1
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Yeh SM, Yoon M, Scott S, Chatterjee A, Hemara LM, Chen RKY, Wang T, Templeton K, Rikkerink EHA, Jayaraman J, Brendolise C. NbPTR1 confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38899426 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) causes a devastating canker disease in yellow-fleshed kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). The effector HopZ5, which is present in all isolates of Psa3 causing global outbreaks of pandemic kiwifruit canker disease, triggers immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and is not recognised in susceptible A. chinensis cultivars. In a search for N. benthamiana nonhost resistance genes against HopZ5, we found that the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor NbPTR1 recognised HopZ5. RPM1-interacting protein 4 orthologues from N. benthamiana and A. chinensis formed a complex with NbPTR1 and HopZ5 activity was able to disrupt this interaction. No functional orthologues of NbPTR1 were found in A. chinensis. NbPTR1 transformed into Psa3-susceptible A. chinensis var. chinensis 'Hort16A' plants introduced HopZ5-specific resistance against Psa3. Altogether, this study suggested that expressing NbPTR1 in Psa3-susceptible kiwifruit is a viable approach to acquiring resistance to Psa3 and it provides valuable information for engineering resistance in otherwise susceptible kiwifruit genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Mei Yeh
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Minsoo Yoon
- Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sidney Scott
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauren M Hemara
- Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronan K Y Chen
- Food Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tianchi Wang
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kerry Templeton
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Erik H A Rikkerink
- Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Brendolise
- New Cultivar Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Yu J, Yuan Q, Chen C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Hu W, Liao A, Zhang J, Le X, Li H, Wang X. A root-knot nematode effector targets the Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A for degradation to suppress plant defense and promote parasitism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1500-1515. [PMID: 38516730 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most widely distributed plant-parasitic nematodes and causes severe economic losses annually. The parasite produces effector proteins that play essential roles in successful parasitism. Here, we identified one such effector named MiCE108, which is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and is upregulated in the early parasitic stage of M. incognita. A yeast signal sequence trap assay showed that MiCE108 contains a functional signal peptide for secretion. Virus-induced gene silencing of MiCE108 impaired the parasitism of M. incognita in Nicotiana benthamiana. The ectopic expression of MiCE108 in Arabidopsis suppressed the deposition of callose, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and the expression of marker genes for bacterial flagellin epitope flg22-triggered immunity, resulting in increased susceptibility to M. incognita, Botrytis cinerea, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. The MiCE108 protein physically associates with the plant defense protease RD21A and promotes its degradation via the endosomal-dependent pathway, or 26S proteasome. Consistent with this, knockout of RD21A compromises the innate immunity of Arabidopsis and increases its susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens, including M. incognita, strongly indicating a role in defense against this nematode. Together, our data suggest that M. incognita deploys the effector MiCE108 to target Arabidopsis cysteine protease RD21A and affect its stability, thereby suppressing plant innate immunity and facilitating parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyu Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aolin Liao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhu Le
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Chien CC, Chang CH, Ting HM. A novel lectin receptor kinase gene, AtG-LecRK-I.2, enhances bacterial pathogen resistance through regulation of stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112071. [PMID: 38508495 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The S-locus lectin receptor kinases (G-LecRKs) have been suggested as receptors for microbe/damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) and to be involved in the pathogen defense responses, but the functions of most G-LecRKs in biotic stress response have not been characterized. Here, we identified a member of this family, G-LecRK-I.2, that positively regulates flg22- and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000-induced stomatal closure. G-LecRK-I.2 was rapidly phosphorylated under flg22 treatment and could interact with the FLS2/BAK1 complex. Two T-DNA insertion lines, glecrk-i.2-1 and glecrk-i.2-2, had lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in guard cells, as compared with the wild-type Col-0, under Pst DC3000 infection. Also, the immunity marker genes CBP60g and PR1 were induced at lower levels under Pst DC3000 hrcC- infection in glecrk-i.2-1 and glecrk-i.2-2. The GUS reporter system also revealed that G-LecRK-I.2 was expressed only in guard cells. We also found that G-LecRK-I.2 could interact H+-ATPase AHA1 to regulate H+-ATPase activity in the guard cells. Taken together, our results show that G-LecRK-I.2 plays an important role in regulating stomatal closure under flg22 and Pst DC3000 treatments and in ROS and NO signaling specifically in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chien
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Hsin Chang
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Healthy Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hieng-Ming Ting
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Baena G, Xia L, Waghmare S, Yu Z, Guo Y, Blatt MR, Zhang B, Karnik R. Arabidopsis SNARE SYP132 impacts on PIP2;1 trafficking and function in salinity stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1036-1053. [PMID: 38289468 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In plants so-called plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are major water channels governing plant water status. Membrane trafficking contributes to functional regulation of major PIPs and is crucial for abiotic stress resilience. Arabidopsis PIP2;1 is rapidly internalised from the plasma membrane in response to high salinity to regulate osmotic water transport, but knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is fragmentary. Here we show that PIP2;1 occurs in complex with SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS 132 (SYP132) together with the plasma membrane H+-ATPase AHA1 as evidenced through in vivo and in vitro analysis. SYP132 is a multifaceted vesicle trafficking protein, known to interact with AHA1 and promote endocytosis to impact growth and pathogen defence. Tracking native proteins in immunoblot analysis, we found that salinity stress enhances SYP132 interactions with PIP2;1 and PIP2;2 isoforms to promote redistribution of the water channels away from the plasma membrane. Concurrently, AHA1 binding within the SYP132-complex was significantly reduced under salinity stress and increased the density of AHA1 proteins at the plasma membrane in leaf tissue. Manipulating SYP132 function in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced resilience to salinity stress and analysis in heterologous systems suggested that the SNARE influences PIP2;1 osmotic water permeability. We propose therefore that SYP132 coordinates AHA1 and PIP2;1 abundance at the plasma membrane and influences leaf hydraulics to regulate plant responses to abiotic stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Baena
- Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - ZhiYi Yu
- Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yue Guo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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5
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Ando E, Taki K, Suzuki T, Kinoshita T. A novel semi-dominant mutation in brassinosteroid signaling kinase1 increases stomatal density. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1377352. [PMID: 38628368 PMCID: PMC11019013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1377352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Stomata play a pivotal role in balancing CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss via transpiration. Thus, appropriate regulation of stomatal movement and its formation are crucial for plant growth and survival. Red and blue light induce phosphorylation of the C-terminal residue of the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, threonine, in guard cells, generating the driving force for stomatal opening. While significant progress has been made in understanding the regulatory mechanism of PM H+-ATPase in guard cells, the regulatory components for the phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase have not been fully elucidated. Recently, we established a new immunohistochemical technique for detecting guard-cell PM H+-ATPase phosphorylation using leaves, which was expected to facilitate investigations with a single leaf. In this study, we applied the technique to genetic screening experiment to explore novel regulators for the phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase in guard cells, as well as stomatal development. We successfully performed phenotyping using a single leaf. During the experiment, we identified a mutant exhibiting high stomatal density, jozetsu (jzt), named after a Japanese word meaning 'talkative'. We found that a novel semi-dominant mutation in BRASSINOSTEROID SIGNALING KINASE1 (BSK1) is responsible for the phenotype in jzt mutant. The present results demonstrate that the new immunohistochemical technique has a wide range of applications, and the novel mutation would provide genetic tool to expand our understanding of plant development mediated by brassinosteroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigo Ando
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kyomi Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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6
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Arnaud D, Deeks MJ, Smirnoff N. RBOHF activates stomatal immunity by modulating both reactive oxygen species and apoplastic pH dynamics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:404-415. [PMID: 37421599 PMCID: PMC10952706 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal defences are important for plants to prevent pathogen entry and further colonisation of leaves. Apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases and apoplastic peroxidases play an important role in activating stomatal closure upon perception of bacteria. However, downstream events, particularly the factors influencing cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) signatures in guard cells are poorly understood. We used the H2 O2 sensor roGFP2-Orp1 and a ROS-specific fluorescein probe to study intracellular oxidative events during stomatal immune response using Arabidopsis mutants involved in the apoplastic ROS burst. Surprisingly, the NADPH oxidase mutant rbohF showed over-oxidation of roGFP2-Orp1 by a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in guard cells. However, stomatal closure was not tightly correlated with high roGFP2-Orp1 oxidation. In contrast, RBOHF was necessary for PAMP-mediated ROS production measured by a fluorescein-based probe in guard cells. Unlike previous reports, the rbohF mutant, but not rbohD, was impaired in PAMP-triggered stomatal closure resulting in defects in stomatal defences against bacteria. Interestingly, RBOHF also participated in PAMP-induced apoplastic alkalinisation. The rbohF mutants were also partly impaired in H2 O2 -mediated stomatal closure at 100 μm while higher H2 O2 concentration up to 1 mm did not promote stomatal closure in wild-type plants. Our results provide novel insights on the interplay between apoplastic and cytosolic ROS dynamics and highlight the importance of RBOHF in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Arnaud
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Michael J. Deeks
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
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7
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Meddya S, Meshram S, Sarkar D, S R, Datta R, Singh S, Avinash G, Kumar Kondeti A, Savani AK, Thulasinathan T. Plant Stomata: An Unrealized Possibility in Plant Defense against Invading Pathogens and Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3380. [PMID: 37836120 PMCID: PMC10574665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen's attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues. Recent evidence has revealed that stomata are integral to the plant defense system and can actively impede invading pathogens by triggering plant defense responses. Stomata interact with diverse pathogen virulence factors, granting them the capacity to influence plant susceptibility and resistance. Moreover, recent studies focusing on the environmental and microbial regulation of stomatal closure and opening have shed light on the epidemiology of bacterial diseases in plants. Bacteria and fungi can induce stomatal closure using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), effectively preventing entry through these openings and positioning stomata as a critical component of the plant's innate immune system; however, despite this defense mechanism, some microorganisms have evolved strategies to overcome stomatal protection. Interestingly, recent research supports the hypothesis that stomatal closure caused by PAMPs may function as a more robust barrier against pathogen infection than previously believed. On the other hand, plant stomatal closure is also regulated by factors such as abscisic acid and Ca2+-permeable channels, which will also be discussed in this review. Therefore, this review aims to discuss various roles of stomata during biotic and abiotic stress, such as insects and water stress, and with specific context to pathogens and their strategies for evading stomatal defense, subverting plant resistance, and overcoming challenges faced by infectious propagules. These pathogens must navigate specific plant tissues and counteract various constitutive and inducible resistance mechanisms, making the role of stomata in plant defense an essential area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Meddya
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Shweta Meshram
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Deepranjan Sarkar
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Rakesh S
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar 736165, India;
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Sachidanand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar 384315, India;
| | - Gosangi Avinash
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141027, India;
| | - Arun Kumar Kondeti
- Department of Agronomy, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal 518502, India;
| | - Ajit Kumar Savani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, India;
| | - Thiyagarajan Thulasinathan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India;
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8
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Zhu J, Lolle S, Tang A, Guel B, Kvitko B, Cole B, Coaker G. Single-cell profiling of Arabidopsis leaves to Pseudomonas syringae infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112676. [PMID: 37342910 PMCID: PMC10528479 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant response to pathogen infection varies within a leaf, yet this heterogeneity is not well resolved. We expose Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae or mock treatment and profile >11,000 individual cells using single-cell RNA sequencing. Integrative analysis of cell populations from both treatments identifies distinct pathogen-responsive cell clusters exhibiting transcriptional responses ranging from immunity to susceptibility. Pseudotime analyses through pathogen infection reveals a continuum of disease progression from an immune to a susceptible state. Confocal imaging of promoter-reporter lines for transcripts enriched in immune cell clusters shows expression surrounding substomatal cavities colonized or in close proximity to bacterial colonies, suggesting that cells within immune clusters represent sites of early pathogen invasion. Susceptibility clusters exhibit more general localization and are highly induced at later stages of infection. Overall, our work shows cellular heterogeneity within an infected leaf and provides insight into plant differential response to infection at a single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Signe Lolle
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bella Guel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin Cole
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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9
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Lewis DC, Stevens DM, Little H, Coaker GL, Bostock RM. Overlapping Local and Systemic Defense Induced by an Oomycete Fatty Acid MAMP and Brown Seaweed Extract in Tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:359-371. [PMID: 36802868 PMCID: PMC10754052 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids are integral components of oomycete pathogens that can act as microbe-associated molecular patterns to induce disease resistance in plants. Defense-inducing eicosapolyenoic fatty acids include arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid and are strong elicitors in solanaceous plants, with bioactivity in other plant families. Similarly, extracts of a brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, used in sustainable agriculture as a biostimulant of plant growth, may also induce disease resistance. A. nodosum, similar to other macroalgae, is rich in eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, which comprise as much as 25% of total fatty acid composition. We investigated the response of roots and leaves from AA or a commercial A. nodosum extract (ANE) on root-treated tomatoes via RNA sequencing, phytohormone profiling, and disease assays. AA and ANE significantly altered transcriptional profiles relative to control plants, inducing numerous defense-related genes with both substantial overlap and differences in gene expression patterns. Root treatment with AA and, to a lesser extent, ANE also altered both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels while inducing local and systemic resistance to oomycete and bacterial pathogen challenge. Thus, our study highlights overlap in both local and systemic defense induced by AA and ANE, with potential for inducing broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonique C. Lewis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Danielle M. Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Holly Little
- Acadian Plant Health, Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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10
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Seo YE, Yan X, Choi D, Mang H. Phytophthora infestans RxLR Effector PITG06478 Hijacks 14-3-3 to Suppress PMA Activity Leading to Necrotrophic Cell Death. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:150-158. [PMID: 36413345 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0135-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens often induce cell death for their successful proliferation in the host plant. Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) are targeted by either pathogens or plant immune receptors in immune response regulation. Although PMAs play pivotal roles in host cell death, the molecular mechanism of effector-mediated regulation of PMA activity has not been described. Here, we report that the Phytophthora infestans RxLR effector PITG06478 can induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana but the induced cell death is inhibited by fusicoccin (FC), an irreversible PMA activator. PITG06478, which is localized at the plasma membrane, is not directly associated with the PMA but is associated with Nb14-3-3s, a PMA activator. Immunoblot analyses revealed that the interaction between PITG06478 and Nb14-3-3s was disrupted by FC. PMA activity in PITG06478-expressing plants was eventually inhibited, and cell death likely occurred because the 14-3-3 protein was hijacked. Our results further confirm the significance of PMA activity in host cell death and provide new insight into how pathogens utilize essential host components to sustain their life cycle. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Seo
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Yan
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Miryang, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lau KJX, Gusareva ES, Luhung I, Premkrishnan BNV, Wong A, Poh TY, Uchida A, Oliveira EL, Drautz-Moses DI, Junqueira ACM, Schuster SC. Structure vs. chemistry: Alternate mechanisms for controlling leaf microbiomes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0275734. [PMID: 36943839 PMCID: PMC10030040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of phyllosphere microbiomes traditionally relied on DNA extracted from whole leaves. To investigate the microbial communities on the adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) leaf surfaces, swabs were collected from both surfaces of two garden plants, Rhapis excelsa and Cordyline fruticosa. Samples were collected at noon and midnight and at five different locations to investigate if the phyllosphere microbial communities change with time and location. The abaxial surface of Rhapis excelsa and Cordyline fruticosa had fewer bacteria in contrast to its adaxial counterpart. This observation was consistent between noon and midnight and across five different locations. Our co-occurrence network analysis further showed that bacteria were found almost exclusively on the adaxial surface while only a small group of leaf blotch fungi thrived on the abaxial surface. There are higher densities of stomata on the abaxial surface and these openings are vulnerable ports of entry into the plant host. While one might argue about the settling of dust particles and microorganisms on the adaxial surface, we detected differences in reactive chemical activities and microstructures between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Our results further suggest that both plant species deploy different defence strategies to deter invading pathogens on the abaxial surface. We hypothesize that chemical and mechanical defence strategies evolved independently for harnessing and controlling phyllosphere microbiomes. Our findings have also advanced our understanding that the abaxial leaf surface is distinct from the adaxial surface and that the reduced microbial diversity is likely a consequence of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny J X Lau
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elena S Gusareva
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irvan Luhung
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Balakrishnan N V Premkrishnan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Wong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuang Yeow Poh
- Translational Respiratory Research Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akira Uchida
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elaine L Oliveira
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela I Drautz-Moses
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Carolina M Junqueira
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Michalak A, Wdowikowska A, Janicka M. Plant Plasma Membrane Proton Pump: One Protein with Multiple Functions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244052. [PMID: 36552816 PMCID: PMC9777500 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the plasma membrane proton pump (PM H+-ATPase) regulates numerous transport-dependent processes such as growth, development, basic physiology, and adaptation to environmental conditions. This review explores the multifunctionality of this enzyme in plant cells. The abundance of several PM H+-ATPase isogenes and their pivotal role in energizing transport in plants have been connected to the phenomena of pleiotropy. The multifunctionality of PM H+-ATPase is a focal point of numerous studies unraveling the molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, PM H+-ATPase is a key element in plant defense mechanisms against pathogen attack; however, it also functions as a target for pathogens that enable plant tissue invasion. Here, we provide an extensive review of the PM H+-ATPase as a multitasking protein in plants. We focus on the results of recent studies concerning PM H+-ATPase and its role in plant growth, physiology, and pathogenesis.
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13
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Yang J, Zhang N, Wang J, Fang A, Fan J, Li D, Li Y, Wang S, Cui F, Yu J, Liu Y, Wang WM, Peng YL, He SY, Sun W. SnRK1A-mediated phosphorylation of a cytosolic ATPase positively regulates rice innate immunity and is inhibited by Ustilaginoidea virens effector SCRE1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1422-1440. [PMID: 36068953 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is becoming one of the most recalcitrant rice diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity against U. virens remain unknown. Using genetic, biochemical and disease resistance assays, we demonstrated that the xb24 knockout lines generated in non-Xa21 rice background exhibit an enhanced susceptibility to the fungal pathogens U. virens and Magnaporthe oryzae. Consistently, flg22- and chitin-induced oxidative burst and expression of pathogenesis-related genes in the xb24 knockout lines were greatly attenuated. As a central mediator of energy signaling, SnRK1A interacts with and phosphorylates XB24 at Thr83 residue to promote ATPase activity. SnRK1A is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and positively regulates plant immune responses and disease resistance. Furthermore, the virulence effector SCRE1 in U. virens targets host ATPase XB24. The interaction inhibits ATPase activity of XB24 by blocking ATP binding to XB24. Meanwhile, SCRE1 outcompetes SnRK1A for XB24 binding, and thereby suppresses SnRK1A-mediated phosphorylation and ATPase activity of XB24. Our results indicate that the conserved SnRK1A-XB24 module in multiple crop plants positively contributes to plant immunity and uncover an unidentified molecular strategy to promote infection in U. virens and a novel host target in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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14
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Sun Q, Xu Z, Huang W, Li D, Zeng Q, Chen L, Li B, Zhang E. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals salicylic acid and flavonoid pathways' key roles in cabbage's defense responses to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005764. [PMID: 36388482 PMCID: PMC9659849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a vascular bacteria pathogen causing black rot in cabbage. Here, the resistance mechanisms of cabbage against Xcc infection were explored by integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Pathogen perception, hormone metabolisms, sugar metabolisms, and phenylpropanoid metabolisms in cabbage were systemically re-programmed at both transcriptional and metabolic levels after Xcc infection. Notably, the salicylic acid (SA) metabolism pathway was highly enriched in resistant lines following Xcc infection, indicating that the SA metabolism pathway may positively regulate the resistance of Xcc. Moreover, we also validated our hypothesis by showing that the flavonoid pathway metabolites chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid could effectively inhibit the growth of Xcc. These findings provide valuable insights and resource datasets for further exploring Xcc-cabbage interactions and help uncover molecular breeding targets for black rot-resistant varieties in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baohua Li
- *Correspondence: Baohua Li, ; Enhui Zhang,
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15
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Le Boulch P, Poëssel JL, Roux D, Lugan R. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Myzus persicae conferred by the peach Rm2 gene: A multi-omics view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992544. [PMID: 36275570 PMCID: PMC9581297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of peach to Myzus persicae infestation were studied in Rubira, an accession carrying the major resistance gene Rm2 causing antixenosis, and GF305, a susceptible accession. Transcriptome and metabolome showed both a massive reconfiguration in Rubira 48 hours after infestation while GF305 displayed very limited changes. The Rubira immune system was massively stimulated, with simultaneous activation of genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in pattern-triggered immunity and cytoplasmic NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins) involved in effector-triggered immunity. Hypersensitive reaction featured by necrotic lesions surrounding stylet punctures was supported by the induction of cell death stimulating NLRs/helpers couples, as well as the activation of H2O2-generating metabolic pathways: photorespiratory glyoxylate synthesis and activation of the futile P5C/proline cycle. The triggering of systemic acquired resistance was suggested by the activation of pipecolate pathway and accumulation of this defense hormone together with salicylate. Important reduction in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolic pools and the repression of many genes related to cell division and growth, consistent with reduced apices elongation, suggested a decline in the nutritional value of apices. Finally, the accumulation of caffeic acid conjugates pointed toward their contribution as deterrent and/or toxic compounds in the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Roux
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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16
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Ma M, Wang W, Fei Y, Cheng HY, Song B, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li L, Chen S, Wang J, Liang X, Zhou JM. A surface-receptor-coupled G protein regulates plant immunity through nuclear protein kinases. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1602-1614.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Vlad D, Langdale JA. DEFECTIVELY ORGANIZED TRIBUTARIES 5 is not required for leaf venation patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:451-459. [PMID: 36042697 PMCID: PMC9826136 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The search for genetic regulators of leaf venation patterning started over 30 years ago, primarily focused on mutant screens in the eudicotyledon Arabidopsis thaliana. Developmental perturbations in either cotyledons or true leaves led to the identification of transcription factors required to elaborate the characteristic reticulated vein network. An ortholog of one of these, the C2H2 zinc finger protein DEFECTIVELY ORGANIZED TRIBUTARIES 5 (AtDOT5), was recently identified through transcriptomics as a candidate regulator of parallel venation in maize (Zea mays) leaves. To elucidate how AtDOT5 regulates vein patterning, we generated three independent loss-of-function mutations by gene editing in Arabidopsis. Surprisingly, none of them exhibited any obvious phenotypic perturbations. To reconcile our findings with earlier reports, we re-evaluated the original Atdot5-1 and Atdot5-2 alleles. By genome sequencing, we show that reported mutations at the Atdot5-1 locus are actually polymorphisms between Landsberg erecta and Columbia ecotypes, and that other mutations present in the background most likely cause the pleiotropic mutant phenotype observed. We further show that a T-DNA insertion in the Atdot5-2 locus has no impact on leaf venation patterns when segregated from other T-DNA insertions present in the original line. We thus conclude that AtDOT5 plays no role in leaf venation patterning in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vlad
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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18
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Zhang B, Liu M, Wang Y, Yuan W, Zhang H. Plant NLRs: Evolving with pathogen effectors and engineerable to improve resistance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018504. [PMID: 36246279 PMCID: PMC9554439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are important threats to many plants throughout their lifetimes. Plants have developed different strategies to overcome them. In the plant immunity system, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) are the most common components. And recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of how NLRs function in plants. In this review, we summarize the studies on the mechanism of NLRs in the processes of effector recognition, resistosome formation, and defense activation. Typical NLRs are divided into three groups according to the different domains at their N termini and function in interrelated ways in immunity. Atypical NLRs contain additional integrated domains (IDs), some of which directly interact with pathogen effectors. Plant NLRs evolve with pathogen effectors and exhibit specific recognition. Meanwhile, some NLRs have been successfully engineered to confer resistance to new pathogens based on accumulated studies. In summary, some pioneering processes have been obtained in NLR researches, though more questions arise as a result of the huge number of NLRs. However, with a broadened understanding of the mechanism, NLRs will be important components for engineering in plant resistance improvement.
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19
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Wang J, Zhang X, Greene GH, Xu G, Dong X. PABP/purine-rich motif as an initiation module for cap-independent translation in pattern-triggered immunity. Cell 2022; 185:3186-3200.e17. [PMID: 35907403 PMCID: PMC9391319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Upon stress, eukaryotes typically reprogram their translatome through GCN2-mediated phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF2α, to inhibit general translation initiation while selectively translating essential stress regulators. Unexpectedly, in plants, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and response to other environmental stresses occur independently of the GCN2/eIF2α pathway. Here, we show that while PTI induces mRNA decapping to inhibit general translation, defense mRNAs with a purine-rich element ("R-motif") are selectively translated using R-motif as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). R-motif-dependent translation is executed by poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) through preferential association with the PTI-activating eIFiso4G over the repressive eIF4G. Phosphorylation by PTI regulators mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 and 6 (MPK3/6) inhibits eIF4G's activity while enhancing PABP binding to the R-motif and promoting eIFiso4G-mediated defense mRNA translation, establishing a link between PTI signaling and protein synthesis. Given its prevalence in both plants and animals, the PABP/R-motif translation initiation module may have a broader role in reprogramming the stress translatome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George H Greene
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Guoyong Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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20
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Zhao Z, Fan J, Yang P, Wang Z, Opiyo SO, Mackey D, Xia Y. Involvement of Arabidopsis Acyl Carrier Protein 1 in PAMP-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:681-693. [PMID: 35343247 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-22-0049-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant fatty acids (FAs) and lipids are essential in storing energy and act as structural components for cell membranes and signaling molecules for plant growth and stress responses. Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are small acidic proteins that covalently bind the fatty acyl intermediates during the elongation of FAs. The Arabidopsis thaliana ACP family has eight members. Through reverse genetic, molecular, and biochemical approaches, we have discovered that ACP1 localizes to the chloroplast and limits the magnitude of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Mutant acp1 plants have reduced levels of linolenic acid (18:3), which is the primary precursor for biosynthesis of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), and a corresponding decrease in the abundance of JA. Consistent with the known antagonistic relationship between JA and salicylic acid (SA), acp1 mutant plants also accumulate a higher level of SA and display corresponding shifts in JA- and SA-regulated transcriptional outputs. Moreover, methyl JA and linolenic acid treatments cause an apparently enhanced decrease of resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato in acp1 mutants than that in WT plants. The ability of ACP1 to prevent this hormone imbalance likely underlies its negative impact on PTI in plant defense. Thus, ACP1 links FA metabolism to stress hormone homeostasis to be negatively involved in PTI in Arabidopsis plant defense. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Jiangbo Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Piao Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Stephen Obol Opiyo
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A
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21
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Baena G, Xia L, Waghmare S, Karnik R. SNARE SYP132 mediates divergent traffic of plasma membrane H+-ATPase AHA1 and antimicrobial PR1 during bacterial pathogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1639-1661. [PMID: 35348763 PMCID: PMC9237740 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The vesicle trafficking SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS132 (SYP132) drives hormone-regulated endocytic traffic to suppress the density and function of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases. In response to bacterial pathogens, it also promotes secretory traffic of antimicrobial pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. These seemingly opposite actions of SYP132 raise questions about the mechanistic connections between the two, likely independent, membrane trafficking pathways intersecting plant growth and immunity. To study SYP132 and associated trafficking of PM H+-ATPase 1 (AHA1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1) during pathogenesis, we used the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) bacteria for infection of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. SYP132 overexpression suppressed bacterial infection in plants through the stomatal route. However, bacterial infection was enhanced when bacteria were infiltrated into leaf tissue to bypass stomatal defenses. Tracking time-dependent changes in native AHA1 and SYP132 abundance, cellular distribution, and function, we discovered that bacterial pathogen infection triggers AHA1 and SYP132 internalization from the plasma membrane. AHA1 bound to SYP132 through its regulatory SNARE Habc domain, and these interactions affected PM H+-ATPase traffic. Remarkably, using the Arabidopsis aha1 mutant, we discovered that AHA1 is essential for moderating SYP132 abundance and associated secretion of PR1 at the plasma membrane for pathogen defense. Thus, we show that during pathogenesis SYP132 coordinates AHA1 with opposing effects on the traffic of AHA1 and PR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Baena
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sakharam Waghmare
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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22
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Cheng C, Zhong Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Wu H, Jiang N, Wu B, Lv Y, Jiang B. The Upregulated Expression of the Citrus RIN4 Gene in HLB Diseased Citrus Aids Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136971. [PMID: 35805971 PMCID: PMC9266415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The citrus industry has been threatened by Huanglongbing (HLB) for over a century. Here, an HLB-induced Arabidopsis RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) homologous gene was cloned from Citrus clementina, and its characteristics and function were analyzed to determine its role during citrus–Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) interactions. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that RIN4 was expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers, with the greatest expression level in leaves. Its expression was suppressed by gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid treatments, but was induced by abscisic acid and salt treatments, as well as wounding. The transient expression of a RIN4-GFP showed that RIN4 was localized in the cell membrane. RIN4-overexpressing transgenic C. maxima cv. ‘Shatianyou’ plants were obtained, and some transgenic plants showed greater sensitivity to CLas infection and earlier HLB symptoms appearance than non-transgenic controls. Results obtained in this study indicated that the upregulated expression of RIN4 in HLB diseased citrus may aid CLas infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yun Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Yongyan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
| | - Huan Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (C.C.); (B.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Nonghui Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (N.J.); (B.W.); (B.J.)
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23
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Song Z, Zhang C, Jin P, Tetteh C, Dong X, Luo S, Zhang S, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang H. The cell-type specific role of Arabidopsis bZIP59 transcription factor in plant immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1843-1861. [PMID: 35199374 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement participates in plant immunity by directly affecting the invasion of bacteria, but the genes that regulate stomatal immunity have not been well identified. Here, we characterised the function of the bZIP59 transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana, which is constitutively expressed in guard cells. The bzip59 mutant is partially impaired in stomatal closure induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain (Pst) DC3000 and is more susceptible to Pst DC3000 infection. By contrast, the line overexpressing bZIP59 enhances resistance to Pst DC3000 infection. Furthermore, the bzip59 mutant is also partially impaired in stomatal closure induced by flagellin flg22 derived from Pst DC3000, and epistasis analysis revealed that bZIP59 acts upstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and downstream of salicylic acid signalling in flg22-induced stomatal closure. In addition, the bzip59 mutant showed resistance and sensitivity to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Tobacco mosaic virus that do not invade through stomata, respectively. Collectively, our results demonstrate that bZIP59 plays an important role in the stomatal immunity and reveal that the same transcription factor can positively and negatively regulate disease resistance against different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Charles Tetteh
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueshuo Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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24
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Yang Y, Liu X, Guo W, Liu W, Shao W, Zhao J, Li J, Dong Q, Ma L, He Q, Li Y, Han J, Lei X. Testing the polar auxin transport model with a selective plasma membrane H + -ATPase inhibitor. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1229-1245. [PMID: 35352470 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is unique among plant hormones in that its function requires polarized transport across plant cells. A chemiosmotic model was proposed to explain how polar auxin transport is derived by the H+ gradient across the plasma membrane (PM) established by PM H+ -adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases). However, a classical genetic approach by mutations in PM H+ -ATPase members did not result in the ablation of polar auxin distribution, possibly due to functional redundancy in this gene family. To confirm the crucial role of PM H+ -ATPases in the polar auxin transport model, we employed a chemical genetic approach. Through a chemical screen, we identified protonstatin-1 (PS-1), a selective small-molecule inhibitor of PM H+ -ATPase activity that inhibits auxin transport. Assays with transgenic plants and yeast strains showed that the activity of PM H+ -ATPases affects auxin uptake as well as acropetal and basipetal polar auxin transport. We propose that PS-1 can be used as a tool to interrogate the function of PM H+ -ATPases. Our results support the chemiosmotic model in which PM H+ -ATPase itself plays a fundamental role in polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Iomics Biosciences Inc., Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qun He
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianyong Han
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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25
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Abstract
H+-ATPases, including the phosphorylated intermediate-type (P-type) and vacuolar-type (V-type) H+-ATPases, are important ATP-driven proton pumps that generate membrane potential and provide proton motive force for secondary active transport. P- and V-type H+-ATPases have distinct structures and subcellular localizations and play various roles in growth and stress responses. A P-type H+-ATPase is mainly regulated at the posttranslational level by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of residues in its autoinhibitory C terminus. The expression and activity of both P- and V-type H+-ATPases are highly regulated by hormones and environmental cues. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding of the evolution, regulation, and physiological roles of P- and V-type H+-ATPases, which coordinate and are involved in plant growth and stress adaptation. Understanding the different roles and the regulatory mechanisms of P- and V-type H+-ATPases provides a new perspective for improving plant growth and stress tolerance by modulating the activity of H+-ATPases, which will mitigate the increasing environmental stress conditions associated with ongoing global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
| | - Feng Yan
- Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China;
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26
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Liu H, Zhang H, Yang F, Chai S, Wang L, de Dios VR, Tan W, Yao Y. Ethylene activates poplar defense against Dothiorella gregaria Sacc by regulating reactive oxygen species accumulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13726. [PMID: 35638504 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Populus canker is a widespread disease that seriously threatens the survival of trees. Phytohormones are considered as effective chemical molecules improving plant resistance to various diseases. Ethylene is an important phytohormone that is extensively involved in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress responses, but how ethylene and ethylene signaling regulates defense responses in woody plants is still unclear. Here, we showed that ethylene positively regulates the responses of poplar to canker caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Dothiorella gregaria. Treatment of Populus tomentosa with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, the biosynthetic precursor of ethylene) significantly enhanced disease resistance, accompanied by the induction of pathogen-related protein (PR) gene expression and H2 O2 accumulation. Blocking ethylene biosynthesis using aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG, a specific inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis) repressed the disease resistance. Overexpression of the ethylene biosynthesis gene PtoACO7 in Populus tomentosa promoted defense responses and disease resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the ethylene-induced defense response is independent of the salicylic acid pathway, but needs ROS signaling. ACC or PtoACO7 overexpression induced expressions of PtoRbohD/RbohF, which encode NADPH oxidases, and elevated H2 O2 levels in poplar. Inhibition of the NADPH oxidase compromised ethylene-induced disease resistance and PR gene expressions, while H2 O2 application could completely rescue the AVG-caused disease hypersensitivity. Therefore, the involvement of ethylene in disease resistance is done by activation of PR gene expressions and ROS production. Our results also showed that modifying ethylene biosynthesis or its signaling pathway has a great potential for improving disease resistance in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjing Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Shuli Chai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences & Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, Leida, Spain
| | - Wenrong Tan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Yinan Yao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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27
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Kim H, Prokchorchik M, Sohn KH. Investigation of natural RIN4 variants reveals a motif crucial for function and provides an opportunity to broaden NLR regulation specificity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:58-70. [PMID: 34978118 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple bacterial effectors target RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), the biochemical modifications of which are recognized by several plant nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat immune receptor (NLR) proteins. Recently, a comparative study of Arabidopsis and apple (Malus domestica) RIN4s revealed that the RIN4 specificity motif (RSM) is critical for NLR regulation. Here, we investigated the extent to which the RSM contributes to the functions of natural RIN4 variants. Functional analysis of 33 natural RIN4 variants from 28 plant species showed that the RSM is generally required yet sometimes dispensable for the RIN4-mediated suppression of NLR auto-activity or effector-triggered NLR activation. Association analysis of the sequences and fire blight resistance gene originating from Malus × robusta 5 (FB_MR5) activation functions of the natural RIN4 variants revealed H167 to be an indispensable residue for RIN4 function in the regulation of NLRs. None of the tested natural RIN4 variants could suppress RESISTANCE TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. MACULICOLA1 (RPM1) auto-activity and activate FB_MR5. To engineer RIN4 to carry broader NLR compatibility, we generated chimeric RIN4 proteins, several of which could regulate RPM1, RESISTANT TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE2 (RPS2), and FB_MR5. We propose that the intrinsically disordered nature of RIN4 provides a flexible platform to broaden pathogen recognition specificity by establishing compatibility with otherwise incompatible NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
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28
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Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane ATPase AHA5 Is Negatively Involved in PAMP-Triggered Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073857. [PMID: 35409217 PMCID: PMC8998810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants evolve a prompt and robust immune system to defend themselves against pathogen infections. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is the first battle layer activated upon the PAMP’s perception, which leads to multiple defense responses. The plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases are the primary ion pumps to create and maintain the cellular membrane potential that is critical for various essential biological processes, including plant growth, development, and defense. This study discovered that the PM H+-ATPase AHA5 is negatively involved in Arabidopsis PTI against the virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pvr. tomato (Pto) DC3000 infection. The aha5 mutant plants caused the reduced stomata opening upon the Pto infection, which was associated with the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. In addition, the aha5 mutant plants caused the increased levels of callose deposition, defense-related gene expression, and SA accumulation. Our results also indicate that the PM H+-ATPase activity of AHA5 probably mediates the coupling of H2O2 generation and the apoplast alkalization in PTI responses. Moreover, AHA5 was found to interact with a vital defense regulator, RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4), in vitro and in vivo, which might also be critical for its function in PTI. In summary, our studies show that AHA5 functions as a novel and critical component that is negatively involved in PTI by coordinating different defense responses during the Arabidopsis–Pto DC3000 interaction.
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29
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Koseoglou E, van der Wolf JM, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Susceptibility reversed: modified plant susceptibility genes for resistance to bacteria. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:69-79. [PMID: 34400073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex defence mechanisms to avoid invasion of potential pathogens. Despite this, adapted pathogens deploy effector proteins to manipulate host susceptibility (S) genes, rendering plant defences ineffective. The identification and mutation of plant S genes exploited by bacterial pathogens are important for the generation of crops with durable and broad-spectrum resistance. Application of mutant S genes in the breeding of resistant crops is limited because of potential pleiotropy. New genome editing techniques open up new possibilities for the modification of S genes. In this review, we focus on S genes manipulated by bacteria and propose ways for their identification and precise modification. Finally, we propose that genes coding for transporter proteins represent a new group of S genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Koseoglou
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van der Wolf
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Ou X, Li T, Zhao Y, Chang Y, Wu L, Chen G, Day B, Jiang K. Calcium-dependent ABA signaling functions in stomatal immunity by regulating rapid SA responses in guard cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153585. [PMID: 34894596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity is mediated by ABA, an osmotic stress-responsive phytohormone that closes stomata via calcium-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. However, the functional involvement of ABA signal transducers in stomatal immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that stomatal immunity was compromised in mutants of the ABA signaling core. We also found that it is a subset of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK4/5/6), but not the calcium-independent kinase OST1, that relay the stomatal immune signaling. Surface-inoculated bacteria caused an endogenous ABA-dependent induction of local SA responses, whilst expression of the ABA biosynthetic genes and the ABA levels were not affected in leaf epidermis. Furthermore, flg22-elicited ROS burst was attenuated by mutations in CPK4 and CPK5, and pathogen-induced SA production in leaf epidermis was compromised in cpk4, cpk5, and cpk6 mutants. Our results suggest that CPKs function in stomatal immunity through fine-tuning apoplastic ROS levels as well as reinforcing the localized SA signal in guard cells. It is also envisioned that ABA mediates stomatal responses to biotic and abiotic stresses via two distinct but partially overlapping signaling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu Province, 745000, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yuankai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Guoqingzi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
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31
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Lee H, Seo Y, Lee JH, Lee SE, Oh S, Kim J, Jung S, Kim H, Park H, Kim S, Mang H, Choi D. Plasma membrane-localized plant immune receptor targets H + -ATPase for membrane depolarization to regulate cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:934-947. [PMID: 34632584 PMCID: PMC9298278 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a robust immune response mediated by nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). However, the early molecular event that links activated NLRs to cell death is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that NLRs target plasma membrane H+ -ATPases (PMAs) that generate electrochemical potential, an essential component of living cells, across the plasma membrane. CCA 309, an autoactive N-terminal domain of a coiled-coil NLR (CNL) in pepper, is associated with PMAs. Silencing or overexpression of PMAs reversibly affects cell death induced by CCA 309 in Nicotiana benthamiana. CCA 309-induced extracellular alkalization causes plasma membrane depolarization, followed by cell death. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses suggest that CCA 309 inhibits PMA activation by preoccupying the dephosphorylated penultimate threonine residue of PMA. Moreover, pharmacological experiments using fusicoccin, an irreversible PMA activator, showed that inhibition of PMAs contributes to CNL-type (but not Toll interleukin-1 receptor NLR-type) resistance protein-induced cell death. We suggest PMAs as primary targets of plasma membrane-associated CNLs leading to HR-associated cell death by disturbing the electrochemical gradient across the membrane. These results provide new insight into NLR-mediated cell death in plants, as well as innate immunity in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye‐Young Lee
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Ye‐Eun Seo
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - So Eui Lee
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Soohyun Oh
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Seungmee Jung
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Haeun Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Hyojeong Park
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Sejun Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesPlant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826Korea
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32
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Moreau H, Zimmermann SD, Gaillard I, Paris N. pH biosensing in the plant apoplast-a focus on root cell elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:504-514. [PMID: 35237817 PMCID: PMC8491080 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pH parameter of soil plays a key role for plant nutrition as it is affecting the availability of minerals and consequently determines plant growth. Although the mechanisms by which root perceive the external pH is still unknown, the impact of external pH on tissue growth has been widely studied especially in hypocotyl and root. Thanks to technological development of cell imaging and fluorescent sensors, we can now monitor pH in real time with at subcellular definition. In this focus, fluorescent dye-based, as well as genetically-encoded pH indicators are discussed especially with respect to their ability to monitor acidic pH in the context of primary root. The notion of apoplastic subdomains is discussed and suggestions are made to develop fluorescent indicators for pH values below 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Moreau
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Isabelle Gaillard
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine Paris
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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33
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Zamora O, Schulze S, Azoulay-Shemer T, Parik H, Unt J, Brosché M, Schroeder JI, Yarmolinsky D, Kollist H. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid play minor roles in stomatal regulation by CO 2 , abscisic acid, darkness, vapor pressure deficit and ozone. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:134-150. [PMID: 34289193 PMCID: PMC8842987 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) regulate stomatal closure, preventing pathogen invasion into plants. However, to what extent abscisic acid (ABA), SA and JA interact, and what the roles of SA and JA are in stomatal responses to environmental cues, remains unclear. Here, by using intact plant gas-exchange measurements in JA and SA single and double mutants, we show that stomatal responsiveness to CO2 , light intensity, ABA, high vapor pressure deficit and ozone either did not or, for some stimuli only, very slightly depended upon JA and SA biosynthesis and signaling mutants, including dde2, sid2, coi1, jai1, myc2 and npr1 alleles. Although the stomata in the mutants studied clearly responded to ABA, CO2 , light and ozone, ABA-triggered stomatal closure in npr1-1 was slightly accelerated compared with the wild type. Stomatal reopening after ozone pulses was quicker in the coi1-16 mutant than in the wild type. In intact Arabidopsis plants, spraying with methyl-JA led to only a modest reduction in stomatal conductance 80 min after treatment, whereas ABA and CO2 induced pronounced stomatal closure within minutes. We could not document a reduction of stomatal conductance after spraying with SA. Coronatine-induced stomatal opening was initiated slowly after 1.5-2.0 h, and reached a maximum by 3 h after spraying intact plants. Our results suggest that ABA, CO2 and light are major regulators of rapid guard cell signaling, whereas JA and SA could play only minor roles in the whole-plant stomatal response to environmental cues in Arabidopsis and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Zamora
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel, and
| | - Helen Parik
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaanika Unt
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- For correspondence ()
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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Yang LN, Liu H, Wang YP, Seematti J, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Wang Z, Zhan J. Pathogen-Mediated Stomatal Opening: A Previously Overlooked Pathogenicity Strategy in the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668797. [PMID: 34322141 PMCID: PMC8311186 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the most damaging oomycete pathogen of potato, is specialized to grow sporangiophore through opened stomata for secondary inoculum production. However, it is still unclear which metabolic pathways in potato are manipulated by P. infestans in the guard cell-pathogen interactions to open the stomata. Here microscopic observations and cell biology were used to investigate antagonistic interactions between guard cells and the oomycete pathogen. We observed that the antagonistic interactions started at the very beginning of infection. Stomatal movement is an important part of the immune response of potato to P. infestans infection and this occurs through guard cell death and stomatal closure. We observed that P. infestans appeared to manipulate metabolic processes in guard cells, such as triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown, starch degradation, H2O2 scavenging, and NO catabolism, which are involved in stomatal movement, to evade these stomatal defense responses. The signal transduction pathway of P. infestans-induced stomatal opening likely starts from H2O2 and NO scavenging, along with TAG breakdown while the subsequent starch degradation reinforces the opening process by strengthening guard cell turgor and opening the stomata to their maximum aperture. These results suggest that stomata are a barrier stopping P. infestans from completing its life cycle, but this host defense system can be bypassed through the manipulation of diverse metabolic pathways that may be induced by P. infestans effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Yang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jenifer Seematti
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Zonghua Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Schreiber KJ, Chau-Ly IJ, Lewis JD. What the Wild Things Do: Mechanisms of Plant Host Manipulation by Bacterial Type III-Secreted Effector Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1029. [PMID: 34064647 PMCID: PMC8150971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III secretion system (T3SS) delivers type III-secreted effector proteins (T3SEs) from bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and various Xanthomonas species. These T3SEs interact with and modify a range of intracellular host targets to alter their activity and thereby attenuate host immune signaling. Pathogens have evolved T3SEs with diverse biochemical activities, which can be difficult to predict in the absence of structural data. Interestingly, several T3SEs are activated following injection into the host cell. Here, we review T3SEs with documented enzymatic activities, as well as T3SEs that facilitate virulence-promoting processes either indirectly or through non-enzymatic mechanisms. We discuss the mechanisms by which T3SEs are activated in the cell, as well as how T3SEs modify host targets to promote virulence or trigger immunity. These mechanisms may suggest common enzymatic activities and convergent targets that could be manipulated to protect crop plants from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Ilea J. Chau-Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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Zhao G, Guo D, Wang L, Li H, Wang C, Guo X. Functions of RPM1-interacting protein 4 in plant immunity. PLANTA 2021; 253:11. [PMID: 33389186 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed recent advances related to RIN4, including its involvement in the immune process through posttranslational modifications, PM H+-ATPase activity regulation, interaction with EXO70 and identification of RIN4-associated NLR proteins. RPM1-interacting protein 4 (RIN4) is a conserved plant immunity regulator that has been extensively studied and can be modified by pathogenic effector proteins. RIN4 plays an important role in both PTI and ETI. In this article, we review the functions of the two conserved NOI domains of RIN4, the C-terminal cysteine residues required for membrane localization and the sites targeted and modified by effector proteins during plant immunity. In addition, we discuss the effect of RIN4 on the stomatal virulence of pathogens via the regulation of PM H+-ATPase activity, which is involved in the immune process through interactions with the exocyst subunit EXO70, and progress in the identification of RIN4-related R proteins in multiple species. This review provides new insights enhancing the current understanding of the immune function of RIN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Bharath P, Gahir S, Raghavendra AS. Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure: An Important Component of Plant Defense Against Abiotic and Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:615114. [PMID: 33746999 PMCID: PMC7969522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.615114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing stomata and parallelly defend against microbes by restricting their entry through stomatal pores. ABA can also promote the accumulation of polyamines, sphingolipids, and even proline. Stomatal closure by compounds other than ABA also helps plant defense against both abiotic and biotic stress factors. Further, ABA can interact with other hormones, such as methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA). Such cross-talk can be an additional factor in plant adaptations against environmental stresses and microbial pathogens. The present review highlights the recent progress in understanding ABA's multifaceted role under stress conditions, particularly stomatal closure. We point out the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive carbonyl species (RCS), nitric oxide (NO), and Ca2+ in guard cells as key signaling components during the ABA-mediated short-term plant defense reactions. The rise in ROS, RCS, NO, and intracellular Ca2+ triggered by ABA can promote additional events involved in long-term adaptive measures, including gene expression, accumulation of compatible solutes to protect the cell, hypersensitive response (HR), and programmed cell death (PCD). Several pathogens can counteract and try to reopen stomata. Similarly, pathogens attempt to trigger PCD of host tissue to their benefit. Yet, ABA-induced effects independent of stomatal closure can delay the pathogen spread and infection within leaves. Stomatal closure and other ABA influences can be among the early steps of defense and a crucial component of plants' innate immunity response. Stomatal guard cells are quite sensitive to environmental stress and are considered good model systems for signal transduction studies. Further research on the ABA-induced stomatal closure mechanism can help us design strategies for plant/crop adaptations to stress.
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Song Z, Zhang C, Chen L, Jin P, Tetteh C, Zhou X, Gao Z, Zhang H. The Arabidopsis small G-protein AtRAN1 is a positive regulator in chitin-induced stomatal closure and disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:92-107. [PMID: 33191557 PMCID: PMC7749754 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a fungal microbial-associated molecular pattern, triggers various defence responses in several plant systems. Although it induces stomatal closure, the molecular mechanisms of its interactions with guard cell signalling pathways are unclear. Based on screening of public microarray data obtained from the ATH1 Affymetrix and Arabidopsis eFP browser, we isolated a cDNA encoding a Ras-related nuclear protein 1 AtRAN1. AtRAN1 expression was enriched in guard cells in a manner consistent with involvement in the control of the stomatal movement. AtRAN1 mutation impaired chitin-induced stomatal closure and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in guard cells. In addition, Atran1 mutant plants exhibited compromised chitin-enhanced plant resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens due to changes in defence-related genes. Furthermore, Atran1 mutant plants were hypersensitive to drought stress compared to Col-0 plants, and had lower levels of stress-responsive genes. These data demonstrate a previously uncharacterized signalling role for AtRAN1, mediating chitin-induced signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Song
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Charles Tetteh
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyCollege of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesHefeiAnhuiChina
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Cosse M, Seidel T. Plant Proton Pumps and Cytosolic pH-Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672873. [PMID: 34177988 PMCID: PMC8220075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Proton pumps create a proton motif force and thus, energize secondary active transport at the plasma nmembrane and endomembranes of the secretory pathway. In the plant cell, the dominant proton pumps are the plasma membrane ATPase, the vacuolar pyrophosphatase (V-PPase), and the vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase). All these pumps act on the cytosolic pH by pumping protons into the lumen of compartments or into the apoplast. To maintain the typical pH and thus, the functionality of the cytosol, the activity of the pumps needs to be coordinated and adjusted to the actual needs. The cellular toolbox for a coordinated regulation comprises 14-3-3 proteins, phosphorylation events, ion concentrations, and redox-conditions. This review combines the knowledge on regulation of the different proton pumps and highlights possible coordination mechanisms.
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40
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Shen N, Jing Y, Tu G, Fu A, Lan W. Danger-Associated Peptide Regulates Root Growth by Promoting Protons Extrusion in an AHA2-Dependent Manner in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217963. [PMID: 33120933 PMCID: PMC7663391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are derived from precursor proteins PROPEPs and perceived by a pair of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), PEPR1 and PEPR2, to enhance innate immunity and to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis Pep1 inhibits the root growth by interfering with pH signaling, as acidic condition increased, but neutral and alkaline conditions decreased the Pep1 effect on inhibiting the root growth. The perception of Pep1 to PEPRs activated the plasma membrane-localized H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) -the pump proton in plant cell-to extrude the protons into apoplast, and induced an overly acidic environment in apoplastic space, which further promoted the cell swelling in root apex and inhibited root growth. Furthermore, we revealed that pump proton AUTOINHIBITED H+-ATPase 2 (AHA2) physically interacted with PEPR2 and served downstream of the Pep1-PEPRs signaling pathway to regulate Pep1-induced protons extrusion and root growth inhibition. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a previously unrecognized signaling crosstalk between Pep1 and pH signaling to regulate root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (N.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Yanping Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Guoqing Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (N.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Aigen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (N.S.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (W.L.)
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41
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Zhang J, Coaker G, Zhou JM, Dong X. Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1358-1378. [PMID: 32916334 PMCID: PMC7541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ultimately led to the realization that we still have many more questions than answers. Therefore, it would be an impossible task for us to project a coherent "big picture" of the MPMI field in a single review. Instead, we provide our opinions on where we would like to go in our research as an invitation to the community to join us in this exploration of new MPMI frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Lei L, Stevens DM, Coaker G. Phosphorylation of the Pseudomonas Effector AvrPtoB by Arabidopsis SnRK2.8 Is Required for Bacterial Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1513-1522. [PMID: 32889173 PMCID: PMC7808569 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A critical component controlling bacterial virulence is the delivery of pathogen effectors into plant cells during infection. Effectors alter host metabolism and immunity for the benefit of pathogens. Multiple effectors are phosphorylated by host kinases, and this posttranslational modification is important for their activity. We sought to identify host kinases involved in effector phosphorylation. Multiple phosphorylated effector residues matched the proposed consensus motif for the plant calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and Snf1-related kinase (SnRK) superfamily. The conserved Pseudomonas effector AvrPtoB acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and promotes bacterial virulence. In this study, we identified a member of the Arabidopsis SnRK family, SnRK2.8, which interacts with AvrPtoB in yeast and in planta. We showed that SnRK2.8 was required for AvrPtoB virulence functions, including facilitating bacterial colonization, suppression of callose deposition, and targeting the plant defense regulator NPR1 and analyses receptor FLS2. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that AvrPtoB phosphorylation occurs at multiple serine residues in planta, with S258 phosphorylation significantly reduced in the snrk2.8 knockout. AvrPtoB phospho-null mutants exhibited compromised virulence functions and were unable to suppress NPR1 accumulation, FLS2 accumulation, or inhibit FLS2-BAK1 complex formation upon flagellin perception. Taken together, these data identify a conserved plant kinase utilized by a pathogen effector to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Danielle M Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Pang Q, Zhang T, Zhang A, Lin C, Kong W, Chen S. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed molecular networks of stomatal immune responses. PLANTA 2020; 252:66. [PMID: 32979085 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic protein and phosphoprotein profiles uncovered the overall regulation of stomata movement against pathogen invasion and phosphorylation states of proteins involved in ABA, SA, calcium and ROS signaling, which may modulate the stomatal immune response. Stomatal openings represent a major route of pathogen entry into the plant, and plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate stomatal aperture as innate immune response against bacterial invasion. However, the mechanisms underlying stomatal immunity are not fully understood. Taking advantage of high-throughput liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we performed label-free proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of enriched guard cells in response to a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. In total, 495 proteins and 1229 phosphoproteins were identified as differentially regulated. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways, including abscisic acid and salicylic acid hormone signaling, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling. We also showed that dynamic changes of phosphoprotein WRKY transcription factors may play a crucial role in regulating stomata movement in plant immunity. The identified proteins/phosphoproteins and the pathways form interactive molecular networks to regulate stomatal immunity. This study has provided new insights into the multifaceted mechanisms of stomatal immunity. The differential proteins and phosphoproteins are potential targets for engineering or breeding of crops for enhanced pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuwei Lin
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Caruana JC, Dhar N, Raina R. Overexpression of Arabidopsis microRNA167 induces salicylic acid-dependent defense against Pseudomonas syringae through the regulation of its targets ARF6 and ARF8. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00270. [PMID: 33005858 PMCID: PMC7510475 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs are powerful regulators of growth, development, and stress responses in plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana microRNA miR167 was previously found to regulate diverse processes including flower development, root development, and response to osmotic stress by controlling the patterns of expression of its target genes AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6), ARF8, and IAA-Ala RESISTANT 3. Here, we report that miR167 also modulates defense against pathogens through ARF6 and ARF8. miR167 is differentially expressed in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and overexpression of miR167 confers very high levels of resistance. This resistance appears to be due to suppression of auxin responses and is partially dependent upon salicylic acid signaling, and also depends upon altered stomatal behavior in these plants. Closure of stomata upon the detection of P. syringae is an important aspect of the basal defense response, as it prevents bacterial cells from entering the leaf interior and causing infection. Plants overexpressing miR167 constitutively maintain small stomatal apertures, resulting in very high resistance when the pathogen is inoculated onto the leaf surface. Additionally, the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response is severely compromised in plants overexpressing miR167, in agreement with previous work showing that the activation of SAR requires intact auxin signaling responses. This work highlights a new role for miR167, and also emphasizes the importance of hormonal balance in short- and long-term defense and of stomata as an initial barrier to pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Caruana
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, SalinasCAUSA
| | - Ramesh Raina
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
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45
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Apoplastic Proteases: Powerful Weapons against Pathogen Infection in Plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100085. [PMID: 33367249 PMCID: PMC7748006 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial, neutral, or pathogenic effects inside the host. During the initial stages of invasion, the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading microbes, providing both water and nutrients. In response to microbial infection, a number of secreted proteins from host cells accumulate in the apoplastic space, which is related to microbial association or colonization processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant modulation of the apoplast environment and how plant-secreted proteases are involved in pathogen resistance are still poorly understood. Recently, several studies have reported the roles of apoplastic proteases in plant resistance against bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. On the other hand, microbe-secreted proteins directly and/or indirectly inhibit host-derived apoplastic proteases to promote infection. These findings illustrate the importance of apoplastic proteases in plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, understanding the protease-mediated apoplastic battle between hosts and pathogens is of fundamental importance for understanding plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we provide an overview of plant-microbe interactions in the apoplastic space. We define the apoplast, summarize the physical and chemical properties of these structures, and discuss the roles of plant apoplastic proteases and pathogen protease inhibitors in host-microbe interactions. Challenges and future perspectives for research into protease-mediated apoplastic interactions are discussed, which may facilitate the engineering of resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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46
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Guzman AR, Kim JG, Taylor KW, Lanver D, Mudgett MB. Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Preinvasion Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1306-1318. [PMID: 32385090 PMCID: PMC7333691 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase 1 (TARK1) is a pseudokinase required for postinvasion immunity. TARK1 was originally identified as a target of the Xanthomonas euvesicatoria effector protein Xanthomonas outer protein N (XopN), a suppressor of early defense signaling. How TARK1 participates in immune signal transduction is not well understood. To gain insight into TARK1's role in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we used a proteomics approach to isolate and identify TARK1-associated immune complexes formed during infection. We found that TARK1 interacts with proteins predicted to be associated with stomatal movement. TARK1 CRISPR mutants and overexpression (OE) lines did not display differences in light-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure; however, they did show altered stomatal movement responses to bacteria and biotic elicitors. Notably, we found that TARK1 CRISPR plants were resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3000-induced stomatal reopening, and TARK1 OE plants were insensitive to P syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3118 (coronatine deficit)-induced stomatal closure. We also found that TARK1 OE in leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion. Collectively, our results indicate that TARK1 functions in stomatal movement only in response to biotic elicitors and support a model in which TARK1 regulates stomatal opening postelicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Guzman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Kyle W Taylor
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Daniel Lanver
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
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47
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Miao S, Liu J, Guo J, Li JF. Engineering plants to secrete affinity-tagged pathogen elicitors for deciphering immune receptor complex or inducing enhanced immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:761-776. [PMID: 31359599 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells mount plenty of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect the microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from potential microbial pathogens. MAMPs are overrepresented by proteinaneous patterns, such as the flg22 peptide from bacterial flagellin. Identification of PRR receptor complex components by forward or reverse genetics can be time/labor-consuming, and be confounded by functional redundancies. Here, we present a strategy for identifying PRR complex components by engineering plants to inducibly secrete affinity-tagged proteinaneous MAMPs to the apoplast. The PRR protein complexes bound to self-secreted MAMPs are enriched through affinity purification and dissected by mass spectrometry. As a proof of principle, we could capture the flg22 receptor FLS2 and co-receptor BAK1 using Arabidopsis plants secreting FLAG-tagged flg22 under estradiol induction. Moreover, we identified receptor-like kinases LIK1 and PEPR1/PEPR2 as potential components in the FLS2 receptor complex, which were further validated by protein-protein interaction assays and the reverse genetics approach. Our study showcases a simple way to biochemically identify endogenous PRR complex components without overexpressing the PRR or using chemical cross-linkers, and suggests a possible crosstalk between different immune receptors in plants. A modest dose of estradiol can also be applied to inducing enhanced immunity in engineered plants to both bacterial and fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiuer Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianhang Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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48
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Zhang H, Deng C, Wu X, Yao J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Deng S, Zhao N, Zhao R, Zhou X, Lu C, Lin S, Chen S. Populus euphratica remorin 6.5 activates plasma membrane H+-ATPases to mediate salt tolerance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:731-745. [PMID: 32159803 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Remorins (REMs) play an important role in the ability of plants to adapt to adverse environments. PeREM6.5, a protein of the REM family in Populus euphratica (salt-resistant poplar), was induced by NaCl stress in callus, roots and leaves. We cloned the full-length PeREM6.5 from P. euphratica and transformed it into Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana. PeREM6.5 recombinant protein significantly increased the H+-ATPase hydrolytic activity and H+ transport activity in P. euphratica plasma membrane (PM) vesicles. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that P. euphratica REM6.5 interacted with RPM1-interacting protein 4 (PeRIN4). Notably, the PeREM6.5-induced increase in PM H+-ATPase activity was enhanced by PeRIN4 recombinant protein. Overexpression of PeREM6.5 in Arabidopsis significantly improved salt tolerance in transgenic plants in terms of survival rate, root growth, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PeREM6.5 retained high PM H+-ATPase activity in both in vivo and in vitro assays. PeREM6.5-transgenic plants had reduced accumulation of Na+ due to the Na+ extrusion promoted by the H+-ATPases. Moreover, the H+ pumps caused hyperpolarization of the PM, which reduced the K+ loss mediated by the depolarization-activated channels in the PM of salinized roots. Therefore, we conclude that PeREM6.5 regulated H+-ATPase activity in the PM, thus enhancing the plant capacity to maintain ionic homeostasis under salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Tianjin Research Institute of Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Chen Deng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Forestry Institute of New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shurong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, The Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cunfu Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanzhi Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology (Box 162), Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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49
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Medina CA, Hawkins C, Liu XP, Peel M, Yu LX. Genome-Wide Association and Prediction of Traits Related to Salt Tolerance in Autotetraploid Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093361. [PMID: 32397526 PMCID: PMC7247575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093361%20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a growing problem in world production agriculture. Continued improvement in crop salt tolerance will require the implementation of innovative breeding strategies such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS). Genetic analyses for yield and vigor traits under salt stress in alfalfa breeding populations with three different phenotypic datasets was assessed. Genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) developed markers with allele dosage and phenotypic data were analyzed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and GS using different models. GWAS identified 27 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with salt tolerance. Mapping SNPs markers against the Medicago truncatula reference genome revealed several putative candidate genes based on their roles in response to salt stress. Additionally, eight GS models were used to estimate breeding values of the training population under salt stress. Highest prediction accuracies and root mean square errors were used to determine the best prediction model. The machine learning methods (support vector machine and random forest) performance best with the prediction accuracy of 0.793 for yield. The marker loci and candidate genes identified, along with optimized GS prediction models, were shown to be useful in improvement of alfalfa with enhanced salt tolerance. DNA markers and the outcome of the GS will be made available to the alfalfa breeding community in efforts to accelerate genetic gains, in the development of biotic stress tolerant and more productive modern-day alfalfa cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Medina
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
| | - Charles Hawkins
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
- Current address: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiang-Ping Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
- Current address: College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Michael Peel
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Lab, Logan, UT 84322, USA;
| | - Long-Xi Yu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
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50
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Medina CA, Hawkins C, Liu XP, Peel M, Yu LX. Genome-Wide Association and Prediction of Traits Related to Salt Tolerance in Autotetraploid Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3361. [PMID: 32397526 PMCID: PMC7247575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a growing problem in world production agriculture. Continued improvement in crop salt tolerance will require the implementation of innovative breeding strategies such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS). Genetic analyses for yield and vigor traits under salt stress in alfalfa breeding populations with three different phenotypic datasets was assessed. Genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) developed markers with allele dosage and phenotypic data were analyzed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and GS using different models. GWAS identified 27 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with salt tolerance. Mapping SNPs markers against the Medicago truncatula reference genome revealed several putative candidate genes based on their roles in response to salt stress. Additionally, eight GS models were used to estimate breeding values of the training population under salt stress. Highest prediction accuracies and root mean square errors were used to determine the best prediction model. The machine learning methods (support vector machine and random forest) performance best with the prediction accuracy of 0.793 for yield. The marker loci and candidate genes identified, along with optimized GS prediction models, were shown to be useful in improvement of alfalfa with enhanced salt tolerance. DNA markers and the outcome of the GS will be made available to the alfalfa breeding community in efforts to accelerate genetic gains, in the development of biotic stress tolerant and more productive modern-day alfalfa cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Medina
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
| | - Charles Hawkins
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
- Current address: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiang-Ping Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
- Current address: College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Michael Peel
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Lab, Logan, UT 84322, USA;
| | - Long-Xi Yu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA 99350, USA; (C.A.M.); (C.H.); (X.-P.L.)
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