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Montecillo-Aguado M, Soca-Chafre G, Antonio-Andres G, Morales-Martinez M, Tirado-Rodriguez B, Rocha-Lopez AG, Hernandez-Cueto D, Sánchez-Ceja SG, Alcala-Mota-Velazco B, Gomez-Garcia A, Gutiérrez-Castellanos S, Huerta-Yepez S. Upregulated Nuclear Expression of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Predicts Poor Outcome in Breast Cancer Patients: Importance of the Digital Pathology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8024. [PMID: 39125591 PMCID: PMC11312095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, with incidence rates increasing globally in recent years. Therefore, it is important to find new molecules with prognostic and therapeutic value to improve therapeutic response and quality of life. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolic pathway participates in various physiological processes, as well as in the development of malignancies. Although aberrancies in the PUFAs metabolic pathway have been implicated in carcinogenesis, the functional and clinical relevance of this pathway has not been well explored in BC. To evaluate the clinical significance of soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) expression in Mexican patients with BC using tissue microarrays (TMAs) and digital pathology (DP). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on 11 TMAs with 267 BC samples to quantify this enzyme. Using DP, EPHX2 protein expression was evaluated solely in tumor areas. The association of EPHX2 with overall survival (OS) was detected through bioinformatic analysis in public databases and confirmed in our cohort via Cox regression analysis. Clear nuclear expression of EPHX2 was identified. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves revealed the optimal cutoff point at 2.847062 × 10-3 pixels, with sensitivity of 69.2% and specificity of 67%. Stratification based on this cutoff value showed elevated EPHX2 expression in multiple clinicopathological features, including older age and nuclear grade, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes, and recurrence. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated how higher nuclear expression of EPHX2 predicts shorter OS. Consistently, multivariate analysis confirmed EPHX2 as an independent predictor of OS, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.483 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.804-6.724 (p < 0.001). Our study demonstrates for the first time that nuclear overexpression of EPHX2 is a predictor of poor prognosis in BC patients. The DP approach was instrumental in identifying this significant association. Our study provides valuable insights into the potential clinical utility of EPHX2 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Montecillo-Aguado
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
| | - Giovanny Soca-Chafre
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
| | - Gabriela Antonio-Andres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
| | - Mario Morales-Martinez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
| | - Belen Tirado-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
| | - Angelica G. Rocha-Lopez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas Dr. Ignacio Chávez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58060, Mexico
| | - Daniel Hernandez-Cueto
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
| | - Sandra G. Sánchez-Ceja
- Laboratorio de Patología, Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58060, Mexico;
| | - Berenice Alcala-Mota-Velazco
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58060, Mexico;
| | - Anel Gomez-Garcia
- Centro de investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia 58060, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Gutiérrez-Castellanos
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas Dr. Ignacio Chávez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58060, Mexico
- Centro de investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, División de Investigación Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia 58060, Mexico;
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; (M.M.-A.); (G.S.-C.); (G.A.-A.)
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Hwang J, Lee MJ, Lee SG, Do H, Lee JH. Structural insights into the distinct substrate preferences of two bacterial epoxide hydrolases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130419. [PMID: 38423431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs), which catalyze the transformation of epoxides to diols, are present in many eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. They have recently drawn considerable attention from organic chemists owing to their application in the semisynthesis of enantiospecific diol compounds. Here, we report the crystal structures of BoEH from Bosea sp. PAMC 26642 and CaEH from Caballeronia sordidicola PAMC 26510 at 1.95 and 2.43 Å resolution, respectively. Structural analysis showed that the overall structures of BoEH and CaEH commonly possess typical α/β hydrolase fold with the same ring-opening residues (Tyr-Tyr) and conserved catalytic triad residues (Asp-Asp-His). However, the two enzymes were found to have significantly different sequence compositions in the cap domain region, which is involved in the formation of the substrate-binding site in both enzymes. Enzyme activity assay results showed that BoEH had the strongest activity toward the linear aliphatic substrates, whereas CaEH had a higher preference for aromatic- and cycloaliphatic substrates. Computational docking simulations and tunnel identification revealed important residues with different substrate-binding preferences. Collectively, structure comparison studies, together with ligand docking simulation results, suggested that the differences in substrate-binding site residues were highly correlated with substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisub Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hackwon Do
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues TA, Pedrosa AG, Silva AR, Vilarinho BG, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. Glutathione and peroxisome redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102917. [PMID: 37804696 PMCID: PMC10565873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research on peroxisome biochemistry, the role of glutathione in peroxisomal redox homeostasis has remained a matter of speculation for many years, and only recently has this issue started to be experimentally addressed. Here, we summarize and compare data from several organisms on the peroxisome-glutathione topic. It is clear from this comparison that the repertoire of glutathione-utilizing enzymes in peroxisomes of different organisms varies widely. In addition, the available data suggest that the kinetic connectivity between the cytosolic and peroxisomal pools of glutathione may also be different in different organisms, with some possessing a peroxisomal membrane that is promptly permeable to glutathione whereas in others this may not be the case. However, regardless of the differences, the picture that emerges from all these data is that glutathione is a crucial component of the antioxidative system that operates inside peroxisomes in all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz G Vilarinho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Wang Y, Morisseau C, Takamura A, Wan D, Li D, Sidoli S, Yang J, Wolan DW, Hammock BD, Kitamura S. PROTAC-Mediated Selective Degradation of Cytosolic Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Enhances ER Stress Reduction. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:884-896. [PMID: 36947831 PMCID: PMC10586715 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme responsible for lipid metabolism and is a promising drug target. Here, we report the first-in-class PROTAC small-molecule degraders of sEH. Our optimized PROTAC selectively targets the degradation of cytosolic but not peroxisomal sEH, resulting in exquisite spatiotemporal control. Remarkably, our sEH PROTAC molecule has higher potency in cellular assays compared to the parent sEH inhibitor as measured by the significantly reduced ER stress. Interestingly, our mechanistic data indicate that our PROTAC directs the degradation of cytosolic sEH via the lysosome, not through the proteasome. The molecules presented here are useful chemical probes to study the biology of sEH with the potential for therapeutic development. Broadly, our results represent a proof of concept for the superior cellular potency of sEH degradation over sEH enzymatic inhibition, as well as subcellular compartment-selective modulation of a protein by PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Akihiro Takamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Dennis W. Wolan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Seiya Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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5
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Edin ML, Gruzdev A, Bradbury JA, Graves JP, Lih FB, DeGraff LM, Fleming I, Zeldin DC. Disruption of Ephx2 in cardiomyocytes but not endothelial cells improves functional recovery after ischemia-reperfusion in isolated mouse hearts. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103049. [PMID: 36822325 PMCID: PMC10040734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 metabolize arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) which have numerous effects. After cardiac ischemia, EET-induced coronary vasodilation increases delivery of oxygen/nutrients to the myocardium, and EET-induced signaling protects cardiomyocytes against postischemic mitochondrial damage. Soluble epoxide hydrolase 2 (EPHX2) diminishes the benefits of EETs through hydrolysis to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. EPHX2 inhibition or genetic disruption improves recovery of cardiac function after ischemia. Immunohistochemical staining revealed EPHX2 expression in cardiomyocytes and some endothelial cells but little expression in cardiac smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts. To determine specific roles of EPHX2 in cardiac cell types, we generated mice with cell-specific disruption of Ephx2 in endothelial cells (Ephx2fx/fx/Tek-cre) or cardiomyocytes (Ephx2fx/fx/Myh6-cre) to compare to global Ephx2-deficient mice (global Ephx2-/-) and WT (Ephx2fx/fx) mice in expression, EET hydrolase activity, and heart function studies. Most cardiac EPHX2 expression and activity is in cardiomyocytes with substantially less activity in endothelial cells. Ephx2fx/fx/Tek-cre hearts have similar EPHX2 expression, hydrolase activity, and postischemic cardiac function as control Ephx2fx/fx hearts. However, Ephx2fx/fx/Myh6-cre hearts were similar to global Ephx2-/- hearts with significantly diminished EPHX2 expression, decreased hydrolase activity, and enhanced postischemic cardiac function compared to Ephx2fx/fx hearts. During reperfusion, Ephx2fx/fx/Myh6-cre hearts displayed increased ERK activation compared to Ephx2fx/fx hearts, which could be reversed by EEZE treatment. EPHX2 did not regulate coronary vasodilation in this model. We conclude that EPHX2 is primarily expressed in cardiomyocytes where it regulates EET hydrolysis and postischemic cardiac function, whereas endothelial EPHX2 does not play a significant role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Alyce Bradbury
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joan P Graves
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fred B Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M DeGraff
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Zhang Y, Gao L, Yao B, Huang S, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Wang X. Role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in cardiovascular diseases and cardiotoxicity of drugs. Life Sci 2022; 310:121122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nguyen N, Morisseau C, Li D, Yang J, Lam E, Woodside DB, Hammock BD, Shih PAB. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Is Associated with Postprandial Anxiety Decrease in Healthy Adult Women. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911798. [PMID: 36233100 PMCID: PMC9569757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of bioactive oxylipins by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) plays an important role in inflammation, and sEH may be a risk modifier in various human diseases and disorders. The relationships that sEH has with the risk factors of these diseases remain elusive. Herein, sEH protein expression and activity in white blood cells were characterized before and after a high-fat meal in healthy women (HW) and women with anorexia nervosa (AN). sEH expression and sEH activity were significantly correlated and increased in both groups two hours after consumption of the study meal. Fasting sEH expression and activity were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) in both groups, while an inverse association with age was found in AN only (p value < 0.05). sEH was not associated with anxiety or depression in either group at the fasting timepoint. While the anxiety score decreased after eating in both groups, a higher fasting sEH was associated with a lower postprandial anxiety decrease in HW (p value < 0.05). sEH characterization using direct measurements verified the relationship between the protein expression and in vivo activity of this important oxylipin modulator, while a well-controlled food challenge study design using HW and a clinical control group of women with disordered eating elucidated sEH’s role in the health of adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhien Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eileen Lam
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - D. Blake Woodside
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pei-an Betty Shih
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-534-0828
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8
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Brunst S, Schönfeld J, Breunig P, Burgers LD, DeMeglio M, Ehrler JHM, Lillich FF, Weizel L, Hefendehl JK, Fürst R, Proschak E, Hiesinger K. Designing a Small Fluorescent Inhibitor to Investigate Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Engagement in Living Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1062-1067. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Brunst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Schönfeld
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Breunig
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luisa D. Burgers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Murphy DeMeglio
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johanna H. M. Ehrler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix F. Lillich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lilia Weizel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmin K. Hefendehl
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Fürst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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9
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Burmistrov VV, Karlov DS, Butov GM, Novakov IA. Prospects for the inhibition of the phosphatase domain of human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH-P). Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Fakhar Z, Hejazi L, Tabatabai SA, Munro OQ. Discovery of novel heterocyclic amide-based inhibitors: an integrative in-silico approach to targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7114-7128. [PMID: 33650467 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1894987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is considered as an emerging druggable target to reduce blood pressure, improve insulin sensitivity, and decrease inflammation. Despite the availability of different classes of sEH small molecule inhibitors for the potential treatment of hypertension, only a few candidates have reached clinical trials, making the optimal control of blood pressure presently unattainable. This necessity motivated us to explore a series of novel quinazoline-4(3H)-one and 4,6-disubstituted pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives targeting sEH enzyme. Herein, comprehensive computational investigations were performed to probe the inhibition efficacy of these potent compounds in terms of inhibitor-enzyme interactions against sEH. In this study, the 39 in-house with a focused library comprising 39 in-house synthesized compounds were selected. The structure-based pharmacophore modeling was developed based on the crystal structure of sEH with its co-crystallized biologically active inhibitor. The generated hypotheses were applied for virtual screening-based PHASE fitness scores. Docking-based virtual screening workflows were used to generate lead compounds using HTVS, SP and XP based GLIDE G-score values. The candidate leads were filtered using ADMET pharmacological and physicochemical properties screening. A 100-ns of molecular dynamics simulations with Molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) were performed to explore the binding affinities of the considered compounds. Our study identified four best candidates from quinazoline-4(3H)-one derivatives, which indicated that a quinazolinone ring serves as a suitable scaffold to develop novel small molecule sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Fakhar
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leila Hejazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Liu MS, Zhao H, Xu CX, Xie PB, Wang W, Yang YY, Lee WH, Jin Y, Zhou HQ. Clinical significance of EPHX2 deregulation in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:109-115. [PMID: 32687069 PMCID: PMC7831821 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_34_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathway participates in various physiological processes as well as in the development of malignancies. We analyzed genomic alterations in AA metabolic enzymes in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) prostate cancer (PCa) dataset and found that the gene encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) is frequently deleted in PCa. EPHX2 mRNA and protein expression in PCa was examined in multiple datasets by differential gene expression analysis and in a tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry. The expression data were analyzed in conjunction with clinicopathological variables. Both the mRNA and protein expression levels of EPHX2 were significantly decreased in tumors compared with normal prostate tissues and were inversely correlated with the Gleason grade and disease-free survival time. Furthermore, EPHX2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in metastatic and recurrent PCa compared with localized and primary PCa, respectively. In addition, EPHX2 protein expression correlated negatively with Ki67 expression. In conclusion, EPHX2 deregulation is significantly correlated with the clinical characteristics of PCa progression and may serve as a prognostic marker for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sheng Liu
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650332, China
| | - Chen-Xiang Xu
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Ping-Bo Xie
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Ying-Yu Yang
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Hong-Qing Zhou
- The Second Ward of Urology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
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12
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The Multifaceted Role of Epoxide Hydrolases in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010013. [PMID: 33374956 PMCID: PMC7792612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are key enzymes involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and biotransformation of endogenous epoxides. They catalyze the hydrolysis of highly reactive epoxides to less reactive diols. EHs thereby orchestrate crucial signaling pathways for cell homeostasis. The EH family comprises 5 proteins and 2 candidate members, for which the corresponding genes are not yet identified. Although the first EHs were identified more than 30 years ago, the full spectrum of their substrates and associated biological functions remain partly unknown. The two best-known EHs are EPHX1 and EPHX2. Their wide expression pattern and multiple functions led to the development of specific inhibitors. This review summarizes the most important points regarding the current knowledge on this protein family and highlights the particularities of each EH. These different enzymes can be distinguished by their expression pattern, spectrum of associated substrates, sub-cellular localization, and enzymatic characteristics. We also reevaluated the pathogenicity of previously reported variants in genes that encode EHs and are involved in multiple disorders, in light of large datasets that were made available due to the broad development of next generation sequencing. Although association studies underline the pleiotropic and crucial role of EHs, no data on high-effect variants are confirmed to date.
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Di Cara F, Andreoletti P, Trompier D, Vejux A, Bülow MH, Sellin J, Lizard G, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Savary S. Peroxisomes in Immune Response and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163877. [PMID: 31398943 PMCID: PMC6721249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is essential to protect organisms from infection and an altered self. An organism’s overall metabolic status is now recognized as an important and long-overlooked mediator of immunity and has spurred new explorations of immune-related metabolic abnormalities. Peroxisomes are essential metabolic organelles with a central role in the synthesis and turnover of complex lipids and reactive species. Peroxisomes have recently been identified as pivotal regulators of immune functions and inflammation in the development and during infection, defining a new branch of immunometabolism. This review summarizes the current evidence that has helped to identify peroxisomes as central regulators of immunity and highlights the peroxisomal proteins and metabolites that have acquired relevance in human pathologies for their link to the development of inflammation, neuropathies, aging and cancer. This review then describes how peroxisomes govern immune signaling strategies such as phagocytosis and cytokine production and their relevance in fighting bacterial and viral infections. The mechanisms by which peroxisomes either control the activation of the immune response or trigger cellular metabolic changes that activate and resolve immune responses are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Margret H Bülow
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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14
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Jones RD, Liao J, Tong X, Xu D, Sun L, Li H, Yang GY. Epoxy-Oxylipins and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Metabolic Pathway as Targets for NSAID-Induced Gastroenteropathy and Inflammation-Associated Carcinogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:731. [PMID: 31293429 PMCID: PMC6603234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including epoxide-modified ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are made via oxidation to create highly polarized carbon-oxygen bonds crucial to their function as signaling molecules. A critical PUFA, arachidonic acid (ARA), is metabolized to a diverse set of lipids signaling molecules through cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, or cytochrome P450 hydroxylase; however, the majority of ARA is metabolized into anti-inflammatory epoxides via cytochrome P450 enzymes. These short-lived epoxide lipids are rapidly metabolized or inactivated by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) into diol-containing products. sEH inhibition or knockout has been a practical approach to study the biology of the epoxide lipids, and has been shown to effectively treat inflammatory conditions in the preclinical models including gastrointestinal ulcers and colitis by shifting oxylipins to epoxide profiles, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration and activation, and enhancing epithelial cell defense via increased mucin production, thus providing further evidence for the role of sEH as a pro-inflammatory protein. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with COX-inhibitor activity are among the most commonly used analgesics and have demonstrated applications in the management of cardiovascular disease and intriguingly cancer. Major side effects of NSAIDs however are gastrointestinal ulcers which frequently precludes their long-term application. In this review, we hope to bridge the gap between NSAID toxicity and sEH-mediated metabolic pathways to focus on the role of epoxy fatty acid metabolic pathway of PUFAs in NSAIDS-ulcer formation and healing as well as inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Specifically we address the potential application of sEH inhibition to enhance ulcer healing at the site of inflammation via their activity on altered lipid signaling, mitochondrial function, and diminished reactive oxygen species, and further discuss the significance of dual COX and sEH inhibitor in anti-inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Jones
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leyu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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15
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Zhang HY, Liu Q, Liu JQ, Wang J, Yang HX, Xu XJ, Xie MJ, Liu XD, Yu SB, Zhang M, Lu L, Zhang J, Wang MQ. Molecular changes in peripheral blood involving osteoarthritic joint remodelling. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:820-827. [PMID: 31046158 PMCID: PMC6851883 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) remain unknown. The objective was to detect whether molecular biomarkers from peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) engage in TMJ OA lesions. Thirty‐four six‐week‐old Sprague Dawley rats were used. The top upregulated gene ontology categories and gene‐fold changes in PBLs were detected by a microarray analysis comparing rats that received 20‐week unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) treatment with age‐matched controls (n = 4). Twenty weeks of UAC treatment had been reported to induce TMJ OA‐like lesions. The other twenty‐four rats were randomly placed in the UAC and control groups at 12‐ and 20‐week time points (n = 6). The mRNA expression levels of the selected biomarkers derived from the microarray analysis and their protein expression in the alveolar bone and TMJ were detected. The microarray analysis indicated that the three most highly involved genes in PBLs were Egr1, Ephx1 and Il10, which were confirmed by real‐time PCR detection. The increased protein expression levels of the three detected molecules were demonstrated in cartilage and subchondral bone (P < 0.05), and increased levels of EPHX1 were reported in discs (P < 0.05); however, increased levels were not present in the alveolar bone. Immunohistochemistry revealed the increased distribution of EGR1‐positive, EXPH1‐positive and IL10‐positive cells predominantly in the osteochondral interface, with EXPH1 also present in TMJ discs. In conclusion, the increased mRNA expression of Egr1, Ephx1 and Il10 in PBLs may serve as potential biomarkers for developed osteoarthritic lesions relating to osteochondral interface hardness changes induced by dental biomechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Stomatology, The Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mian-Jiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease & Shaanxi International Joint Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Liu JY. Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase for Renal Health. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1551. [PMID: 30687105 PMCID: PMC6335332 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) mediates the metabolism of epoxy fatty acids to form the corresponding vicinal diols, which are usually inactive or less active than the epoxide substrates. The sEH enzyme presents in many organs, including but not limited to the liver, heart, spleen, lung, and kidney. Here we summarized the changes in the expression and activity of sEH in multiple renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), diabetic nephrology (DN), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), hypertension-mediated renal damage, and other renal dysfunctions. We also discussed the pharmacologic effects and the underlying mechanisms of sEH inhibition by using an inhibitor of sEH and/or the generic deletion of sEH on multiple renal diseases. We believe that sEH is a potential therapeutic target for renal dysfunction although the target disease needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Liu
- Center for Nephrology and Metabolomics, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth Peoples Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Das UN. Arachidonic acid in health and disease with focus on hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:43-55. [PMID: 30034875 PMCID: PMC6052660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA 20:4n-6) is an essential component of cell membranes and modulates cell membrane fluidity. AA is metabolized by cyclo-oxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 enzymes to form several metabolites that have important biological actions. Of all the actions, role of AA in the regulation of blood pressure and its ability to prevent both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus seems to be interesting. Studies showed that AA and its metabolites especially, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), potent anti-inflammatory metabolites, have a crucial role in the pathobiology of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. AA, LXA4 and EETs regulate smooth muscle function and proliferation, voltage gated ion channels, cell membrane fluidity, membrane receptors, G-coupled receptors, PPARs, free radical generation, nitric oxide formation, inflammation, and immune responses that, in turn, participate in the regulation blood pressure and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. In this review, role of AA and its metabolites LXA4 and EETs in the pathobiology of hypertension, pre-eclampsia and diabetes mellitus are discussed. Based on several lines of evidences, it is proposed that a combination of aspirin and AA could be of benefit in the prevention and management of hypertension, pre-eclampsia and diabetes mellitus.
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18
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Orjuela Leon AC, Marwosky A, Arand M. Evidence for a complex formation between CYP2J5 and mEH in living cells by FRET analysis of membrane protein interaction in the endoplasmic reticulum (FAMPIR). Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3561-3570. [PMID: 29030652 PMCID: PMC5696493 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential complex formation between microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP) has been a subject of research for many decades. Such an association would enable efficient substrate channeling between CYP and mEH and as such represent an attractive strategy to prevent deleterious accumulation of harmful metabolic by-products such as CYP-generated epoxide intermediates. However, such complex formation is experimentally difficult to prove, because CYP and mEH are membrane-bound proteins that are prone to unspecific aggregation after solubilization. Here, we report the development of a FRET-based procedure to analyze the mEH–CYP interaction in living cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. With this non-invasive procedure, we demonstrate that CYP2J5 and mEH associate in the endoplasmic reticulum of recombinant HEK293 cells to the same extent as do CYP2J5 and its indispensible redox partner cytochrome P450 reductase. This presents final proof for a very close proximity of CYP and mEH in the endoplasmic reticulum, compatible with and indicative of their physical interaction. In addition, we provide with FAMPIR a robust and easy-to-implement general method for analyzing the interaction of ER membrane-resident proteins that share a type I topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Carolina Orjuela Leon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Marwosky
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Arand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Caligiuri SPB, Parikh M, Stamenkovic A, Pierce GN, Aukema HM. Dietary modulation of oxylipins in cardiovascular disease and aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H903-H918. [PMID: 28801523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00201.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are a group of fatty acid metabolites generated via oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in processes such as inflammation, immunity, pain, vascular tone, and coagulation. As a result, oxylipins have been implicated in many conditions characterized by these processes, including cardiovascular disease and aging. The best characterized oxylipins in relation to cardiovascular disease are derived from the ω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. These oxylipins generally increase inflammation, hypertension, and platelet aggregation, although not universally. Similarly, oxylipins derived from the ω-6 fatty acid linoleic acid generally have more adverse than beneficial cardiovascular effects. Alternatively, most oxylipins derived from 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, antiaggregatory, and vasodilatory effects that help explain the cardioprotective effects of these fatty acids. Much less is known regarding the oxylipins derived from the 18-carbon ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid, but clinical trials with flaxseed supplementation have indicated that these oxylipins can have positive effects on blood pressure. Normal aging also is associated with changes in oxylipin levels in the brain, vasculature, and other tissues, indicating that oxylipin changes with aging may be involved in age-related changes in these tissues. A small number of trials in humans and animals with interventions that contain either 18-carbon or 20- and 22-carbon ω-3 fatty acids have indicated that dietary-induced changes in oxylipins may be beneficial in slowing the changes associated with normal aging. In summary, oxylipins are an important group of molecules amenable to dietary manipulation to target cardiovascular disease and age-related degeneration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxylipins are an important group of fatty acid metabolites amenable to dietary manipulation. Because of the role they play in cardiovascular disease and in age-related degeneration, oxylipins are gaining recognition as viable targets for specific dietary interventions focused on manipulating oxylipin composition to control these biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and .,Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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20
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Increased epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and reduced soluble epoxide hydrolase expression in the preeclamptic placenta. J Hypertens 2017; 34:1364-70. [PMID: 27115337 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) derived from cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid are increased in the plasma of women with preeclampsia as compared with normal pregnancy and are significantly higher in fetal than in maternal plasma and erythrocytes. We hypothesized that differences in EET synthesis or metabolism in the feto-placental unit contributed to the observed differences in circulating EETs. METHOD To evaluate EETs, formation as well as the expression of relevant CYP isoforms and the metabolizing enzyme, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), biopsies of placenta were collected from 19 normal pregnancy and 10 preeclampsia at the time of cesarean section delivery. EETs were extracted from tissue homogenates and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Both cis-EETs and trans-EETs were detected in the placenta. Concentration of total EETs was higher in the placenta from preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy (2.37 ± 1.42 ng/mg vs. 1.20 ± 0.72 ng/mg, mean ± SD, P < 0.01), especially the 5,6-, 8,9- and 11,12-EETs, measured in a subgroup of tissue samples (normal pregnancy = 10, preeclampsia = 5). By immunohistochemistry, sEH, CYP2J2, CYP4A11 were present in placental villi with different pattern distribution, whereas CYP2C8 was not detectable. Neither were CYP2J2, CYP4A11, and CYP2C8 detected in the umbilical cord. Western blot analysis of placenta homogenates showed reduced expression of sEH in preeclampsia as compared with normal pregnancy. CONCLUSION Increased EETs in the placenta and umbilical cord are associated with the presence of CYP2J2, whereas reduced expression of sEH in preeclampsia may be the key factor of increased EETs in the placenta.
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21
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Kramer J, Proschak E. Phosphatase activity of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:88-92. [PMID: 28729091 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme that exhibits lipid epoxide hydrolase (sEH-H) and lipid phosphatase activity (sEH-P), with each being located in its own distinct domain. While the epoxide hydrolase activity is well-investigated, the role of the phosphatase domain remains unclear. This article briefly summarizes the evolution, structure and SNPs of the human sEH, with a special focus on the function and postulated role of the N-terminal domain of sEH. Furthermore, the article provides an overview of tools to study sEH-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kramer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60439, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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22
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A novel mechanism of ascorbate direct modulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 131:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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23
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Xu X, Li R, Chen G, Hoopes SL, Zeldin DC, Wang DW. The Role of Cytochrome P450 Epoxygenases, Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase, and Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids in Metabolic Diseases. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:1122-1128. [PMID: 28140329 PMCID: PMC5105036 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The features comprising metabolic diseases include obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Recent evidence has emerged showcasing a role for cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in the development and progression of metabolic diseases. This review discusses the current knowledge related to the modulation of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases and soluble epoxide hydrolase to alter concentrations of biologically active EETs, resulting in effects on insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, obesity, and diabetes. Future areas of research to address current deficiencies in the understanding of these enzymes and their eicosanoid metabolites in various aspects of metabolic diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhen Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Guangzhi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Samantha L Hoopes
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
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Vascular endothelial over-expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase (Tie2-sEH) enhances adenosine A 1 receptor-dependent contraction in mouse mesenteric arteries: role of ATP-sensitive K + channels. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 422:197-206. [PMID: 27629787 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts epoxyeicosatrienoic acids that are endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors into less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. Previously, we reported a decrease in adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) protein levels in sEH knockout (sEH-/-) and an increase in sEH and A1AR protein levels in A2AAR-/- mice. Additionally, KATP channels are involved in adenosine receptor (AR)-dependent vascular relaxation. Thus, we hypothesize that a potential relationship may exist among sEH over-expression, A1AR upregulation, inactivation of KATP channels, and increased in vascular tone. We performed DMT myograph muscle tension measurements and western blot analysis in isolated mouse mesenteric arteries (MAs) from wild-type (WT) and endothelial over-expression of sEH (Tie2-sEH Tr) mice. Our data revealed that NECA (a non-selective adenosine receptors agonist)-induced relaxation was significantly reduced in Tie2-sEH Tr mice, and CCPA (A1AR agonist)-induced contraction was increased in Tie2-sEH Tr mice. A1AR-dependent contraction in Tie2-sEH Tr mice was significantly attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of CYP4A (HET0016, 10 µM), PKCα (GO6976, 1 µM), and ERK1/2 (PD58059, 1 µM). Our western blot analysis revealed significantly higher basal protein expression of CYP4A, A1AR, and reduced p-ERK in MAs of Tie2-sEH Tr mice. Notably, pinacidil (KATP channel opener)-induced relaxation was also significantly reduced in MAs of Tie2-sEH Tr mice. Furthermore, KATP channel-dependent relaxation in MAs was enhanced by inhibition of PKCα and ERK1/2 in WT but not Tie2-sEH Tr mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that over-expression of sEH enhances A1AR-dependent contraction and reduces KATP channel-dependent relaxation in MAs. These results suggest a possible interaction between sEH, A1AR, and KATP channels in regulating vascular tone.
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Nelson JW, Das AJ, Barnes AP, Alkayed NJ. Disrupting Dimerization Translocates Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase to Peroxisomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152742. [PMID: 27203283 PMCID: PMC4874748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) neutralizing enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a neuronal enzyme, which has been localized in both the cytosol and peroxisomes. The molecular basis for its dual localization remains unclear as sEH contains a functional peroxisomal targeting sequence (PTS). Recently, a missense polymorphism was identified in human sEH (R287Q) that enhances its peroxisomal localization. This same polymorphism has also been shown to generate weaker sEH homo-dimers. Taken together, these observations suggest that dimerization may mask the sEH PTS and prevent peroxisome translocation. In the current study, we test the hypothesis that dimerization is a key regulator of sEH subcellular localization. Specifically, we altered the dimerization state of sEH by introducing substitutions in amino acids responsible for the dimer-stabilizing salt-bridge. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) fusions of each of mutants were co-transfected into mouse primary cultured cortical neurons together with a PTS-linked red fluorescent protein to constitutively label peroxisomes. Labeled neurons were analyzed using confocal microscopy and co-localization of sEH with peroxisomes was quantified using Pearson's correlation coefficient. We find that dimer-competent sEH constructs preferentially localize to the cytosol, whereas constructs with weakened or disrupted dimerization were preferentially targeted to peroxisomes. We conclude that the sEH dimerization status is a key regulator of its peroxisomal localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
| | - Anjali J. Das
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
| | - Anthony P. Barnes
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
- Pape Family Research Center, Department of Pediatrics Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239–3098, United States of America
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EETs/sEH in diabetes and obesity-induced cardiovascular diseases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:80-9. [PMID: 27184755 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the optimization of blood glucose control and the therapeutic management of risk factors, obesity- and diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases are still major health problems in the United States. Arachidonic acid (AA), an endogenous 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are important lipid mediators with many beneficial effects in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity- and diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases. EETs can be further metabolized to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). It has been demonstrated that the use of sEH blockers, which prevent EET degradation, is a promising pharmacological approach to promoting insulin secretion, preventing endothelial dysfunction, decreasing blood pressure, and protecting against target organ damage in obesity and metabolic diseases. This review will focus on biochemistry of CYP monooxygenase system as well as the pharmacology and physiological significance of EETs and sEH. We will also discuss the role of EETs/sEH in T1DM, T2DM, and obesity- and diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Rosa M, Bonnaillie P, Chanteux H. Prediction of drug–drug interactions with carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide using a new in vitro assay for epoxide hydrolase inhibition. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:1076-1084. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1151088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Non-Clinical Development, Braine-L’alleud, Belgium
| | - Pierre Bonnaillie
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Non-Clinical Development, Braine-L’alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Non-Clinical Development, Braine-L’alleud, Belgium
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Peroxisomal translocation of soluble epoxide hydrolase protects against ischemic stroke injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1416-20. [PMID: 26126869 PMCID: PMC4640333 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) contributes to cardiovascular disease, including stroke, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. While primarily a cytosolic enzyme, sEH can translocate into peroxisomes. The relevance of this for stroke injury is not understood. We tested the hypothesis that sEH-mediated injury is tied to the cytoplasmic localization. We found that a human sEH variant possessing increased affinity to peroxisomes reduced stroke injury in sEH-null mice, whereas infarcts were significantly larger when peroxisomal translocation of sEH was disrupted. We conclude that sEH contributes to stroke injury only when localized in the cytoplasm, while peroxisomal sEH may be protective.
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Lismont C, Nordgren M, Van Veldhoven PP, Fransen M. Redox interplay between mitochondria and peroxisomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:35. [PMID: 26075204 PMCID: PMC4444963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation or “redox” reactions are an integral part of a broad range of cellular processes such as gene expression, energy metabolism, protein import and folding, and autophagy. As many of these processes are intimately linked with cell fate decisions, transient or chronic changes in cellular redox equilibrium are likely to contribute to the initiation and progression of a plethora of human diseases. Since a long time, it is known that mitochondria are major players in redox regulation and signaling. More recently, it has become clear that also peroxisomes have the capacity to impact redox-linked physiological processes. To serve this function, peroxisomes cooperate with other organelles, including mitochondria. This review provides a comprehensive picture of what is currently known about the redox interplay between mitochondria and peroxisomes in mammals. We first outline the pro- and antioxidant systems of both organelles and how they may function as redox signaling nodes. Next, we critically review and discuss emerging evidence that peroxisomes and mitochondria share an intricate redox-sensitive relationship and cooperate in cell fate decisions. Key issues include possible physiological roles, messengers, and mechanisms. We also provide examples of how data mining of publicly-available datasets from “omics” technologies can be a powerful means to gain additional insights into potential redox signaling pathways between peroxisomes and mitochondria. Finally, we highlight the need for more studies that seek to clarify the mechanisms of how mitochondria may act as dynamic receivers, integrators, and transmitters of peroxisome-derived mediators of oxidative stress. The outcome of such studies may open up exciting new avenues for the community of researchers working on cellular responses to organelle-derived oxidative stress, a research field in which the role of peroxisomes is currently highly underestimated and an issue of discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. The role of epoxide hydrolases in health and disease. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2013-32. [PMID: 25248500 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EH) are ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and in almost all organs and tissues. They are mainly subdivided into microsomal and soluble EH and catalyze the hydration of epoxides, three-membered-cyclic ethers, to their corresponding dihydrodiols. Owning to the high chemical reactivity of xenobiotic epoxides, microsomal EH is considered protective enzyme against mutagenic and carcinogenic initiation. Nevertheless, several endogenously produced epoxides of fatty acids function as important regulatory mediators. By mediating the formation of cytotoxic dihydrodiol fatty acids on the expense of cytoprotective epoxides of fatty acids, soluble EH is considered to have cytotoxic activity. Indeed, the attenuation of microsomal EH, achieved by chemical inhibitors or preexists due to specific genetic polymorphisms, is linked to the aggravation of the toxicity of xenobiotics, as well as the risk of cancer and inflammatory diseases, whereas soluble EH inhibition has been emerged as a promising intervention against several diseases, most importantly cardiovascular, lung and metabolic diseases. However, there is reportedly a significant overlap in substrate selectivity between microsomal and soluble EH. In addition, microsomal and soluble EH were found to have the same catalytic triad and identical molecular mechanism. Consequently, the physiological functions of microsomal and soluble EH are also overlapped. Thus, studying the biological effects of microsomal or soluble EH alterations needs to include the effects on both the metabolism of reactive metabolites, as well as epoxides of fatty acids. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of EH in the metabolism of xenobiotic and endogenous epoxides and the impact of EH modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
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Ast J, Stiebler AC, Freitag J, Bölker M. Dual targeting of peroxisomal proteins. Front Physiol 2013; 4:297. [PMID: 24151469 PMCID: PMC3798809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular compartmentalization into organelles serves to separate biological processes within the environment of a single cell. While some metabolic reactions are specific to a single organelle, others occur in more than one cellular compartment. Specific targeting of proteins to compartments inside of eukaryotic cells is mediated by defined sequence motifs. To achieve multiple targeting to different compartments cells use a variety of strategies. Here, we focus on mechanisms leading to dual targeting of peroxisomal proteins. In many instances, isoforms of peroxisomal proteins with distinct intracellular localization are encoded by separate genes. But also single genes can give rise to differentially localized proteins. Different isoforms can be generated by use of alternative transcriptional start sites, by differential splicing or ribosomal read-through of stop codons. In all these cases different peptide variants are produced, of which only one carries a peroxisomal targeting signal. Alternatively, peroxisomal proteins contain additional signals that compete for intracellular targeting. Dual localization of proteins residing in both the cytoplasm and in peroxisomes may also result from use of inefficient targeting signals. The recent observation that some bona fide cytoplasmic enzymes were also found in peroxisomes indicates that dual targeting of proteins to both the cytoplasm and the peroxisome might be more widespread. Although current knowledge of proteins exhibiting only partial peroxisomal targeting is far from being complete, we speculate that the metabolic capacity of peroxisomes might be larger than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg Marburg, Germany
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Harris TR, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: gene structure, expression and deletion. Gene 2013; 526:61-74. [PMID: 23701967 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts epoxides to their corresponding diols through the addition of a water molecule. sEH readily hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules, including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxidized lipids produced from arachidonic acid by the action of cytochrome p450s. Through its metabolism of the EETs and other lipid mediators, sEH contributes to the regulation of vascular tone, nociception, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response. Because of its central physiological role in disease states such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, hypertension, and pain sEH is being investigated as a therapeutic target. This review begins with a brief introduction to sEH protein structure and function. sEH evolution and gene structure are then discussed before human small nucleotide polymorphisms and mammalian gene expression are described in the context of several disease models. The review ends with an overview of studies that have employed the sEH knockout mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Harris
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mutowo-Meullenet P, Huntley RP, Dimmer EC, Alam-Faruque Y, Sawford T, Jesus Martin M, O'Donovan C, Apweiler R. Use of Gene Ontology Annotation to understand the peroxisome proteome in humans. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2013; 2013:bas062. [PMID: 23327938 PMCID: PMC3548334 DOI: 10.1093/database/bas062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Gene Ontology (GO) is the de facto standard for the functional description of gene products, providing a consistent, information-rich terminology applicable across species and information repositories. The UniProt Consortium uses both manual and automatic GO annotation approaches to curate UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) entries. The selection of a protein set prioritized for manual annotation has implications for the characteristics of the information provided to users working in a specific field or interested in particular pathways or processes. In this article, we describe an organelle-focused, manual curation initiative targeting proteins from the human peroxisome. We discuss the steps taken to define the peroxisome proteome and the challenges encountered in defining the boundaries of this protein set. We illustrate with the use of examples how GO annotations now capture cell and tissue type information and the advantages that such an annotation approach provides to users. Database URL:http://www.ebi.ac.uk/GOA/ and http://www.uniprot.org
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Wang Q, Pang W, Cui Z, Shi J, Liu Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Guan Y, Hammock BD, Wang Y, Zhu Y. Upregulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase in proximal tubular cells mediated proteinuria-induced renal damage. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F168-76. [PMID: 23152298 PMCID: PMC3543623 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00129.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), have multiple biological functions, including the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, and being anti-inflammatory. Inhibitors of sEH have been demonstrated to be antihypertensive and renal protective. To elucidate the role of sEH in glomerulonephritis, we first determined the expression of sEH in human kidney by examining biopsies from 153 patients with a variety of glomerulonephritis, including minimal-change, membranous, and IgA nephropathy. Immunohistochemical staining of frozen kidney biopsy samples revealed sEH preferentially expressed in the renal proximal tubular cells, and its expression increased in all patients with glomerulonephritis. The level of sEH in the cortex was positively correlated with proteinuria and negatively with serum albumin level. To investigate the role of sEH in proteinuria-induced renal damage, we incubated purified urine protein from patients with rat renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. The level of sEH was elevated, as were monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and the process of tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, characterized with increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and decreased E-cadherin. These effects were attenuated by administration of a potent sEH inhibitor and mimicked with adenovirus-mediated sEH overexpression. In adriamycin-induced nephropathic mice, sEH inhibitor did not ameliorate proteinuria or level of serum albumin but reduced the long-term elevated serum creatinine level, interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and α-SMA expression. Thus upregulation of sEH in proximal tubular cells in chronic proteinuric kidney diseases may mediate proteinuria-induced renal damage; sEH inhibition by increasing renal eicosanoid levels could prevent the progression of chronic proteinuric kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking Univ. Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Zhang W, Yang AL, Liao J, Li H, Dong H, Chung YT, Bai H, Matkowskyj KA, Hammock BD, Yang GY. Soluble epoxide hydrolase gene deficiency or inhibition attenuates chronic active inflammatory bowel disease in IL-10(-/-) mice. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2580-91. [PMID: 22588244 PMCID: PMC3664520 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolizes anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) into their much less active dihydroxy derivatives dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. Thus, targeting sEH would be important for inflammation. AIMS To determine whether knockout or inhibition of sEH would attenuate the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a mouse model of IBD in IL-10(-/-) mice. METHODS Either the small molecule sEH inhibitor trans/-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (t-AUCB) or sEH knockout mice were used in combination with IL-10(-/-) mice. t-AUCB was administered to mice in drinking fluid. Extensive histopathologic, immunochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate effect of sEH inhibition or deficiency on chronic active inflammation and related mechanism in the bowel. RESULTS Compared to IL-10 (-/-) mice, sEH inhibition or sEH deficiency in IL-10(-/-) mice resulted in significantly lower incidence of active ulcer formation and transmural inflammation, along with a significant decrease in myeloperoxidase-labeled neutrophil infiltration in the inflamed bowel. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and MCP-1, as well VCAM-1 and NF-kB/IKK-α signals were significantly decreased as compared to control animals. Moreover, an eicosanoid profile analysis revealed a significant increase in the ratio of EETs/DHET and EpOME/DiOME, and a slightly down-regulation of inflammatory mediators LTB(4) and 5-HETE. CONCLUSION These results indicate that sEH gene deficiency or inhibition reduces inflammatory activities in the IL-10 (-/-) mouse model of IBD, and that sEH inhibitor could be a highly potential in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Allison L. Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jie Liao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yeon Tae Chung
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Han Bai
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kristina A. Matkowskyj
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
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Imig JD. Epoxides and soluble epoxide hydrolase in cardiovascular physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:101-30. [PMID: 22298653 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are arachidonic acid metabolites that importantly contribute to vascular and cardiac physiology. The contribution of EETs to vascular and cardiac function is further influenced by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that degrades EETs to diols. Vascular actions of EETs include dilation and angiogenesis. EETs also decrease inflammation and platelet aggregation and in general act to maintain vascular homeostasis. Myocyte contraction and increased coronary blood flow are the two primary EET actions in the heart. EET cell signaling mechanisms are tissue and organ specific and provide significant evidence for the existence of EET receptors. Additionally, pharmacological and genetic manipulations of EETs and sEH have demonstrated a contribution for this metabolic pathway to cardiovascular diseases. Given the impact of EETs to cardiovascular physiology, there is emerging evidence that development of EET-based therapeutics will be beneficial for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Imig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Nelson JW, Alkayed NJ. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as a Stroke Target. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Luo P, Wang MH. Eicosanoids, β-cell function, and diabetes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011; 95:1-10. [PMID: 21757024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes into eicosanoids, which are involved in diverse diseases, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes. During the last 30 years, evidence has been accumulated that suggests important functions for eicosanoids in the control of pancreatic β-cell function and destruction. AA metabolites of the COX pathway, especially prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), appear to be significant factors to β-cell dysfunction and destruction, participating in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Several elegant studies have contributed to the sorting out of the importance of 12-LOX eicosanoids in cytokine-mediated inflammation in pancreatic β cells. The role of CYP eicosanoids in diabetes is yet to be explored. A recent publication has demonstrated that stabilizing the levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), CYP eicosanoids, by inhibiting or deleting soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) improves β-cell function and reduces β-cell apoptosis in diabetes. In this review we summarize recent findings implicating these eicosanoid pathways in diabetes and its complications. We also discuss the development of animal models with targeted gene deletion and specific enzymatic inhibitors in each pathway to identify potential targets for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
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Arachidonic acid pathway members PLA2G7, HPGD, EPHX2, and CYP4F8 identified as putative novel therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:525-36. [PMID: 21281786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid and prostaglandin pathway has been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, but comprehensive studies of the individual members in this key pathway are lacking. Here, we first conducted a systematic bioinformatic study of the expression of 36 arachidonic acid pathway genes across 9783 human tissue samples. The results showed that the PLA2G7, HPGD, EPHX2, and CYP4F8 genes are highly expressed in prostate cancer. Functional studies using RNA interference in prostate cancer cells indicated that all four genes are also essential for cell growth and survival. Clinical validation confirmed high PLA2G7 expression, especially in ERG oncogene-positive prostate cancers, and its silencing sensitized ERG-positive prostate cancer cells to oxidative stress. HPGD was highly expressed in androgen receptor (AR)-overexpressing advanced tumors, as well as in metastatic prostate cancers. EPHX2 mRNA correlated with AR in primary prostate cancers, and its inhibition in vitro reduced AR signaling and potentiated the effect of antiandrogen flutamide in cultured prostate cancer cells. In summary, we identified four novel putative therapeutic targets with biomarker potential for different subtypes of prostate cancer. In addition, our results indicate that inhibition of these enzymes may be particularly powerful when combined with other treatments, such as androgen deprivation or induction of oxidative stress.
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Abdu E, Bruun DA, Yang D, Yang J, Inceoglu B, Hammock BD, Alkayed NJ, Lein PJ. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids enhance axonal growth in primary sensory and cortical neuronal cell cultures. J Neurochem 2011; 117:632-42. [PMID: 21155804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the major enzyme that metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), is expressed in axons of cortical neurons; however, the functional relevance of axonal sEH localization is unknown. Immunocytochemical analyses demonstrate predominant axonal localization of sEH in primary cultures of not only cortical but also sympathetic and sensory neurons. Morphometric analyses of cultured sensory neurons indicate that exposure to a regioisomeric mixture of EETs (0.01-1.0 μM) causes a concentration-dependent increase in axon outgrowth. This axon promoting activity is not a generalized property of all regioisomers of EETs as axonal growth is enhanced in sensory neurons exposed to 14,15-EET but not 8,9- or 11,12-EET. 14,15-EET also promotes axon outgrowth in cultured cortical neurons. Co-exposure to EETs and either of two structurally diverse pharmacological inhibitors of sEH potentiates the axon-enhancing activity of EETs in sensory and cortical neurons. Mass spectrometry indicates that sEH inhibition significantly increases EETs and significantly decreases dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid metabolites in neuronal cell cultures. These data indicate that EETs enhance axon outgrowth and suggest that axonal sEH activity regulates EETs-induced axon outgrowth. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic use of sEH inhibitors in promoting nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emun Abdu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Role of CYP2C9 genetic variants for salt sensitivity and the regulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in normotensive men. J Hypertens 2011; 29:56-61. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32833f5de5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Localization of peroxisomal matrix proteins by photobleaching. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:355-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bianco RA, Agassandian K, Cassell MD, Spector AA, Sigmund CD. Characterization of transgenic mice with neuron-specific expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Brain Res 2009; 1291:60-72. [PMID: 19643090 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is the major enzyme responsible for the metabolism and inactivation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). EETs are produced by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and tend to be anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and protective against ischemic injury. Since the metabolism of EETs by sEH reduces or eliminates their bioactivity, inhibition of sEH has become a therapeutic strategy for hypertension and inflammation. sEH is found in nearly all tissues so the systemic application of inhibitors is likely to affect more than blood pressure and inflammation. In the central nervous system, EETs are thought to play a role in the regulation of local blood flow, protection from ischemic injury, inhibition of inflammation, the release of peptide hormones and modulation of fever. However, little is known about region- and cell-specific expression of sEH in the brain. In the mouse brain, expression of sEH was found widely in cortical and hippocampal astrocytes and also in a few specific neuron types in the cortex, cerebellum, and medulla. To assess the functional significance of neuronal sEH, we generated a transgenic mouse model, which over-expresses sEH specifically in neurons. Transgenic mice showed increased neuron labeling in cortex and hippocampus with little change in labeling of other brain regions. Despite a 3-fold increase in sEH activity in the brain, there was no change in arterial pressure. This data provides new information required for studying the central roles of the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Bianco
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Rawal S, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Shivachar AC. Differential subcellular distribution and colocalization of the microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolases in cultured neonatal rat brain cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:218-27. [PMID: 18711743 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzymes exist in a variety of cells and tissues, including liver, kidney, and testis. However, very little is known about brain epoxide hydrolases. Here we report the expression, localization, and subcellular distribution of mEH and sEH in cultured neonatal rat cortical astrocytes by immunocytochemistry, subcellular fractionation, Western blotting, and radiometric enzyme assays. Our results showed a diffuse immunofluorescence pattern for mEH, which colocalized with the astroglial cytoskeletal marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The GFAP-positive cells also expressed sEH, which was localized mainly in the cytoplasm, especially in and around the nucleus. Western blot analyses revealed a distinct protein band with a molecular mass of approximately 50 kDa, the signal intensity of which increased about 1.5-fold in the microsomal fraction over the whole-cell lysate and other subcellular fractions. The polyclonal anti-human sEH rabbit serum recognized a protein band with a molecular mass similar to that of the affinity-purified sEH protein (approximately 62 kDa), the signal intensity of which increased over 1.7-fold in the 105,000g supernatant fraction over the cell lysate. Furthermore, the corresponding enzyme activities measured by using mEH- and sEH-selective substrates generally corroborated the immunocytochemical and Western blotting data. These results suggest that rat brain cortical astrocytes differentially coexpress mEH and sEH enzymes. The differential subcellular localization of mEH and sEH may play a role in the cerebrovascular functions that are known to be affected by brain-derived vasoactive epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas 77004, USA
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Decker M, Arand M, Cronin A. Mammalian epoxide hydrolases in xenobiotic metabolism and signalling. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:297-318. [PMID: 19340413 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases catalyse the hydrolysis of electrophilic--and therefore potentially genotoxic--epoxides to the corresponding less reactive vicinal diols, which explains the classification of epoxide hydrolases as typical detoxifying enzymes. The best example is mammalian microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH)-an enzyme prone to detoxification-due to a high expression level in the liver, a broad substrate selectivity, as well as inducibility by foreign compounds. The mEH is capable of inactivating a large number of structurally different, highly reactive epoxides and hence is an important part of the enzymatic defence of our organism against adverse effects of foreign compounds. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that mammalian epoxide hydrolases play physiological roles other than detoxification, particularly through involvement in signalling processes. This certainly holds true for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) whose main function seems to be the turnover of lipid derived epoxides, which are signalling lipids with diverse functions in regulatory processes, such as control of blood pressure, inflammatory processes, cell proliferation and nociception. In recent years, the sEH has attracted attention as a promising target for pharmacological inhibition to treat hypertension and possibly other diseases. Recently, new hitherto uncharacterised epoxide hydrolases could be identified in mammals by genome analysis. The expression pattern and substrate selectivity of these new epoxide hydrolases suggests their participation in signalling processes rather than a role in detoxification. Taken together, epoxide hydrolases (1) play a central role in the detoxification of genotoxic epoxides and (2) have an important function in the regulation of physiological processes by the control of signalling molecules with an epoxide structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Decker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurer Str. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Cronin A, Homburg S, Dürk H, Richter I, Adamska M, Frère F, Arand M. Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of Human sEH Phosphatase by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and LC–MS/MS Analysis. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:627-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Motoki A, Merkel MJ, Packwood WH, Cao Z, Liu L, Iliff J, Alkayed NJ, Van Winkle DM. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition and gene deletion are protective against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2128-34. [PMID: 18835921 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00428.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. EETs are formed from arachidonic acid during myocardial ischemia and play a protective role against ischemic cell death. Deletion of sEH has been shown to be protective against myocardial ischemia in the isolated heart preparation. We tested the hypothesis that sEH inactivation by targeted gene deletion or pharmacological inhibition reduces infarct size (I) after regional myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Male C57BL\6J wild-type or sEH knockout mice were subjected to 40 min of left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion. Wild-type mice were injected intraperitoneally with 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid butyl ester (AUDA-BE), a sEH inhibitor, 30 min before LCA occlusion or during ischemia 10 min before reperfusion. 14,15-EET, the main substrate for sEH, was administered intravenously 15 min before LCA occlusion or during ischemia 5 min before reperfusion. The EET antagonist 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (EEZE) was given intravenously 15 min before reperfusion. Area at risk (AAR) and I were assessed using fluorescent microspheres and triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and I was expressed as I/AAR. I was significantly reduced in animals treated with AUDA-BE or 14,15-EET, independent of the time of administration. The cardioprotective effect of AUDA-BE was abolished by the EET antagonist 14,15-EEZE. Immunohistochemistry revealed abundant sEH protein expression in left ventricular tissue. Strategies to increase 14,15-EET, including sEH inactivation, may represent a novel therapeutic approach for cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Motoki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Gerry Brooks and epoxide hydrolases: four decades to a pharmaceutical. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:594-609. [PMID: 18383502 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pioneering work of Gerry Brooks on cyclodiene insecticides led to the discovery of a class of enzymes known as epoxide hydrolases. The results from four decades of work confirm Brooks' first observations that the microsomal epoxide hydrolase is important in foreign compound metabolism. Brooks and associates went on to be the first to carry out a systematic study of the inhibition of this enzyme. A second role for this enzyme family was in the degradation of insect juvenile hormone (JH). JH epoxide hydrolases have now been cloned and expressed from several species, and there is interest in developing inhibitors for them. Interestingly, the distantly related mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase has emerged as a promising pharmacological target for treating hypertension, inflammatory disease and pain. Tight-binding transition-state inhibitors were developed with good ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). These compounds stabilize endogenous epoxides of fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, which have profound therapeutic effects. Now EHs from microorganisms and plants are used in green chemistry. From his seminal work, Dr Brooks opened the field of epoxide hydrolase research in many directions including xenobiotic metabolism, insect physiology and human health, as well as asymmetric organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UCD, Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Luo B, Norris C, Bolstad ESD, Knecht DA, Grant DF. Protein quaternary structure and expression levels contribute to peroxisomal-targeting-sequence-1-mediated peroxisomal import of human soluble epoxide hydrolase. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:31-41. [PMID: 18513744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) is a consensus tripeptide 1 (S/C/A)(K/R/H)(L/M) that is found at the C-terminus of most peroxisomal proteins. However, the only known mammalian protein containing a terminal methionine PTS1 (SKM), human soluble epoxide hydrolase (hsEH), shows both peroxisomal and cytosolic localizations in vivo. Mechanisms regulating the subcellular localization of hsEH thus remain unclear. Here we utilized green fluorescent protein-hsEH fusion constructs to study the peroxisomal targeting of hsEH in transiently and stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Our results suggest that the peroxisomal import of hsEH is regulated by three factors. First, we show that SKM is required, but not sufficient, for peroxisomal import. Second, by manipulating protein expression levels, we show that SKM mediates peroxisomal import of wild-type hsEH only when expression levels are high. Third, we show that amino acid modifications that decrease subunit oligomerization and presumably enhance accessibility of the SKM motif confer peroxisomal targeting even at low protein expression levels. We conclude that, in hsEH, SKM is a necessary but inefficient and context-dependent PTS1. Peroxisomal import occurs when expression levels are high or when the SKM motif is accessible. These results provide a mechanistic basis for understanding the cell-specific and tissue-specific localization of hsEH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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An unannotated α/β hydrolase superfamily member, ABHD6 differentially expressed among cancer cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:691-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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