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Didaran F, Kordrostami M, Ghasemi-Soloklui AA, Pashkovskiy P, Kreslavski V, Kuznetsov V, Allakhverdiev SI. The mechanisms of photoinhibition and repair in plants under high light conditions and interplay with abiotic stressors. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 259:113004. [PMID: 39137703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This review comprehensively examines the phenomenon of photoinhibition in plants, focusing mainly on the intricate relationship between photodamage and photosystem II (PSII) repair and the role of PSII extrinsic proteins and protein phosphorylation in these processes. In natural environments, photoinhibition occurs together with a suite of concurrent stress factors, including extreme temperatures, drought and salinization. Photoinhibition, primarily caused by high irradiance, results in a critical imbalance between the rate of PSII photodamage and its repair. Central to this process is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only impair the photosynthetic apparatus first PSII but also play a signalling role in chloroplasts and other cellulular structures. ROS generated under stress conditions inhibit the repair of photodamaged PSII by suppressing D1 protein synthesis and affecting PSII protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, this review considers how environmental stressors exacerbate PSII damage by interfering with PSII repair primarily by reducing de novo protein synthesis. In addition to causing direct damage, these stressors also contribute to ROS production by restricting CO2 fixation, which also reduces the intensity of protein synthesis. This knowledge has significant implications for agricultural practices and crop improvement under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardad Didaran
- Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kordrostami
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Ghasemi-Soloklui
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Pavel Pashkovskiy
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Kreslavski
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kuznetsov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Li A, You T, Pang X, Wang Y, Tian L, Li X, Liu Z. Structural basis for an early stage of the photosystem II repair cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5211. [PMID: 38890314 PMCID: PMC11189392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes water oxidation and plastoquinone reduction by utilizing light energy. It is highly susceptible to photodamage under high-light conditions and the damaged PSII needs to be restored through a process known as the PSII repair cycle. The detailed molecular mechanism underlying the PSII repair process remains mostly elusive. Here, we report biochemical and structural features of a PSII-repair intermediate complex, likely arrested at an early stage of the PSII repair process in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The complex contains three protein factors associated with a damaged PSII core, namely Thylakoid Enriched Factor 14 (TEF14), Photosystem II Repair Factor 1 (PRF1), and Photosystem II Repair Factor 2 (PRF2). TEF14, PRF1 and PRF2 may facilitate the release of the manganese-stabilizing protein PsbO, disassembly of peripheral light-harvesting complexes from PSII and blockage of the QB site, respectively. Moreover, an α-tocopherol quinone molecule is located adjacent to the heme group of cytochrome b559, potentially fulfilling a photoprotective role by preventing the generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tingting You
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiaojie Pang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Yidi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lijin Tian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Centre for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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3
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Krysiak M, Węgrzyn A, Kowalewska Ł, Kulik A, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Mazur J, Garstka M, Mazur R. Light-independent pathway of STN7 kinase activation under low temperature stress in runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:513. [PMID: 38849759 PMCID: PMC11157908 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphorylation of the Light-Harvesting Complex of photosystem II (LHCII) driven by STATE TRANSITION 7 (STN7) kinase is a part of one of the crucial regulatory mechanisms of photosynthetic light reactions operating in fluctuating environmental conditions, light in particular. There are evidenced that STN7 can also be activated without light as well as in dark-chilling conditions. However, the biochemical mechanism standing behind this complex metabolic pathway has not been deciphered yet. RESULTS In this work, we showed that dark-chilling induces light-independent LHCII phosphorylation in runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). In dark-chilling conditions, we registered an increased reduction of the PQ pool which led to activation of STN7 kinase, subsequent LHCII phosphorylation, and possible LHCII relocation inside the thylakoid membrane. We also presented the formation of a complex composed of phosphorylated LHCII and photosystem I typically formed upon light-induced phosphorylation. Moreover, we indicated that the observed steps were preceded by the activation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) enzymes and starch accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a direct connection between photosynthetic complexes reorganization and dark-chilling-induced activation of the thioredoxin system. The proposed possible pathway starts from the activation of OPPP enzymes and further NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) activation. In the next steps, NTRC simultaneously activates ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and thylakoid membrane-located NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-like complex. These results in starch synthesis and electron transfer to the plastoquinone (PQ) pool, respectively. Reduced PQ pool activates STN7 kinase which phosphorylates LHCII. In this work, we present a new perspective on the mechanisms involving photosynthetic complexes while efficiently operating in the darkness. Although we describe the studied pathway in detail, taking into account also the time course of the following steps, the biological significance of this phenomenon remains puzzling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krysiak
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Anna Węgrzyn
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Plant Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Jan Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland.
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Mehra HS, Wang X, Russell BP, Kulkarni N, Ferrari N, Larson B, Vinyard DJ. Assembly and Repair of Photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:811. [PMID: 38592843 PMCID: PMC10975043 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms use Photosystem II (PSII) to oxidize water and reduce plastoquinone. Here, we review the mechanisms by which PSII is assembled and turned over in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This species has been used to make key discoveries in PSII research due to its metabolic flexibility and amenability to genetic approaches. PSII subunits originate from both nuclear and chloroplastic gene products in Chlamydomonas. Nuclear-encoded PSII subunits are transported into the chloroplast and chloroplast-encoded PSII subunits are translated by a coordinated mechanism. Active PSII dimers are built from discrete reaction center complexes in a process facilitated by assembly factors. The phosphorylation of core subunits affects supercomplex formation and localization within the thylakoid network. Proteolysis primarily targets the D1 subunit, which when replaced, allows PSII to be reactivated and completes a repair cycle. While PSII has been extensively studied using Chlamydomonas as a model species, important questions remain about its assembly and repair which are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David J. Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (H.S.M.); (X.W.); (B.P.R.); (N.K.); (N.F.); (B.L.)
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5
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Garty Y, Bussi Y, Levin-Zaidman S, Shimoni E, Kirchhoff H, Charuvi D, Nevo R, Reich Z. Thylakoid membrane stacking controls electron transport mode during the dark-to-light transition by adjusting the distances between PSI and PSII. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:512-524. [PMID: 38396112 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The balance between linear electron transport (LET) and cyclic electron transport (CET) plays an essential role in plant adaptation and protection against photo-induced damage. This balance is largely maintained by phosphorylation-driven alterations in the PSII-LHCII assembly and thylakoid membrane stacking. During the dark-to-light transition, plants shift this balance from CET, which prevails to prevent overreduction of the electron transport chain and consequent photo-induced damage, towards LET, which enables efficient CO2 assimilation and biomass production. Using freeze-fracture cryo-scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of Arabidopsis leaves, we reveal unique membrane regions possessing characteristics of both stacked and unstacked regions of the thylakoid network that form during this transition. A notable consequence of the morphological attributes of these regions, which we refer to as 'stacked thylakoid doublets', is an overall increase in the proximity and connectivity of the two photosystems (PSI and PSII) that drive LET. This, in turn, reduces diffusion distances and barriers for the mobile carriers that transfer electrons between the two PSs, thereby maximizing LET and optimizing the plant's ability to utilize light energy. The mechanics described here for the shift between CET and LET during the dark-to-light transition are probably also used during chromatic adaptation mediated by state transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Garty
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Bussi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Dana Charuvi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ziv Reich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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6
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Vetoshkina DV, Kozuleva MA, Proskuryakov II, Terentyev VV, Berezhnov AV, Naydov IA, Ivanov BN, Klenina IB, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Dependence of state transitions on illumination time in arabidopsis and barley plants. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:65-75. [PMID: 37462717 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Solar energy absorbed by plants can be redistributed between photosystems in the process termed "state transitions" (ST). ST represents a reversible transition of a part of the PSII light harvesting complex (L-LHCII) between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) in response to the change in light spectral composition. The present work demonstrates a slower development of the state 1 to state 2 transition, i.e., L-LHCII transition from PSII to PSI, in the leaves of dicotyledonous arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) than in the leaves of monocotyledonous barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants that was assessed by the measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence at 77 K and of chlorophyll a fluorescence at room temperature. It is known that the first step of the state 1 to state 2 transition is phosphorylation of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins; however, we detected no difference in the rate of accumulation of these phosphorylated proteins in the studied plants. Therefore, the parameters, which possibly affect the second step of this transition, i.e., the migration of L-LHCII complexes along the thylakoid membrane, were evaluated. Spin-probe EPR measurements demonstrated that the thylakoid membranes viscosity in arabidopsis was higher compared to that in barley. Moreover, confocal microscopy data evidenced the different size of chloroplasts in the leaves of the studied species being larger in arabidopsis. The obtained results suggest that the observed deference in the development of the state 1 to state 2 transition in arabidopsis and barley is caused by the slower L-LHCII migration rate in arabidopsis than in barley plants rather than by the difference in the Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Marina A Kozuleva
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ivan I Proskuryakov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vasily V Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexey V Berezhnov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilya A Naydov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris N Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Irina B Klenina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria M Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia
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7
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Su J, Jiao Q, Jia T, Hu X. The photosystem-II repair cycle: updates and open questions. PLANTA 2023; 259:20. [PMID: 38091081 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The photosystem-II (PSII) repair cycle is essential for the maintenance of photosynthesis in plants. A number of novel findings have illuminated the regulatory mechanisms of the PSII repair cycle. Photosystem II (PSII) is a large pigment-protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane. It plays a vital role in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, splitting water, releasing molecular oxygen, and transferring electrons for plastoquinone reduction. However, PSII, especially the PsbA (D1) core subunit, is highly susceptible to oxidative damage. To prevent irreversible damage, plants have developed a repair cycle. The main objective of the PSII repair cycle is the degradation of photodamaged D1 and insertion of newly synthesized D1 into the PSII complex. While many factors are known to be involved in PSII repair, the exact mechanism is still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the primary steps of PSII repair, focusing on the proteolytic degradation of photodamaged D1 and the factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Su
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qingsong Jiao
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ting Jia
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xueyun Hu
- International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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8
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Wu J, Chen S, Wang C, Lin W, Huang C, Fan C, Han D, Lu D, Xu X, Sui S, Zhang L. Regulatory dynamics of the higher-plant PSI-LHCI supercomplex during state transitions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1937-1950. [PMID: 37936349 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
State transition is a fundamental light acclimation mechanism of photosynthetic organisms in response to the environmental light conditions. This process rebalances the excitation energy between photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II through regulated reversible binding of the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) to PSI. However, the structural reorganization of PSI-LHCI, the dynamic binding of LHCII, and the regulatory mechanisms underlying state transitions are less understood in higher plants. In this study, using cryoelectron microscopy we resolved the structures of PSI-LHCI in both state 1 (PSI-LHCI-ST1) and state 2 (PSI-LHCI-LHCII-ST2) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Combined genetic and functional analyses revealed novel contacts between Lhcb1 and PsaK that further enhanced the binding of the LHCII trimer to the PSI core with the known interactions between phosphorylated Lhcb2 and the PsaL/PsaH/PsaO subunits. Specifically, PsaO was absent in the PSI-LHCI-ST1 supercomplex but present in the PSI-LHCI-LHCII-ST2 supercomplex, in which the PsaL/PsaK/PsaA subunits undergo several conformational changes to strengthen the binding of PsaO in ST2. Furthermore, the PSI-LHCI module adopts a more compact configuration with shorter Mg-to-Mg distances between the chlorophylls, which may enhance the energy transfer efficiency from the peripheral antenna to the PSI core in ST2. Collectively, our work provides novel structural and functional insights into the mechanisms of light acclimation during state transitions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shuaijiabin Chen
- School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Weijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China; Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chengxu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dexian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - SenFang Sui
- School of Life Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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9
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Leverne L, Roach T, Perreau F, Maignan F, Krieger-Liszkay A. Increased drought resistance in state transition mutants is linked to modified plastoquinone pool redox state. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3737-3747. [PMID: 37614199 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Identifying traits that exhibit improved drought resistance is highly important to cope with the challenges of predicted climate change. We investigated the response of state transition mutants to drought. Compared with the wild type, state transition mutants were less affected by drought. Photosynthetic parameters in leaves probed by chlorophyll fluorescence confirmed that mutants possess a more reduced plastoquinone (PQ) pool, as expected due to the absence of state transitions. Seedlings of the mutants showed an enhanced growth of the primary root and more lateral root formation. The photosystem II inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, leading to an oxidised PQ pool, inhibited primary root growth in wild type and mutants, while the cytochrome b6 f complex inhibitor 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropylbenzoquinone, leading to a reduced PQ pool, stimulated root growth. A more reduced state of the PQ pool was associated with a slight but significant increase in singlet oxygen production. Singlet oxygen may trigger a, yet unknown, signalling cascade promoting root growth. We propose that photosynthetic mutants with a deregulated ratio of photosystem II to photosystem I activity can provide a novel path for improving crop drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leverne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - François Perreau
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Fabienne Maignan
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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10
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Vetoshkina D, Borisova-Mubarakshina M. Reversible protein phosphorylation in higher plants: focus on state transitions. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1079-1093. [PMID: 37974979 PMCID: PMC10643769 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is one of the comprehensive mechanisms of cell metabolism regulation in eukaryotic organisms. The review describes the impact of the reversible protein phosphorylation on the regulation of growth and development as well as in adaptation pathways and signaling network in higher plant cells. The main part of the review is devoted to the role of the reversible phosphorylation of light-harvesting proteins of photosystem II and the state transition process in fine-tuning the photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts. A separate section of the review is dedicated to comparing the mechanisms and functional significance of state transitions in higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that allows the evolution aspects of state transitions meaning in various organisms to be discussed. Environmental factors affecting the state transitions are also considered. Additionally, we gain insight into the possible influence of STN7-dependent phosphorylation of the target proteins on the global network of reversible protein phosphorylation in plant cells as well as into the probable effect of the STN7 kinase inhibition on long-term acclimation pathways in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.V. Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, Russia
| | - M.M. Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, Russia
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11
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Ogawa Y, Iwano M, Shikanai T, Sakamoto W. FZL, a dynamin-like protein localized to curved grana edges, is required for efficient photosynthetic electron transfer in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1279699. [PMID: 37841601 PMCID: PMC10568140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1279699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transfer and its regulation processes take place on thylakoid membranes, and the thylakoid of vascular plants exhibits particularly intricate structure consisting of stacked grana and flat stroma lamellae. It is known that several membrane remodeling proteins contribute to maintain the thylakoid structure, and one putative example is FUZZY ONION LIKE (FZL). In this study, we re-evaluated the controversial function of FZL in thylakoid membrane remodeling and in photosynthesis. We investigated the sub-membrane localization of FZL and found that it is enriched on curved grana edges of thylakoid membranes, consistent with the previously proposed model that FZL mediates fusion of grana and stroma lamellae at the interfaces. The mature fzl thylakoid morphology characterized with the staggered and less connected grana seems to agree with this model as well. In the photosynthetic analysis, the fzl knockout mutants in Arabidopsis displayed reduced electron flow, likely resulting in higher oxidative levels of Photosystem I (PSI) and smaller proton motive force (pmf). However, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence was excessively enhanced considering the pmf levels in fzl, and we found that introducing kea3-1 mutation, lowering pH in thylakoid lumen, synergistically reinforced the photosynthetic disorder in the fzl mutant background. We also showed that state transitions normally occurred in fzl, and that they were not involved in the photosynthetic disorders in fzl. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which the altered thylakoid morphology in fzl leads to the photosynthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ogawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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12
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Cutolo EA, Caferri R, Guardini Z, Dall'Osto L, Bassi R. Analysis of state 1-state 2 transitions by genome editing and complementation reveals a quenching component independent from the formation of PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol Direct 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37612770 PMCID: PMC10463614 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The light-harvesting antennae of photosystem (PS) I and PSII are pigment-protein complexes responsible of the initial steps of sunlight conversion into chemical energy. In natural environments plants are constantly confronted with the variability of the photosynthetically active light spectrum. PSII and PSI operate in series but have different optimal excitation wavelengths. The prompt adjustment of light absorption by photosystems is thus crucial to ensure efficient electron flow needed to sustain downstream carbon fixing reactions. Fast structural rearrangements equilibrate the partition of excitation pressure between PSII and PSI following the enrichment in the red (PSII-favoring) or far-red (PSI-favoring) spectra. Redox imbalances trigger state transitions (ST), a photoacclimation mechanism which involves the reversible phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) proteins by the antagonistic activities of the State Transition 7 (STN7) kinase/TAP38 phosphatase enzyme pair. During ST, a mobile PSII antenna pool associates with PSI increasing its absorption cross section. LHCII consists of assorted trimeric assemblies of Lhcb1, Lhcb2 and Lhcb3 protein isoforms (LHCII), several being substrates of STN7. However, the precise roles of Lhcb phosphorylation during ST remain largely elusive. RESULTS We inactivated the complete Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 gene clades in Arabidopsis thaliana and reintroduced either wild type Lhcb1.3 and Lhcb2.1 isoforms, respectively, or versions lacking N-terminal phosphorylatable residues proposed to mediate state transitions. While the substitution of Lhcb2.1 Thr-40 prevented the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII complex, replacement of Lhcb1.3 Thr-38 did not affect the formation of this supercomplex, nor did influence the amplitude or kinetics of PSII fluorescence quenching upon state 1-state 2 transition. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylation of Lhcb2 Thr-40 by STN7 alone accounts for ≈ 60% of PSII fluorescence quenching during state transitions. Instead, the presence of Thr-38 phosphosite in Lhcb1.3 was not required for the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex nor for re-equilibration of the plastoquinone redox state. The Lhcb2 phosphomutant was still capable of ≈ 40% residual fluorescence quenching, implying that a yet uncharacterized, STN7-dependent, component of state transitions, which is unrelated to Lhcb2 Thr-40 phosphorylation and to the formation of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex, contributes to the equilibration of the PSI/PSII excitation pressure upon plastoquinone over-reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Andrea Cutolo
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Caferri
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Guardini
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Bioenergy, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Palazzo Corsini, Via Della Lungara, 10, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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Flannery SE, Pastorelli F, Emrich‐Mills TZ, Casson SA, Hunter CN, Dickman MJ, Jackson PJ, Johnson MP. STN7 is not essential for developmental acclimation of Arabidopsis to light intensity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1458-1474. [PMID: 36960687 PMCID: PMC10952155 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to changing light intensity in the short term through regulation of light harvesting, electron transfer, and metabolism to mitigate redox stress. A sustained shift in light intensity leads to a long-term acclimation response (LTR). This involves adjustment in the stoichiometry of photosynthetic complexes through de novo synthesis and degradation of specific proteins associated with the thylakoid membrane. The light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) serine/threonine kinase STN7 plays a key role in short-term light harvesting regulation and was also suggested to be crucial to the LTR. Arabidopsis plants lacking STN7 (stn7) shifted to low light experience higher photosystem II (PSII) redox pressure than the wild type or those lacking the cognate phosphatase TAP38 (tap38), while the reverse is true at high light, where tap38 suffers more. In principle, the LTR should allow optimisation of the stoichiometry of photosynthetic complexes to mitigate these effects. We used quantitative label-free proteomics to assess how the relative abundance of photosynthetic proteins varied with growth light intensity in wild-type, stn7, and tap38 plants. All plants were able to adjust photosystem I, LHCII, cytochrome b6 f, and ATP synthase abundance with changing white light intensity, demonstrating neither STN7 nor TAP38 is crucial to the LTR per se. However, stn7 plants grown for several weeks at low light (LL) or moderate light (ML) still showed high PSII redox pressure and correspondingly lower PSII efficiency, CO2 assimilation, and leaf area compared to wild-type and tap38 plants, hence the LTR is unable to fully ameliorate these symptoms. In contrast, under high light growth conditions the mutants and wild type behaved similarly. These data are consistent with the paramount role of STN7-dependent LHCII phosphorylation in tuning PSII redox state for optimal growth in LL and ML conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Flannery
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Federica Pastorelli
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Thomas Z. Emrich‐Mills
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Stuart A. Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Mark J. Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Philip J. Jackson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Matthew P. Johnson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldFirth Court, Western BankSheffieldUK
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14
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Shang H, Li M, Pan X. Dynamic Regulation of the Light-Harvesting System through State Transitions in Land Plants and Green Algae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 36904032 PMCID: PMC10005731 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis constitutes the only known natural process that captures the solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into biomass. The primary reactions of photosynthesis are catalyzed by the photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) complexes. Both photosystems associate with antennae complexes whose main function is to increase the light-harvesting capability of the core. In order to maintain optimal photosynthetic activity under a constantly changing natural light environment, plants and green algae regulate the absorbed photo-excitation energy between PSI and PSII through processes known as state transitions. State transitions represent a short-term light adaptation mechanism for balancing the energy distribution between the two photosystems by relocating light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) proteins. The preferential excitation of PSII (state 2) results in the activation of a chloroplast kinase which in turn phosphorylates LHCII, a process followed by the release of phosphorylated LHCII from PSII and its migration to PSI, thus forming the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. The process is reversible, as LHCII is dephosphorylated and returns to PSII under the preferential excitation of PSI. In recent years, high-resolution structures of the PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex from plants and green algae were reported. These structural data provide detailed information on the interacting patterns of phosphorylated LHCII with PSI and on the pigment arrangement in the supercomplex, which is critical for constructing the excitation energy transfer pathways and for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of state transitions progress. In this review, we focus on the structural data of the state 2 supercomplex from plants and green algae and discuss the current state of knowledge concerning the interactions between antenna and the PSI core and the potential energy transfer pathways in these supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaowei Pan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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15
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Verhoeven D, van Amerongen H, Wientjes E. Single chloroplast in folio imaging sheds light on photosystem energy redistribution during state transitions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1186-1198. [PMID: 36478277 PMCID: PMC9922397 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is driven by light absorption in photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). A balanced excitation pressure between PSI and PSII is required for optimal photosynthetic efficiency. State transitions serve to keep this balance. If PSII is overexcited in plants and green algae, a mobile pool of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) associates with PSI, increasing its absorption cross-section and restoring the excitation balance. This is called state 2. Upon PSI overexcitation, this LHCII pool moves to PSII, leading to state 1. Whether the association/dissociation of LHCII with the photosystems occurs between thylakoid grana and thylakoid stroma lamellae during state transitions or within the same thylakoid region remains unclear. Furthermore, although state transitions are thought to be accompanied by changes in thylakoid macro-organization, this has never been observed directly in functional leaves. In this work, we used confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging to quantify state transitions in single Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts in folio with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. The change in excitation-energy distribution between PSI and PSII was investigated at a range of excitation wavelengths between 475 and 665 nm. For all excitation wavelengths, the PSI/(PSI + PSII) excitation ratio was higher in state 2 than in state 1. We next imaged the local PSI/(PSI + PSII) excitation ratio for single chloroplasts in both states. The data indicated that LHCII indeed migrates between the grana and stroma lamellae during state transitions. Finally, fluorescence intensity images revealed that thylakoid macro-organization is largely unaffected by state transitions. This single chloroplast in folio imaging method will help in understanding how plants adjust their photosynthetic machinery to ever-changing light conditions.
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16
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Leister D. Enhancing the light reactions of photosynthesis: Strategies, controversies, and perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:4-22. [PMID: 35996755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is central to life on Earth, employing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce chemical energy and oxygen. It is generally accepted that boosting its efficiency offers one promising way to increase crop yields under agronomically realistic conditions. Since the components, structure, and regulatory mechanisms of the light reactions of photosynthesis are well understood, concepts for enhancing the process have been suggested and partially tested. These approaches vary in complexity, from targeting single components to comprehensive redesign of the whole process on the scales from single cells or tissues to whole canopies. Attempts to enhance light utilization per leaf, by decreasing pigmentation, increasing levels of photosynthetic proteins, prolonging the lifespan of the photosynthetic machinery, or massive reconfiguration of the photosynthetic machinery and the incorporation of nanomaterials, are discussed in this review first. Secondly, strategies intended to optimize the acclimation of photosynthesis to changes in the environment are presented, including redesigning mechanisms to dissipate excess excitation energy (e.g., non-photochemical quenching) or reduction power (e.g., flavodiiron proteins). Moreover, schemes for improving acclimation, inspired by natural or laboratory-induced adaptation, are introduced. However, all these endeavors are still in an early exploratory phase and/or have not resulted in the desired outcome, largely because photosynthesis is embedded within large networks of closely interacting cellular and metabolic processes, which can vary among species and even cultivars. This explains why integrated, systems-wide approaches are required to achieve the breakthroughs required for effectively increasing crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Martinsried-Planegg, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
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17
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Devadasu E, Kanna SD, Neelam S, Yadav RM, Nama S, Akhtar P, Polgár TF, Ughy B, Garab G, Lambrev PH, Subramanyam R. Long- and short-term acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to salinity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The role of Stt7 protein kinase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1051711. [PMID: 37089643 PMCID: PMC10113551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1051711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress triggers an Stt7-mediated LHCII-phosphorylation signaling mechanism similar to light-induced state transitions. However, phosphorylated LHCII, after detaching from PSII, does not attach to PSI but self-aggregates instead. Salt is a major stress factor in the growth of algae and plants. Here, our study mainly focuses on the organization of the photosynthetic apparatus to the long-term responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to elevated NaCl concentrations. We analyzed the physiological effects of salt treatment at a cellular, membrane, and protein level by microscopy, protein profile analyses, transcripts, circular dichroism spectroscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence transients, and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We have ascertained that cells that were grown in high-salinity medium form palmelloids sphere-shaped colonies, where daughter cells with curtailed flagella are enclosed within the mother cell walls. Palmelloid formation depends on the presence of a cell wall, as it was not observed in a cell-wall-less mutant CC-503. Using the stt7 mutant cells, we show Stt7 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in both short- and long-term treatments of various NaCl concentrations-demonstrating NaCl-induced state transitions that are similar to light-induced state transitions. The grana thylakoids were less appressed (with higher repeat distances), and cells grown in 150 mM NaCl showed disordered structures that formed diffuse boundaries with the flanking stroma lamellae. PSII core proteins were more prone to damage than PSI. At high salt concentrations (100-150 mM), LHCII aggregates accumulated in the thylakoid membranes. Low-temperature and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the stt7 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress, suggesting that LHCII phosphorylation has a role in the acclimation and protection of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsinraju Devadasu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai Divya Kanna
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Satyabala Neelam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranay Mohan Yadav
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srilatha Nama
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás F. Polgár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Győző Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Rajagopal Subramanyam,
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Saini LK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Protein phosphatases and their targets: Comprehending the interactions in plant signaling pathways. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:307-370. [PMID: 36858740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a vital reversible post-translational modification. This process is established by two classes of enzymes: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins while protein phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphorylated proteins, thus, functioning as 'critical regulators' in signaling pathways. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases are classified as phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) specific phosphatases (STPs) that dephosphorylate Ser and Thr residues. The PTP family dephosphorylates Tyr residues while dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. The composition of these enzymes as well as their substrate specificity are important determinants of their functional significance in a number of cellular processes and stress responses. Their role in animal systems is well-understood and characterized. The functional characterization of protein phosphatases has been extensively covered in plants, although the comprehension of their mechanistic basis is an ongoing pursuit. The nature of their interactions with other key players in the signaling process is vital to our understanding. The substrates or targets determine their potential as well as magnitude of the impact they have on signaling pathways. In this article, we exclusively overview the various substrates of protein phosphatases in plant signaling pathways, which are a critical determinant of the outcome of various developmental and stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Saini
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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Vetoshkina D, Balashov N, Ivanov B, Ashikhmin A, Borisova-Mubarakshina M. Light harvesting regulation: A versatile network of key components operating under various stress conditions in higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:576-588. [PMID: 36529008 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Light harvesting is finetuned through two main strategies controlling energy transfer to the reaction centers of photosystems: i) regulating the amount of light energy at the absorption level, ii) regulating the amount of the absorbed energy at the utilization level. The first strategy is ensured by changes in the cross-section, i.e., the size of the photosynthetic antenna. These changes can occur in a short-term (state transitions) or long-term way (changes in antenna protein biosynthesis) depending on the light conditions. The interrelation of these two ways is still underexplored. Regulating light absorption through the long-term modulation of photosystem II antenna size has been mostly considered as an acclimatory mechanism to light conditions. The present review highlights that this mechanism represents one of the most versatile mechanisms of higher plant acclimation to various conditions including drought, salinity, temperature changes, and even biotic factors. We suggest that H2O2 is the universal signaling agent providing the switch from the short-term to long-term modulation of photosystem II antenna size under these factors. The second strategy of light harvesting is represented by redirecting energy to waste mainly via thermal energy dissipation in the photosystem II antenna in high light through PsbS protein and xanthophyll cycle. In the latter case, H2O2 also plays a considerable role. This circumstance may explain the maintenance of the appropriate level of zeaxanthin not only upon high light but also upon other stress factors. Thus, the review emphasizes the significance of both strategies for ensuring plant sustainability under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 2, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - Nikolay Balashov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 2, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Boris Ivanov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 2, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Ashikhmin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 2, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St., 2, Pushchino, Russia.
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20
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Rantala M, Ivanauskaite A, Laihonen L, Kanna SD, Ughy B, Mulo P. Chloroplast Acetyltransferase GNAT2 is Involved in the Organization and Dynamics of Thylakoid Structure. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1205-1214. [PMID: 35792507 PMCID: PMC9474947 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants acclimate to changes in light conditions by adjusting the thylakoid membrane ultrastructure. Additionally, excitation energy transfer between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) is balanced in a process known as state transition. These modifications are mediated by reversible phosphorylation of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins in different pools of light-harvesting complex (LHCII) trimers. Our recent study demonstrated that chloroplast acetyltransferase NUCLEAR SHUTTLE INTERACTING (NSI)/GNAT2 (general control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferase 2) is also needed for the regulation of light harvesting, evidenced by the inability of the gnat2 mutant to perform state transitions although there are no defects in LHCII phosphorylation. Here, we show that despite contrasting phosphorylation states of LHCII, grana packing in the gnat2 and state transition 7 (stn7) mutants possesses similar features, as the thylakoid structure of the mutants does not respond to the shift from darkness to light, which is in striking contrast to wild type (Wt). Circular dichroism and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses further revealed that the thylakoid protein complex organization of gnat2 and stn7 resembles each other, but differ from that of Wt. Also, the location of the phosphorylated Lhcb2 as well as the LHCII antenna within the thylakoid network in gnat2 mutant is different from that of Wt. In gnat2, the LHCII antenna remains largely in grana stacks, where the phosphorylated Lhcb2 is found in all LHCII trimer pools, including those associated with PSII. These results indicate that in addition to phosphorylation-mediated regulation through STN7, the GNAT2 enzyme is involved in the organization and dynamics of thylakoid structure, probably through the regulation of chloroplast protein acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Rantala
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, BioCity A, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Aiste Ivanauskaite
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, BioCity A, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Laura Laihonen
- Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, BioCity A, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, FI-20520, Finland
| | - Sai Divya Kanna
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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21
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State transition is quiet around pyrenoid and LHCII phosphorylation is not essential for thylakoid deformation in Chlamydomonas 137c. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122032119. [PMID: 36067315 PMCID: PMC9478649 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122032119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms have developed a regulation mechanism called state transition (ST) to rapidly adjust the excitation balance between the two photosystems by light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) movement. Though many researchers have assumed coupling of the dynamic transformations of the thylakoid membrane with ST, evidence of that remains elusive. To clarify the above-mentioned coupling in a model organism Chlamydomonas, here we used two advanced microscope techniques, the excitation-spectral microscope (ESM) developed recently by us and the superresolution imaging based on structured-illumination microscopy (SIM). The ESM observation revealed ST-dependent spectral changes upon repeated ST inductions. Surprisingly, it clarified a less significant ST occurrence in the region surrounding the pyrenoid, which is a subcellular compartment specialized for the carbon-fixation reaction, than that in the other domains. Further, we found a species dependence of this phenomenon: 137c strain showed the significant intracellular inhomogeneity of ST occurrence, whereas 4A+ strain hardly did. On the other hand, the SIM observation resolved partially irreversible fine thylakoid transformations caused by the ST-inducing illumination. This fine, irreversible thylakoid transformation was also observed in the STT7 kinase-lacking mutant. This result revealed that the fine thylakoid transformation is not induced solely by the LHCII phosphorylation, suggesting the highly susceptible nature of the thylakoid ultrastructure to the photosynthetic light reactions.
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22
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Gerotto C, Trotta A, Bajwa AA, Morosinotto T, Aro EM. Role of serine/threonine protein kinase STN7 in the formation of two distinct photosystem I supercomplexes in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:698-713. [PMID: 35736511 PMCID: PMC9434285 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reversible thylakoid protein phosphorylation provides most flowering plants with dynamic acclimation to short-term changes in environmental light conditions. Here, through generating Serine/Threonine protein kinase 7 (STN7)-depleted mutants in the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens), we identified phosphorylation targets of STN7 kinase and their roles in short- and long-term acclimation of the moss to changing light conditions. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses revealed STN7-dependent phosphorylation of N-terminal Thr in specific Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) trimer subunits (LHCBM2 and LHCBM4/8) and provided evidence that phospho-LHCBM accumulation is responsible for the assembly of two distinct Photosystem I (PSI) supercomplexes (SCs), both of which are largely absent in STN7-depleted mutants. Besides the canonical state transition complex (PSI-LHCI-LHCII), we isolated the larger moss-specific PSI-Large (PSI-LHCI-LHCB9-LHCII) from stroma-exposed thylakoids. Unlike PSI-LHCI-LHCII, PSI-Large did not demonstrate short-term dynamics for balancing the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI. Instead, PSI-Large contributed to a more stable increase in PSI antenna size in Physcomitrella, except under prolonged high irradiance. Additionally, the STN7-depleted mutants revealed altered light-dependent phosphorylation of a monomeric antenna protein, LHCB6, whose phosphorylation displayed a complex regulation by multiple kinases. Collectively, the unique phosphorylation plasticity and dynamics of Physcomitrella monomeric LHCB6 and trimeric LHCBM isoforms, together with the presence of PSI SCs with different antenna sizes and responsiveness to light changes, reflect the evolutionary position of mosses between green algae and vascular plants, yet with clear moss-specific features emphasizing their adaptation to terrestrial low-light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Azfar Ali Bajwa
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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23
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Lin S, Song XF, Mao HT, Li SQ, Gan JY, Yuan M, Zhang ZW, Yuan S, Zhang HY, Su YQ, Chen YE. Exogenous melatonin improved photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II by reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins in wheat under osmotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:966181. [PMID: 35982696 PMCID: PMC9380962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.966181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been well demonstrated that melatonin plays an important protective role in photosynthesis of plants under various environmental stresses, while the detailed mechanisms by which melatonin protects photosystem II (PSII) under environmental stress are still unclear. In the study, the effects of melatonin on photosynthetic efficiency, energy dissipation, PSII protein composition, and reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins were investigated in wheat plants under osmotic stress. The results showed that osmotic stress significantly reduced pigment content, photochemical efficiency of PSII, oxygen-evolving activity, and dissipation of excess excitation energy, while 25 μM melatonin applications greatly alleviated their decline under osmotic stress. Western blot data of PSII proteins revealed that melatonin upregulated the levels of D1, Lhcb5, Lhcb6, PsbQ, and PsbS proteins in wheat exposed to osmotic stress. In addition, thylakoid membrane proteins were strongly phosphorylated in wheat under osmotic stress with or without melatonin. Furthermore, the results from PSII protein dephosphorylation showed that exogenous melatonin promoted the dephosphorylation of LCHII, CP43, and D1 under osmotic stress. Therefore, our findings suggest that melatonin can provide an effective protection for the photosynthetic apparatus by the regulation of PSII proteins and the reversible phosphorylation of thylakoid proteins under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Hao-Tian Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Jie-Ying Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huai-Yu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Su
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Er Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
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24
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Jonwal S, Verma N, Sinha AK. Regulation of photosynthetic light reaction proteins via reversible phosphorylation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111312. [PMID: 35696912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of photosynthesis occurs at different levels including the control of nuclear and plastid genes transcription, RNA processing and translation, protein translocation, assemblies and their post translational modifications. Out of all these, post translational modification enables rapid response of plants towards changing environmental conditions. Among all post-translational modifications, reversible phosphorylation is known to play a crucial role in the regulation of light reaction of photosynthesis. Although, phosphorylation of PS II subunits has been extensively studied but not much attention is given to other photosynthetic complexes such as PS I, Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase. Phosphorylation reaction is known to protect photosynthetic apparatus in challenging environment conditions such as high light, elevated temperature, high salinity and drought. Recent studies have explored the role of photosynthetic protein phosphorylation in conferring plant immunity against the rice blast disease. The evolution of phosphorylation of different subunits of photosynthetic proteins occurred along with the evolution of plant lineage for their better adaptation to the changing environment conditions. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the research field of phosphorylation of photosynthetic proteins and highlights the missing links that need immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Jonwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neetu Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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25
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Yu G, Hao J, Pan X, Shi L, Zhang Y, Wang J, Fan H, Xiao Y, Yang F, Lou J, Chang W, Malnoë A, Li M. Structure of Arabidopsis SOQ1 lumenal region unveils C-terminal domain essential for negative regulation of photoprotective qH. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:840-855. [PMID: 35798975 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) plays an important role for phototrophs in decreasing photo-oxidative damage. qH is a sustained form of NPQ and depends on the plastid lipocalin (LCNP). A thylakoid membrane-anchored protein SUPPRESSOR OF QUENCHING1 (SOQ1) prevents qH formation by inhibiting LCNP. SOQ1 suppresses qH with its lumen-located thioredoxin (Trx)-like and NHL domains. Here we report structural data, genetic modification and biochemical characterization of Arabidopsis SOQ1 lumenal domains. Our results show that the Trx-like and NHL domains are associated together, with the cysteine motif located at their interface. Residue E859, required for SOQ1 function, is pivotal for maintaining the Trx-NHL association. Importantly, the C-terminal region of SOQ1 forms an independent β-stranded domain that has structural homology to the N-terminal domain of bacterial disulfide bond protein D and is essential for negative regulation of qH. Furthermore, SOQ1 is susceptible to cleavage at the loops connecting the neighbouring lumenal domains both in vitro and in vivo, which could be a regulatory process for its suppression function of qH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jingfang Hao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Shi
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongcheng Fan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Alizée Malnoë
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
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26
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Arshad R, Saccon F, Bag P, Biswas A, Calvaruso C, Bhatti AF, Grebe S, Mascoli V, Mahbub M, Muzzopappa F, Polyzois A, Schiphorst C, Sorrentino M, Streckaité S, van Amerongen H, Aro EM, Bassi R, Boekema EJ, Croce R, Dekker J, van Grondelle R, Jansson S, Kirilovsky D, Kouřil R, Michel S, Mullineaux CW, Panzarová K, Robert B, Ruban AV, van Stokkum I, Wientjes E, Büchel C. A kaleidoscope of photosynthetic antenna proteins and their emerging roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1204-1219. [PMID: 35512089 PMCID: PMC9237682 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae are pigment-binding proteins that perform one of the most fundamental tasks on Earth, capturing light and transferring energy that enables life in our biosphere. Adaptation to different light environments led to the evolution of an astonishing diversity of light-harvesting systems. At the same time, several strategies have been developed to optimize the light energy input into photosynthetic membranes in response to fluctuating conditions. The basic feature of these prompt responses is the dynamic nature of antenna complexes, whose function readily adapts to the light available. High-resolution microscopy and spectroscopic studies on membrane dynamics demonstrate the crosstalk between antennae and other thylakoid membrane components. With the increased understanding of light-harvesting mechanisms and their regulation, efforts are focusing on the development of sustainable processes for effective conversion of sunlight into functional bio-products. The major challenge in this approach lies in the application of fundamental discoveries in light-harvesting systems for the improvement of plant or algal photosynthesis. Here, we underline some of the latest fundamental discoveries on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of light harvesting that can potentially be exploited for the optimization of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Arshad
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pushan Bag
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Avratanu Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Calvaruso
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Ahmad Farhan Bhatti
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Grebe
- Department of Life Technologies, MolecularPlant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI–20520, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Mascoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Moontaha Mahbub
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Fernando Muzzopappa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Alexandros Polyzois
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS, Paris 75006, France
| | | | - Mirella Sorrentino
- Photon Systems Instruments, spol. s.r.o., Drásov, Czech Republic
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Simona Streckaité
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Life Technologies, MolecularPlant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI–20520, Finland
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dekker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Diana Kirilovsky
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Michel
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, CiTCoM UMR 8038 CNRS, Paris 75006, France
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Klára Panzarová
- Photon Systems Instruments, spol. s.r.o., Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Robert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 1198, France
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ivo van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Büchel
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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27
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Wang Z, Liu M, Yao M, Zhang X, Qu C, Du H, Lu K, Li J, Wei L, Liang Y. Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Enhances Shading Tolerance by Regulating the Photosynthesis Capability of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:902989. [PMID: 35720537 PMCID: PMC9201689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the third-largest source of vegetable oil in the world with an edible, medicinal, and ornamental value. However, insufficient light or high planting density directly affects its growth, development, yield, and quality. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that play key roles in regulating the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we found that the promoter of BnaMAPK1 contained several light-responsive elements (including the AT1-motif, G-Box, and TCT-motif), consistent with its shading stress-induced upregulation. Compared with the wild type under shading stress, BnaMAPK1-overexpressing plants showed higher light capture efficiency and carbon assimilation capacity, enhancing their shading tolerance. Using RNA sequencing, we systematically investigated the function of BnaMAPK1 in shading stress on photosynthetic structure, Calvin cycle, and light-driven electron transport. Notably, numerous genes encoding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (BnaLHCBs) in photosystem II-light-harvesting complex (LHC) II supercomplex were significantly downregulated in the BnaMAPK1-overexpressing lines relative to the wild type under shading stress. Combining RNA sequencing and yeast library screening, a candidate interaction partner of BnaMAPK1 regulating in shading stress, BnaLHCB3, was obtained. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and split-luciferase complementation assays confirmed the physical interaction relationship between BnaLHCB3 and BnaMAPK1, suggesting that BnaMAPK1 may involve in stabilizing the photosystem II-LHC II supercomplex. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BnaMAPK1 positively regulates photosynthesis capability to respond to shading stress in rapeseed, possibly by controlling antenna proteins complex in photosystem II, and could provide valuable information for further breeding for rapeseed stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengnan Yao
- Jiangsu Yanjiang Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai Du
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
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28
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STN7 Kinase Is Essential for Arabidopsis thaliana Fitness under Prolonged Darkness but Not under Dark-Chilling Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094531. [PMID: 35562922 PMCID: PMC9100030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of photosystem II light harvesting complexes (LHCII) is a well-established protective mechanism enabling efficient response to changing light conditions. However, changes in LHCII phosphorylation were also observed in response to abiotic stress regardless of photoperiod. This study aimed to investigate the impact of dark-chilling on LHCII phosphorylation pattern in chilling-tolerant Arabidopsis thaliana and to check whether the disturbed LHCII phosphorylation process will impact the response of Arabidopsis to the dark-chilling conditions. We analyzed the pattern of LHCII phosphorylation, the organization of chlorophyll–protein complexes, and the level of chilling tolerance by combining biochemical and spectroscopy techniques under dark-chilling and dark conditions in Arabidopsis mutants with disrupted LHCII phosphorylation. Our results show that during dark-chilling, LHCII phosphorylation decreased in all examined plant lines and that no significant differences in dark-chilling response were registered in tested lines. Interestingly, after 24 h of darkness, a high increase in LHCII phosphorylation was observed, co-occurring with a significant FV/FM parameter decrease. The highest drop of FV/FM was detected in the stn7-1 line–mutant, where the LHCII is not phosphorylated, due to the lack of STN7 kinase. Our results imply that STN7 kinase activity is important for mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged darkness.
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29
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Schiphorst C, Achterberg L, Gómez R, Koehorst R, Bassi R, van Amerongen H, Dall’Osto L, Wientjes E. The role of light-harvesting complex I in excitation energy transfer from LHCII to photosystem I in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2241-2252. [PMID: 34893885 PMCID: PMC8968287 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis powers nearly all life on Earth. Light absorbed by photosystems drives the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into sugars. In plants, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) work in series to drive the electron transport from water to NADP+. As both photosystems largely work in series, a balanced excitation pressure is required for optimal photosynthetic performance. Both photosystems are composed of a core and light-harvesting complexes (LHCI) for PSI and LHCII for PSII. When the light conditions favor the excitation of one photosystem over the other, a mobile pool of trimeric LHCII moves between both photosystems thus tuning their antenna cross-section in a process called state transitions. When PSII is overexcited multiple LHCIIs can associate with PSI. A trimeric LHCII binds to PSI at the PsaH/L/O site to form a well-characterized PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. The binding site(s) of the "additional" LHCII is still unclear, although a mediating role for LHCI has been proposed. In this work, we measured the PSI antenna size and trapping kinetics of photosynthetic membranes from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Membranes from wild-type (WT) plants were compared to those of the ΔLhca mutant that completely lacks the LHCI antenna. The results showed that "additional" LHCII complexes can transfer energy directly to the PSI core in the absence of LHCI. However, the transfer is about two times faster and therefore more efficient, when LHCI is present. This suggests LHCI mediates excitation energy transfer from loosely bound LHCII to PSI in WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Schiphorst
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Achterberg
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Gómez
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rob Koehorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Herbert van Amerongen
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- MicroSpectroscopy Research Facility, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Dall’Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Sattari Vayghan H, Nawrocki WJ, Schiphorst C, Tolleter D, Hu C, Douet V, Glauser G, Finazzi G, Croce R, Wientjes E, Longoni F. Photosynthetic Light Harvesting and Thylakoid Organization in a CRISPR/Cas9 Arabidopsis Thaliana LHCB1 Knockout Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833032. [PMID: 35330875 PMCID: PMC8940271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light absorbed by chlorophylls of Photosystems II and I drives oxygenic photosynthesis. Light-harvesting complexes increase the absorption cross-section of these photosystems. Furthermore, these complexes play a central role in photoprotection by dissipating the excess of absorbed light energy in an inducible and regulated fashion. In higher plants, the main light-harvesting complex is trimeric LHCII. In this work, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout the five genes encoding LHCB1, which is the major component of LHCII. In absence of LHCB1, the accumulation of the other LHCII isoforms was only slightly increased, thereby resulting in chlorophyll loss, leading to a pale green phenotype and growth delay. The Photosystem II absorption cross-section was smaller, while the Photosystem I absorption cross-section was unaffected. This altered the chlorophyll repartition between the two photosystems, favoring Photosystem I excitation. The equilibrium of the photosynthetic electron transport was partially maintained by lower Photosystem I over Photosystem II reaction center ratio and by the dephosphorylation of LHCII and Photosystem II. Loss of LHCB1 altered the thylakoid structure, with less membrane layers per grana stack and reduced grana width. Stable LHCB1 knockout lines allow characterizing the role of this protein in light harvesting and acclimation and pave the way for future in vivo mutational analyses of LHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sattari Vayghan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech J. Nawrocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christo Schiphorst
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Tolleter
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Véronique Douet
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emilie Wientjes
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fiamma Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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31
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Hommel E, Liebers M, Offermann S, Pfannschmidt T. Effectiveness of Light-Quality and Dark-White Growth Light Shifts in Short-Term Light Acclimation of Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:615253. [PMID: 35046964 PMCID: PMC8761940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.615253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis needs to run efficiently under permanently changing illumination. To achieve this, highly dynamic acclimation processes optimize photosynthetic performance under a variety of rapidly changing light conditions. Such acclimation responses are acting by a complex interplay of reversible molecular changes in the photosynthetic antenna or photosystem assemblies which dissipate excess energy and balance uneven excitation between the two photosystems. This includes a number of non-photochemical quenching processes including state transitions and photosystem II remodeling. In the laboratory such processes are typically studied by selective illumination set-ups. Two set-ups known to be effective in a highly similar manner are (i) light quality shifts (inducing a preferential excitation of one photosystem over the other) or (ii) dark-light shifts (inducing a general off-on switch of the light harvesting machinery). Both set-ups result in similar effects on the plastoquinone redox state, but their equivalence in induction of photosynthetic acclimation responses remained still open. Here, we present a comparative study in which dark-light and light-quality shifts were applied to samples of the same growth batches of plants. Both illumination set-ups caused comparable effects on the phosphorylation of LHCII complexes and, hence, on the performance of state transitions, but generated different effects on the degree of state transitions and the formation of PSII super-complexes. The two light set-ups, thus, are not fully equivalent in their physiological effectiveness potentially leading to different conclusions in mechanistic models of photosynthetic acclimation. Studies on the regulation of photosynthetic light acclimation, therefore, requires to regard the respective illumination test set-up as a critical parameter that needs to be considered in the discussion of mechanistic and regulatory aspects in this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hommel
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Biologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Liebers
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und Mikrobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Offermann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Botanik, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut für Botanik, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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32
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Mazur R, Maszkowska J, Anielska-Mazur A, Garstka M, Polkowska-Kowalczyk L, Czajkowska A, Zmienko A, Dobrowolska G, Kulik A. The SnRK2.10 kinase mitigates the adverse effects of salinity by protecting photosynthetic machinery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2785-2802. [PMID: 34632500 PMCID: PMC8644180 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-Related protein kinases Type 2 (SnRK2) are plant-specific enzymes widely distributed across the plant kingdom. They are key players controlling abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and ABA-independent signaling pathways in the plant response to osmotic stress. Here we established that SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, ABA-nonactivated kinases, are activated in Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes during the early response to salt stress and contribute to leaf growth retardation under prolonged salinity but act by maintaining different salt-triggered mechanisms. Under salinity, snrk2.10 insertion mutants were impaired in the reconstruction and rearrangement of damaged core and antenna protein complexes in photosystem II (PSII), which led to stronger non-photochemical quenching, lower maximal quantum yield of PSII, and lower adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light intensity. The observed effects were likely caused by disturbed accumulation and phosphorylation status of the main PSII core and antenna proteins. Finally, we found a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the snrk2.10 mutant leaves under a few-day-long exposure to salinity which also could contribute to the stronger damage of the photosynthetic apparatus and cause other deleterious effects affecting plant growth. We found that the snrk2.4 mutant plants did not display substantial changes in photosynthesis. Overall, our results indicate that SnRK2.10 is activated in leaves shortly after plant exposure to salinity and contributes to salt stress tolerance by maintaining efficient photosynthesis and preventing oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Anielska-Mazur
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Garstka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Polkowska-Kowalczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czajkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grazyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Longoni FP, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation in Chloroplasts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1094-1107. [PMID: 33768241 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Because of their abundance and extensive phosphorylation, numerous thylakoid proteins stand out amongst the phosphoproteins of plants and algae. In particular, subunits of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) and of photosystem II (PSII) are dynamically phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in response to light conditions and metabolic demands. These phosphorylations are controlled by evolutionarily conserved thylakoid protein kinases and counteracting protein phosphatases, which have distinct but partially overlapping substrate specificities. The best characterized are the kinases STATE TRANSITION 7 (STN7/STT7) and STATE TRANSITION 8 (STN8), and the antagonistic phosphatases PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1/THYLAKOID-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHATASE 38 (PPH1/TAP38) and PHOTOSYSTEM II CORE PHOSPHATASE (PBCP). The phosphorylation of LHCII is mainly governed by STN7 and PPH1/TAP38 in plants. LHCII phosphorylation is essential for state transitions, a regulatory feedback mechanism that controls the allocation of this antenna to either PSII or PSI, and thus maintains the redox balance of the electron transfer chain. Phosphorylation of several core subunits of PSII, regulated mainly by STN8 and PBCP, correlates with changes in thylakoid architecture, the repair cycle of PSII after photodamage as well as regulation of light harvesting and of alternative routes of photosynthetic electron transfer. Other kinases, such as the PLASTID CASEIN KINASE II (pCKII), also intervene in thylakoid protein phosphorylation and take part in the chloroplast kinase network. While some features of thylakoid phosphorylation were conserved through the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes, others have diverged in different lineages possibly as a result of their adaptation to varied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Paolo Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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34
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Inhibition of Arabidopsis stomatal development by plastoquinone oxidation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5622-5632.e7. [PMID: 34727522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are the pores in the epidermal surface of plant leaves that regulate the exchange of water and CO2 with the environment thus controlling leaf gas exchange.1 In the model dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH) and MUTE sequentially control formative divisions in the stomatal lineage by forming heterodimers with ICE1.2 SPCH regulates entry into the stomatal lineage and its stability or activity is regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, mediated by its interaction with ICE1.3-6 This MAPK pathway is regulated by extracellular epidermal patterning factor (EPFs) peptides, which bind a transmembrane receptor complex to inhibit (EPF1 and EPF2) or promote (STOMAGEN/EPFL9) stomatal development.7-9 MUTE controls the transition to guard mother cell identity and is regulated by the HD-ZIP transcription factor HDG2, which is expressed exclusively in stomatal lineage cells.10,11 Light signals acting through phytochrome and cryptochrome photoreceptors positively regulate stomatal development in response to increased irradiance.12,13 Here we report that stomatal development is also regulated by the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC). Oxidation of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool inhibits stomatal development by negatively regulating SPCH and MUTE expression. This mechanism is dependent on MPK6 and forms part of the response to lowering irradiance, which is distinct to the photoreceptor dependent response to increasing irradiance. Our results show that environmental signals can act through the PETC, demonstrating that photosynthetic signals regulate the development of the pores through which CO2 enters the leaf.
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35
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Anderson CM, Mattoon EM, Zhang N, Becker E, McHargue W, Yang J, Patel D, Dautermann O, McAdam SAM, Tarin T, Pathak S, Avenson TJ, Berry J, Braud M, Niyogi KK, Wilson M, Nusinow DA, Vargas R, Czymmek KJ, Eveland AL, Zhang R. High light and temperature reduce photosynthetic efficiency through different mechanisms in the C 4 model Setaria viridis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1092. [PMID: 34531541 PMCID: PMC8446033 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
C4 plants frequently experience high light and high temperature conditions in the field, which reduce growth and yield. However, the mechanisms underlying these stress responses in C4 plants have been under-explored, especially the coordination between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. We investigated how the C4 model plant Setaria viridis responded to a four-hour high light or high temperature treatment at photosynthetic, transcriptomic, and ultrastructural levels. Although we observed a comparable reduction of photosynthetic efficiency in high light or high temperature treated leaves, detailed analysis of multi-level responses revealed important differences in key pathways and M/BS specificity responding to high light and high temperature. We provide a systematic analysis of high light and high temperature responses in S. viridis, reveal different acclimation strategies to these two stresses in C4 plants, discover unique light/temperature responses in C4 plants in comparison to C3 plants, and identify potential targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in C4 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Mattoon
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Plant and Microbial Biosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric Becker
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jiani Yang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Dautermann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tonantzin Tarin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sunita Pathak
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tom J Avenson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey Berry
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxwell Braud
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ru Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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36
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Aso M, Matsumae R, Tanaka A, Tanaka R, Takabayashi A. Unique Peripheral Antennas in the Photosystems of the Streptophyte Alga Mesostigma viride. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:436-446. [PMID: 33416834 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Land plants evolved from a single group of streptophyte algae. One of the key factors needed for adaptation to a land environment is the modification in the peripheral antenna systems of photosystems (PSs). Here, the PSs of Mesostigma viride, one of the earliest-branching streptophyte algae, were analyzed to gain insight into their evolution. Isoform sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) revealed that M. viride possesses three algae-specific LHCs, including algae-type LHCA2, LHCA9 and LHCP, while the streptophyte-specific LHCB6 was not identified. These data suggest that the acquisition of LHCB6 and the loss of algae-type LHCs occurred after the M. viride lineage branched off from other streptophytes. Clear-native (CN)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) resolved the photosynthetic complexes, including the PSI-PSII megacomplex, PSII-LHCII, two PSI-LHCI-LHCIIs, PSI-LHCI and the LHCII trimer. Results indicated that the higher-molecular weight PSI-LHCI-LHCII likely had more LHCII than the lower-molecular weight one, a unique feature of M. viride PSs. CN-PAGE coupled with mass spectrometry strongly suggested that the LHCP was bound to PSII-LHCII, while the algae-type LHCA2 and LHCA9 were bound to PSI-LHCI, both of which are different from those in land plants. Results of the present study strongly suggest that M. viride PSs possess unique features that were inherited from a common ancestor of streptophyte and chlorophyte algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiki Aso
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Renon Matsumae
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Atsushi Takabayashi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819 Japan
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37
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Wu G, Ma L, Yuan C, Dai J, Luo L, Poudyal RS, Sayre RT, Lee CH. Formation of light-harvesting complex II aggregates from LHCII-PSI-LHCI complexes in rice plants under high light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4938-4948. [PMID: 33939808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During low light- (LL) induced state transitions in dark-adapted rice (Oryza sativa) leaves, light-harvesting complex (LHC) II become phosphorylated and associate with PSI complexes to form LHCII-PSI-LHCI supercomplexes. When the leaves are subsequently transferred to high light (HL) conditions, phosphorylated LHCII complexes are no longer phosphorylated. Under the HL-induced transition in LHC phosphorylation status, we observed a new green band in the stacking gel of native green-PAGE, which was determined to be LHCII aggregates by immunoblotting and 77K chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. Knockout mutants of protein phosphatase 1 (PPH1) which dephosphorylates LHCII failed to form these LHCII aggregates. In addition, the ability to develop non-photochemical quenching in the PPH1 mutant under HL was less than for wild-type plants. As determined by immunoblotting analysis, LHCII proteins present in LHCII-PSI-LHCI supercomplexes included the Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 proteins. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that LHCII in the LHCII-PSI-LHCI supercomplexes are dephosphorylated and subsequently form aggregates to dissipate excess light energy under HL conditions. We propose that this LHCII aggregation, involving LHCII L-trimers, is a newly observed photoprotective light-quenching process operating in the early stage of acclimation to HL in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cai Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiahao Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lai Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Roshan Sharma Poudyal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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38
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Wu J, Rong L, Lin W, Kong L, Wei D, Zhang L, Rochaix JD, Xu X. Functional redox links between lumen thiol oxidoreductase1 and serine/threonine-protein kinase STN7. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:964-976. [PMID: 33620491 PMCID: PMC8195503 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to changing light quantity and quality, photosynthetic organisms perform state transitions, a process which optimizes photosynthetic yield and mitigates photo-damage. The serine/threonine-protein kinase STN7 phosphorylates the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (PSII; light-harvesting complex II), which then migrates from PSII to photosystem I (PSI), thereby rebalancing the light excitation energy between the photosystems and restoring the redox poise of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Two conserved cysteines forming intra- or intermolecular disulfide bonds in the lumenal domain (LD) of STN7 are essential for the kinase activity although it is still unknown how activation of the kinase is regulated. In this study, we show lumen thiol oxidoreductase 1 (LTO1) is co-expressed with STN7 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and interacts with the LD of STN7 in vitro and in vivo. LTO1 contains thioredoxin (TRX)-like and vitamin K epoxide reductase domains which are related to the disulfide-bond formation system in bacteria. We further show that the TRX-like domain of LTO1 is able to oxidize the conserved lumenal cysteines of STN7 in vitro. In addition, loss of LTO1 affects the kinase activity of STN7 in Arabidopsis. Based on these results, we propose that LTO1 helps to maintain STN7 in an oxidized active state in state 2 through redox interactions between the lumenal cysteines of STN7 and LTO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Wu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Rong
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijun Lin
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingxi Kong
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dengjie Wei
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Xiumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Author for communication:
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39
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Messant M, Krieger-Liszkay A, Shimakawa G. Dynamic Changes in Protein-Membrane Association for Regulating Photosynthetic Electron Transport. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051216. [PMID: 34065690 PMCID: PMC8155901 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis has to work efficiently in contrasting environments such as in shade and full sun. Rapid changes in light intensity and over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain cause production of reactive oxygen species, which can potentially damage the photosynthetic apparatus. Thus, to avoid such damage, photosynthetic electron transport is regulated on many levels, including light absorption in antenna, electron transfer reactions in the reaction centers, and consumption of ATP and NADPH in different metabolic pathways. Many regulatory mechanisms involve the movement of protein-pigment complexes within the thylakoid membrane. Furthermore, a certain number of chloroplast proteins exist in different oligomerization states, which temporally associate to the thylakoid membrane and modulate their activity. This review starts by giving a short overview of the lipid composition of the chloroplast membranes, followed by describing supercomplex formation in cyclic electron flow. Protein movements involved in the various mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching, including thermal dissipation, state transitions and the photosystem II damage–repair cycle are detailed. We highlight the importance of changes in the oligomerization state of VIPP and of the plastid terminal oxidase PTOX and discuss the factors that may be responsible for these changes. Photosynthesis-related protein movements and organization states of certain proteins all play a role in acclimation of the photosynthetic organism to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Messant
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan;
- Department of Bioscience, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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40
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Gasulla F, del Campo EM, Casano LM, Guéra A. Advances in Understanding of Desiccation Tolerance of Lichens and Lichen-Forming Algae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:807. [PMID: 33923980 PMCID: PMC8073698 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic associations (holobionts) established between fungi (mycobionts) and certain groups of cyanobacteria or unicellular green algae (photobionts). This symbiotic association has been essential in the colonization of terrestrial dry habitats. Lichens possess key mechanisms involved in desiccation tolerance (DT) that are constitutively present such as high amounts of polyols, LEA proteins, HSPs, a powerful antioxidant system, thylakoidal oligogalactolipids, etc. This strategy allows them to be always ready to survive drastic changes in their water content. However, several studies indicate that at least some protective mechanisms require a minimal time to be induced, such as the induction of the antioxidant system, the activation of non-photochemical quenching including the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, lipid membrane remodeling, changes in the proportions of polyols, ultrastructural changes, marked polysaccharide remodeling of the cell wall, etc. Although DT in lichens is achieved mainly through constitutive mechanisms, the induction of protection mechanisms might allow them to face desiccation stress in a better condition. The proportion and relevance of constitutive and inducible DT mechanisms seem to be related to the ecology at which lichens are adapted to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28802 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.C.); (L.M.C.)
| | | | | | - Alfredo Guéra
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28802 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.d.C.); (L.M.C.)
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Sarewicz M, Pintscher S, Pietras R, Borek A, Bujnowicz Ł, Hanke G, Cramer WA, Finazzi G, Osyczka A. Catalytic Reactions and Energy Conservation in the Cytochrome bc1 and b6f Complexes of Energy-Transducing Membranes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2020-2108. [PMID: 33464892 PMCID: PMC7908018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on key components of respiratory and photosynthetic energy-transduction systems: the cytochrome bc1 and b6f (Cytbc1/b6f) membranous multisubunit homodimeric complexes. These remarkable molecular machines catalyze electron transfer from membranous quinones to water-soluble electron carriers (such as cytochromes c or plastocyanin), coupling electron flow to proton translocation across the energy-transducing membrane and contributing to the generation of a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, which powers cellular metabolism in the majority of living organisms. Cytsbc1/b6f share many similarities but also have significant differences. While decades of research have provided extensive knowledge on these enzymes, several important aspects of their molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We summarize a broad range of structural, mechanistic, and physiological aspects required for function of Cytbc1/b6f, combining textbook fundamentals with new intriguing concepts that have emerged from more recent studies. The discussion covers but is not limited to (i) mechanisms of energy-conserving bifurcation of electron pathway and energy-wasting superoxide generation at the quinol oxidation site, (ii) the mechanism by which semiquinone is stabilized at the quinone reduction site, (iii) interactions with substrates and specific inhibitors, (iv) intermonomer electron transfer and the role of a dimeric complex, and (v) higher levels of organization and regulation that involve Cytsbc1/b6f. In addressing these topics, we point out existing uncertainties and controversies, which, as suggested, will drive further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Pintscher
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Pietras
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Borek
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bujnowicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Guy Hanke
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - William A. Cramer
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire
de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National Recherche Scientifique,
Commissariat Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut National
Recherche l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Hepworth C, Wood WHJ, Emrich-Mills TZ, Proctor MS, Casson S, Johnson MP. Dynamic thylakoid stacking and state transitions work synergistically to avoid acceptor-side limitation of photosystem I. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:87-98. [PMID: 33432159 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
TAP38/STN7-dependent (de)phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) regulates the relative excitation rates of photosystems I and II (PSI, PSII) (state transitions) and the size of the thylakoid grana stacks (dynamic thylakoid stacking). Yet, it remains unclear how changing grana size benefits photosynthesis and whether these two regulatory mechanisms function independently. Here, by comparing Arabidopsis wild-type, stn7 and tap38 plants with the psal mutant, which undergoes dynamic thylakoid stacking but lacks state transitions, we explain their distinct roles. Under low light, smaller grana increase the rate of PSI reduction and photosynthesis by reducing the diffusion distance for plastoquinol; however, this beneficial effect is only apparent when PSI/PSII excitation balance is maintained by state transitions or far-red light. Under high light, the larger grana slow plastoquinol diffusion and lower the equilibrium constant between plastocyanin and PSI, maximizing photosynthesis by avoiding PSI photoinhibition. Loss of state transitions in low light or maintenance of smaller grana in high light also both bring about a decrease in cyclic electron transfer and over-reduction of the PSI acceptor side. These results demonstrate that state transitions and dynamic thylakoid stacking work synergistically to regulate photosynthesis in variable light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - William H J Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tom Z Emrich-Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew S Proctor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stuart Casson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
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44
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Nishioka K, Kato Y, Ozawa SI, Takahashi Y, Sakamoto W. Phos-tag-based approach to study protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 147:107-124. [PMID: 33269435 PMCID: PMC7728655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental post-translational modification in all organisms. In photoautotrophic organisms, protein phosphorylation is essential for the fine-tuning of photosynthesis. The reversible phosphorylation of the photosystem II (PSII) core and the light-harvesting complex of PSII (LHCII) contribute to the regulation of photosynthetic activities. Besides the phosphorylation of these major proteins, recent phosphoproteomic analyses have revealed that several proteins are phosphorylated in the thylakoid membrane. In this study, we utilized the Phos-tag technology for a comprehensive assessment of protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE enables the mobility shift of phosphorylated proteins compared with their non-phosphorylated isoform, thus differentiating phosphorylated proteins from their non-phosphorylated isoforms. We extrapolated this technique to two-dimensional (2D) SDS-PAGE for detecting protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid proteins were separated in the first dimension by conventional SDS-PAGE and in the second dimension by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. In addition to the isolation of major phosphorylated photosynthesis-related proteins, 2D Phos-tag SDS-PAGE enabled the detection of several minor phosphorylated proteins in the thylakoid membrane. The analysis of the thylakoid kinase mutants demonstrated that light-dependent protein phosphorylation was mainly restricted to the phosphorylation of the PSII core and LHCII proteins. Furthermore, we assessed the phosphorylation states of the structural domains of the thylakoid membrane, grana core, grana margin, and stroma lamella. Overall, these results demonstrated that Phos-tag SDS-PAGE is a useful biochemical tool for studying in vivo protein phosphorylation in the thylakoid membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishioka
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ozawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takahashi
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
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45
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Rantala M, Rantala S, Aro EM. Composition, phosphorylation and dynamic organization of photosynthetic protein complexes in plant thylakoid membrane. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:604-619. [PMID: 32297616 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The photosystems (PS), catalyzing the photosynthetic reactions of higher plants, are unevenly distributed in the thylakoid membrane: PSII, together with its light harvesting complex (LHC)II, is enriched in the appressed grana stacks, while PSI-LHCI resides in the non-appressed stroma thylakoids, which wind around the grana stacks. The two photosystems interact in a third membrane domain, the grana margins, which connect the grana and stroma thylakoids and allow the loosely bound LHCII to serve as an additional antenna for PSI. The light harvesting is balanced by reversible phosphorylation of LHCII proteins. Nevertheless, light energy also damages PSII and the repair process is regulated by reversible phosphorylation of PSII core proteins. Here, we discuss the detailed composition and organization of PSII-LHCII and PSI-LHCI (super)complexes in the thylakoid membrane of angiosperm chloroplasts and address the role of thylakoid protein phosphorylation in dynamics of the entire protein complex network of the photosynthetic membrane. Finally, we scrutinize the phosphorylation-dependent dynamics of the protein complexes in context of thylakoid ultrastructure and present a model on the reorganization of the entire thylakoid network in response to changes in thylakoid protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Rantala
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Rantala
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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46
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Nilsson AK, Pěnčík A, Johansson ON, Bånkestad D, Fristedt R, Suorsa M, Trotta A, Novák O, Mamedov F, Aro EM, Burmeister BL. PSB33 protein sustains photosystem II in plant chloroplasts under UV-A light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7210-7223. [PMID: 32930769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants can quickly and dynamically respond to spectral and intensity variations of the incident light. These responses include activation of developmental processes, morphological changes, and photosynthetic acclimation that ensure optimal energy conversion and minimal photoinhibition. Plant adaptation and acclimation to environmental changes have been extensively studied, but many details surrounding these processes remain elusive. The photosystem II (PSII)-associated protein PSB33 plays a fundamental role in sustaining PSII as well as in the regulation of the light antenna in fluctuating light. We investigated how PSB33 knock-out Arabidopsis plants perform under different light qualities. psb33 plants displayed a reduction of 88% of total fresh weight compared to wild type plants when cultivated at the boundary of UV-A and blue light. The sensitivity towards UV-A light was associated with a lower abundance of PSII proteins, which reduces psb33 plants' capacity for photosynthesis. The UV-A phenotype was found to be linked to altered phytohormone status and changed thylakoid ultrastructure. Our results collectively show that PSB33 is involved in a UV-A light-mediated mechanism to maintain a functional PSII pool in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Rikard Fristedt
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Biology and Biology Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrient Science, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Björn Lundin Burmeister
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Independent researcher, Gamlestadstorget, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Cariti F, Chazaux M, Lefebvre-Legendre L, Longoni P, Ghysels B, Johnson X, Goldschmidt-Clermont M. Regulation of Light Harvesting in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Two Protein Phosphatases Are Involved in State Transitions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1749-1764. [PMID: 32327546 PMCID: PMC7401111 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays important roles in short-term regulation of photosynthetic electron transfer, and during state transitions, the kinase STATE TRANSITION7 (STT7) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii phosphorylates components of light-harvesting antenna complex II (LHCII). This reversible phosphorylation governs the dynamic allocation of a part of LHCII to PSI or PSII, depending on light conditions and metabolic demands, but counteracting phosphatase(s) remain unknown in C. reinhardtii Here we analyzed state transitions in C. reinhardtii mutants of two phosphatases, PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE1 and PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOSPHATASE, which are homologous to proteins that antagonize the state transition kinases (STN7 and STN8) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The transition from state 2 to state 1 was retarded in pph1, and surprisingly also in pbcp However, both mutants eventually returned to state 1. In contrast, the double mutant pph1;pbcp appeared strongly locked in state 2. The complex phosphorylation patterns of the LHCII trimers and of the monomeric subunits were affected in the phosphatase mutants. Their analysis indicated that the two phosphatases have different yet overlapping sets of protein targets. The dual control of thylakoid protein dephosphorylation and the more complex antenna phosphorylation patterns in C. reinhardtii compared to Arabidopsis are discussed in the context of the stronger amplitude of state transitions and the more diverse LHCII isoforms in the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cariti
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marie Chazaux
- Aix Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Paolo Longoni
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bart Ghysels
- Aix Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- Aix Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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48
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Mukherjee A. State Transition Regulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1418-1419. [PMID: 32747490 PMCID: PMC7401128 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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49
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Schmidt SB, Eisenhut M, Schneider A. Chloroplast Transition Metal Regulation for Efficient Photosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:817-828. [PMID: 32673582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants require sunlight, water, CO2, and essential nutrients to drive photosynthesis and fulfill their life cycle. The photosynthetic apparatus resides in chloroplasts and fundamentally relies on transition metals as catalysts and cofactors. Accordingly, chloroplasts are particularly rich in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Owing to their redox properties, those metals need to be carefully balanced within the cell. However, the regulation of transition metal homeostasis in chloroplasts is poorly understood. With the availability of the arabidopsis genome information and membrane protein databases, a wider catalogue for searching chloroplast metal transporters has considerably advanced the study of transition metal regulation. This review provides an updated overview of the chloroplast transition metal requirements and the transporters involved for efficient photosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anja Schneider
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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50
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Fan K, Chen Y, Mao Z, Fang Y, Li Z, Lin W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Huang J, Lin W. Pervasive duplication, biased molecular evolution and comprehensive functional analysis of the PP2C family in Glycine max. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:465. [PMID: 32631220 PMCID: PMC7339511 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oil provider and ecosystem participant. The protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) plays important roles in key biological processes. Molecular evolution and functional analysis of the PP2C family in soybean are yet to be reported. RESULTS The present study identified 134 GmPP2Cs with 10 subfamilies in soybean. Duplication events were prominent in the GmPP2C family, and all duplicated gene pairs were involved in the segmental duplication events. The legume-common duplication event and soybean-specific tetraploid have primarily led to expanding GmPP2C members in soybean. Sub-functionalization was the main evolutionary fate of duplicated GmPP2C members. Meanwhile, massive genes were lost in the GmPP2C family, especially from the F subfamily. Compared with other genes, the evolutionary rates were slower in the GmPP2C family. The PP2C members from the H subfamily resembled their ancestral genes. In addition, some GmPP2Cs were identified as the putative key regulator that could control plant growth and development. CONCLUSIONS A total of 134 GmPP2Cs were identified in soybean, and their expansion, molecular evolution and putative functions were comprehensively analyzed. Our findings provided the detailed information on the evolutionary history of the GmPP2C family, and the candidate genes can be used in soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Yunrui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Yao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
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