in combination with newly developed labeling approaches now allows minimally invasive and comprehensive sampling from dense networks of electrically and chemically excitable cells such as neurons and glia during self-determined behavior. To achieve this two main imaging avenues have been followed: Optical recordings in head-restrained, mobile animals and miniature microscope-bearing freely moving animals. Here we review progress made toward functional cellular imaging in freely moving rodents, focusing on developments over the past few years. We discuss related challenges and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N D Kerr
- Network Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Tübingen, Spemannstr. 41, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Sarantopoulos A, Beziere N, Ntziachristos V. Optical and Opto-Acoustic Interventional Imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:346-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Safdarian N, Liu Z, Zhou X, Appelman H, Nostrant TT, Wang TD, Wang ET. Quantifying human eosinophils using three-dimensional volumetric images collected with multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:15-20.e1. [PMID: 22100819 PMCID: PMC3244565 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Safdarian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhongyao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | | | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Emily T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Grosberg LE, Radosevich AJ, Asfaha S, Wang TC, Hillman EMC. Spectral characterization and unmixing of intrinsic contrast in intact normal and diseased gastric tissues using hyperspectral two-photon microscopy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19925. [PMID: 21603623 PMCID: PMC3095627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living tissues contain a range of intrinsic fluorophores and sources of second harmonic generation which provide contrast that can be exploited for fresh tissue imaging. Microscopic imaging of fresh tissue samples can circumvent the cost and time associated with conventional histology. Further, intrinsic contrast can provide rich information about a tissue's composition, structure and function, and opens the potential for in-vivo imaging without the need for contrast agents. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we used hyperspectral two-photon microscopy to explore the characteristics of both normal and diseased gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, relying only on their endogenous fluorescence and second harmonic generation to provide contrast. We obtained hyperspectral data at subcellular resolution by acquiring images over a range of two-photon excitation wavelengths, and found excitation spectral signatures of specific tissue types based on our ability to clearly visualize morphology. We present the two-photon excitation spectral properties of four major tissue types that are present throughout the GI tract: epithelium, lamina propria, collagen, and lymphatic tissue. Using these four excitation signatures as basis spectra, linear unmixing strategies were applied to hyperspectral data sets of both normal and neoplastic tissue acquired in the colon and small intestine. Our results show that hyperspectral unmixing with excitation spectra allows segmentation, showing promise for blind identification of tissue types within a field of view, analogous to specific staining in conventional histology. The intrinsic spectral signatures of these tissue types provide information relating to their biochemical composition. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest hyperspectral two-photon microscopy could provide an alternative to conventional histology either for in-situ imaging, or intraoperative ‘instant histology’ of fresh tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Grosberg
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Kyrish M, Utzinger U, Descour MR, Baggett BK, Tkaczyk TS. Ultra-slim plastic endomicroscope objective for non-linear microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:7603-15. [PMID: 21503069 PMCID: PMC3097473 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.007603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-linear microscopy has the potential to provide clinically useful information on the structure of biological tissue in vivo via an endomicroscope. The ability to use plastic as the optical material in a multiphoton objective was evaluated based on several criteria including autofluorescence, injection molding induced birefringence, and pulse broadening due to group velocity dispersion. An all-plastic, refractive ultra-slim endoscope objective was built with design specifications of NA=0.4, FOV=250 μm, 1.27 mm outer diameter, and 0.8 mm clear aperture. Initial images of second-harmonic generation signal (illumination at 780 nm) in collagen fibers and two-photon excited fluorescence (illumination at 920 nm) of Convallaria rhizome are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kyrish
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS 142, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas, 77005,
USA
| | - Urs Utzinger
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona, 85721,
USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
USA
| | - Michael R. Descour
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona, 85721,
USA
| | - Brenda K. Baggett
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
USA
| | - Tomasz S. Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, MS 142, 6100 Main St., Houston, Texas, 77005,
USA
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